Art:

Drawing for Artists

Artist: A Guidebook for Different Styles of
Drawing

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Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 Standard Drawing Materials
Pencils
Chalk and charcoal
Felt tipped pens
Drawing Inks
Easels
Chapter 2 Outline Drawing - Sketching
Perspective
Drawing from inside out
Chapter 3 Shading a Pencil Drawing
Chapter 4 Drawing Manga
Chapter 5 Pen and Ink Drawings
Chapter 6 Calligraphic Drawing
Tools for calligraphic art
Coloring techniques and ideas
Chapter 7 Drawing with Charcoal, Chalk and Pastels
Method for using pastels
Chapter 8 Cartoon Drawing - Caricatures
Materials used for caricature drawing
Chapter 9 Zentangle Art
Basic tools for Zentangle
The benefits of Zentangle
So what is Zentangle and how is it done?
The patterns used
Conclusion

Introduction

If you are considering taking up drawing, but are not sure of the options open to you, this
book includes many different styles of drawing that may just be the right one for you.
Taking you through all of the different styles, including Manga, Portrait, Landscape,
Zentangle, Photo drawing, etc., the book gives a great overview of the types of tools that
you will need to follow any one of these and other drawing styles.

Its a great book for someone starting out because you may just find a style that suits you
better than another and have been unaware of how to do it. This book gives clear
instructions and shows you how to do the different styles so that you get an overall picture
of what drawing is all about. You may be the next great Manga artist or you may simply
want to sketch faces of friends. Whatever you choose, theres something within this book
to help you to get started on your chosen path.

The tool section shows you all that you will need as an artist and particularly which tools
are needed for what style of drawing. You will also be shown how to use different effects,
sketching, drawing, learning to cross hatch and to shade so that your picture gives great 3
dimensional effects and realism.

If you know someone who is undecided upon which art form they want to perform, this
may just be the eye opener that they need, as the details within the chapters of the book
can help them to develop from average sketches through to being able to produce first
class artwork. This is the readers introduction to what drawing is all about. Within the
pages of the book, you will find handy hits and tips on perspective, composition and the
different drawing styles used to achieve these elements.

Everyone has the ability to produce great work from different perspectives and different
approaches. The artist who chooses the right materials and the right subject matter, within
the parameters of established rules of art, will certainly improve their techniques over the
course of practice, although this book gives you a head start, so that you can try out the
different materials before you go on to creating your masterpiece. It gives you all of the
ways in which your picture can be drawn and they are so varied. You may not yet have
realized the complexity of drawing systems, though by the end of the book, all of this will
have been explained in simple to understand terms.

Take this artistic journey with us and learn how to draw using different styles of drawing.

Chapter 1 Standard Drawing Materials

Before you begin drawing its as well to get the basic materials together. Too many people
sketch onto loose drawing paper and then give up, but if you start as you mean to go on by
having a drawing pad, you can see your progression. Choose a pad suited to pencil
drawings and whether you have a velour finish or not is up to you. In the beginning stages,
I feel that a flat surface is better because it doesnt distract you from your shading
techniques as much as a textured surface will. While you are in the art shop, be sure to
invest in the following as they will be very valuable to your experience:

Pencils These come in different types as you will see by the number written on the side
of the pencil. For general purposes you would use an HB pencil, but for shading of
different intensities, you would choose from the B range of pencils and having a complete
set isnt a bad idea. These shade at different levels of intensity from jet black through to
light gray so are all useful.

As you can see by this chart, these are the different levels that you can achieve if you have
a full set of pencils. Since your three dimensional effect depends upon shading at different
levels, dont skimp on pencils. Buy good quality artists pencils are they are not expensive.
The chart below shows you the different pencils which will achieve these densities of
black.

You can see from this image that both H pencils and B pencils have their values when it
comes to drawing with the H Pencils on the right giving much more subtle shading
possibilities.

You will also need to purchase a reliable sharpener for your pencils as well as a soft eraser
for helping you with rubbing your shading and a harder eraser for actually rubbing out the
areas that you are not happy with.


