Class :X 75. CH: 14 — HEAT. HEAT #1 What do you understand by heat or heat energy? OR What is meant by heat or heat energy? What do you understand by amount of heat? What is temperature? OR What do you understand by temperature? What do you understand by internal energy? What is the difference between heat and temperature? Ans HEAT OF HEAT ENERGY: Definition: 1. Heat is 2 form of energy, all kind of energy is converted into heat energy and heat is also converted into all kinds of energy. 2. The temperature of a body rises due to heat. 3. The total kinetic, potential and all kinds of energy which a body or a system possesses is called heat or heat energy. AMOUNT OF HEAT (HEAT ENERGY): RSt8l4, 5¢- 0333-2441879. “Amount of heat means quantity of heat tt may be Smaller and larger. One kg of boiling water hhas an amount of heat equal to 4200! and two'kg of water contain 2(4200) heat.” The amount of heat is quantitative definition of heat. It depends on amount of substance, the total kinetic energy of molecules is known as heat energy. ‘TEMPERATURE: Definition: "The degree of hotness and coolness is called temperature. When o body is hotter than another then the temperature of hotter is greater and temperature of cooler will be smatler. “The average of internal energy mostly kinetic energy of a system is called temperature. INTERNAL ENERGY: Definition: . “internal energy of a body or a system is defined as the sum of all kinds of energy which a system possesses." oR “Itis simple heat of a system." ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 11 = HEAT. (DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE: -76- Class : X “HEAT ‘TEMPERATURE | 1. Heat is the sum of energies which a body possesses, Tempertaure is the average of all energies which a body possesses. 2, The SI Unit of heat is Joule (J) ‘The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (). | 3. Greater amount of boiling water has greater amount of heat and lower amount has lower heat. The greater and lower amount of same boiling water has same temperature. substance 4, Heat depends on the amount of Temperature is not dependent to substance. ‘amount of the substance, 5, Heat depends on the amount of It is an intensive property. © The heat of a body remains content due to Variation of pressure. ‘The temperature of a body varies with pressure, 7. Itis measured by mean of a calorimeter It is measured by means of a ‘thermometer. What is Thermometer? : ‘On the basis of which property a thermometer works? ‘OR On the basis of which energy thermometer is made? ‘THERMOMETER: “Thermometer is the device by which exact or quantitative measurement of temperature is made.” ‘THE PROPERTIES ON WHICH THERMOMETER IS BASED: Generally thermometer is based on any of the thermometric property. The properties which are directly proportional to heat are called thermometric property. LL. Volume of body or mostly volume of liquid depends on temperature. 2. Linear expansion of metals. 3. The clinical and laboratory used thermometer are based on volumetric expansion of mercury or alcohol How temperature is measured in thermometer? What are the scales of Temperature? ‘What are lower and upper fixed points of thermometer? Define Kelvin, Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales of temperature ‘What is the boiling and freezing points in various system of scale? ‘METHOD OF TEMPERATURE MEASURE: ‘As we know most of the thermometer are based on thermal expansion of liquid. Hence on heating, length of liquid column increases. So we measure the length of Column and express in degree of this particular system of scale. ‘There are three scales of temperature: (2) Celsius scale (2) Fahrenheit scale @) Kelvin Scale ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X Qa Qs CH: 11 - HEAT LOWER AND UPPER FIXED POINTS OF A THERMOMETER: “When @ thermometer is placed in ice water bath of pure weter then the column of liquid sets at 2 point which is called LOWER FIXED POINT of pure water is freezing point of water and when the same thermometer is placed on the bath of boiling water again column of liquid sets at a point upper than lower points called UPPER FDXED POINT of pure water of boling point of water’ a wa cenTER » a gga Nontn Kata KELVIN: Rate 4ai879 ‘One Kelvin is the [_] part of triple point of pure water.” 