Homogeneous Charge Compression

Ignition (HCCI) EngineNeed for Society

06/05/2009

By
Prof. Sanjay Harip
Government Polytechnic,
Nasik, India
June, 16th ,2009
prof Sanjay Harip 2009

Agenda

Necessity
Vehicle Pollution Norms
What is new in HCCI Engine?
Methodology and Experiments
Results
Main Challenges
Conclusion

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Diesel Engines Contribute to Multiple

Air Pollutants
Greenhouse
Gases
- CO2, methane

Ozone
( NOx)

Particles (PM)
(NOx, SOx, )

Toxics
- Diesel particles

Carbon monoxide
(CO)
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Annual Health Impacts of

Diesel Emissions in the world

2,900 premature deaths

240,000 asthma attacks/
respiratory symptoms
600,000 lost work days

Source- WHO report 2007

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Diesels Account for Nearly

Half of NOx Emissions
Area wide - 2%

Passenger vehicles - 26%

Industrial - 21%

Off road
equipment - 2%

Diesel trucks - 24%

Trains- - 9%

Diesel equipment - 16%

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Need for Emission Reduction

Emission reduction and legislation focus

Energy resources and

reduction of CO2
will gain importance

Emission %
100

Diesel HDT
PM, NOx

80
60

Energy

Green house
Effect , Co2/NOX

Diesel
HC+NOx, CO

40
20

Exhaust Emission HC, CO, NOx, PM

1970

1980

2000

2005 2010

2012

To Meet Following Demands

of the Society

Reduction in exhaust emission

To achieve EURO5 norms by 2010
Higher Thermal efficiency
Energy Economy

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Emission Legislation
Tier

Date

CO
Gm/KM

HC
Gm/K
m

HC
+NOx
Gm/KM

NOx
Gm/Km

PM
Gm/Km

Diesel
Euro1

071996

2.73

0.97

0.14

Euro2

012000

0.7

0,08

Euro3

012005

0.64

0.1

0.56

0.5

0.05

Euro 4

012007

0.5

0.1

0.300

0.25

0.025

Euro5

012010

0.5

0.05

0.3

0.25

0.01

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Demands

Legislation

and

Engine,
Transmission

specify

Addition
al Needs

POWER PLANT
MANAGEMENT

Emissions
CO2/NOX
Exhaust Gas
Aftertreatment
Customer Demands
Driving Pleasure /
Agility
Consumption
Comfort

06/05/2009

Process
Improvement
( HCCI)
Recomanded by SAE
prof Sanjay Harip 2009

so
HOMOGENOUS CHARGE
COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINE
IS

THE EFFECTIVE WAY

TO MEET
THESE REQUIREMENTS
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Exhaust
Aftertreatment

Fuel Injection
Equipment

Technologies to Make Diesel Cleaner

Advanced Combustion System

Bulk Tem p.

3. 426e+ 005

Cyl. P res s .

NO x

Dis play3

NOx

fair
0.0 14
eng ine s peed
D is play12

m odot

PM

mf

PM
NO x and P articulate

1
mf
3
P roduct

AF

P roduct2

u
Math

Prod uct1

Function
1/20
Scop e

3
EGRvalve

G ain

3.5 67e+0 05
0.5 45

n
Dis play7

modot

mc dot1

mf1

P im

me grdot
Trqc

mc dot

Tc out

Tcout

Pim

mc dot

mf2

mim

Tic out

ntc

Inte rcooler

Compre ss or

mima ir

mf3

Tic out

fa ir

mf4

Te gr

Tim

mf5

me grairdot

405 .2

Inta ke Ma nifold

mf6

Dis play8

P im
Trqc

405. 2

Pex
ntc

Dis play6

Trqt

Tim

V1
P1
Wc yc 1
T1
Ti1
V2
P2
Wc yc 2
T2
Ti2
V3
P3
Wc yc 3
T3
Ti3
V4
P4
Wc yc 4
T4
Ti4
V5
P5
Wc yc 5
T5
Ti5
V6
P6
Wc yc 6
T6
Ti6
ins ta nta ne ous tq.
a v. ind. tq.
a v. e x. t emp.
a v. friction tq.

Dis play4
S cope4

me gra irdot
EG Rva lve

modot

me m

mtdot

Pex

Pe grd

Te x

Pe gru

me grdot

megrdildot

a v. e x. te mp

Twa ll

mfdot
n

mexdot

fa ir

me ma ir

Exha ust Ma nifold

Te gr

me grdot

me grdot

EG Rcoolout

me mair

EG Rcoolin

EGR
EGRc oole r

814. 1
815

Dis play9
Dis pla y1 1

Cyl-by-cyl combus tion

Turbine Ine rtia

me m

S cope 1

S cope3

0
2

18 80

Dis play10

VG Tvane
Display

Ti
n

9. 213e+ 004

1
n

Tfr

Dis play5

Pex
Ttout
4

ntc

Tloa d

Tbr

Engine Lo ad

Trqt
Te x
VG Tva ne

S cope2

Engine Ine rtia

mtdot

VGTurbine

Air & EGR Management

Courtesy of AVL

Control System

2
Tbr

Why HCCI Engine ?