Chalk and charcoal

You may want to consider investing in chalk and charcoal, since these are used together to
create wonderful pictures when you get a little more advanced. You may just like using the
charcoal for adding extra depth to your pictures. If you invest in charcoal, try to keep to
the sticks of charcoal as these are easier for you to draw with, since their basic shape is
pencil like and you can break off the ends to your desired shape or thickness. These do
make your hands mucky, so be prepared for that, and invest in a towel or have rags ready
to wipe your hands on.

Felt tipped pens

Felt tips are used in some instances, and a good range of medium felt tipped pens are a
good idea in a variety of colors. You should also consider tracing paper, a ruler, a compass
and if you want to add color to your drawings, a packet of pastels would be good. Make
sure that the type that you choose has a good selection for skin tones as when people draw
portraits, these colors are always the first to be used up. I personally have a pack just for
skin tones as well as a regular pack for general coloring of pictures.

Drawing Inks

Color does add a lot of wealth to your drawings and you may also want to consider adding
colored inks to your artistry kit because pen and ink drawings are rather good and the
colors will help you to add a new dimension to that drawing. These are particularly needed
when drawing out calligraphic images. You will also need pens or nibs that attach to a
handle to do your drawing. Buy a variety and investing in a calligraphy set may not be a
bad idea.

Easels

At this stage, you dont need to invest in an easel. People rarely do their drawings on an
easel and these are used more for painting because in painting, you need to keep your
hands from touching areas which are wet. For drawing, you can use a flat surface, so that
an easel becomes a luxury rather than a necessity.

Chapter 2 Outline Drawing - Sketching

When you first begin to draw, you need to learn all about fixing objects onto your paper
and the composition that they will take. If you have a piece of card cut out like a picture
frame, you can hold this up to look at the best angle to draw from. Some people cant
imagine what the picture will look like finished, and these are a good way to see all the
detail you want to form part of your composition.

Move to different angles and be sure that the angle you have chosen is the best to highlight
the objects within the picture you are about to sketch. When you have decided to do your
drawing, you dont have to get all of the ideas onto the paper. Look at the shapes that they
form. For instance, when drawing a face, you would perhaps use an oval to give you an
overall effect of where the face is going to be on your picture. Similarly, all objects have
some kind of shape or outline. When you are in the rough draft stage of a picture, you
simply need to do rough lines that represent the outlines of what you see.

Perspective

From this image, you can see that the nearer an object is to you, the larger it is. Of course,
this is obvious to most people in everyday life, but when you start to draw, you need to
pay attention to perspective because otherwise your pictures will lose their sense of
proportion. You can get the proportion and perspective correct by using a grid if you are
copying an image, for example. If you have an iPad take a photograph of the image that
you want to draw and use one of the many art apps which places a grid over the image.
This allows you to draw one square at a time of the grid, which you also pencil lightly
onto your sketch paper.
Remember that your sketch doesnt have to represent everything that you see in detail.
This is just an outline of what you will eventually fill in with shading to make your picture

more complete.

Once you are happy with the overall composition of the image, thats what is important at
this stage. For example, if you were drawing someone sitting, you need to get a
representation of the position of the chair, the outline of the body etc. and anything else
which is in the way of an object within the picture.

Drawing from inside out

Image copyright: Purapuss

As you can see from the rough sketches above you start with the basic shape and you work
your way through a drawing to add more detail. This aspect of drawing when related to
figures or animals is inside outside drawing, thus you are creating the shape of the skeletal
framework and then adding on the flesh. That helps you to get the anatomy of the animal
or person correct before adding detail such as eyes, nose, mouth, etc.

Dont expect a picture to come all together straight away because it wont happen. You
need to build up the picture of several layers, the first being the sketch stage and then
working on that until it becomes more substantial. It is by taking your time to get
proportions and scale right that you eventually end up with a picture that is well drawn
and much more likely to be realistic.

Chapter 3 Shading a Pencil Drawing

The shading which takes place on a pencil drawing is what gives it three dimensional
composition. It gives a picture depth. In traditional drawing, this is what is used to ensure
that your picture represents what is seen, rather than simply looking flat.

Image Copyright: Creative commons attribution: Denitsed

In this image, you can see that shading was used to create the features such as eyes, nose,
mouth and the texture of the hair, as well as shaping the neck.

With traditional drawing techniques, the shading used takes on various forms, such as
crosshatched, hatched or even dotted onto the page to give the required texture. This can
also be rubbed in with an eraser or with the artists finger to give lighter more uniform
shading.