0333" “When the length of liquid column between freezing point of pure water (lower fixed point) and boiling point of pure water (upper fixed point) is divided into 100 parts, each parties is called on Kelvin or 1K". In Kelvin freezing point of pure water is 273K and boiling of pure water is 373K. CELSIUS: “When the length of liquid column between freezing point of pure water (lower fixed point) end boiling point of pure water (upper fixed point) is divided into 100 parts each partis called one Celsius ‘or one centigrade (1°C).” FAHRENHEIT: “When the length of liquid column between freezing, point of pure water (lower fixed point) and boiling point of pure water (upper fixed point) is divided into 180 parts, each part is called. one Fahrenheit, (1°F)." In Fahrenheit the freezing point of wateris 32°F and boiling point is 212°F. BOILING AND FREEZING POINTS OF PURE WATER: NAME FREEZING POINTOF | BOILING POINT OF PURE ‘BOILING WATER WATER Kelvin Tk 373k Centigrade ac | ao0%e Fahrenheit az [zaatr How temperature of a scale is converted into another? OR What is relationship on various scale of temperature? OR Write conversion formula of °C °F and K. What is ordinary liquid in glass thermometer? The most common type of thermometer is the liquid in glass thermometer as shown in the figure it consists of a glass stem with a capillary tube, having a small bulb at — ‘one end. The bulb and part of the capillary tube are filled with a liquid, usually mercury or alcohol colored with a red dye to make it visible ‘The upper end of the capillary tube is scaled so that liquid will neither spill nor evaporate from the tube. On heating the liquid expands and rises in the tube. In order that the liquid may expand freely into the upper part of the tube, air is removed fram it before sealing the upper end. A temperature scale is marked on the glass stem to indicate the temperature corresponding to various levels of the liquid in the tube-The Caran liquid in glass thermometer commonly used in a laboratory as a temperature range of 10°C to 110°C. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 11 - HEAT. -78- Class : X Qt Ans Qe7 Ans Qe Ans Write its construction? PURPOSE OF CLINICAL THERMOMETER: A clinical thermometer is used to find the temperature of human body by placing the bulb under the tongue or in the arm pit. The normal body temperature is about 37°C The temperature of a sick person varies slightly from this value. For’ this reason a linical thermometer has 2 limited range of calibration usually 35°C to 43°C, (84°F to 10°F). CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING: The glass stem of the clinical thermometer has @ narrow bend or construction in its capillary bore near the mercury bulb (figure). This helps to stop the mercury thread moving back towards the bulb after the thermometer is removed from the patient's mouth and temperature can be read easily. ‘What is the purpose of maximum and minimum thermometer? Write the working and constru imum thermometer? n of maximum and mit PURPOSE OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM THERMOMETER: ‘The purpose of this thermometer is to record the maximum and mit period of time. 1um temperature reached over a This thermometer consists of 2 fairly large clinical bulb A which contains alcohol and is connected through a U-shaped tube, filled with mercury from B to C toa second bulb nearly full of alcohol. Above Dis @ space from which air has been removed, The left hand limb of the U-tube is graduated according to the expansion of the alcohol is AB. The right hand limb is:gradueated so that, as the expansion of the alcohol is AB drives the mercury round towards D, both mercury surfaces will always point to the same number. If the alcohol is AB contracts, the pressure in CD will drive the mercury back. (On each mercury surface there is a small iron index provided with light spring to bold it iri position in the tube. Expansion or contraction of the alcohol in tube A due to variation in ternperature causes 2 movement of the mercury ‘thread. Consequently, one or other index is pushed up or downed by the mercury and left in the the lower end of the index on the left indicates the minimum and that on the me position reached over a period of time. Thus, right the maximum temperature attained (Alcohol does not push the index but mercury does it). After readings have been taken, a small magnet is used to bring the indices back into contact with the mercury Write the name of mode of heat transfer? Define briefly the each mode of heat transfer? ‘What is conductor, good conductor and ideal conductor? Sa ‘What is Poor Conductors and Ideal Non-Conductors? Heat is transferred from one point to another point, or one body to another body by these three ways which are known as modes of heat transfer: ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -79- CH: 14 ~ HEAT ‘Ans @) Conduction (2) Convection (2) Radiation CONDUCTION: “In this mode heat energy is transferred from atom to atom or molecule to molecule to molecule