Reaction turbines

Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia

Radial Flow Francis Turbine

Construction of Francis
Turbine

Velocity Triangle

Euler Equation:
E

U C U 2C x 2
W
1 x1
mg
g

Flow velocities:
C r1

Q
2r1b1

Cr 2

Q
2r2b2

b runner height

Axial Flow Kaplan Turbine

Construction of Kaplan
Turbine

Velocity Triangle
Euler Equation:
E

W U C x1 C x 2

mg
g

For zero whirl at exit:

E UC x1 g

C x1 U Ca cot 180o 1

U Ca cot 1

U
E

UCa cot 1
g

Cr1 C r 2 C a

Flow velocities:
C r 1 C r1 C a

4Q
D2 d 2

D diameter to blade tip

d hub diameter

Note:

U is evaluate at mean diameter ( Dm )

Dm D d 2

U Dm N 60

Installation

Net Head Across Turbine

Net head (H) is the different in the
total head between the inlet flange
and the tail water level
Net head (H) is not equal to Gross
head (H1)
Total head across turbine

H p0 p3 g V02 V32 2 g Z 0 Z 3 ; p3 0 ( gauge) ; Z 3 0

H p0 g V02 2 g Z 0 V32 2 g
Relation: net head and gross head
h fp frictional head loss in pipeline
2

H H1 h fp V3 2 g

Energy given to the runner

E W mg H hd hg hr

hg frictional head loss in guide vanes

hd frictional head loss in draft tube
hr frictional head loss in runner
V32 2 g residual kinetic energy

Losses and Efficiency

Energy balance through the turbine

P Pm Pr Pc Pl Ps
Ps = shaft power output
Pm= mechanical loss
Pr = runner loss

Pc = casing and draft tube loss

Pl = leakage loss
P = water power available

Runner Loss

Pr gQr hr
Leakage Loss

Pl gqH r

hr frictional head loss in runner

Qr flow rate through runner
q flow rate leakage
Qr Q q
H r total head across the runner

Casing and draft tube Loss

Pc gQhc

hc head loss in casing and draft tube

Energy balance becomes:

gQH Pm g hr Qr hc Q H r q Ps

Losses and Efficiency

Overall Efficiency

Ps
shaft output power
o

fluid power available at inlet flange gQH

Hydraulic efficiency

power received by runner

Ps Pm
H

fluid power available at inlet flange

gQH
For maximum efficiency

U1C x1
gQH

Characteristics Curves

Characteristics Curves

Comparison of hydraulic turbine efficiencies

Draft Tube
Bring the water pressure back to the pressure of the tailrace
Remove the kinetic energy still existing at the runner outlet
Energy Equation between runner outlet and tailrace
p2 g V22 2 g Z 2 p3 g V32 2 g Z 3 hd
Z 3 0 ; p3 g pa g y

p2 g pa g y Z 2 V22 V32 2 g hd

p2 g pa g H s V22 V32 2 g hd p2 pa

Efficiency of draft tube

d

net gain in pressure head

velocity head at entrance of draft tube

V22 V32

hd
2g

V22
2g

Cavitation in Turbine

Example
A Francis turbine has an inlet diameter of 1.4 m and rotates at 430 rpm. Water
enters the runner without shocks with a flow velocity of 9.5 m/s and leaves
the runner without whirl with an absolute velocity of 7 m/s. The difference
between the sum of the static and potential heads at entrance to the runner
and at the exit from the runner is 62 m. If the turbine develops 12 250 kW and
has a flow rate of 12 m3/s of water when the net head is 115 m, find
(a) The absolute velocity at entry to the runner and angle of inlet guide vane
(b) Runner blade entry angle
(c) Head loss in runner
Solution:
Given: D1= 1.4 m; N = 430 rpm; Cr1= 9.5 m/s; C2 = 7 m/s; P = 12250 kW; H = 115
m; Q = 12 m3/s ; Cx2 = 0
(a) Inlet velocity and inlet guide vane angle
Runner tip speed

U1 D1 N 60 1.4 430 60 31.5 m/s

Power
given to
runner

U1C x1 U 2C x 2
QU1C x1
P gQ
g

P
12250.103
C x1
3
32.4 m/s
QU1 10 12 31.5

Example
Absolute inlet velocity

C1 Cr21 C x21 9.52 32.4 2 33.8 m/s

Inlet guide vane angle

C r1
9.5
o

1 arctan

arctan

16
.
3

32.4
C x1
(b) Runner blade entry angle

C r1
9.5

o
arctan
84.6
32.4 31.5
C x1 U1

1 arctan

(c) Head loss in runner

Head loss in runner = total head across runner head transferred to runner

p1 p2 C12 C22
Z1 Z 2

Total head across runner =
2g
g
Head transferred to runner =

U1C x1
g

Example
Head loss in runner

p1 p2 C12 C22
UC
Z1 Z 2 1 x1

hr
2g
g
g

However,

p1 p2

Z1 Z 2 62 m
g
Thus,

C12 C22 U1C x1

hr 62
2g
g

33.82 7 2 31.5 32.4

62
13.69 m
9.81

2 9.81