High efficiency and ultra low emission w.r.t

conventional Diesel engine.
To achieve near zero NOx and soot emission
to achieve latest Euro Norms ( E5)
To reduce fuel consumption, greenhouse gas
emission.

(Law of Diesel HCCI

Every one percent increase of diesel HCCI car saves

90 million liters of fuel per year. This corresponds to emission saving of
some 210000 metric tones of Co2 )

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What Is HCCI?
HCCI is a combustion process. HCCI is not an engine
concept. HCCI must be incorporated in an engine
concept.
HCCI is a low temperature chemically controlled
(flameless) combustion process.
HCCI can be considered as a hybrid form between the
diesel and Otto combustion process.
However combustion process is different. So there is
neither Diffusion flame (as in a diesel engine) nor a
flame front traveling through a premixed charge ( as in
SI engine).
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06/05/2009

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HISTORY OF HCCI

1979 Onishi et al who discovered HCCI

and adopted in ATAC (Active Thermo
Atmosphere Combustion) Engine.
1989- Experiments were made at Lund
University on 4- stroke diesel engine and
EGR concept were discovered to reduce
NOx.
After KYOTO Protocol (Dec-1997), it was
decided that to pay attention towards
diesel vehicles to reduce green house gas
and NOx. ( Co2 up to 180 ppm)

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
HCCI

1.

2.

Homogenous charge is drawn in to the cylinder during suction

and compress to high enough temperature to achieve
spontaneous ignition of the charge.
As shown in the images by the camera( 20 images per CAD) it
can be seen that.
Combustion starts in almost whole volume of C.C Two degree
before TDC (CAD- 02).
After Combustion initiation the temperature rapidly increases
and whole fuel burn simultaneously ( CAD0 to CAD +03).
As whole mixture burns simultaneously and no flame
propagation , combustion temp. can be controlled less than
700 deg Centigrade and thus NOx formation is avoided.

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PHOTO SEQUENCE OF HCCI

COMBUSTION, BASED ON
20 FP CAD CAMERA

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Control of Combustion

Variable Compression Ratio (VCR)

Exhaust Gas Recirculation ( EGR)
Injection Strategy
Combination of all

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VCR Engine technology

Courtesy - MCE corporation, France

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Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Three important factors can be

increases ignition delay
lowers combustion temperature
Dilution of Intake charge
It has been proved to be an effective way to
reduce NOx
30 to 35% reduction in Nox by using 5 to
20% EGR

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Injection Strategy

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Experimental Result of HCCI Engine

18

NOx [GM/(kWH) ]

16
14

DI-DIESEL
HCCI - 0% EGR
HCCI - 10% EGR
HCCI - 20% EGR
HCCI - 30% EGR
HCCI - 40% EGR

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

BSFC [ GM/(kWH) ]

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Experimental Setup At Government

Polytechnic Ahmednagar
by changing injection strategy

Four Cylinder Conventional DI Diesel

engine converted in HCCI engine on
Test Bed
Make

Kirloskar

Bore

81 mm

Stroke

92.3 mm

Compression
Ratio

17

Displacement

80cc

Fuel

Diesel
Direct Injection

The main Challenges with Making

HCCI Practically

Effective Control System for

ignition timing .
To achieve practically Variable
Compression ratio.
Injection strategy w.r.t load
condition .

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Future scenario
Future Share of:

Engines (Passenger Cars)

Fuels

10
0

Conventional (MPI)

80

Market Share (%)

with CAI
+ supercharging
+ Starter/generator
DI-Gasoline
and VVA ?
and/or VCR ?
and combinations
w/o CAI

GASOLINE

Oil based
fuels
Improved fuels
Clean fuels
Designed fuels

60
Internal
Combustion Engine
starter / battery

Gasoline/Diesel
Engine

With HCCI

with Starter/Generator

40

DIESEL

+ supercharging
DI-Diesel
Starter/generator
and VVA /
multiple

20
injection?

IDI

Model Year

w/o HCCI
2000

2005

2010

2015

Hybrid
Fuel Cell
2020

Gas based fuels

CNG
GTL fuels
Bio-fuels
Hydrogen
Year 2020

Conclusion
HCCI engines are more efficient than SI and
CI engines.
Lower emission of PM and NOx to meet
future norms (Euro 5 Norms ).
It has fuel flexibility.
HCCI engines will be cheaper than the
presently used engines because of simplicity.
But
Control on Ignition timing is essential.

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References

Andr RAULT, General Secretary, Mid and Long

Term Power trains Evolution, Presentation in
EUCAR, 2002
Physics-based Modeling and Control of
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI) Engines, G.M.Shavar, DDL, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
2005.
Variable Compression Ratio ( Technology
2008-2012, MCE5, France

06/05/2009

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Thank you

06/05/2009

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