without the movement of substance or mass from one position to another put points are connected with a conductor, this mode is known as conduction. A medium is necessary for the mode. col IN: e “In this mode heat energy is transferred from one place to another place by means of movement of atoms or molecules”. This process takes place in liquids and gasses. A medium is necessary for this mode.” RADIATION: “In this mode no medium is required like in conduction and convection. Hot luminous body emits radiation which carries away energy. When these radiation fall on an object, they transfer energy to the body as the energy radiated from the sunlight falls on the earth.” SONDUCTOR: “The substance which can transfer heat or electricity is called conductor’, e.g. copper, iron, gold silver etc. go0p CONDUCTOR: < “The conductors which transfer or conduct heat and electricity easily are known as good conductors" €g. iron, copper, silver and all metals. “The conductors which transfer or conduct heat and electricity 100%, ie. they conduct heat and electricity without any loss aré called ideal conductors". Its resistivity is zero. POOR CONDUCTORS: "The bodies which can not allow to pass heat and electricity through them are known as poor conductors", Their resistivity is very high. IDEAL NON-CONDUCTORS: “The bodies which have 100% resistivity and zero percent conductivity are known as ideal non- conductors, such a body is impossible.” ‘Way we ce dark elle ba intervene ght chiar ti ache? copy CENTER What is thermos flask? And Purpose of thermos fiask? RA gsc ninth aa Write the construction of thermos fiask? Ratt 2441879 9333-2 How a thermos flask works? REASON TO LIKE DARK COLOR IN WINTER AND LIGHT COLOR IN SUMMER: ‘As we know a dark color absorbs greater amount of radiant energy is terms of heat energy and the light colored cloth is not good absorber but good reflector of heat and radiation, So we like dark colored cloth in winter and light colored cloth in summer. EFINITION OF THERMOS FLASK: “Thermos flask is @ pot designed to prevent heat loss from the fluid inside it, due to all the three heat transfer mechanism. Similarly it prevents the heat from outside, from getting into the material.” ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREGH: 14 - HEAT -80- Class : X Qei0 CONSTRUCTION OF THERMOS FLASK: It contains of a doubled walled glass vessels, which is silvered on the outer surface of the inner wall and on the inner surface of the outer wall. The space between the walls is evacuated, and is then sealed, The glass vessel ‘as is enclosed in a metal case such that it rests on a cork at the bottom of the eee ‘case, and is secured at the neck with pas of felt or a ring of rubber. ee. acs WORKING OF THERMOS FLASK: 1 case Glass is relatively poor thermal conductor while cork, air and felt between con the glass vessel and the metal case are bad conductors, Thus heat from a el hot liquid kept in the glass vessel can not readily pass to the metal case. The cork in the neck of the vessel and the cup over that, prevent loss of heat by convection, Moreover, the silvering on the outside of the inner wall makes that wall a bad radiator, while that on the inner surface of the outer wall tends to reflect back any heat that is radiated. Consequently hot or Cold drink in the thermos flask remains hot or cold relatively long time. ‘What do you mean by thermal conductivity of a body? What is its unit? AATAt 5 AL Write down the thermal conductivity of some common substances. Derive an expression for thermal conductivity. Or Drive AQ=K ‘THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: The thermal conductivity of a substance is a measure of its ability to conduct heat energy through it. QUANTITATIVE DEFINITION: The amount of heat conducted for one second through one meter cube of the substance whose two ‘opposite faces are maintained at a temperature difference of 1°C or 1K. Consider a solid slab of thickness L and face area A. such that its two faces are maintained at temperature T; and T ‘temperature difference AT=T; - 7, thickness Al, faces area A and time interval of heat fiow at, such that: Tz). The amount of heat Q flowing through the slab depends on the AAT.At AQa al For K AQ.AL AAT.AL e The constant of proportionality “K" depends on the material of the slab is measure of the thermal conductivity of the material. It is different for different materials. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X UNIT OF KIN S.LUNITS; aL at at Then 1M am vc 4s Joulm m'Cs K=J/°Cms K=)/°C'm" -81- CH: 11 - HEAT ‘TABLE OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES: ‘SUBSTANCE KU/Cms) ‘SUBSTANCE K UPCms) Silver 1430 Concrete 08 Copper [400 Glass 08 ‘Aluminum! 