Chapter 4 Drawing Manga

This is a very popular art form these days and if you are in the beginning stages, you will
need to learn to draw the features, not as they are really seen on a human being, but how
they are shown in this cartoon like style. Some of these images show you the type of art
and this may be something that you want to investigate further as its extremely popular
now worldwide and communities online help the artist to develop their work.

These are very basic manga beginnings to faces and you can copy them and change
hairstyles and facial expressions, but you will see that it is a very different style of art to
traditional sketching. The basic sketch will start with face outline, then the addition of
eyes, nose and mouth and the picture will get more complex as more detail is added.
Again, shading is used in this art form because it gives the picture depth.

Image copyright: Creative commons attribution: Gracey88

See how the detail is added to eyes? Its a simple set of stages, but each area of the picture
is developed in a very similar way in anime or manga art. Most enjoyed by teens, this art
form is worth pursuing for making cartoon stories or for simply a creative pastime for
young people who want to show their artistic abilities.

Communities such as Deviant Art on the Internet are ideal places to get together with
other artists and compare work. This is one of the benefits of sharing ideas because you
get to create your own individual pictures from learning the style and then putting your
own characters together from what you have learned. The way that characters interact with
each other is something that can be depicted and though you may begin with pencil
drawing of the figures, you may find that you will be happier with using ink once you gain
more confidence in the art form.

For fun pictures, felt tipped pens can also be used.

Chapter 5 Pen and Ink Drawings

Pen and ink is used a lot in drawings of an architectural nature because these are popular
for framing and having within the home. You can see why from this picture which shows
wonderful detail of brickwork and the structure of the building.

Ink is much finer to work with than pencil and if you are looking to create intricate
pictures, then pen and ink may just be the ideal medium. If you look at the way that dots
are used to represent the bushes, and lines to represent the structure, you can see that when
using pen and ink, you will need different widths of nib and also a paintbrush specifically
used for inks which will be relatively fine. The brush is used for creating the natural
environment, while a ruler and nibs would be used for the architectural elements. One
great thing with ink is that you can add color to your pictures but try not to overdo it. Ink
is subtle in nature and a little added color here and there may make a greater statement
than filling in the whole picture. In this picture, the atmosphere is very alive and vibrant
even though the image is over 100 years old.

Very clever use of shading was used in this image and this can be achieved by watering
down the inks and using them very much in the same way as one would use watercolors,
adding shading to the areas which were not precision drawn. Alternatively, sepia can be
used which is very atmospheric.

You probably recognize this picture as it was also produced as an oil but this original
rendition by Vincent Van Gogh from as early as 1888 was done with a reed pen and sepia
toned ink. To do pen and ink drawing, you simply sketch out with light pencil and then
follow your pencil lines with ink, adding darker in in places where you want shade and
lighter ink in places which reflect light. To get darker and lighter inks, you simply dilute
the original color to lighten it down.

Chapter 6 Calligraphic Drawing

One would be remiss if not mentioning this as a very valid art form used in drawing. This
goes back to when books were created by hand, and drawing calligraphic numbers or
letters can be very therapeutic as well as very decorative. The kind of uses that this can be
put to in this day and age could be creating scrolls to give as gifts or decorating a hand
written journal of poems.

There are a great deal of source books available for this form of art which have models
that you scale up or down depending upon your needs. Dover books do some great
copyright free images which you can use as sources for your own inspiration, adding extra
detail where you would like it.

Tools for calligraphic art

You will need very fine architect style pens if you are doing work which is extremely fine
and detailed. These will also help you with hatching used in the background of many of
these designs. Felt tipped pens can be used but these should be quality pens. If you are
going to use inks, then you will need a brush to apply the inks to thicker areas of your
lettering. Inks in color are very subtle but you can also use watercolor to add color to your
designs. Nibs are an optional extra but if you intend to carry on using calligraphy in your
poems or on scrolls, a wide nib is essential for drawing the letters of the alphabet
throughout your text.


Coloring techniques and ideas

The original books produced by calligraphy writers began each chapter with an amazing
amount of detail.

There are source books of different styles of lettering available on websites such as
Amazon and its worth having one of these because it shows you all the letters of the
alphabet in a particular script together with floral or decorative capital letters to help you
to gain the most from this craft.

Chapter 7 Drawing with Charcoal, Chalk and Pastels

If you have never thought of using charcoal before, its a wonderful medium to work with
and gives a really professional finish to black and white images. Charcoal has a depth to it
that you cant get with other mediums. If you are trying this for the first time, then do buy
the pencil-like pieces of charcoal because these are easier to work with. You will need a
good quality rubber and a soft one is the best to use, although there is another tool that is
useful. This looks like a pencil but is actually a rubbing stick which can help you to pick
out fine detail.

This creative commons work by Justin Cooke shows you the depth that you will achieve
when using charcoal. However, be aware that charcoal will smudge. If you close the page
on an art book, the work will smudge. Thus, keep your page open until you have finished
and make sure that you varnish the finished product. You can use white chalk to tone
down areas into a lighter color and this helps with shading, although this particular artist
has chosen to stick to the basic blacks.

When you move on from charcoal and chalk to pastels, you add a wonderful depth of
color and here, you need to try out different methods. The pastel colors that you buy
should have a good range of skin tones because often they dont and that means buying a
separate packet of skin tone colored pastels to work in conjunction with other colors.
Thats probably the best bet and certainly one that I employed because I love using pastel

for portraits. The actual texture that you achieve with pastels is amazingly realistic.

Method for using pastels

When you use pastels, you simply use them like crayons, but the more you use, the less
transparent the color becomes. When you have sufficient background color for an area,
rub the color to give a really uniform look. Add shading by using a slightly darker pastel
color and to add lightness in areas such as eyes, use white chalk. You initially draw your
image in the same way as you would a traditional portrait, thus creating the overall shape
and then filling in the detail with pencil or charcoal. Charcoal tends to discolor the pastel
so I prefer to use pencil. You work in layers, much as artists do when they use oils and the
end result should be created from a background layer, a shading layer and any layers used
to enhance the look of the image toward the finishing stages. The picture can be lacquered
to ensure that the color does not rub off.

There is so much detail that can be added when using pastels in conjunction with pencil to
add even more texture to hair, and chalk to bring out the shine of the eyes. Painted by
Robert Perez Palou, he gave permission for this to be used and its an exceptionally good
example because it shows all of the attributes one needs to consider when drawing
portraits with pastels.

Chapter 8 Cartoon Drawing - Caricatures

This style of drawing is popular in many newspapers and basically takes the features of
someone and makes them very recognizable in cartoon format. If you are thinking of take
this style of drawing up, it can be great fun. Cartoons are usually divided into different
sections so that a story unfolds are the reader goes through all the separate boxes that
make up the story. Alternatively, you may be drawing a singular cartoon for use as a
picture and there are many great examples of cartooning available on the Internet. Some
favorites which show the attributes of cartoon drawing well are these:

As you can see, both are of different eras and different people but what they have in
common is that they are instantly recognizable. This is what caricatures are all about.

They take the shape of the face and show those features which are prominent. In the case
of Maggie Thatcher, there is no mistaking the hairdo, the nose and the mouth and these
features were worked on by the artist to produce a wonderful likeness. In the case of Lord
Chatfield, again, the face has very little detail, but it has enough for people to recognize
the character from the bushy eyebrows, the glum expression and the shape of the head.

Materials used for caricature drawing

The materials used in both of the above cases are inks and these are great for producing
good detail. However, start with pencil and the outline of the face, adding the hair and the
features of the face still in pencil until a likeness is achieved. From that you can work on
the image in inks to give a definite finish to the image. You also need a ruler as this helps
you to get proportions correctly placed.

In this very rapidly drawn face, you will see that a square was used because the shape of
the subjects face was square. The facial features were then added just under the central
line of the image. You need to take into account the angle at which you are drawing as
well because this alters the finished position of eyes nose and mouth.

This is a great form of art that you can try for yourself with people that you know and
build up your portfolio using simple techniques to get the accuracy of features so that
people will instantly recognize who is being portrayed. It also helps you in your sketching
skills because it helps you to picture whats there without too much complexity and then to
build upon the overall outline of the faces that you use as models. It may also be
worthwhile looking at great examples of caricatures to give you extra pointers on how to
deal with features such as hair, etc.

Chapter 9 Zentangle Art

This is a relatively new art form but one that is becoming extremely popular because
anyone can do it. If you doubt your artistic ability, this may be a good starting place
because basically, the art takes the old art form of doodle and makes it a little more
sophisticated. There are special cards (tiles) for the drawing of Zentangle though there is
nothing wrong with using a scrapbook until you get to the stage where you want to use
your designs to create artwork.

Basic tools for Zentangle

You will need a pencil, an eraser and Zentangle pens which you buy at outlets such as
Amazon.com. The card used for Zentangle is relatively inexpensive and its a good idea to
have a ruler. A scrap book will be needed because each design that is drawn consists of
different elements and its a build-up process. Thus, keeping drawings of all the designs
you are likely to use again is a good idea.

The benefits of Zentangle

This art form is very good for people who are trying to find a state of relaxation. It helps
to center people and is being used as therapy for many patients in a hospital environment
because it helps:

Hand/eye coordination
Concentration Levels
Confidence

So what is Zentangle and how is it done?

Zentangle art is started with one line which gives the whole design an outline. This is
known as the string. In fact, those unaccustomed to this form of art can use a piece of
string on paper and arrange it in an aesthetically pleasing way, tracing around the string so
that their design appears on the paper. Each area of the picture is then filled in with
different Zentangle designs and the overall effect is something like shown in the picture on
the next page. This is a simplified version of what can be achieved but Zentangle is more
than just putting patterns into specific places.

Copyright Creative Commons Attribution: Stephanie Reid

If you look at the right hand side of the first image, you will see that it gives the
impression of bring sloped. Using a system called the barrel and pincushion method, what
you do by using curved lines is give the picture depth and distortion so that there are some
pretty miraculous images produced as a result of this distortion.

This form of art is gathering momentum because of the endless possibilities it creates. As
you can see from the above images, simply changing your original lines can make a very
big difference to the way that the image is perceived.

The patterns used

The patterns that are commonly used in Zentangle are basically very simple. Tiled areas,
stripes, squares, etc. fill in each area of the image to build a whole. This is usually done in
black and white and there are literally thousands of different new patterns you can
incorporate simply by accessing websites such as Pinterest and looking what others are
doing. Is this copying? No and there is a very good reason. The area that you color on
your Zentangle pattern will be different in shape and form to other artists. The
combination of shapes and forms, patterns and repetitions makes your work unique. Look
how easy it is to construction a Zentangle pattern. All of the patterns used in Zentangle are
simple but it is the combination of these patterns which adds to the complexity of the
image produced.

Conclusion

Over the course of this book, we have taken the reader through many different styles of
drawing and among them, there will be an area that a reader can develop and interest in
and pursue. The reason that each were covered in their own chapter is because each of
these methods of drawing is independent and while some may find one interesting, they
may not consider themselves talented or interested enough to do others. Art is very
important because the creative side of the brain is not used as much as the logical side of
the brain and by introducing some form of creativity, you really can get some balance in
your life.

If you are a little shy about spending a fortune on drawing accessories, try with the bare
necessities and build up as your confidence increases. If you want to concentrate on
calligraphy and use this for gifts for your friends, its a very beautiful way to send words
that matter to people you care about. A typical choice of script to add to a scroll would be
something like the Desiderata which sends a real moral lesson of peace to people that
you care about.

Similarly, you may find yourself interested in pen and ink rendition and can use your iPad
to take photographs of buildings, turning the image into black and white. Then use an art
app to divide the picture with a grid, so that you can get perfect scale and each detail in
exactly the right place on your paper in pencil initially and then in more permanent ink.
These pictures are always well received by the owner of a property or could even be done
of your own home or local churches or buildings of interest.

You can also use inks for creating designs on a wooden panel because these give the
impression of being like marquetry and floral images are great to put onto panels of wood
that may be on the outside of a box or something that you want to make.

The art of traditional drawing may be where your heart lies, and you were given tips and
tricks in this direction, including knowing the tools that you require and how to use them.
It is hoped that this will add to your enthusiasm and that you will have a try at a new art
form of drawing that appeals to you, using the examples shown in the book to inspire you.