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Abstract
The paper analyses the existed protection of microgrid. And
in order to meet the requirements of microgrid protection, a
novel protection is presented in this paper. The protection
based on local information without the need of
communication, uses current traveling waves to identify
faulted feeder, and the bus bar voltages to determine a event
caused by fault or switch operation. In the protection scheme,
current traveling waves are measured by current transducers
in N line and phase lines, and wavelet multi-resolution
analysis is used to decompose traveling wave signals. The
initial traveling waves are compared in magnitude and
polarity with each other to determine the faulted feeder. The
protection is independent of microgrid operation connected
with the main power grid or in island.
1 Introduction
Since the late 1970s intensive efforts have been made to
utilize renewable energy sources, such as wind, hydro, tidal,
etc., to generate electric power. However, application of
individual distributed generators can cause as many problems
as it may solve. A better way to realize the emerging potential
of distributed generation is to take a system approach which
views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a
"microgrid". Microgrids comprise low voltage distribution
systems with distributed energy sources, storage devices and
controllable loads, operated connected to the main power
network or islanded, in a controlled, coordinated way. The
sources can operate in parallel to the grid or can operate in
island, providing UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
services. The system will disconnect from the utility during
large events (i.e. faults, voltage collapses), but may also
intentionally disconnect when the quality of power from the
grid falls below certain standards. The operation of
Microgrids offers distinct advantages to customers and
utilities, i.e. improved energy efficiency, minimisation of
overall energy consumption, reduced environmental impact,
improvement of reliability and resilience, network operational
benefits and more cost efficient electricity infrastructure
replacement.
The protective relay design for MicroGrids must be different
from what has historically been used for grid distribution
systems because MicroGrids add a significant number of
3 Basic Principle
When a fault occurs in one feeder in microgrid, fault
generated traveling waves will propagate from fault point
along the feeder to the microgrid. Arriving at the point where
wave impedance changes, for example bus bar, the traveling
wave will be reflected and refracted. At the instant arriving at
the point, current traveling waves satisfy Kirchhoff's current
law:
n
i
k 1
(1)
4 Proposed scheme
For current traveling waves generated during normal events
such as feeder energizing as well as distributed generator
switching will cause protection mal-operation, the bus bar
voltages are introduced in the scheme to determine a
disturbance as a fault or not. So the proposed scheme uses the
bus bar voltages to determine whether a fault occurs and
current traveling waves to identify which feeder is faulted.
When a fault occurs in one feeder, the power frequency
voltages in the bus bar connected with the faulted feeder will
change according to fault types. When a switch operates such
as feeder energizing, the power frequency voltage in the bus
bar is close to zero after very short transient process. In the
paper, the bus bar voltages are detected, fault types are
determined according to voltages, and adaptive voltage
threshold is set. Therefore, whether a fault occurs and where
the fault is are determined, then protection issues a trip signal
to corresponding circuit breaker. The above scheme can be
implemented using the algorithm as shown in Figure.1.
Start
Votage Detection
Disturbance Detection
Current Data Sampling
Fault Determine
Wavelet transform
Fault type Determine
Maxima Extaction
10kV/0.4kV
CT0
K0
Zone1
Relay 1
Bus1
K2
CT2
K1
CT1
F1
PT1
L2
L1
K3
CT3
L3
L4
5 Field Application
A microgird is described in Figure.2, in which there are four
distributed micro sources DG1~DG4 and four loads Lo1~Lo4.
Power grid is a typical 10kV distribution system, while the
microgrid studied is 0.4kV system, in which three-phase four
lines connection are used. In the microgrid, seven main
feeders and two buses connect loads with power sources. For
each feeder, four current transducers including N line
transducer are installed. And three phase voltages in Bus 1
and Bus 11 are measured by voltage transducers.
DG1
Lo2
CT20
K20
Bus11
DG2
Zone2
Relay 2
PT11
K21
CT21
K22
CT22
L6
DG3
Lo1
F2
Lo4
L5
DG4
Lo3
5 Conclusion
The paper presents a novel scheme of microgrid protection
based on current traveling waves and power frequency
voltages. The scheme uses voltages to determine a
disturbance as a fault or switch operation, and uses current
traveling waves to identify the fault zone. Thus the protection
will issue a corresponding switch to isolate the fault without
affecting normal loads and micro sources. The proposed
scheme is immune to power flow, fault current, unbalanced
load and plug-and-play generators. Now simulation tests of
the scheme are underway and the results will be reported in
future papers.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by Key Program of National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 50937003) and AREVA T&D Ltd.
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