240 ‘Water 06 Brass 105 Wood 0.08 Iron 80 Cotton 008 Lead ES Plastic foam 0.033 Stainless Stee! 14 Air 0.026 Qei Ans en ‘What do you understand by thermal expansion of solids? ‘Small gaps are left between the ends of two adjacent. Explain thermal expansion on molecular point of view? , why ‘THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS: “The length and volume of a solid expands on heating. This expansion ‘on heating is known as thermal expansion of solids”. REASON OF SMALL GAPS WHICH ARE LEFT BETWEEN THE ENDS OF TWO ADJACENT RAILS: ‘We know that solids expand on heating. In summer the rails also expand and their length increases. If there is no gap between two adjacent rails the track will bends and they will cause an accident of railway train, so gap is necessary. _ MOLECULAR VIEW OF THERMAL EXPANSION: We have studied that the temperature of a substance is @ measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules. As the temperature of a solid is raised the molecules vibrate through larger distances. The increase in amplitude of vibration of molecules causes an increase in the average distance between them. Hence solids expand on heating. Conversely, solid contract as the temperature is lowered. This is true for most of the substances in nature, provided a phase does not occur. Define linear thermal expansion? What is the coefficient of linear expansion? Derive an expression: Lz = Li {(1+a(T2-T;)} OR al = aLaT Where? L2 = Final Length Lis Initial Length a = Coefficient of linear pression ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 11 - HEAT 282. Class :X Ans 43 2 = Final Temperature T1= Initial temperature T= Change in temperature INEAR THERMAL EXPANSION: “When a metallic rod is heated its length increases. Its called linear thermal expansion.” COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION: “The fraction change in length per unit change in temperature is defined as coefficient of linear thermal expansion’. It is denoted by “a” (alpha. AL Md Unit is °C or K* LaT T DERIVATION OF EXPRESSION; ‘Suppose the temperature of a metallic rod of length L” is raised by an amount AT, if AL is the increase in its length then, ALaL AL a AT ‘Then AL a LAT AL = oLAT ‘ Where « (alpha) is the constant of proportionality its unit is °C* or K*. If itis to derive: L, =L,1+a(7, -7,)] AS AL= L,-l L, =L,+aL,(T; -T) L, =L[1+a(1, -1,)] By this above equation we can calcutate the final length directly What do you understand by volumetric or cubical thermal expansion? Derive an expression? AV=BVAT, ‘Where DV = Change in volume B=Coefficient of volumetric expansion V = initial volume DT= Change in volume DI = Change in temperature Define coefficient of volumetric expression Write relation between coefficient of linear thermal expansion and coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion. “All the solids, liquids, and gases expand on heating, ie. their volume expands on heating. This phenomenon is called volumetric expansion’. DERIVATION OF EXPRESSION § ‘Suppose the temperature of a metal cube of volume “V'" is raised by an amount DT. If DV is increased ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X. -83- CH: 11 - HEAT. in the volume. Then, AVaV AVaAT AVaVAT AV =BVAT The coefficient B is known as the coefficient'of volumetric or orbital thermal expansion. OFFI F VOLUMETRIC THERMAL. “The fractional change in volume per unit change in temperatur Itis denoted by B (beta). AV VAT IQRA COPY CENTER Unit = °C? or K? in SI units Regteld, 50-3 North Kerach 0333-244187 ‘THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN a AND B: B=3a beta is three time of alpha, Where a is the coefficient of linear thermal expansion and B is coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion. And if we know the coefficient of linear thermal expansion we can find out the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion. QM14— How do you know, find or measure the coefficient of linear thermal expansion? Write the coefficient of linear and volumetric expansion of some materials. Ans MEASURING OF COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION: The coetficient of linear expansion of a metal can be méasured by means of the apparatus shown in figure. A 50cm long rod of brass is passed through corks fitted at the ends of a long glass tube. A thermometer is inserted into the tube for temperature measurement. One end of the rod is fixed while the other is kept free, allowed for expansion. The initial temperature of the rod is noted and the micrometer is screwed to make contact with the free end of the rod. The micrometer is then read and immediately unscrewed to produce gap of few millimeters. The iniet of the glass tube is then connected to a steam supply. The temperature of the rod, therefore, increases and it expands. When the thermometer has indicated a steady reading for about five minutes, it can be assumed that the rod has stopped expanding. The read. jcrometer is screwed in to touch the free end of the rod, and is again The difference between the two micrometer readings give the linear expansion AL of the rod, while that between two thermometer readings give the change in temperature AT. Knowing the initial length L=S0cm of the rod, one can readily calculate the coefficient of linear expansion « for brass by means of equation. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 11 - HEAT -84- Class : X Substance | Coefficient of linear expansion | Coefficient of volumetric ac) thermal expansion BCC*) SOLIDS ‘Aluminum 2AK10" 72x10" Brass 2.0x10° 60x10" ‘Copper 17x10? 5.1 x10* Steel 12x10° 3.6 x10° Platinum 886 x10° \ 27 Lead 27 x10% | 87 Glass (ordinary) | 0.9 x10* | 27 0% | Glass (Pyrex) 0.3 x10* | 12x0% | Ethyl alcohol | Liquids have no coefficient of | 110 x10 | linear expansion | Siecrte a9xa0* | Mercury 18x10" | Water 2ixd0* | GASSES | Air | 367 x10" | | Carbon dioxide | 374x407 | Hydrogen 33.6 x10 | Q#15 What is bimetal How it works? Write the uses of bimetallic strip. strip? Ans BIMETALLIC STRIP: ‘When two metallic strips of difference linear thermal expansion are pasted together, Bimetattic strip is formed, ie. a bimetallic strip of irons and brass. WORKING OF BIMETALLIC STRIP: When bimetallic strip is heated or it gains heat the metal with large coefficient of thermal expansion expands greater while the metal of lower but both are pasted so the strip bends in such a way that ‘metal of greater expansion forms convex portion of curve and metal of lower expansion form concave portion of curve. —— ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -85- CH: 11 - HEAT. Qeis Ans ea DD ns Seven So So if the strip is in contact with another conductor at lower temperature, then they become * disconnected on heating as shown in figure, USES OF BIMETALLIC STRIP: Bimetallic strip are sued in man, devices which are in common use. Some of then are a thermometer thermostat and fire alarm. ‘What is bimetallic thermometer? Write working and construction of a What is thermostat? Write the construction and working of a thermostat? SIMETALLIC THERMOMETER: ‘As we know liquid glass thermometer has a low range of measurement, because liquid vaporizes at \etallic thermometer? low temperature and also glass melts. So it can not be used to measure high temperature as above 500°C. So bimetallic thermometer is used for the measurement of higher temperature. A bimetallic strip can be used to make @ simple thermometer which is tough but easy to read as compared with iquid-in-glass thermometers. It consists of a bimetal strip in the form of a long spiral One end of the spiralis kept fixed while a light pointer is attached to the other, as showing in figure When the temperature rises, the bimetal strip oils itself into an even tighter spiral due to different expansion rates of the two metals which form the bimetal strip, and the pointer moves across the ‘temperature scale. ‘THERMOSTAT: Thermostat is devices which control temperature in a certain space, eg. In refrigerators, electric ovens, motor car engines etc. to maintain the temperature of air inside the room at a comfortable level, thermostat is used with room heater or air-conditioners. They are also used in @ auto stop and auto start system. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREps A elt — 18 Ss eeeeeieieanase Qei7 Qs Ans bimeta sine temperature seg nob — FEU ovement on heath ‘Thermostat CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF THERMOSTATS; The essential parts of a thermostat are shown in figure. Suppose the thermostat is connected to an electric room heater. As the temperature of air inside the room rises, the bimetal strip bends and the electrical contact is disconnected. The switches off the heater. When the room temperature falls, the bimetal strip cools and straightens. As the contacts touch each other, the heater is switched on again. In this way the thermostat switches the heater on and off to keep the room at a more or less steady ‘temperature. The desired temperature is selected by means of control knob. It control knob is screwed inward, the bimetal strip has to bend further before the contacts disconnected. Thus the room needs to be warmer before the heater is switched off. ‘What is alarm and how it works? Or Write a note on fire alarm. FIRE ALARM: e Another very useful application