CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION

NAME

: P.NADANASABESAN

BRANCH

: MBA

YEAR

: II

COLLEGE : PSNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

Submitted to
Mrs. P.VIJAYALAKSHMI
MBA., M.Phil
Associate Professor

ANIMATION
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and change by means of
the rapid display of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each
other. The illusion as in motion pictures in general is thought to rely on the phi
phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation.
Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a flip book, motion picture
film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash
animation and digital video. To display animation, a digital camera, computer,
or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced.
Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and
those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper
cutouts, puppets and clay figures. Images are displayed in a rapid succession,
usually 24, 25, 30, or 60 frames per second.
Techniques
o

Traditional animation
Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation)
was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The
individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings,
first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs
slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or
photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with
paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The
completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted
background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film

Stop motion animation

Stop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically
manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at
a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of
stop-motion animation, usually named after the medium used to create the
animation. Computer software is widely available to create this type of
animation; however, traditional stop motion animation is usually less

expensive and time-consuming to produce than current computer animation

o

Computer animation
Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor
being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2D animation
techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually
build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D
animation can create images that seem real to the viewer.
2D animation
2D animation figures are created or edited on the computer using
2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics.
[53]
This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation
techniques, interpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated
rotoscoping.
3D animation
3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The
animator usually starts by creating a 3D polygon mesh to manipulate. A
mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and
faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D
environment. Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal
structure called an armature that can be used to control the mesh by
weighting the vertices. This process is called rigging and can be used in
conjunction with keyframes to create movement.

AERODYNAMICS
Aerodynamics is the way air moves around things. The rules of aerodynamics
explain how an airplane is able to fly. Anything that moves through air reacts to
aerodynamics. A rocket blasting off the launch pad and a kite in the sky react to
aerodynamics. Aerodynamics even acts on cars, since air flows around cars.
Aerodynamics-Basics
These fundamental basics first must be acknowledged:

 Air is a fluid. It can be compressed & expanded

The atmosphere is composed of
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% other gasses
Most of the oxygen is below 35,000 feet.
Newtons Laws of motion:
Law 1 A body at rest will remain at rest. A body in motion will
remain in motion
Law 2 F=MA Force is equal to mass times acceleration
Law 3 For ever action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Bernoullis principle of Pressure:
An increase in the speed of movement or flow will cause a decrease in
the fluids pressure.
- Example: the Venturi tube

What Are the Four Forces of Flight?

The four forces of flight are lift, weight, thrust and drag. These forces make an
object move up and down, and faster or slower. How much of each force there is
changes how the object moves through the air.

What Is Weight?
Everything on Earth has weight. This force comes from gravity pulling down on
objects. To fly, an aircraft needs something to push it in the opposite direction from
gravity. The weight of an object controls how strong the push has to be. A kite
needs a lot less upward push than a jumbo jet does.
What Is Lift?
Lift is the push that lets something move up. It is the force that is the opposite of
weight. Everything that flies must have lift. For an aircraft to move upward, it must
have more lift than weight. A hot air balloon has lift because the hot air inside is
lighter than the air around it. Hot air rises and carries the balloon with it. A
helicopter's lift comes from the rotor blades at the top of the helicopter. Their
motion through the air moves the helicopter upward. Lift for an airplane comes
from its wings.
How Do an Airplane's Wings Provide Lift?
The shape of an airplane's wings is what makes it able to fly. Airplanes' wings are
curved on top and flatter on the bottom. That shape makes air flow over the top
faster than under the bottom. So, less air pressure is on top of the wing. This
condition makes the wing, and the airplane it's attached to, move up. Using curves
to change air pressure is a trick used on many aircraft. Helicopter rotor blades use
this trick. Lift for kites also comes from a curved shape. Even sailboats use this
concept. A boat's sail is like a wing. That's what makes the sailboat move.

What Is Drag?
Drag is a force that tries to slow something down. It makes it hard for an object
to move. It is harder to walk or run through water than through air. That is because
water causes more drag than air. The shape of an object also changes the amount of
drag. Most round surfaces have less drag than flat ones. Narrow surfaces usually
have less drag than wide ones. The more air that hits a surface, the more drag it
makes.
What Is Thrust?
Thrust is the force that is the opposite of drag. Thrust is the push that moves
something forward. For an aircraft to keep moving forward, it must have more
thrust than drag. A small airplane might get its thrust from a propeller. A larger
airplane might get its thrust from jet engines. A glider does not have thrust. It can
only fly until the drag causes it to slow down and land