of a bimetal strip is a fire alarm, A model fire shown in figure, one end of bimetal strip is firmly fixed, while the other end is free. One'terminal of a 6volt battery is connected to the fixed end of the bimetal strip through a 6volt buib or an electric bell. The other terminal of the battery is connected with 2 bimetallic contact which is just above the free end of the strip. The heat energy given off when a fire starts, raises the temperature of the bimetal strip. The free end of the strip bends towards the contact and on touching it electric current flows through the circuit. The bulb, therefore, light up or in case of a bell it rings, to signal 2 warning about fire. Bv battery = + SY bulb or ball contact: Cl saree Fire Alarm How many types of thermal expansion of liquid de you know? How real expansion of liquid is obtained? (On heating, liquids expands according to their coefficient of thermal expansion, which are greater ‘than metal and glass. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass : X -87- CH: 14 ~ HEAT ais Ans Real expansion of liquid = Apparent expansion of liquid + Expansion of container ‘What do you understand by expansion of gasses? What is Boyle's Law, driven an expression for Boyle’s Law What is Charles's Law, Derive an expression for Charles's Law XI IN. OF GASSES: “Like solids and liquids the gasses also expand on heating but gases expand at a very large extent, their coefficient of expansion is very high BOYLE'S LAW: Introduction: The effect of pressure on the volume of a given mass of @ gas at constant temperature was investigated by Robert Boyle and put forward a law, known as Boyle's Law. Statement: “The volume of a particular mass of a gas in a closed system in inversely proportional to its pressure if temperature kept constant.” Expression: Mathematically, 1 ‘Va.— at constant temperatur a, at constant tempertre cenTER ee e nth Karat = v== 0333 aaneley Where C is the constant of proportionality => PV = ~—Caconstant Foraniinitialstate = «BV, = = C For final state c CHARLES'S LAW: Inteoduction: The relation between the volume and the temperature of a given mass of a gas at constant pressure was investigated by Jacques Charles. Statement: “The volume of a given mass of o gas in a ciosed system is directly proportional. £0 the absolute temperoture, if pressure is kept constant." Expression: Mathematically (Pressure is kept constant) > vecT v > = =Ca constant T ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 11 - HEAT -88- Class :X #20 For any two initial and final states - ‘STATEMENT OF PRESSURE LAW: “The pressure of a given mass of a closed system is directly proportional to the absolute temperature, while is kept constant’ Expression: Pressure ct as absolute temperature (volume is kept constant) Pot = | P=cT = EXC weconstant ¥ For any two initial and final states ~ What is zero of the absolute scale or absolute zero? Drive general gas equation? ‘ABSOLUTE ZERO: “The lowest possible temperature is known as absolute zero”. Itis theoretically obtained with the help of Charles's Law. If a graph of temperature versus volume is drawn and the line is extra extend to x-axis, it cuts the x- axis at -273°C which is known as absolute zero or 0°k. 23e OK vey 273K ‘Temperature ~ Volume graph GENERAL GAS LAW: The three gas laws namely Boyle's Law, Charles Law and the Avogadro's Law, are combined together in the expression. According to Charles's Law Vat ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -89- CH: 11 - HEAT ean ‘Ans QH22 According to Avogadro's Law Varn (n number of moles) By combining these three laws Vane Where R is the universal gas constant, it has a value of 8.31) mol” kK. The equation is known as General Gas Law. For any two states PV, = nRT,(for initial) and P2V2 = nT; (for final) => = = =e For What do you understand by anomalous of water? Write the effects of anomalous expansion of water? ANOMALOUS EXPANSION OF WATER: ‘All liquids expand contact linearly by heating and cooling but water does not expand and contact. When water is heated from zero to onwards then it contracts from zero to °C. Water has its maximum density at 4°C it again expands. This property of water is known as anomalous expansion of water. EFFECT OF ANOMALOUS EXPANSION: The effects of anomalous expansion of water are as follows: 1. In cold areas where temperature falis below 0°C the surface of sea or iakes are covered with ice but more denser water setties down in the bottom which finishes and other aquatic animals can sunrise even during extreme cold weather. 2. There is a disadvantage of anomalous expansion of water, when the temperature of water falls below 4°C in water pipes then by anomalous expansion of water pipes may thus burst. 3. During the rainy season, a lot of water sweeps through the numerous cracks and fissures in rocks. In winter, is expands on freezing. The rocks are therefore subjected to high pressure and are broken up. Define (1) Joule (2) Calorie (3) Kilo Calorie (4) British thermal unit (5) Heat Capacity (6) Specific Heat Capacity Write the unit of specific heat? ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREAns HEAT Glass : X. ‘What is the unit of heat capacity? What is the value of specific heat of water? What are the effects of high specific heat of water? JOULE: “It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ky ig) of pure water i 4187 (ni y from at ideal and standard 145°C to 15.50C." Joule = J is Si unit of heat. CALORIE: "Ivis the amount of heat required to raise the temperature standard conditions’. Itis unit of heat is CGS system. POUND CALORIE: “tis the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of pure water from 63°F to eae It is the unit of BE System ‘HEAT OAPACITY: “The amount of heat or quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a body through 1K’ A Formula: Heat Capacity = “2 aT ‘SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OR SPECIFIC HEAT: "The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to change the temperature of unit mass of the substance by 1K or 1°C 1g of pure water at 14.5°C to 15.5°C at cet mAT af (UNIT OF CAPACITY IN S.I UNITS: As the formula of heat capacity is 4Q Heat Capac eo Shit aT Joule) Kelvin ‘UNIT OF SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY IN S.1 UNITS: As the formula of specific heat capacity is AQ mAT 4200 Joules OR 4.2 of heat is /equired to reise the temperature of ikg of pure water by 1K, so its ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass : -91- CH: 11 -HEAT specific heat is 42003Kg"K" in SI units”. EFFECTS OF HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER: The specific heat of water is very useful due to following reasons: 1. Areas near the sea coast have a moderate climate. Because in very hot days water absorbs heat rapidly and in winter mostly in, yery:cool day sea water discarded heat ra climate remains moderate. 2. Water is used as fire extinguisher because it absorbs heat from fire rapidly. lly. In this way 3. Water is used in heat exchanger because it rapidly absorbs heat, where so required and rapidly releases heat where so required, #23. What is law of heat exchange of a body? What is calorimeter? ‘What do you understand by calorimeter? How heat capacity of a body is measured? ‘Ans LAW OF HEAT EXCHANGE: “When two bodies, one is hot and another one is cold, placed in contact, then the temperature of hot body is decreased and cold body increase, in this way their temperature, become equal. The means heat lost by the hot body and gained by the cold body will be equal if no heat is lost by anyway, then the law of heat exchange is as follows; “Heat lost by the hot body = Heat gained by the cold body" [Heat Lost = Heat G: This concept is used to measure the specific heat of a substance. This equation is called heat et balance equation. CALORIMETER: “itis c simple device for the measurement of heat capacity by law of heat exchange” ‘Construction: The Calorie-meter is designed to ensure that virtually all the heat exchange occurs within it and not with its surroundings. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 14 — HEAT -92- Class :X QH24 ‘Ans It consists of two vessels, The surfaces of both inner and outer vessels, usually made of copper, are shiny to reduce the heat radiation and absorption losses. The fiber ring, which separates the two vessels, and wooden lid are poor conductor of heat. The air space between the two vessels also tends to prevent heat transfer by conduction as air is poor conductor of heat. CALORIMETER: “The branch of Physics which is concerned with the measurement of heat is called calorimeter” HOD OF MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEA 1. Toke the inner vessel of calorimeter and weight it say itis m. 2. Again fill the inner vessel about 2/3 and again weight this weight of vessel plus water say it is ™ 3. Record the temperature of water and inner vessel say it is “7.". (cold water or cold body) 4, Now put the inner vessel in outer vessel. 5. Now heat the sample say zinc in an open steam bath for several minutes till it attains the steam’s temperature say the temperature is "73" 6. Now heat the sample into the inner container, cover it with the wooden lid, and stir gently until the thermometer passing through the lid indicates a steady final value of temperature of mixture say itis “Ty. 7. .Now again weight the inner vessel and we get ms the mass of zinc + water + inner vessel. ‘+ Now the calculations are made on the basis of heat exchange ‘Heat lost by hot zinc = Heat'gained by Water + Heat gained by inner vessel + Mass of the inner vessel = omg = Mass of the inner vessel and water + zinc foe makg = Mass of water = (mz-my)kg + Mass of zinc * : = (ms-makg * Initial temperature of water and inner vessel Tc * Temperature of zinc TEC = Temperature of mixture TEC + _ Rise in temperature of water and inner vessel = TTC * Fall in temperature of zinc tTy°C * Specific heat of inner vessel metal = CJkg*K? © Specific heat of zine = Calkg*k? * Specific heat of water = 4200)Kg*k? Now according to the above data: (mem) TTC = __-4200(ma-mg)(Ts-Ts)+MmCa(T-T) _ 42000(m;—m,) +6, (T -T,) : (m,-m,)(% -%) Define Latent heat of fusion & Latent heat of vaporization? ‘What is regelation OR What do you mean by regelation? Give the Example of Regelation What is the value of Latent heat of fusion and Latent heat of vaporization? “The amount of heat required to convert 1Kg of a solid substance at its melting point or to change 11Kg of substance from solid to liquid state at its freezing point at a standard condition, is called latent ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -93- CH: 11 — HEAT Qe25 Ans was Ans heat of fusion. The temperature of system does not rise by it” LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: “The amount of heat required to change 1kg of liquid at its boiling point into vapors at the same ‘temperature at standard condition is called latent heat of vaporization. The temperature of system does not rise by it REGELATION: ‘The melting point of ice is lowered by increased pressure, therefore ice near it at smelting point is melted by sufficient pressure, and solidification or regelation takes place again when the pressure is removed. This phenomena is called regelation.” EXAMPLE OF REGELATION: 1. The regelation is observed when an ice ball is made. The finely crushed ice is pressure by hand to form a ball; colored water sweetened with sugar is poured over it. Such balls are solid by vendors to children who take delight in eating them. 2. When a fine metallic wire with weight on two ends are placed on a block of ice, placed at two ‘edges the wire passes through the block in a few minutes. VALUE OF LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF ICE: Latent heat of fusion of ice is at standard condition 336000)kg” or 3.36x10°Jkg 3, Latent heat of vaporization at standard condition is 2260000 Jk” or 2.26x106)Kq”* : : gree Define the melting point and the boiling point. as COPY inxs What are the factors which effect on the boiling point of aliquid? ete wet? ‘MELTING POINT: “When heat of fusion of a sold is provided to the solid, then it starts boiling at that time the temperature is called'metting point.” ‘BOILING POINT: “When the vapor pressure of aliquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure then the temperature of liquid is called boiling point FACTOR EFFECTING ON BOILING POINT: 1. Boiling point of 2 liquid increases by increases in pressure and decreases with decreases in pressure. What is refrigerator? Write the name and the working of it main parts? Draw a diagram of refrigerator and show the main parts of it? What is refrigerant? REEREGERATOR: “Itis a device used for keeping foods, fruits and other eatabies cool.” ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 11 = HEAT -94- Class : X Following are the main parts of a refrigerator: (2) Evaporator (2) Compressor (3) Condenser (4) Refrigerant one =o Retngersior uk FOP) compressor ee snd igs (5) Amedem Religeraor whose rtegertt is chealstes anc compressed by an leamc ue EVAPORATOR: Evaporator of a refrigerator lies inside the refrigerator, its purpose is that it absorbs heat inside the refrigerator. COMPRESSOR: Itlies outside the refrigerator, it comp the vapors of refrigerant to condenser. CONDENSER: ae ey It lies outside the refrigerator, it discards heat of refrigerant and again makes it liquid ‘REERIGERANT: rl Itis the gas used in a refrigerator. It absorbs heat from Evaporator and ejects it to condenser. DIAGRAM OF REFRIGERATOR: ‘The main components of a refrigerator are see in above figure (1) Refrigerant (2) Evaporator (3) Compressor (4) Condenser ‘REFRIGERANT: Refrigerant are known as cooling agent. They easily evaporated at low temperature as (-40°C) and easily condensed by applying pressure the compressor. There are too many refrigerants but e common is “Freon it is a compound. TORA copy CENTER; u NT; R394, SC3Nortis haar 0333.2441879 ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE