Nwu CS 05 09

Computer Science Department
Technical Report
NWU-CS-05-09
June 14, 2005
Components of a Scalable Distributed Relational Information Service
Dong Lu
Abstract
An information service stores information about the resources and services within a
distributed computing environment and answers queries about it. This dissertation
presents the design of several important components of the Relational Grid Information
System (RGIS).
The query rewriting component handles the challenges originating from the powerful
features of relational algebra - some complex queries may be too expensive for RGIS.
We have developed several query rewriting techniques to trade off the query time with
the number of results returned. These techniques make it feasible to provide the
flexibility and power of a relational data model in a GIS system while controlling the
costs.
The topology generation and annotation component helps to evaluate the performance of
such information servers. GridG is a synthetic grid generator that can generate annotated
Internet topologies including routers, IP links, and end systems. GridG is the first
synthetic grid generator that follows the power laws of Internet topology while
maintaining a clear hierarchical network structure. We also discovered interesting
relationships among the power laws.
The scheduling component helps to enhance system performance by minimizing mean

response time. We studied the performance of size-based scheduling policies as a
function of correlation between job sizes and their estimations, and explored several
estimators. We have learned that it is feasible to deploy size-based scheduling on RGIS
servers.
A centralized relational information RGIS server can not scale with the distributed
computing environment. A distributed RGIS can potentially scale by forming an overlay
network and sharing load among the servers. Weak consistency needs to be maintained
among the RGIS replicas with a content delivery network propagating updates. For
efficiency and scalability, we designed a novel overlay multicast protocol that emulates
the fat-tree architecture on the WAN (This work was done in collaboration with Stefan
Birrer and Fabian Bustamante).
The transfer prediction component is responsible for predicting the update transfer time
accurately in a real time manner on the overlay network. We developed a novel TCP flow
rate monitoring and prediction framework that can predict serial as well as parallel TCP
flow rates accurately with low overhead.
Our next step is to integrate these components into RGIS.
Keywords: Grid Computing, Information Service, Synthetic Grid Generator, Topology,

Query Rewriting, Size-Based Scheduling, TCP Throughput Prediction, Parallel TCP,
End-System Multicast
Effort sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Grants ANI-0093221, ACI-0112891,
ANI-0301108, EIA-0130869, and EIA-0224449. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect
the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF).

"!$#%!'&)(*,+ - +./+01.2#3546(7&987420$:&9#<; #<.2+=&946"!>+. !1*?"87@+=&)42"! #<8BA4 - #
C 3 B $ 1 C DB
EDFGD 3
HJIK C 3 C J 5KL
MON C D C LQPLRPMLRLSFTUPQVWM
FT

?* 8X&9Y$#K;$#%Z"8)#%#
3
OP[N
ML\K $N
P 46#<.6;]*^$:&9#<8 _- 42#%! - #
aE `
35"!$Z L :
^ C
cbdMLRLeM55B
35# - #<f0g#%8
hi"ikj

N # &9#%8 C 3542!$;>+ b$ 87&9Ya#<(B&9#<87! !146A"#%8)(746& `"b 46&7&9#<#Y>+428
P +014/+! E :$(B& ++!k&9# bd "8B&9Ya#<(7&)#<87! !$4 A"#%8)()4 & `
+!TY$#<! bd "87&)Y#%(7&9#%8)! !$46A#<87()46& `
+! P (7&9#%8 b C 8)Z"!$!$# +=&)42"!$+. L +0 "89+=&)"8 ` +!$; &9Y1# !$46A#<87()46& ` *^Y14 - =+ Z"
- - " ` 8742Z"Yk&
0 ` 35"!$Z L :Thi"ikj
C .2. 42ZY'&)( #%()#%87A"#%;
424
C ED C
"!$#%!'&)(*,+ - +./+01.2#3546(7&987420$:&9#<; #<.2+=&946"!>+. !1*?"87@+=&)42"! #<8BA4 - #
35"!$Z L :
C ! 42!1*?"87@+ &942!f()#%87A_4 - #(7&98)#<(^46!1*?"87@+=&)42"!f+0 ":1&,&)Y$#D8)#%()":$8 - #%(+!1; (7#<8BA4 - #%( 4 &9Y$46!

+K;142(7&)8)460$:1&9#%; - " $:1&)42!$Z#%!kA468)"!1#%!'&+=!$; +!$( a#<87( :$#%8)46#<(+0 ":1&^4 & Y142(^;$46()()#%87&9+=&946"!
$8)#%()#<!k&)(X&9Y$#
;$#<(742Z"!@*e()# A"#%89+.g42 g"8B& +!k& - " "!$#%!k&9(=* &9Y$# #%./+=&)42"!$+. I 8)42; !1*?"87@+
&942! '` (B&9#% DIB
Y1# :$#<8 ` 87# 8)4 &946!$Z - " "!$#%!k&Y>+=!$;$.2#%(a&)Y$# - Y>+=.2.2#%!$Z"#%("8742Z"46!>+=&946!$Z5*?8) &)Y$#
#<87*?:1.*?# + &9:$87#<(]* 8)#%./+=&)42"!$+.
+.2Z"#%0$89 + ()" # - "1.2#
:$#%8)42#%(]@+ ` 0g# &) #
g#%!$()4 A"#
*?"8 DIB # Y$+ A# ;$#%A#<.2g#%;J()#%A#<8)+. :$#<8 ` 8)# 8)4 &942!1Z &9# - Y$!$4 :$#%(]&9 &)89+;$#T &)Y$#
:1#<8 ` &)42 # 4 &9Y &9Y$# !':$ 0 #<8=*87#<():1.6&9(K87#%&9:18)!$#%; Y$#<(7# &)# - Y$!14 :$#<( + # 46&*?# +(7420$.6#
&9 $87 A46;$#&)Y$ # >#
420$46.246& ` +=!$; a#<8*S+f8)#%./+=&)42"!$+.>;>+=&9+f_;$#%.g46! + IB ( ` (7&)#< Y$42.6#
- "!k&987".2.642!$Zc&9Y$# - (7&9(
Y1# &9" ".2Z ` Z"#<!$#%89+=&)42"! +=!$; +!$!$=& +=&)42"! - " g"!1#<!k& Y$#%.2$(f&) #%A=+.6:>+=&9#&9Y$# #<8
*?"8)+! - # *(): - Y 46!1*?"8)+=&)42"! ()#%87A"#%8)( I 8)42; I 46(5+ ( ` !k&9Y1#%&94 - Z"8)46; Z"#<!1#<89+ &9"8&)Y>+=& - +!
Z"#<!$#%89+=&)# +!$!$&9+=&9#%; !'&)#<87!$#%&&9g".6"Z"46#<(46! - .6:$;$46!$Z 8):1&9#%8)( b>MN .242! _( b +!1;G#%!$; ( ` (7&)#< (
I 8742; I 42( &9Y$ # $8)(7& ( ` !k&9Y$# &94 - Z8)42; Z"#<!$#%89+=&)"8c&)Y>+=& *?.2.2 ( &9Y$# #%8 ./+ ( =* !k&)#<8)!1#%&
&9" ".2Z ` Y$46.2# +42!k&9+42!$46!$Z + - .6# +8KY$46#<8)+8 - Y$4 - +.!$#%& a"8 (B&98): - &9:18)# #+.6() ;$42( - A
#<8)#%;G46!k&9#<87#<(B&942!1Z87#<./+ &942!$()Y$46$(D+ "!$Z &)Y$#Kg a#<8./+ (
Y1# ( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z - "!$#%!'&5Y$#<.6$(&9]#%!$Y>+! - # ( ` (B&9#< g#%87*?"87@+! - # 0 ` 42!142 4 <46!$Z
#<+! 87#<() "!$(7#&)42 # #@(B&9:$;142#<; &9Y$#g#%87*?"87@+=! - # *D(74 %# 0$+()#%; ( - Y$#%;$:$.642!$ZGg".64 - 42#<(
42424
+ ( + *?:$! - &)42"! * - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"!Q0 #%& a#<#%!7"0 (74<#%( +!$;Q&9Y$#%428 #%(7&946@+ &942!$( b +!1; #
11.2"87#<;
()#%A#<8)+.d#<(7&)42+=&98)( #DY$+ A#.6# +87!$#<; &)Y>+=&46&,42(*?#<+()460$.2#X&);$#<$.6 ` ()4 <#0>+(7#<; ( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z
"! DIKB ()#%87A#<8)(
C - #<!k&98)+.24 <#<;K87#<./+ &942!>+. 42!1*?"87@+ &942! DIB ()#<8BA"#%8 - +!K!$&R( - +.2# 4 &9Y&9Y1#^;$42(B&98)460$:1&)#<;
- " $:1&)42!$Z #<!kA_4287"!$ #<!k& [C ;$42(B&98)460$:1&)#<; DIB - +!V &9#%!k&94/+=.2. ` ( - +.2# 0 ` *?"8746!$Z +!
A#<87./+ ` !$#%& a"8 G+!$;T()Y>+8742!$Z.2k+=;T+ "!$Z &9Y1#f()#%87A#<8)( # + - !$()46(7&9#%! -%` !$#%#<;$(&)@0 #
@+46!k& +46!$#<; + "!$ZG&)Y$# DIB 87#<$.64 - +=( 4 &9YQ+ - "!k&9#%!'& ;$#<.646A"#%8 ` !$#%& a"8 $87">+Zk+ &942!1Z
:$g;$+=&9#%( P "8\# - 46#<! - ` +!$; ( - +.2+0$46.246& `b a#D;$#%()42Z!$#<; +5!$ A#<.$ A"#%8).2+ ` :$. &94 - +(B&$87&9 - .
&9Y>+=&#% :$.2+=&9#%(&)Y$#* +=& &987#<#K+8 - Y$46&)# - &):$8)#K"! &9Y1# C
Y1#&98)+!$(B*?#<8$8)#%;$4 - &942! - " g"!1#<!k&46(8)#<(7g!$()460$.2#D*?"8$87#<;$4 - &946!$Z&9Y$#
:$ ;>+=&)#
&)89+!$(
*?#<85&946# + -<- :$89+=&)#<. ` 42! + 87# +.,&)42 #f+!$!$#%8"! &9Y$# A"#%8)./+ ` !1#%& a"8 # ;1#%A"#%.2" #<; +
!$ A"#<. N $ 89+=&)#!$46&)"8)46!$Z +!1; 18)#<;14 - &)42"! *?8)+ # a"8 @&)Y>+=& - +! $8)#%;$4 - &()#<874/+. +(
#%.2.R+(>+8)+.2.6#<. N > 8)+=&9#%(+ -<- :189+=&)#<. ` 46&9Y .6 A"#<87Y$# +=;
:$8!$#
_&(B&9#%T42(X&) 42!k&9#%Z"89+=&)#5&9Y$#%()# - " "!$#<!k&)(
46!k&9 DIB

!"#$#&%'(*)$+$), .-/),102&!3$1&54%&63879 :)(&;&/),
4A

+ ;1#<#<1. ` Z"8)+=&9# *?:$. &9 ` +;1A_42(7"8

358 N #%&9#%8 C 3542!1;>+ P 468)(B& b Y$#K0 #<.642#%A#<; 42! `
g&)#<!k&942+.+!$; Zk+ A#D#&9Y$# - Y$+! - #X&)5(7&9+87& `c- +87#<#<842! " $:1&)#<8 - 46#<! - # # - "!1; b Y$#
& +:$ZY'& #5Y$ &9 0 # - #K+ Z"_;]Z89+;$:$+=&9#5(B&9:$;1#<!k&5+=!$; ./+=&)#<8D+ Z"__;]( - Y$".2+8 Y1428); b
Y$#Y>+(^0 #<#<!()K" #<! 46!$;$#%; &9K():$1g"8B&a+!$; +;1A_42(7##D"! +.6(7&^# A"#<8 ` 8)#%()# +=8 - Y&)"$4 -
&9Y>+=& + 46!k&9#<87#<(B&9#<;@42! P 42!>+.6. `b Y$42(#%!$;$.2#%()(a#<! - ":$89+=Z"#< #<!k&D+=!$;@Z":142;>+! - #&9Y$87":$Z"Y$:1&
&9Y$#K>+(B&
()#%A#<8)+. ` # +=8)(
@ + =#<( ` N Y 3 (7&):$; ` (7#
- 46&)42!$Z +!1; *?87:$46&7*?:$.
+ +.2(7 &)Y>+! k*?:$.d&9c ` &9Y1#<()46( - " 4 &)&9#%#D#% 0 #<8)( 358 P +0$4/+=! E :$(B& ++!k&9# b
358 +! Y1#<! +!$; 358 +! P "(B&9#%8*?"8a&)Y$#<468 '42!1; Y$#<.6]+!$;]Z:$42;>+=! - #42! ;$# A"#%.2"$46!$Z `
8)#<(7# +8 - Y +Z#<!$;>+ +!$; - "1.2#%&)42!$Z &)Y$42(D;142()(7#<8B& +=&)42"!
F ` &9Y$#%()42( a"8 +( ()46Z"!$4 - +!k&9. ` 0 #<!$# $&9#%; *?87" &9Y1# A=+8742":1( - ".6./+0 "89+ &942!$( 4 &9Y
&9Y$#%8e* + - :$. & ` #< 0 #<87(S+!$; ` *?#%.2.2 (7&):$;$#<!k&)( ! >+8B&94 - :$./+=8 b a":$.6;K.24 =#,&9D&9Y$+! 358
P +=0$4/+! E :1(7& +=@+!k&)# b 358 +=!QY$#%! bS 4 W 42+ b\ &)#%* +! E 42878)#<8 bS :>+! ` :>+! Y$#<!1Z b,E 46!
L 46!]+!$ ; "+=()"! '4 - # 4 - ! +=;$;$46&)42"! b a":$.2;].64 =#&9 + - '!$ .2#<;1Z"#K&9Y$#%8X #< 0 #<87(*
&9Y$# 87&9Y a#<(B&9#<87!@( ` (B&9#% 8)#<(7# +8 - Y@Z"87":$ *?"8A=+8742":1(^;$42( - :$(7()42!$(+!$; - " :$!14 - + &942!$(
C .2(7 b X+=!'& &9Q&)Y>+! J ` ' - #%@+=&) # K# A_42! L 4 A_42!$Z"(B&9"! b *?"8]!':$ #<87":$( 42!k&9#%8)#%(7&946!$Z
- "!kA"#%8)(742"!$(
"! 8)#%()# +=8 - YG&)"$4 - (D":1&)()46;$#K( ` (7&)#< +87# +
a":$.6; .24 #&) #
$87#<(7( ` #<+8)!$#%(7& Z89+=&)46&9:1;$#&) ` Z"8)#<+=& >+=8)#<!k&)( E 42!$Z L : +!$;
42Y$"!1Z L 46: b ` .2 A#<. ` 46*?# +!$$46!$ Z 5: *?"8&9Y$#%428.2 A#@+!1; (7:$$ "87& - +! & + - Y$42# A"#
+! ` &)Y$42!1Z 4 &9Y$:1&&9Y$#%
L +(B& 0$:& !$&c&9Y$#.2#<+(7& b a":$.2; .24 # &9T&)Y>+! C !1;$8)# #<46!$8)#%4 - Y b Y$T&) &)Y$#
.2# +=; 46! ;$#%A#<.2$42!$ZK&9Y1# XIKB #%0@46!'&)#<8B* + - #%( b +!$! ; "+ - L +!$Z"# b Y1c46$.6#< #<!k&9#%; : - Y
*\&)Y$#K42!k&9#%8 DIKB (7#<87A#<8
$8)=&9 - ".
A

! #"$
% % E + - 'Z"8)":1!$; %

% h #<.2+=&9#%; "8 &

% (' :1&).246!$#+!$; - !'&)8)460$:1&946"!$( % h
% (' % Y>+&9#<8h*) C 8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)# *\&)Y$# DIB ( ` (B&9#% % h
% (' h Y>+&9#<8 ' ) I #<!1#<89+ &942!1Z '` !k&)Y$#%&)4 -fI 8742;$( % h
% (' +' Y>+&9#<8-,) W :$#%8 ` # 8746&946!$Z # - Y$!$4 :$#<( % '

% (' , Y>+&9#<8j*) _- Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z 4 &9Y !>+ -%- :$8)+=&9#"0 4 %# !1*?"8)+=&)42"! % ,

% (' j Y>+&9#<8/.0) Y$+89+ - &9#%8)4 %42!$Z +!1; N 8)#%;$4 - &946!$Z NV Y$8):$Z"Y$$:& % ,

% (' . Y>+&9#<8 & ) F ;$#%.246!$Z +!$; +=46!$Z N +8)+.2.6#<. N % j
% (' (& Y>+&9#<8/10) P +=& 87#<# E +(7#<; !1; _` (B&9#< F :$.6&)4 - +=(7& % .

% (' 1 Y>+&9#<8/20) ! - .6:$()46"!$(
+!$; P :1&9:$87# 8 % .

% (' 2 C 1g#%!$;$4 C d) 35"+42! 0>+(7#<; ( - Y$#<;1:$.246!$Z! a#<0 ()#%87A"#%8)( % .

% (' % i C 1g#%!$;$4 E ) - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z &9Y$#K(7#<87A#<8
()46;$#K* N h N ( ` (7&)#< ( % &

3 4 5$ 6$ 78 :9<; != > *?

A_4
; 7 = > $ ; " 3
' % !k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! h &
' h C 8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)#K* I 78 42; I '%
'(' " ".2Z ` 'h
'(' % N a#<8
./+ (* !'&)#<87!$#%&
&9" ".6"Z ` ''
'(' h :$878)#<!k&Z"89+=$Y Z"#<!$#%89+=&)"8)( ',
'( ' + ' C .6Z""8746&9Y1(a42!]&9" ".6"Z ` Z"#<!$#%89+=&)42"! 'j
'( ' , A=+.2:>+ &942! '.
' , #<.2+=&946"!$(7Y$42$(X+!$Z ga #<8
./+ ( '2
' , % +! .2+ ":1&);$#<Z"87#<# ./+ ,%
' , h :1&9;1#<Z"87#<#K./+ !1# 8)+! .2+ ,'h
' j C !$!$&9+=&946"!$( ,,
' j % C !1!$& + &942! +.2Z"8)46&)Y$ ,.
' j h K - "! - #<!k&98)+=&946"! 8):$.6# j,
' . ! - .6:$()46"!$( j"j

!> 9 6 $
, % !k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! j &
, h C ;$;$87#<()(742!$Z &9Y1# :$#%8 ` $87"0$.6#< j 1
, % h 35# - 42#%! - 46#<(*\.2464 &9#<;;$#%&)#<8746!$42(B&94 - :1#<8)46#<( .
"i
, h h !$;$#%&)#<8746!$42(B&94 - :1#<8)46#<( .%
, +' h - "g#%; :$#%8)46#<( .'
, , h C 1$8)
42+=&9# :$#%8)46#<( .,
, h j " 0142!$46!$Z :$#<8 ` &9# - Y1!$4 :$#%( .kj
, (' A=+.6:>+=&946"! .&
, (' %
g#%8)42 #<!k&9+. ()# &9:$ .&
A_424
, (' h !$;$#%&)#<8746!$42(B&94 - :1#<8)46#<( . 1
, (' +' - "g#%; b +$18)
42+=&9# b +!$; ( - "g#%;T+=$$8)
42+=&)# :1#<8)46#<( & ,
, (' , W :$#<8742#%(
:1!$;$#<8.6k+; & &
, , 46#0 ":$!$;1#<; :$#<8742#<( & 2
, j ! - .6:$()46"!$( 1kh
= $ 6" $ $ 7 ?
j % !k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! 1'
j h <# .2+=&9#%; "8 1.
j(' 42 :$.2+=&946"!@(7#%&):$ 11
(' %
j N #%87*?"87@+=! - #K #%&9874 - ( 12
('
j h 46 :$./+ &9"8 2"i
(' +'
j "!k&987".2.642!$ Z 42!]( ` !'&)Y$#%&)4 - &98)+ - #%( 2%
j , 42 :$.2+=&946"!@87#<(7:$.6&)(
!G # +! 87#<() "!$(7# &)42 # 2kh
j j 42 :$.2+=&946"!@87#<(7:$.6&)(
!G(7.2 ;$ ! 2kj
j . # +$$.64 - + &942!$( 2&
.%j 35"+42! 0>+(7#<;]( - Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z ! a#<0G()#<8BA"#%8)( % i"i
. j h N h N (7#<87A#<8
()46;$#K( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z %i%
. +'j # & 8 ]0>+ - ':$G( ` (7&)#< ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z %i%
j & ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; *?:1&):$8)# a"8 %i'
6 " $

8
. % !k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! %i,
. h
#<8)46#%!k& +. #%&9:1 %i&
. ('
$.6"46&)42!$Z (74%#
f&)Y$8)":1Z"Y$$:1& - "8)87#<./+ &942! %%%
. ( ' % N Y$#<!1"#%!$"! %%%
. ( ' h P :$87&)Y$#<8D#
$./+!$+=&946"!$( %%'
A46424
. (' +' Y ` ()46$.6# N 0 #<! - Y1@+8 '42!$Z * +42.6( %%&
. (' , C !$# N &9Y$87":$Z"Y1$:1&
0g#%! - Y$+8@# - Y>+!$46() %%1
. , & +=&)42(7&)4 - +. (B& +0$46.24 & ` *S&9Y1# !k&)#<8)!1#%& % h"h
.,% ":1&946!$Z (7&9+0$46.246& ` % h"h
., h L - +.24 & ` =* N &)Y$8)":1Z"Y$$:1& % h"h
. , +' !$; &9 #<!$; N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&
;$46(7&987420$:&942! % h"j
. j N &9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1&
42! 8)#<+. &946# %h1
. % j _` (7&)#< +8 - Y$46&)# - &9:$87# %h1
. j h 3 ` !>+ 4 - ()+ $.246!$Z 89+ &9# +; 7:$(B&9 #<!k&+.2Z"8)4 &9Y$ %'i
. +' j A=+.2:>+ &942! %'%
. . ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; *?:1&):$8)# a"8 %'1
#"6 " 7 *

& % !k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! %'2
& h #<.2+=&9#%; "8 %,%
& ( ' C !>+. ` %42!$Z $+89+.6.2#%. N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1& % ,'j
& (' % 46 :$./+ &942! # &9:$ %,.
& (' h 46 :$./+ &942!@8)#%():$. &9( %,&
& (' +' 0$()#%87A=+=&)42"!$( %j%
& , F ;$#%.246!$Z +!$; $87#<;$4 - &946!$Z &9Y$87":$Z"Y1$:1& % j"h
&,%
C .6Z""8746&9Y1 % j"h
&,
h A=+.2:>+ &942! %j1
& j + 42!$Z $+89+.6.2#%. N %.'
& %
j C .6Z""8746&9Y1 %.'
& j h A=+.2:>+ &942! %..
& +'
j :1& - " # %&i
4
& . ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; *?:1&):$8)# a"8

%&i
? # 6" " = > $ 3
1 % !k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! %&h
1 h #<.2+=&9#%; "8
%&j
1 (' P +=& 8)#%#<(+!$; &9Y1# A#<8).2+ `
%&1
1 , E + - 'Z"8)":1!$;
%1%
1 j P +=& #% 35#%()42Z! %1,
1 . A=+.6:>+=&946"! %1&
1 . % g#%8)42 #<!k&9+. # &9:$

%11
1 & #<8)46#%!k& +. #<(7:$.6&)(

%12
1 1 N 87&9 - ". _;$4 - +=&)42"!$(a8)# :1428)#%;
%2'
1 2 ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; P :$87&)Y$#<8 "8
%2,

$ " 78
2 % :$+8 ` % 2kj
2 h !k&)#<Z"8)+=&946"! *\&)Y$# DIB ( ` (7&9#% %2&
2 (' P :1&):$8)# a"8
%2&
5 > ?

4 *" = $ 6" = 3#*?
C % !k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! h%1
C h ( >.6#()4 <# + Z"_; 42!$;14 - + &9" 8a*,(7#<87A_4 - #&946#"!
h h '
%
C h F #<+():$87#< #<!k&"! + & ` $4 - +. a#<0G()#%87A"#%8 h h ,

C h h F #<+():$87#< #<!k&"! #%0 - + - Y$#<( hh 2

('
C 42(X)& Y$#Kg#%87*?"87@+=! - #K+ g# - &9#%;T0 ` &9Y1# a# + - "878)#<.2+=&946"! ! h '%
(' %
C 46 :$./+ &9"8 h h '
('
C h 46 :$./+ &942! 46&)Y a#<0 ()#%87A#<8&)89+ - # h h '
,
C 35@+46! 0$+()#%; ( - Y$#%;$:$.642!$Z h ',
,%
C &9+=&946(7&94 - +.g(7&9+0$42.646& ` *S&9Y$# !k&9#%8)!$# & h j '
,
C h C .6Z""8746&9Y1 h '.
, ('
C N #%87*?"87@+=! - #K#%A=+.6:>+=&)42"! h '2
C j ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; *?:1&):$8)# a"8 5,
h ki
3 6 " $ 6" 3
E %
!k&)8)_;$: - &)42"! h5, '
E h 89+ - #c".2.6# - &942! h5', j
('
E #<87A#<8 8 '.2k+=; Y>+89+ - &9#%8)4 +=&)42"! h5, .
(' %
E "0 C 878)4 A+=.2( P "87 + N "46()()! N 8) - #%()( h5, &
('
E h "0 4 <#<(
+87# N +87#%&9 hji
(' +'
E "0 #%87A_4 - # 46#%( C 8)# N +8)# &9 hj"h
(' ,
E #%87A"#%8 #<(7":$8 - # &946.24 +=&)42"! hj"h
,
E A=+.6:>+=&946"! * - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z N ".64 - 42#<( hj '
,%
E - Y$#%;$:$.642!$Z N .24 - 42#%( hj '
,
E h 1
NÛ - Y$#%;$:$.642!$Z 42! N h NJ '` (B&9#%( hj ,
, +'
E N #%87*?"87@+=! - # C !$+. ` ()46( hj .
,,
E P +4287!$#<(7(
"! - #<8)!1( hj 2
E j ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; P :1&9:18)# 8 hj 2

4

h % XIKB &)8): - &9:$87# %2

h h A#<87A_46# =*a&)Y$# DIB _- Y$#<+ 46Z"Y$.642Z"Yk&9#%; +87# &9Y$# 42!$46 :$ & +=0$.2#%(
:1()#<; &) 8)#%$8)#%()#%!'&
+cY$"(7& C Y$"(B&D+ ` +.6()c0g#587#<$87#<(7#<!k&9#%; 46!@&9Y1#5.2#<+()#%(
&9+0$.6#]46*
46& + ` .2#<+ A"#]&9Y$# ( ` (B&9#% b &9Y$#]A_428B&9:>+.6( & +01.2# 4 *4 & 42( + A_4287&):>+.
+ - Y$46!$# b +!$; &9Y$#*?:1&):$8)#%(&9+0$.6# b 4 *\4 &42(D!$=& ` #%&42!1(7& +=!'&)4/+=&)#<; h %
h(' g# - 4 -f 1WKL 8)#%$8)#%()#<!k&9+=&946"!T*+ Y$"(B& 35# >!146&946"!$(X=*46!$;$4 - #<(D#%.242;1#<; h"h
h , XIKB a#<0T46!k&9#<8B* + - # h '
h j !1()#<8B& b :$ ;>+=&)# b +!1;G;$#%.2# &9#K89+=&)#<( h"j
' % I )8 46; I C 8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)# '%
' h N #%8.2+(* !k&9#%8)!$# &&)"g.2"Z ` 'h
'(' '` f0g".6(D:$()#%;G46!]&9Y$46( - Y>+1&)#<8 'h
' , I 8)46; I &)" ".2"Z ` Z"#%!$#<8)+=&98D#%A=+.2:$+=&946"! '.
' j L "Z .2Z $.2=&D* :&9;$#%Z"8)#%# A_( +! '42!1Z '&
' . L "Z .2Z $.2=&D* P 87# :$#%! -%` A_( :1&9;1#<Z"87#<# '&
' & L "Z .2Z $.2=&D*\!_:1 0g#%8*$+4287(D*!1;$#%( 46&9Y142!
Y1"$(DA_( !_:1 0g#%8*
Y1"$(
'1
' 1 L "Z .2Z $.2=&D*\#<42Z#<!kA=+.2:$#%(42! ;$# - 8)#<+()46!$Z8);$#%8 '1
' 2 L "Z .2Z $.2=&D*\;$#<8746A"#%;G* ; .2+ ,%
' % i L "Z .2Z $.2=&D*\;$#<8746A"#%;T; 8D./+ ,'

424
' % % L " Z.2Z $.2=&D*\;$#<8746A"#%;T; *.2+ :$(742!$Z &)Y$#K!$# U; 8D./+ ,,
' % h 42.2. ` Y$"(7& - "!>Z":189+=&)42"!$(DZ#<!$#%89+=&)#<;T0 ` &)Y$#K42!$4 &942+. I 8)46; I +=!$!$&9+=&9"8 ,'j
' % ' :$.6# *?89+ # Z" A"#%8)!$46!$Z &9Y$# - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"! +="!1Z N +8 - Y$46&)# - &9:$87# bDK gb
!':$f0g#%8
=*^ N ( b +!$;G NH- .2 - 89+=&)# ,&
' %,

1+ $.2#87:$.2#%( ,&
'%
j 35# * +:$. &D8):$.6#<( ,1
' %.
J35#%g#%!$;$#%! - #K&987#<# ,2
' %&

1+ $.2#=* - "!$;$4 &942!>+. 18)"0>+=0$42.646& ` ,2
' %1
P .2 - Y>+87&
*\&9Y$# +.6Z""8746&9Y1 j"h
' %2
L 46!$# +8D18)" &946"! $87"0>+0142.24 & ` *?:1! - &)42"! j '
'
hi N #%8$87" &946"! $87"0>+0$46.24 & ` *?:$! - &946"! j '
' %
h ! >:$#<! - #]*
$87"=&942! $87"0>+0142.24 & ` +!$;Q8)+=&9#@*?:1! - &)42"!$(c"! - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"!
- # - 42#%!k&0 #%& a#<#%! !':$ 0 #<8*, N (+!$; #%8 ` 8D;$42( j ,
'
h"h #<!$(7420$.6#Y$"(7&)(Z#<!$#%89+=&)#<; 0 ` - :$878)#<!k& I 8742; I +!$!$=& +=&)"8 j ,
' '
h K - ! - #%!'&)89+=&)42"! "0$(7#<8BA"#<;T42! MN (7:$0$!$# &9( j ,
, % C ! X IKB W :$#<8 ` j 2
, h "!$;$# &9#%8) 42!$46(7&94 - :$#<8 ` +!$; 46&)(D42 $.2#%#%!k& +=&)42"! .%
, (' _- " #<; :$#<8 ` +!$; 46&9(D461.2#< #<!k&9+=&946"! .'
, , C $$87
46@+=&)# :$#<8 ` +!$; 46&)(D42 $.2#%#%!'&9+=&946"! .,
, j _- " #<;G+$$87
146@+ &9# :$#<8 ` +!$; 46&)(D42 $.2#%#%!k& +=&)42"! ..
, . N #<8B*?"8)+! - #]*!1"!$;$# &9#<8746!$42(B&94 - :$#<8742#<( 4 &9Y[;$4 g#<87#<!k& ()4 <#<( *Z"8742; b
;14 g#<8)#%!k&!_:1 0g#%8)(
*\Y$"(7&)( b +!1;G;$4 #%8)#%!'&
(7#<.2# - &)42"! $87"0>+0$46.24 &942#%( .2
, & W :$#%8 ` &)42 #+!$; !':$ 0 #<8*\()#%.2# - &9#%;T8) (DA"#%8)(7:$((7#<.2# - &)42"! $87"0>+0$46.24 & ` &i
, 1 W :$#%8 ` &)42 #+!$; !':$ 0 #<8*\()#%.2# - &9#%;T8) (DA"#%8)(7:$(!':$ 0 #<8*\Y$"(B&9( &%

146424
, 2 N + 89+=# &9#<87( >+(7()#%; &) I 8742; I &)QZ"#<!$#%89+=&)# Z"8742;$( *?"8 !$"!1;$#%&)#<8) 42!142(7&)4 -
:$#%8 ` # A+=.2:>+=&)42"! &h
, % i W :$#%8 ` 87:$!$!$46!$Z]&946#fA#<87():$( ()#%.2# - &946"! $8)"0$+0$42.646& ` *?"8!$"!1;$#%&)#<8) 42!142(7&)4 -
!1#%& a"8 :$#%8 ` &'
, % % :$ 0 #<8a*e()#%.2# - &9#%;]8) (A#<8)(7:$(D()#%.2# - &946"! $87"0>+0142.24 & ` *?"8!$"!$;1#%&9#%8) 42!
46(7&)4 - !$# & 8 :$#<8 ` &'
, % h N +89+=# &9#<87(>+(7()#<; &9 I 8)46; I *?"85Z"#%!$#<8)+=&946!$Z]Z"8)46;$(&)]#%A=+.2:$+=&9# ( - " #<; b
+=$$8)
42+=&)# b +=!$;G( - " #<;T+$$87
146@+ &9#5!$# & 8 :$#<8742#<( &,
, % ' "(7&@Z"8):$ :$#<8 ` 87#<(7g"!1()# &946#]A_( !_:1 0g#%8@*KY1"(7&) 21
( 46&)Y "i b i"i"i
Y1"(7&)( ?( - "g#%; +1$8)
42+=&9# :1#<8 ` &j
, % , .6:$(7&)#<8 >!$;$#%8 :$#%8 ` &946#%(46!(7# - "!$;$(*?8&)Y$#
*?:$8 :$#%8 ` &9# - Y$!$4 :1#<(*?"8
21
+ ;>+=&9+0>+(7#c "$:1./+=&)#<; 46&)Y b "i"i Y$"(B&9( !G&)Y$# >Z":$87# b 87#<$87#<()#%!k&9(
&)Y$"(7#&9#%(7&)(f&9Y>+ & a#<8)#@!$& 87:$! ;$:1#@&9G#
g# - &)#<; #
_&987#< #<. ` .6"!$Z :1#<8 `
&)42 #<( &.
, % jJ.6:$(7&)#< :2 1
8 $!$;$#<8 :$#%8 ` &)42 #cA_( - .6:$(7&)#<85(74 %# 46&9Y "i b i"i"i@Y1"(7&)( ( - " #<;
+=$$8)
42+=&)# :$#<8 ` &.
, % . .6:$(7&)#<8 >!$;1#<8 46&9Y :1.6&946$.2# - "! - :$8)87#<!k&a:$()#%8)(a+!$; :$g;$+=&9#
.2k+=; ( - " #<;
+=$$8)
42+=&)# &1
, % & "(7&TZ"8):$ :$#%8 ` 46&9Y :$. &9421.2# - "! - :$878)#<!k& :1()#<87( +!$; :$ ;>+=&9# .2k+=;
?( - "g#%;T+=$$8)
42+=&)# &1
, % 1 46# 0 ":$!$;142!$Z !1"!$;$# &9#<8746!$42(B&94 - :$#<8742#<( 1%
j % _- Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z ".64 - 46#<(X:1()#<;G42! &)Y$# - Y>+1&)#<8 k1 j
j h W :$#%:$42!1Z _;$#<.6(X(7&):$;$42#%;G46!]&9Y$# - Y>+&9#<8 1 1
j('
1+ $.2#%(D*\Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<;G#<(7&)42+=&9#%; ()4%#
+ - &9:$+. ()4 <#K>+468)( 2 '
j , N +89+=# &9#<87(D*?"8 E ":$!1;$#<; N +87#%&)@3546(7&987420$:&942! 2 ,

4 A
j j %
F # +! () 7":$8)! &946#
A"#%8)():1( b ( ` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - &98)+ - #%( b F
I

b>N +87#%&) (7#<8
A_4 - #&946#%( b$N "42(7()"!G+878)46A=+.6( 2,
.
j .2 ;$ ! +(K+@*?:$! - &942! =*&)Y$# #<8 - #<!k&946.2# =*a&)Y$# 7"0 ()4 <# ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!
, %
'` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - &)89+ - #<( bk i i"h"h bF
I

bN +87#%&)()#%87A_4 - #&946#%( b=N "46()(7"!
+=8)8)4 A=+.2( 2&
&
j .2 ;$ ! +(K+@*?:$! - &942! =*&)Y$# #<8 - #<!k&946.2# =*a&)Y$# 7"0 ()4 <# ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!
'2 %
'` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - &)89+ - #<( b$ Ui h b1F
I

b1N +8)# &9 ()#%87A_4 - #&946#%( bN "46()(7"!
+=8)8)4 A=+.2( 21
1
j .2 ;$ ! +(K+@*?:$! - &942! =*&)Y$# #<8 - #<!k&946.2# =*a&)Y$# 7"0 ()4 <# ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!
, %
'` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - &)89+ - #<( bk i "ikh"h bF
I

bN +87#%&)()#%87A_4 - #&946#%( b=N "46()(7"!
+=8)8)4 A=+.2( 21
2
j .2 ;$ ! +(K+@*?:$! - &942! =*&)Y$# #<8 - #<!k&946.2# =*a&)Y$# 7"0 ()4 <# ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!
'.. %
'` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - &)89+ - #<( bk i j bF
I

bN +87#%&)()#%87A_4 - #&946#%( b=N "46()(7"!
+=8)8)4 A=+.2( 22
%
j i .2 ;$ ! +(K+@*?:$! - &942! =*&)Y$# #<8 - #<!k&946.2# =*a&)Y$# 7"0 ()4 <# ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!
&' %
'` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - &)89+ - #<( bk i h"h bF
I

bN +87#%&)()#%87A_4 - #&946#%( b=N "46()(7"!
+=8)8)4 A=+.2( 22
%%
j .2 ;$ ! +(K+@*?:$! - &942! =*&)Y$# #<8 - #<!k&946.2# =*a&)Y$# 7"0 ()4 <# ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!
2&&2
'` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - &)89+ - #<( bk i %
bF
I

bN +87#%&)()#%87A_4 - #&946#%( b=N "46()(7"!
+=8)8)4 A=+.2( % i"i
. % $: +8 ` *\#
#<8742 #<!k&9( %i1
. h X3 P * - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"! - # - 42#%!k&9( 0 #%& a#<#<! > )( 4 <#%(c+=!$; &)Y$8):$Z"Y$$:&
46! #
g#%8)46#%!'&)("8)87#<./+ &942! #%&+!$; #%8)4 - +=&)42" ! # & %%h

A
. (' N &)Y$8):$Z"Y$$:& A#<87():$( > ()4 <# $.2# ()4 <# 4 &9Y I 8742; P\N 89+!1(7*?#<87(
+=8)#0g# & #%#<! "87&)Y#%(7&9#%8)! !$46A#<87()46& ` +!$; C 8)Z"!$!$# +=&)42"!$+. L +0 42!
Z.2# N > 4 &9Y N 0$:g#<8()#%& #f+;$# ()4646./+8D"01()#<8BA=+=&946"!$(
"!
+=.2.g&)Y$#K&9Y1#<8>+=&)Y$( # (7&):$;$42#%; %%,
., 89+=!$(7*?#%85&942 #fA#<8)(7:$( N > (74 <# 4 &9Y I 8)42; PN 8)+!$(7*?#%8)( +87# 0g#
& a#<#%! 87&9Y a#<(B&9#<87! !146A"#%8)(746& ` +!$; C 87Z""!$!$# + &942!>+. L +0 42!1Z".2#
N > 4 &9Y N 0$: g#<8(7#%& # @+=;$# ()4646./+8D0$()#%87A=+=&946"!$(5! +.2.
&)Y$#K&9Y1#<8D>+=&)Y$( #K(7&):$;$46#<; %%,
. j X3 P * b &9Y1# (B& +8B&9:$[ A"#%8)Y$#<+; A"#<![*?"8 &9Y1# (742 $.2# - .642#<!k&
=()#%87A"#%8
&)Y$#<87#X42(\(7&9+87&):$ A"#<87Y$# +=;.64 #%. `K- +:$()#%; 0 ` &9Y$#8)#<(742;$:$+.1(7.2 [(7& +=87&,# # - &
Y1# (B& +8B&9:$ A"#%8)Y$#<+;$(=*( - G+!$; I 8742; PN +8)#f: - YT.2+8)Z"#%8 %%.
.. <. ,
X3 P * *?"8f.642!$#<+8 _;$#<.* P 46Z":$87# + - Y 42( *?8)" +T46!$;$#
#<!1;$#<!k&&)#<(B& E &)YT(742 $.2# - .242#%!k&
=(7#<87A#<8+!$; +=$$.24 - +=&)42"!1(X&9Y>+=&8)# :$4287#
+=:1&9Y$#%!k&94 - +=&946"! ()Y$ O+ (7&)8)"!$Z .246!$# +=8D$8)" #<8B& ` &)#K&)Y>+=&&9Y1# +
42(42(
2 2
46! .2"Z ( - +.6#5&9 ()Y$ U;1#%& +=42. A#<8 *\&)Y$#K8):$!1(
Y$+; i kj +2 %%1
.& X3 P =*87#<./+ &946A#]$8)#%;$4 - &946"!Q#<878)"8 *?"8 N &9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& 46&)Y[;14 g#<8)#%!k&
$ ()4 <#<( %%2
.1 W :>+=!'&)42.6# :>+=!'&)42.6#$.2&
*,8)#<.2+=&94 A"#K$87#<;$4 - &946"!T#%8)87"8 4 &9Y > O()4 %# h FTE
+=Zk+42!1(7&](B& +!$;$+8); !$"87@+=.;$46(7&987420$:&942! $.6&]*c8)#%./+=&)46A"#T$8)#%;$4 - &942!
#%8)87"8X*?"8 > ( 46&9Y ;$4 #%8)#%!'&
(74 <#%(.2_ '(+.2 "(7&X42;$#%!'&)4 - +. &9 &)Y$42( >Z:$8)# % hi
.2 X3 P =*\(B& +!1;>+8); ;$# A42+=&946"! *S&98)+!$(B*?#<8X&946#+=&
+.6. !k&9#%8)!$# &$+=&9Y$(X*?8j
;14 g#<8)#%!k& > U()4 <#<( % hi
.% i X3 P * D - # - 42#%!k&5*,A=+874/+=&)42"!
*,&98)+!$(B*?#<8 46#
+ &
+.2. !'&)#<87!$#%&>+=&)Y$(D*?"8
j ;14 g#<8)#%!k& $ ()4 <#<( %h%
. %% X3 P *1(7& + &942(B&94 - +.6. ` (7& +=0$.2#8)#%Z"42"! $ 1 *?"8R(B&9# +=; ` (7&9+=&9# N &9Y$87":$Z"Y
1:1& 46&9Y ;$4 #%8)#%!'& %h,

_A_4
. % hJX3 P * c*?"8 $A# - " "! ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!$(5*?"8 N &9Y$87":$Z"Y1$:1& - Y>+8
%
+ - &9#%8)4 +=&)42"! "! (7#<Z" #<!k&9#%; &98)+ - #%( Y1# ()4 <#@=*X&9Y$# >.2#42( i FGEa` &9#<(
&)Y$#<8 > (74%#<(()Y$U(742 42.2+8a87#<(7:$.6&)( %h&
. %' '` (B&9#% +8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)#K*35:>+. N +=&9( %'i
. %, N 87#<;$4 - &946"!f#%8)87"8(B& +=&)42(7&)4 - (S*?"8 !$.246!$# A=+.6:>+=&946"! #%& D 42(R&9Y1#X8)":1!$;
&)8)46T&946# 0g# & #%#<! &9Y$#c& ()4 &9#%(542! 42.6.246()# - "!$;$( b +!$; F #<+! !k&9#<8BA=+.,42(
&)Y$#5+ A#<89+=Z"#542!k&)#<87A=+.>&)42 #
0 #%& a#<#%! ;$:>+. N + - =#%&9(D46!@(7# - !$;$( F #<+! #%8)8)8
46(&9Y1#+ A#<8)+Z"#8)#%./+=&)46A"#a#<878)"8 Y$46.2#X # +=! +0$( ?#<878)"8 42(&)Y$#+ A"#<8)+Z"#*d&9Y1#
+=0$()".6:1&9#A=+.2:1#*e87#<.2+=&94 A"#
#<8)87"8 F # +!](B&9;$#%8)8X46(&)Y$#(B& +!1;>+8);@;$#%A_4/+ &942!
=*D8)#%./+=&)46A"##<878)"8 Y$42.6#@ # +! +0$( (7&);$#<878 46(c&)Y$#@(B& +!$;$+8);Q;$# A_4/+=&)42"! *
&)Y$# +0$(7".2:1&)#5A=+.2:$#=*87#<./+ &946A##<878)"8 %''
.% jJX3 P *\8)#%./+=&)46A##<8)87"8)( %',
. %. X3 P *\ # +! +!$; (7&9+!$;>+=8); ;$#%A_4/+ &942!]*87#<.2+=&94 A"##<878)"8 %',
. %& X3 P *\(7&9+!$;>+=8); ;$#%A_4/+ &942!]*87#<.2+=&94 A"##<878)"87( %',
. %1 X3 P *\ # +! +!$; (7&9+!$;>+=8); ;$#%A_4/+ &942!]*,+=0$()".6:1&9#K87#<./+ &946A#5#<878)"8 %'j
. %2 8)8)#%./+=&)42"! - # - 42#%!k& H+ "!$Z $87#<;$4 - &946"!]#<878)"8
+!1; $+=&9Y $8)g#%87&946#<( %'j
. hi X3 P *, N .2k+; + A"#%89+Z# !T+ ():10$()# &* N ./+!1#%& L +0 !$_;$#%( %'&
& % 1Y # + # N +89+.6.2#%. N *?:1! - &)42"! % k, i
& h 42 :$.2+=&946"! " ".6"Z ` 87"()( &98)+9 - Z"_#<( *?8) !$_;$# %
&9 j b Y142.2#
.
$+89+.6.2#%. N >(Z" *?8)" !1;$# h &9 87"()(
&989+ - +!$;G>+8)+.2.6#<.
N ( (7Y>+87#@&9Y$#(9+ #@0 &7&9.2#%!$# - .642! + - Y ()46 :$./+ &942! .2+(7&)( ii %
(7# - "!$;$( 46&)Y 42!$;$4 A_42;$:>+=. N - 8)"(7(,&98)+9 - >((B& +8B&946!$Z89+!1;$" . ` ;$:$8
1
46!$Z&)Y$# $8)(7& @()# - "!$;1( b +!1; +.2.R>+=89+.6.2#<. N (5(B& +8B&942!1Z ()46 :$.6&9+!$#%":$(). `
%
+ &D&942 # i (7# - % ,'j

_A_424
& (' E +!$; 46;1&9Y +!$; .2+=&9#%! -%` - "!>Z:$89+=&)42"! *?8;$4 g#<87#<!k& ( - #%!>+8742"( Y$# ./+
,
&)#<! - ` *?8 +!$; 46(
1#%; +=& f46.2.246()# - "!$;1( b Y$46.2#&9Y$#./+=&)#<! - ` *?8
+=!$; X42(
#<; + &j 42.6.246()# - "!$;$( Y1#50$:g#<8a()4%#"!@# + - Y]!$_;$#42(
#<;
+ & h"j >+ - =#%&9( E &)Y 3587" +42.+!1; 3 :$#%:$# +!>+Z#< #<!k&f ".64 - 46#<(
+=8)#()46 :$.2+=&9#%; %,&
&, %)
42 :$.2+=&946"! 87#<():1.6&9(*?"8( - #<!>+8742 ,.2+=&9#%! -%` * 42(hiK(0$+!$; 46;1&9Y*
% & ('
42( j F 01$( N 0$: #%8D42(D$87"g#%8). ` &):$!$#<; #%*?#%8X&9 P 46Z":$8)# *?"8
;1#%& +=42.2( %,1
& *)
j 42 :$.2+=&946"! 87#<():1.6&9(*?"8K( - #<!$+8)46 h K.2+=&9#%! -%` =* c46(chi]( 0>+!1; 42;1&)Y
%
=* 46( i"i F 0$$( N 01: #%846($8)" #<87. ` &9:$!$#%; #%*?#%8
&) P 42Z":$87# & +'
*?8D;$#%&9+42.6( %,1
&. ')
42 :$.2+=&946"! 87#<():1.6&9(*?"8K( - #<!$+8)46 K.2+=&9#%! -%` =* c46(cji]( 0>+!1; 42;1&)Y
%
=* 46( i"i F 0$$( N 01: #%846($8)" #<87. ` &9:$!$#%; #%*?#%8
&) P 42Z":$87# & +'
*?8D;$#%&9+42.6( %,2
&& ,)
42 :$.2+=&946"! 87#<():1.6&9(*?"8( - #<!>+8742 ,.2+=&9#%! -%` * 42(jiK( 0$+!$; 46;1&9Y*
%
42( ii"i F 0$$( N 0$: #%8 46($8)g#%8). ` &9:$!1#<; #%*?#<8&) P 42Z":$87# & +'
*?8D;$#%&9+42.6( %,2
&1 *)
42 :$.2+=&946"! 87#<():1.6&9(*?"8( - #<!>+8742fj ,.2+=&9#%! -%` * 42(jiK( 0$+!$; 46;1&9Y*
% & +'
\42( i"i"i F 0$$( N 01: #%8\46(\!1&18)" #<87. ` &):$!$#<; # *?#<8R&9 P 42Z":18)#
*?8D;$#%&9+42.6( % ji
&2 .0)
42 :$.2+=&946"! 87#<():1.6&9(*?"8( - #<!>+8742 ,.2+=&9#%! -%` * 42(hiK( 0$+!$; 46;1&9Y*
% a42( i"i F 0$1( N 01: #%842(!$&$87"g#%8). ` &9:$!1#<; #%*?#%8&) P 42Z":$87# & +'
*?8D;$#%&9+42.6( % ji
&% i Y18)":$ZY$$:1&
$87#<;$4 - &946"! #
1+ $.2#%( %j2
& %% N 87#<;$4 - &946"!T#%8)87"8(B& +=&)42(7&)4 - ( N +=&9Y1( 3 +8)#f"8);$#%8)#%; 0 ` &9Y1# (7&9+!$;>+87; ;$#
A_42+=&946"! % ."i

_A46424
& % h <# .2+=&94 A"# N 87#<;$4 - &946"! 8)8)8 & +=&)42(7&)4 - (*?"8 N +8)+.2.6#<. N Y$8)":1Z"Y$$:1& %.%
& % ' N 87#<;$4 - &946"! ()#%!$()4 &946A_4 & ` &9 &)Y$#K()#<.6# - &942! =*$87"0 #<( %.%
& % , #<.2+=&94 A"#$87#<;$4 - &946"!@#%8)87"8a*?"8>+8)+.2.6#<. N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&X+(X+c*?:1! - &)42"!*
!':$f0g#%8
=*>+=89+.6.2#<. N > ( kh %.
&% %
j N #<8B*?"8)+! - #D* >+89+=.2.2#%. N "! + i"i F 0 L C Y1#<8)#D&)Y$# D 42(A#<8 `
,
(7@+=.2. +0 ":1&Ki h]i ( !$# N > 46(5&9Y$# 1&946@+.\42! &)Y$42( - +()#
:$8X&).e+ -<- :$89+ &9#<. ` #<(B&946@+=&)#<; 46& %..
& %. 87"()(D&)899+ - #<(B&942+=&)42"!]#
$+=$.6#<( %.&
& %& :1 :$./+ &946A#K;$42(B&98)460$:1&)42"! *?:$! - &942!G*,8)#<.2+=&94 A"#K$87#<;$4 - &946"!T#%8)87"8
*?8 - 8)"(7(
.
&)899+ - #<(B&946@+=&)42"!*?"8
+.2. &9Y$# ()46 :$./+ &942!$( 4 &9Y ( - #%!>+8)46"(
+(;$#<( - 87420 #<;
& +'
46! P 42Z":18)# %.1
& %1 F "8)# - " $.2#
&9" ".6"Z ` *?"8*?:$87&)Y$#<8a#%A=+.6:>+=&946"! * - 87"()(a&989+ - #<(B&942+=&)42"! %.2
& %2 %,
(B&942+=&)42"! 8)#%():$. &9( 46&9Y N > (46! - 8)"(7(a&98)9+ - Z"87":$ Z +=!$; % %
%, N $ (46! - 8)"(7(
&)899+ - Z"87":$Th Z'h %.2
1 % a 0$42!>+=8 ` &)8)#%#<( 46&)Y !1;$#%( +!$; +=(^()":$8 - #%( b $:$0$.642()Y142!$ZK+=&aj 0$1(
#<+ - Y + ()Y1 (T+Q!$"8)+.0$46!>+8 ` &987#<# Y$#<87# !$_;$# 0g# - " #<( &9Y1#
0 &7&9.2#%!$# - b 8)#%():$. &946!$ZK"! +K87#<;$: - #<; ;>+=()Y .242!1# ":1&)Z""46!$Z(7&)8)# += :>+.24 & `
;1# OY$+(^&9*?"8 +87; &)Y$#(7&)8)# +=J&9K!$_;$# +=!$;!1;$# b +( a#<.2.d+=(
(B&987# + U&9K!$_;$# +!$; !$_;$# b &)Y_:1(a4 &!$#<#%;$(+=!":&9Z""46!$Z0>+!1; 42;1&)Y
%
- +>+ - 46& ` *hi 0$$( a#%A#<8 b 46&5Y>+("!$. ` i K01$(K+ A+=42./+=0$.2# b + '42!$Z
4 &+ 0 &)&).2#%!$# - G42! &9Y1# &98)#%# 0 (7Y$ ( +@* +=& &98)#% # 46&)Y Y$42ZY$#<8 - +>+ - 46& `
!1;$#%($./+ - #<; Y$46Z"Y$#<8D46!]&9Y$#&987#<# %&.
1 h L #%42()#%8)(7"! (
8)Zk+!14 + &942!]*,+ * +=& &)8)#<#46! + (7:$ #<8 - " $:1&9#% %'&
8
% "1 i

4
1 (' <# (.2"Z"4 - +.\"8)Z"+!$4<+=&946"! Y$#(7Y>+ # 42.2.6:$(7&)89+=&)#<(5!$. ` &9Y$# 8)".6# *+

)
#<#%8 4 &9Y$46! + - .2:$(B&9#<8 X+ .2#<+;$#<8
*,+ - .2:$(B&9#<8+=&+ Z"46A#<!T.2+ ` #<8 - +=!T+ - &5+=(
.6# +;1#<8 b1- .2# +=;$#<8 b "8+! "8);142!>+8 ` #< 0 #<8+ &D&9Y$#K!$#
&
Y$46Z"Y$#%8D./+ ` #%8 % 1kh
1 , P +=& #% ( " ".2Z ` Y$#$Z":$8)#]46.2.6:$(7&)89+=&)#<(fY1 &)Y$# &987#<#]Z"# &9( * +=&7&9#<8
Y1#<! A_42!$Z &) +87; &)Y$#K8)_& Y$46(X&987#<#KY>+(
+ - .2:1(7&9#%8;$#<Z"87#<#K*,h %1,
1 j )
Y18)#<#[()46 :$.2+=&946"! ( - #<!>+=8)42( L b F #<;$46:$ G+!$; 42ZY E +=!$; 42;&9Y
E +!$; 46;1&9Y 42(D#
$8)#%()()#%; 42 ! 0$$( %11
1 . .
35#%.24 A"#<87#<; >+ - =#%&)( hj #<!$;GY$"(B&9( bdL E +!$; 46;1&9Y ( - #<!>+8742 % "2 i
1 & % , :1
#<(7g!$()# 42 # X3 P 46&9Y b +!$; $:$01.242(7Y$#<87( >Z":$87#<(58);$#%8)#<;G&9"
.
;1 ! h"j #<!$; Y$"(B&9( bgL E +!$; 46;1&9Y ( - #<!>+=8)42 %2%
C % _- Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z ".64 - 46#<(X:1()#<;G42! &)Y$# +$ #<!$;$4
hh"h
C h W :$#%:$42!1Z@ ;$#%.2(:$(7#<; 42! &9Y$#f+$ #<!$;14
E &9Y N +87#%&9 +!$; #<460$:$.6.S(7#<8
A_4 - #&946#5;142(7&)8)460$:1&946"!$(D+=8)# - !$()46;$#<87#<; hh '
('
C $.6#< #<!k& +=8 ` ;142(7&)8)460$:1&946"! *, N .6k+;]"! &9Y1# a#<0G()#%87A"#%8 h h"j
,
C $.6#< #<!k& +=8 ` ;142(7&)8)460$:1&946"! *\Y>+87;G;142(@8)# +=;
"!]&9Y$# a#<0G()#<8BA"#%8 hh .
C j +8); ;$46( @&) #%"8 ` 0>+=!$; 42;&9Y b E
=(7# - hh .
.
C O;$#%g#%!$;$(
"! $.2#()4 <# hh 1
&
C _- +=&7&9#<8 $.6& * >.2# (74 <# ()#<8BA_4 - # &946# + (7Y$ (&)Y$# $.2& =*&9Y1#
%,
Y1".2# #%0T&98)+ - # b Y1#<8)# &9Y$# 42(
+0 ":1&i ?0 ()Y$ (&)Y$#c&)89+ - #c*,+
%.
$+87&)4 - :1./+8
!$#%& a"8 b Y$#%8)#&9Y$# H42(+0 ":1&
i h"j hh 1
1 C $.6#< #<!k& +=8 ` ;142(7&)8)460$:1&946"! * 46! #%0 - + - Y$#&989+ - #<( h i '
2 C F # +! () 7:$8)!K&946#A#<87():$(S.2k+=; b=I
I

b N +87#%&)+878)4 A+=.2( #<0 ()#%87A#<8
&)89+ - #K;$8)4 A"#<! ()46 :$.2+=&946"! h ''
%
C i F # +! :$#<:1#a.6#<!$Z&)Y5A"#%8)():1(\.6k+; b I
I

b N +8)# &9
+878)46A=+.6( #<0K()#%87A#<8
&)89+ - #K;$8)4 A"#<! ()46 :$.2+=&946"! h ''

C %%
8)8)#%./+=&)42"! UA"#%8)(7:$(!':$ 0 #<8*\0$4 &9(D:$(7#<;G&) ;$# >!1#f+ ;$"+46! h '1
%
C h F # +! () 7":$8)! &)42 #cA"#%8)(7:$(G*?8 #%0 &)89+ - # b ;$@+46! 0$+()#%; ( - Y$#%;$:$.642!$Z b
% %'
I
I

bN +87#%&) +8)8746A=+.2( 4 &9Y h bL a#<8 0 ":$!$; b 1g#%8 1,
0 ":$!1;T % 11
j i b .2k+=; i h ki 5,
%'
C F # +! :$#%:$# .2#<!1Z&9YTA#<87():$ ( G*?"8 a#<0 &)89+ - # b ;$@+46! 0$+()#%; ( - Y$#%;$:$.642!$Z b
%
I
I

N +8)# &9Q+878)4 A+=.2( 46&) %'
Y h bDL #%8@0 ":$!$; b 1g#%8 1,
0 ":$!1;T % 11
j i b .2k+=; i h 5, %
E % # ` >+8)+ #%&9#%8)( * - .2.2# - &)#<; &98)+ - #%( *?8)" N h N ()#%87A#<8)(

42(X&)Y$#K!':$ 0 #<8*+ A=+46./+01.2#(7#<8BA"#<8
&9Y$87# +;1( 5h , .
E h DX3 P *\42!k&)#<89+=8)8)4 A=+.g&)42 #*87# :$#%(7&9(&9 N h N (7#<87A#<8 5h , 1
E (' #<8)42+. - "8)87#<./+ &942! *,46!k&9#<8)+8)8746A=+. &942 #5*\8)# :$#<(B&9(&) N h N ()#%87A"#%8 5h , 2
E , DX3 P (
=*(7#<87A#<; ;$+=& + - Y':$! ()4 <# b 8)# :$#%(7&)#<;T;$+=& + - Y':$!]()4 <# b +!$; *?:$.2.
0 7# - &(74%# hj %
E j 8)8)#%./+=&)42"! - # - 42#%!k&9( 0g# & #%#<! (7#<87A_4 - # &942 # b (7#<87A#<; - Y':$![(74%#G+=!$;
87# :$#%(7&9#%; - Y':$! (74<# hj"j
E . F # +! #<(7g"!1()#&946#*?"8X;$4 #%8)#%!'&X( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z g.24 - 42#%(a:$!1;$#<8XA=+8 ` 46!$Z .6k+;Rh"j .
E & #"7# - &)42"! 89+ &9#5*?"8D;$4 #%8)#%!'&
( - Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z ".24 - 46#<(X:$!1;$#<8DA=+8 ` 46!$Z .2k+; hj &

4

1 % .6:$(7&)#<8\+!$; 8)# 4 <#a+(\+

*?:$! - &946"!f*&9Y$# - .6:$(7&)#<8S;$#<Z"87#<# b *?"8S+5hi b i"ii
#<#%8X "$:$.2+=&946"! Y$#5A=+8)42+0$.2# 42(+f$./+ - #Y1".2;$#%8a*?"8&9Y$# - .2:1(7&9#%8X42!1;$#
(B& +8B&946!$Z +=&i *?"8X&9Y$#K.6 a#<(B&

./+ ` #%8 %1.
1 h % . %2
#<(7g!$()# 42 # N :$0$.642(7Y$#<8 b h"j #<!$; Y$"(B&9( bgL E +!$; 46;1&9Y ( - #<!>+=8)42 "i
1 (' % . %2
35#%.24 A"#<8 `] +=&946 N :$0$.642()Y1#<8 b h"j #<!$;GY$"(B&9( bdL E +!$; 46;1&9Y ( - #<!>+8742 kh
1 , % .
A#<8)Y1# +; N :$0$.246()Y$#%8 b hj #<!$;GY$"(7&)( bdL E +=!$; 42;&9Y ( - #%!>+8742 %2'

424

C T ! 46!1*?"87@+=&)42"!@()#<8BA_4 - # (7&)"8)#%(46!1*?"87@+=&)42"! +0g:1&&9Y$#K8)#%()":18 - #%(5*+ ;142(7&)8)460$:1&9#%; - "
$:1&946!$Z #<!kA_428)!$#%!k&+=!$;T+=!$( a#<87( :$#<(B&942!$(+=0g":&4 & !$# #
1+ $.2#* !k&9#<87!$#%& 0>+=()#<;
42!1*?"87@+ &942!T()#%87A_4 - # &)Y>+=&K #<"1.2# :$(7# # A"#%8 ` ;>+ ` 42(&9Y$# 35"+42! + # #<8BA_4 - # 3 5
3 5 46( +T( ` (B&9#% &9Y$+=& (B&9"87#<( 46!1*?"8)+=&)42"! +0 ":1&fY$"(7& !>+ #<( +=!$; ;$"+46! !>+ #<(c"!
!$#%& a"8 '( F (7&K42 "87&9+!k&9. `b 3 18) A_42;$#%(c+=! MN +;$;$87#<()(K*?"85#<+ - Y Y$"(7& !>+=# b +!$;
.242(B&9(X&)Y$#K@+46.g#
- Y>+!$Z"#c()#%87A"#%8)(+ -<- #<1&)42!$Z # @+=42.g*?8D# + - Y ;$"+42!
2. %
I 8)46; - "1:1&946!$Z b ikh
+=42 (+ & $87 A_46;$42!$Z ;$#< #<!1;>+0$.6# bD- !$()46(7&9#%!k& b g#%87A=+(746A"# b
:$!$.2464 &9#%; - "1:1&946!$Z a#<8+=!$; ()#%87A_4 - #<(D&9c&9Y$#:$(7#<87( b 46!]+ @+=!$!$#<8a()4646./+8^&9c&9_;>+ ` (
#<.2# - &)8)4 - +.$ #%8aZ"8742; SC (Z"8742;$(^# A"". A"#*?8)" - .2:1(7&9#%8^&9K#<!k&9#%8)$8742(7#
&) Z.2"0>+=.$Z"8)46;$( c*?8)"
()42!1Z".2#5;1#<>+8B&9 #<!k&9(D&) :$.6&)42$.6#;1#<>+8B&9 #<!k&9(D&) :1&9(742;$#5&)Y$# >8)# X+=.2. Z"8742; - "1:1&946!$Z
42.2.$8) A_42;$# (7# + .2#%()( b &98)+!$(7>+8)#%!k& b (7# - :$8)#@+ -<- #<()(K&9 87#<():$8 - #<(f(7: - YQ+(KY>+=8); +8)# b
()* & +8)# b ( - 42#%!'&)4 - 46!$(7&)8):$ #<!k&9( b +!1; (7#<87A_4 - #<( Y$46.2#@&)Y$# $8)46@+8 ` +=;$"1&)#<8)( *Z"8)46;
&9# - Y1!$".2Z ` &);$+ ` +87#42! - " $:1&)#542!k&9#%!$()4 A"#587#<(7# +8 - YG*eA=+8742":1( '42!$;1( &9Y1#50g#%!$# 1&9(D*
Z"8)46; - " $:1&946!$Z Y>+ A"# 0$87k+; +$ # +.
C (&9Y1#X( - +.2#D+=!$; ;$46A#<87()46& ` *>&)Y$#X8)#%()":18 - #%( b +$1.24 - +=&946"!$( b +!1; :$()#%8)(^46!'A".6A#<; 46! Z"8)46;
%

h
- " $:1&)42!$Z - "!k&946!':$#<(5&) 42! - 8)#<+()# :14 - '. `b &9Y$# +:$!k&*46!1*?"87@+=&)42"! !$#%#<;$#%; &9=#<#<
&989+ - *e&)Y$#< Z"87 ( - " #%!$():189+=&)#<. ` 42f:$.6&9+!$#<:$(). `"b +$$.64 - +=&946"!$(!$#<#%;]&9 "()#5+!$;
+!$( a#<8c42! - 8)#<+()46!$Z". ` ga#<87*?:1. :$#%8)46#<(f A#<8c&)Y$42(K46!1*?"8)+=&)42"! 46! 8);$#%8 &)T#
$.6"46& I 8)46;
8)#<(7":$8 - #<( #%.2.>+=!$;()+=&946(7* ` :1()#<87( I 8)46; !*?"8)+=&946"! #%87A_4 - # IKB ( ` (7&)#< (a$87 A46;$#D&9Y$46(
*?:$! - &)42"!$+.24 & ` Y$#cg"(7()460$.2# ;1#<.2(+=!$; &)Y$# ;$#<(742Z"! ()>+ - #c*?8 IKB ( ` (7&)#< (46(
.2+8)Z# C
Y$42Z"Y1. ` ( - +=./+0$.6#;$42(B&987420$:1&)#<; IB 46(X&9Y$#& +=8)Z"# &
+$$.64 - + &942! *S&9Y$46(D;$42(7()#<8B& +=&)42"!
:$8 A_42# *K+ IB 46( &)Y>+=&46&42( + ;$+=& +0$+()# 42![&9Y$# Z"#%!$#<874 - (7#<!$(7# *5&)Y$# "87;
*42!1*?8)+=&946"! +=0g":&f&9Y1#]#<!k&94 &942#% ( 4 &9Y$46!Q+ 42;1#]+8)#<+ ;$42(B&987420$:1&)#<; Y142Z"Y #<8B*?"8)+! - #
- " $:1&)42!$Z #<!kA_4287"!$ #<!k&
1+ $.2#%(* I 8742;[#<!k&94 &942#%(46! - .6:$;$# "87Zk+!$4 +=&)42"!$( b #<$.2# b
- " $:1&9+=&946"!>+.587#<(7":$8 - #<( a"8 '(7&9+=&946"!$( b >+89+=.2.2#%. - $:&9#<87( b- .2:$(B&9#<87( b- " :$!$4 - +
&942!$(8)#<(7":$8 - #<( ( 46& - Y1#<( b 8)":&9#<87( b &9" ".6"Z"42#%( b ()#%87A_4 - #<( b 0 #<! - Y$+8 _( b (7* & +8)# b # A"#<!k&
- Y>+!$!$#%.2( b ()#%!$()"87( b ( - 46#<!k&94 - 46!$(7&)8):$ #<!k&9( b +!1;f&)Y$#<87( C IB - !$()46(7&9(\*d+()# &,*>0 7# - &9(
&9Y>+=& 87#<$87#<()#%!k& &9Y$#%()##<!k&94 &942#%( b 8)#%./+=&)42"!1()Y$46$(K0g# & #%#<! "0 7# - &)( b +=!$; ( ` (7&9#%(c!$#<#%;$#<; &9
:1#<8 ` +!$;]:$ ;>+=&)#&9Y1#5"0 7# - &9(
+!1; 8)#%./+=&)42"!$(7Y$421( + - Y "0 7# - &DY$+(D+ :$!$4 :$#542;1#<!k&94 >#<8 b
+ &946#%(7&9+ b +!$; + ()# &X*R+ &)&987420$:&9#<( ;>+=&)#<(&9 &9Y$#;>+=& +=0>+()#& + #&)Y$#*?8) * +;$;$4
&942!$(a8a;$#%.2# &942!$(a=*R"0 7# - &9(+!$; * - Y>+!$Z"#%(&9c&9Y$#+=&)&)8)4201:1&9#%(a* #
42(B&942!1Zf"0 7# - &)( Y$#
IKB + #%(a:$ ;>+=&)#<(+ A=+42.2+0$.2#&9 :$#<8742#%(+(^(7!@+(^ "(7()4201.2# &+.2(7 +!>+=Z"#<(+ -%- #%()(&9
&9Y$#50 7# - &9( b @ + '46!$Zf(7:$8)#&)Y>+=&a&9Y$# ` +87#:$ ;>+=&)#<; +!1;]8)# +=; "!$. ` 0 ` A=+.246;@:$(7#<8)( &X+ `
$8)#%()#<!k&;$4 g#<87#<!k&A46# (*\&)Y$# "0 7# - &9(
&9 ;$4 g#<87#<!k&
:$()#%8)( C "8)#;1#%& +=42.2#%; ;$#<( - 8)461&946"!
%&2
*\&)Y$42(XA_46# =*,+ IKB 46(+ A=+46./+01.2##%.2(7# Y$#%8)#

# +8)# ;1#%A"#%.2"142!$Z + IB ( ` (7&9#% bDIB gb &9Y$+=& 42( 0$+()#%; "!J&)Y$# 8)#%./+=&)42"!>+=.;>+ & +
_;$#<. g# - 4 - +.6. `"b'XIKB ()#<8BA"#%8)(X+=8)#42 $.2#%#%!k&9#<; "! &9@* &9Y$# 89+ - .2# 3 EDF +!$;
:$()# $WL +( &)Y$#<468 :$#<8 ` ./+!$Z:>+Z"# 89+ - .2#]42( !1&+ 87# :$468)#< #<!k& *":$8 +1$8)k+ - !Y
&9Y$#%8 3 EDF #%( - ":$.2; +.2(7T0 #@:$(7#<; DIB *? - :$()#%(f"! _;$#<.642!$Z]&)Y$#@Y>+=8); +8)# +!$;
()* & +8)# 87#<():$8 - #<( * +Q;$46(7&)8)4201:1&9#%; - " $:1&)42!$ZQ#%!'A_468)"!$ #<!k& !1*?"8)+=&)42"! (B&987# + (
&1
*?8)"U; ` !>+=4 - 87#<(7":$8 - # "!$4 &9"8742!$Z
+!$;c$8)#%;$4 - &946"! &).2(e(): - Y +(
N
+87# - :$8)87#<!k&9. `

'
":1&9(742;$#K*S&9Y1# ( - " # * XIKB gb +=.6&9Y1":$Z"Y DIB ;$#%(_;$#<.g&9Y$#K#
46(7&9#%! - #c+!$; .2 - + &942!
*(7: - YG&).2(
Y142(&)Y$#<(742(
*? - :$()#%(5"!T&)Y$#f;$#%()46Z"! +!1; 42 $.2#%#%!k& +=&)42"! *^(7#%A#<89+=.42 "87&9+!k& - "
g"!1#<!k&9(D*?"8X&)Y$# DIKB ( ` (B&9#% Y$#<(7#c46! - .6:$;$#K+ ( ` !k&9Y1#%&94 - Z"8)46; 46!1*?"87@+=&)42"!Z"#<!1#<89+ &9"8 b
:1#<8 ` 87# 8)4 &946!$Z&9# - Y1!$4 :$#%( b 70( - Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z b ()#<874/+.d+=!$;@>+=89+.6.2#<. N &9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1&"!
46&98)42!1ZQ+!$; $87#<;$4 - &946"! b +!$;#<!$; ( ` (B&9#< f:$.6&)4 - +=(7& Y$#<(7# - " g"!1#<!k&9( Y>+ A"# A=+.2:1#
0g# ` "!$; &)Y$# XIKB ( ` (7&9#% 0 # - +:$(7#5&9Y$# ` +=8)#Z#<!$#%8)4 - 8)#%()# +=8 - Y a"8 &9Y>+ & - +! 0 #5+$1.242#%;
42!]&9Y$#K;$#%()46Z"! *,&)Y$#<8D;142(7&)8)460$:1&9#%; ( ` (7&)#< (
!> $
C g a#<8B*?:$.*?# + &9:$87# * DIB 42(
&9Y>+ &5:$(7#<8)( - +!
8)46&)# :$#<8742#<( 46! 1WKL &9Y>+ & ()# +=8 - Y *?8 - " $.2#
- " "(746&946"!$(*f87#<(7":$8 - #<( b (): - Y +(
Z"8)":1$( *KY$(7&9( +!$;J!$# & "8 V87#<():$8 - #<( b &9Y>+ & #<#%& - ".6.2# - &94 A"#G8)# :$468)#%#%!'&)( Y$#%()#
:1#<8)46#<( - +!G0g#KA"#%8 ` #
#<!$(746A#c&9#
# - :1&9# b Y1 a#%A#<8 !G8)#%() "!$()# b a#fY$+ A#f46!'&)8)_;$: - #<;
&9Y$87#<#]#
_&)#<!$(742"!$( &) &9Y$# $WL ()#<.6# - & (7& + &9#< #<!k& &)Y>+=& a# - +.6.!$"!1;$#%&)#<8) 42!142(7&)4 - :1#<8 `b
( - g#%; :$#<8 ` +!$; +$$87
46@+=&)# :1#<8 ` ! #<()(7#<! - # b &)Y$# &9Y$87#<# :1#<8 ` #
&)#<!$(742"!1( +.6.2
&9Y$#K:$(7#<8 +!1; XIKB &) &989+=;$# 0 #%& a#<#%!T&9Y$#87:$!$!$46!$Z &946#5=*,+ :$#<8 ` +=!$; &)Y$#.2"+;
46&$.2+ - #%(K"! +! DIKB ()#%87A#<8 +!$; &)Y$# !_:1 0g#%8*a8)#<(7:$.6&)(K8)#%&):$8)!1#<; Y$# 8)#%():$. &K()# &c46(
+T89+!1;$" (9+=$.6#=*D&9Y$#8)#<(7:$.6&f()# & *X&)Y$# ;$# &9#%8) 42!$46(7&94 - A"#<87()46"! *X&)Y$# :$#%8 `b Y$4 - Y
# +87Z":$# 42( (7: - 42#%!k&@+=!$;V+=$$8)$8)42+=&9#@*?8 + IB # 42 $.2#%#%!k&f&9Y1# :$#%8)46#<( :$()46!$Z
+ - " 0142!>+=&)42"!T* :1#<8 ` 87# 8746&946!$Z b ( - Y$#%@+ #
_&9#%!$()46"!$( b 46!$;$4 - #<( b +!$; 8)+!$;$" !$#%()(
- Y>+!$Z"#%(&) &)Y$# 3 EDF +87# !1#<#<;1#<; Y$#K&9Y18)#<# :$#<8 ` &9# - Y1!$4 :$#%(5@+ #K46&
"()(7420$.6#5&9
+( - " $.2#
:$#<(B&946"!$(
* XIKB +!$; Z"# &:1()#%*?:1.e8)#<(7g!$()#%( :$4 - '. `
; 7 > $< "
35#%()42Z!$42!$Z +=!$; #%A=+.2:$+=&946!$Z Z"8742;] 42;$;$.6# +8)#(): - Y
+( DIB ;$#%@+!1;$(f87# +.642(7&)4 - 8 '.2k+=;$( :$8 :$#<8 ` 8)# 8)4 &942!1ZG&9# - Y$!$4 :1#<( +.6.2 :$(c&9
&989+=;$# O0g# & #%#<! &9Y1# !':$ 0 #<8 *f!$"!$;$# &9#%8) 42!$46(7&94 - +.6. `[- Y$"(7#<! 87#<(7:$.6&)(G87#%&9:18)!$#%; 0 `
&9Y$# :1#<8 ` +!$;V&)Y$# +=":1!'&@* a"8 [;$"!1# 42! ():$$ "8B& *K4 & Y$42(&989+=;$#< ;$#%g#%!$;$(
)
(7&987"!$Z". ` ! &9Y$# (B&98): - &9:18)# *K&9Y1# Z"8)46; &9Y$# !$# & 8 &)" ".2"Z ` +=!$; &9Y$# - Y$+89+ - &9#%8)42(

,
&94 - (T* &)Y$# Y$(7&9( b 87":1&9#%8)( b +!1; .246!'( 46&)Y$42!&9Y$# &9" ".2Z ` C (T&)Y$# Z"8742;$(T+8)# (7&)42.2.
42! &)Y$#<468T#<+8). ` (7& +=Z"#<( b &)Y$#<87# 42(G.242 46&)#<;+ A=+42.2+0$.2# ;$+=& +V! &9Y$# (7&)8): - &9:$87# * - $:
& +=&)42"!>+=.Z"8742;$( # #
1+ 42!1#<;J&9Y$# - "!k&9#<!k&)(G*c()# A"#%89+.K8):1!$!$42!1Z IB ( ` (7&)#< ( Y$#
./+87Z"#<(B&c;$+=& +(7#%& #Y>+ A"# *?":$!$; - "!k& +=42!$(*?# a#<8 &9Y>+=! "!$# &9Y1":$(9+=!$; !$_;$#%( I 46A"#%! &)Y$#
.242 46&)#<; ;>+=&9+V()# &9( b +V( ` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - Z"8742; Z"#<!$#%89+=&)"8 46(T+V!1# - #%()(746& ` !U87#<(7g"!1()# &)V&9Y$46(
!$#<#%; b a#T0$:$46.6& I 8)46; I b + ( ` !k&)Y$#%&)4 - Z"8)46; Z"#%!$#<8)+=&98 b Y14 - Y - +!V0 # ;$ !$.2"+;$#<;[*?8)"
) Y'&7&9

- ( !1"87&)Y a#<(B&9#%8)! #<;$:
K:18)Z"46(
I 8)46; I Y$42.6#,;$# A"#<.6"$46!$Z I 8742; I b a#;$42( - A
#<8)#%; 42!k&9#%8)#<(B&946!$Z 8)#%./+=&)42"!$(7Y$42@+ "!$Zc&)Y$#5*?":$8g a#<8 ./+ (X* !k&9#%8)!$# &D&9" ".6"Z ` I 8742; I
42(,&9Y1# $8)(7&&)"g.2"Z ` Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9"8^&)Y>+=&^*?".6.2 (,&9Y$# #%8 .2+ ( Y142.2#D+46!'&9+42!142!$Z - .2#<+8^Y$4
#<89+=8 - Y$4 - +.$!1#%& a"8 (B&987: - &):$8)# ^C .2(7 b &) ` 0 #<(7& '!$ .6#<;$Z"# bI 8742; I 42(&)Y$# >87(7&^&9g".6"Z `
Z"#<!$#%89+=&)"8X&9Y$+=& - +=!G+=!$!$&9+=&9#&)Y$#5&9g".6"Z ` 46&)Y]()#%!$()460$.2#K+=&7&987420$:1&)#<(+=&&9Y$##%!$; ( ` (7&9#%
.2#%A#<.
= $ 6" $ $ 7

g# - &946A# :$#%8 ` ( - Y$#<;$:1.
42!$Z 46(X#<(7()#<!k&)4/+. *?"8a&9Y$# #<8B*?"8)+! - #5* DIB (7#<8BA"#<87( C . &9Y$":1Z"Y]()4 <# 0>+(7#<; ( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z
%2.
g".64 - 42#<((7: - Y +( 1
N^ Y>+ A"# 0 #<#%! (7&9:1;$42#%; ()46! - # "i(+!$; Y$+ A# 0g#%#<! +1$.246#<; 42!TA=+8
42":$(c+87#<!>+(c42! - .2:$;142!$Z >+ - =#%& !1#%& a"8 '( +!$; #%0Q()#%87A"#%8 ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z N^ Y>+(c0g#%#<!
$8) A"#%! &) 0g#"&942+. 42!]&9Y1#()#<!1()#K&9Y>+=&4 & ` 42#%.2;$( - >+=8)#<; &) +! ` &)Y$#<8 - "! - #%46A=+0$.6#
(7&98)+=&9#%Z ` J&)Y$# ()+.6.2#<(B& # +! A+=.2:$#* -%- :$$+! -%` +!$; &)Y$#<87#%*?"87#]+.2(7 * +46&)42!$ZT+!$;
;$#<.2+ ` &946# !$#546 "87&9+!k&18)#<87# :$46()46&)#&9 +=$$. ` 46!$Z ()4 <# 0>+(7#<; ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z 46(a&) _!1
&9Y$# (74 %#<( *+.6
. 70$( 42!Q+=;1A=+! - # b Y$4 - Y[+87# :$!1*?87&9:1!>+=&9#%. ` !$& +. + ` ( + A=+46./+0$.6#
"8 @Y>+=(D0g#%#<!];$"!1#5&9 (7&):$; ` &9Y$# #<8B*?"8)+! - #5*R()4 <# 0>+(7#<; ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z ".24 - 46#<( Y$#<!
"!$. ` 42!>+ -%- :$8)+=&9# ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z42!1*?8)+=&946"! 42(
+ A=+42.2+0$.6# !G&9Y1# &)Y$#<(742( b a#f(B&9:$; ` &)Y$#c #<8
*?"8)+! - #c* N^ +!$; P, 1N +(5+*?:1! - &)42"! =*,&9Y$# - "878)#<.2+=&946"! - _# - 46#<!k&50 #%& a#<#%! &)Y$#
+ - &):>+. 7"0Q(74 %#<( +!$; #<(B&946@+=&)#<; 7"0Q(74 %#<( #];$# A"#%.2" #<; + ()46 :$./+ &9"8 &9Y>+=& ():$$ "8B&9(
%
0g&)Y F
I

+!$; I
I

:1#<:$46!$Z _;$#<.6( Y$# ()46 :$.2+=&9"8 - +![0 # ;18)46A#<![0 `
&989+ - # ;>+=& + "8K( ` !k&9Y$# &94 - ;>+=&9+G$87;1: - #%; 0 ` + a"8 '.2"+; Z#<!$#%89+=&)"8 a#@Y$+ A#@;$# A"#%.2" #<;

j
&9Y>+=&f+.6.2(K:$( &) - "!k&98).&)Y$# - "8)87#<.2+=&946"! Y1#@()46 :$.2+=&946"!$(()Y1 &)Y>+=& &9Y$# ;$#%Z"8)#%#@*

- "878)#<.2+=&946"!TY$+(+ ;$8)+@+ &94 - # g# - &K"!T&)Y$# #<87*?8)+! - #f* 1
N +!$; P, 1N +=!$; &9Y>+ &+
8)# +=()"!>+=0$. ` Z"__; 70 ()4 <# #<(B&946@+=&)"8 42.6.,@+ # 0g&)Y N^ +!1; P^ 1N :1&9 #<8B*?"8) N
42! 0 &9Y # +! 87#<() "!$(7# &942 # +=!$; ().2;$! # &)Y$#<! #
$.6"8)#%; ()#%A#<8)+.87"0 ()4 <# #<(B&94
@+=&)"8)(&9Y$+=&D():1$g87&X(74 %#0$+()#%;]( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z "!a#<0](7#<8BA"#<87(
+!$;@&)Y$#5()#%87A#<8D()46;$#5* N h N
( ` (7&)#< ( :$8 a"8 G()Y$ (5&)Y>+=&54 &46(*?#<+()460$.2# &9]+1$. ` ()4 <# 0>+(7#<; ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z@42! DIB
()#<8BA"#%8)(
!7 *" = ! 6"

C - #<!k&98)+.24 <#<; 42!1*?"87@+ &942! ()#<8BA"#%8 - +! & ( - +.6#
46&9Y &9Y1#Z"87 D&9Y@=* &9Y1#;$46(7&)8)4201:1&9#%;@( ` (B&9#< 0 # - +:$()#
&9Y$#
()#%87A#<8 ( Ncb #< "8 ` "8a;142(
- +!] &9#%!k&94/+=.2. ` 0 # - " #5g#%87*?"87@+=! - #0g&7&9.6#<!$# - _( A#<! 46* a#:$(7#K+ Y$42Z"Y #<87*?8)+! - #
- .2:1(7&9#%8&9]Y1"(7&5&)Y$# 46!1*?"8)+=&)42"! ()#%87A_4 - # b &)Y$# ":1&)Z""46!$Z 0>+!1; 42;1&)Y - +! &)#<!k&942+.2. ` 0g#
- " #&9Y$# 0g=&)&9.6#<!$# - +(D&9Y$# ;$46(7&987420$:&9#<; ( ` (B&9#< Z"87 (+!1;T "8)#K+!1;T "8)# - .642#%!'&)(D&98 `
&9TZ#%& :$#<8 ` 87#<():1.6&9( 0>+ - A_4/+]&9Y1#@":1&)Z""46!$Z .242! :$8c(7".2:&942! *?"8K0 #%&7&9#<8 ( - +./+=0$42.646& `
*&9Y$#]46!1*?"8)+=&)42"! ()#%87A_4 - #]42(f&) 8)#<1.24 - +=&9# +!$;Q;$46(7&987420$:&9#@&)Y$# 42!*?"8)+=&946"! (7#<8BA"#<87( &9
Z"#<".6"Z"4 - +.6. ` ;$4 g#<87#<!k&X.6 - +=&946"!$("!&)Y$# !k&9#%8)!$# &+!$; #%#< #< + - "!$(742(B&9#<! -%` +!$Zc&)Y$#
8)#<1.24 - +( Y$#(7#<8BA"#<87(X()Y$+8)#
&9Y$# :$#<8 ` 18) - #<(7()46!$Zf.6k+;+!$;&)Y$#
!$#%& a"8 42(!$=&.64 #%. ` &9
0g# - " #0 &7&9.2#%!$# - DIB (7#<87A#<87(X;$ !$=&a&9+. ;1428)# - &). ` 46&)Y@#<+ - Y &)Y$#<8 b 0$:1&a42!1;$4287# - &). `
A42++ - "!k&9#%!'&,;$#<.646A"#%8 ` !$# & "8 X3 b Y$4 - Y 42(S0>+()#%; "!f&)Y$#$:10$.246()Y
=(7:$0$( - 8)460g#_;$#<.
+!$; 42(D:$(7#<;T(7".2#%. ` &9 $8)>+Zk+=&)#:$ ;>+=&9#%(D&9 *?8)46#<!$;$. `]DIB ()#<8BA"#%8)(
8 8 " 6" $ $

42(^8)#%() "!$(7420$.6#X*?"8
$8)#%;$4 - &942!1Z &9Y$# ;$+=& + &98)+!$(B*?#<8f&)42 # + -%- :$8)+=&9#%. ` 46! + 8)#<+.&946#@+=!$!$#<8f"! &9Y$#] A#<8).2+ `
!$#%& a"8 #Y$+ A#K$8)&)& ` g#%;T35:$+. N +=&9( b + !$ A"#%. N > 8)+=&9# "!$4 &9"8742!$Zf+!$; $8)#
;$4 - &942!5*?89+ # a"8 Y$4 - Y - +! $87#<;$4 - &R()#%8)42+.k+( a#<.2.'+=(S$+89+.6.2#%. N > 89+=&)#a+ -<- :189+=&)#<. `
46&9Y .6 A"#%8)Y$#<+;
35:$+. N +=&9(
42(
;$#<(742Z"!1#<; 4 &9Y & Zk+.2(46!T 42!$; P 4287(7& b 4 & - +!T0 #f:1()#<;T0 ` &)Y$# DIB
()#<8BA"#%8)(\&)"!146&98 N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&S0 #%& a#<#<!c&9Y$#% b Y$4 - YcY$#%.2$(e&)
(7* &R&946#,0 ":$!1; &)Y$#

.
- "!$(742(B&9#<! -%` - "!k&)8)".R0 ` + -<- :$89+ &9#<. ` #<(B&942+=&)42!$Z &9Y1#c:$ ;>+=&)#<(&98)+!$(7*?#%8)8742!$Z &946# # - "!1; b
46& - +! 0g# :1()#<; &)]"!146&98&9Y1# N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&K0 #%& a#<#%! &)Y$# ;$42(B&987420$:1&)#<; - "1:1&946!$Z
8)#<(7":$8 - #<(
! &)Y$42( a"8 b a# >8)(B&,#
11.2"4 &9(R&9Y$#X(B&987"!$Z - "8)87#<.2+=&946"!f0 #%& a#<#%! N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&,+!$;
> ()4 %# b +=!$; &)Y$#@(B& +=&)42(7&)4 - +.(7& +=0$42.646& ` =* !k&9#<87!$#%& >+=&9Y - Y>+89+ - &9#%8)46(7&94 - ( &9 + -<- :189+=&)#<. `
$8)#%;$4 - &&)Y$# N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&@*5.2+8)Z"#]&)89+!$(B*?#<87(@:$(742!$Z + - &)46A"#G$8)0$42!$Z #G$8)g"(7#
+;$;$4 &942!>+.e # - Y>+!142() (&9 #
11./+46!G&9Y1# - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"! b +=!$;T&9Y1#<! +!$+. ` <# Y ` &)89+;$4 &946"!>+.
N 0g#%! - Y$+8 '42!1Z * +46.2(X&) 18)#<;14 - &&)Y$# &)Y$8):$Z"Y$$:&=*,./+=8)Z"#5&)89+!$(B*?#<87( a#<.6. # - Y>+8
+ - &)#<8)4 <#
(7&9+0$42.646& ` +=!$;@;$# A"#%.2"]+ ; ` !>+ 4 - (9+=$.642!$ZK8)+=&9#+; 7:$(B&9 #<!k&D+=.2Z""8746&)Y$(7c&9Y$+=&
# $8)0g#K+ >+=&)Y 0$+()#%;T"! 46&)(D(7&9+0$42.646& `
N +89+=.2.2#%. N $ (
+87#0$8)"+;$. ` :$(7#<; 42!]Y$46Z"Y]g#%87*?"87@+=! - #;$46(7&)8)4201:1&9#%; - " $:1&)42!$Z b
+!$; - +=!Q0g#]:$(7#<; 0 ` &)Y$# DIB ()#%87A"#%8)( *?"8 :1g;>+ &9# $87">+Z"+=&946"! 8)+=&9#]+=;>+1&9+=&946"! !
&9Y$46(&)Y$#<(742( b a# +;1;$8)#%()(Y1 &9@18)#<;14 - &>+8)+.2.6#<. N &)Y$8)":1Z"Y$$:1&+(+ *?:1! - &)42"! *,&)Y$#
!_:1 0g#%8D* > ( b +( a#<.6. +(DY1 &9 $87#<;$4 - &X&)Y$# - 8)8)#%() "!$;$46!$Z 42 >+ - &X"! - 8)"(7(&)899+ -
&9Y$# 0 #<(7&c*":$8 _!1 .6#<;$Z# b a#+8)# &9Y$# >87(7&K&9T+!$( a#<8K&9Y1# *?".6.2 42!1Z :1#<(7&)42"! "!
)
0g#%Y>+.6* *R+c:1()#<8 Y>+=&!_:1 0g#%8* >+89+=.2.2#%. > ( 42.6.>Z"46A#&)Y$#Y$46Z"Y$#%(7&&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& 4 &9Y
.2#<(7(&9Y>+! + 42 >+ - &5"! - 8)"(7( &)899+ - ! # &9#%8) &)Y$42(&9Y1# +
42f:$ !$!$;$42(78):$&946A#
&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& # 0 #<Z42!Q0 ` (7&):$; ` 42!1Z &9Y$#]0 #<Y>+ A_428 *
>+8)+.2.6#<. N 42!Q(742 :$.2+=&946"! &9
Y$#<.6G;$#%8)4 A"#c+ ;1#<. *?"8$87#<;$4 - &)42!$Z >+8)+.2.6#<. N &)Y$8):$Z"Y$$:&+=!$;T4 &9(D42 >+ - &"! - 8)()(
&989+ - " 0$46!$42!$Z]&)Y$42( _;$#%. 4 &9Y ()" #@18)#%A_46":$( >!$;$46!$Z"( # ;1#<8)4 A"#@+G()461.2# be` #%&
)
# g# - &)46A# b "!$.642!$#+=;1A_42()8 Y'&7&9

- ( !1"87&)Y a#<(B&9#%8)! #<;$:
K:18)Z"46(
I 8)46; I
:$8+!$+. ` ()46( b ;$#%()46Z"! b +!$; #%A=+.6:>+=&946"! 42(^0$+()#%;@"!+./+87Z"# ( - +=.2#D # +(7:$8)#%#%!'&(B&9:$; `
$ $
D- !'&)8)460$:1&9#%;G&)&9Y1#c;$#%()46Z"!T* P + & #% b +!$ A"#%.
A#<87./+ ` :$. &94 - +(7&K18)&) - ".,&9Y>+ &c#% :$.2+=&9#%(K&)Y$# * +=& &98)#%# +8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)# "! &)Y$# 42;$# +87# +
!$#%& a"8 Y$# A"#%8)./+ ` * +=& &987#<#c+8 - Y146&9# - &):$8)# Y1#<.21(
&) $8)# A"#%!'&&9Y$#c8)_&*?87" 0 # - 46!$Z
0g&7&9.6#<!$# - ]42!]&9Y$# - +()# *,f:$.6&)4 (7":$8 - #5 :1.6&94 - +(B& Y$# #<!1; ( ` (B&9#% f:$.6&)4 - +=(7&D$87&9 - .

&
- +! 0g#K46!'&)#<Z"8)+=&9#%; 42!k&9 &9Y1#fX3 *?8D0g# &)&9#%8( - +=./+0$46.24 & ` +!1; # - 42#%! -%`

Y$# ;>+=&9+ ;1#<. b :$#%8 ` .2+!$Z":$+Z"# b +!1; 42 $.2#%#%!k& +=&)42"! * IB #%(+!$; (742 42.2+8X()#%87A_4 - #<(
&9Y>+=&(7&)"8)# &9Y1#G46!1*?"8)+=&)42"! +0 ":1& !$# & 8#%; 8)#<(7":$8 - #<(Y>+(0g#%#<!V# A"". A_42!$Z *?"8 ()" #
&942 #
_;>+ `"b +! ` ()46&)#<(&9Y>+=&$8) A_42;1#5#
_&9#%8)!>+=.2. ` + -%- #%()()460$.2# - " $:1&)42!$Zc8)#<(7":$8 - #<(D+ =#5+
;$#<( - 8)461&946"! *&9Y$"(7# + - Y$42!1#<(+ A=+42.2+0$.6#K+( a#<0 >+Z#<( #%0 ()# +=8 - Y #<!1Z"42!$#%(+87#f* &)#<!
:$()#%; &) >!$; +1$8)"18)4/+ &9#f87#<(7":$8 - #<( Y$46(5Y>+(0g#%#<! +46;$#<; (742Z"!$4 - +=!'&). ` 0 ` &)Y$# +;A"#<!k&
*Y$42ZY$. ` ;$46( - 8)42 42!$+=&946!$Z ()# +=8 - Y +.2Z"8)4 &9Y$ (X*?"85+=8)0$4 &989+=8 ` ;$ - :$ #<!k&9( b (): - Y +=( N +=Z"#
, +! 'j
Ea` $8) A_42;142!$Z Y$46Z"Y$. ` (7&)8): - &9:$87#<; ;$+=& + b "(7& IB ( ` (7&9#%(+46 &9 $87 A_46;$#
"87#()"1Y$42(B&94 - +=&9#%; :1#<8)46#<(
'
4 &9Y$46! &9Y$# !$#%& a"8 _46!$Z - " :$!$4 & `"b\ 1LRN hh
Y>+( 0 #<#<! $8)g"(7#<; +( +G(7&9+!$;>+=8);
*?"8;142( - A"#<8742!$Z@()#<8BA_4 - #%( Y$# 3 5 !>+ #f(7#<87A_4 - # hi
42(
:$!$4 A"#%8)(9+=.2. ` :1()#<; 3 5 @+=$(
+fY$42#%89+8 - Y$4 - +.d!>+ # +f>+=&)Y &) +f01.2"0*R42!1*?8)+=&946"! +!$; 46(a& ` $4 - +.6. ` :$(7#<; &9c8)#%()". A"#
Y$"(7&!$+#%(^&9 MN +;1;$8)#%()()#%( N 8)&) - ".2(\*?"8 - "!1(7&987: - &)42!$Z +!1; :$#%8 ` 42!$ZKY$46#<8)+8 - Y$4 - +.1;$42(
% % %%2
&98)460$:1&)#<; ;>+=& +=0>+()#%(\(7: - Y +( ji"i h
+=!$; L 3 C N
- +! 0g#A_42# a#<;f+(S#
_&9#%!$()46"!$(R&9
&9Y$46(46;$# + b +=.6&9Y1":$Z"Y Y$42#%89+8 - Y$4 - +.>;>+=&9+0>+(7#<($8)#%;>+=&)#53 5 + - Y !$_;$#"! +! L 3 C N &987#<#
- +! Y$+ A# :$. &9421.2#X& ` g#%; +=&)&)8)460$:1&9#%(X+(7() - 42+=&9#% ; 46&)Y 46& C ! L 3 C N :$#<8 ` 46(X+c&)89+ A"#%8)()+.
*,+ (7:$01&987#<#K&9Y>+ &8)#%&):$8)!1(!$_;$#%( Y1"()#c+=&)&)8)460$:1&9#%(D(9+=&)42(B* ` &9Y1# :$#%8 ` - "!$(7&)89+46!k&9( + - Y
():$01&)8)#%# - +! 0 #D()#<8BA_4 - #%;0 ` +5;$4 g#<87#<!k& L 3 C N (7#<87A#<8 b + '42!1Z546&^(B&98)+42Z"Yk&7*?"8 +8); &)>+8
&946&)42"! 87#<(7g"!1()420142.24 & ` +=!$;(7# - :$8)4 & ` A#<8 :$. &9421.2#X(746&9#%( ! - !'&)89+(B&a&)&9Y$#%()#5+=$$8)"+ - Y$#<( b
DIKB 0$:$46.2;$("!T+ 87#<./+ &942!>+. ;$+=& + ;$#%. 42!1(7&9#<+; *+ Y$46#<8)+8 - Y$4 - +. ;>+=& + ;1#<.
4 &9Y$46! &9Y$#K;$46(7&)8)4201:1&9#%; ( ` (7&9#%( - :1!$46& `b ()#%87A_4 - # .6 - +=&946"!]+!1;G!>+=46!$Z ()#%87A_4 - #<(
%, %.1
+8)# 0$+()4 - !$#%#<;$( 3K h
b
E C
b +!$; "+ A=+ ,
( 42!$4 P 89+ # a"8 h"h
42!

1
- .2:1;$# &9Y$#%()# ()#%87A_4 - #<( ! 3K +!1;
E C b &)Y$# ()#%87A_4 - #+=!$; &9Y$# :$#<8 ` - !$()46(7&9(K*+
& ` # () # - 4 - +=&946"! *?"8+ $8) - #%;$:$8)# 85"0 7# - & ?&)Y$# 42!k&)#<87* + - # +!$; &9Y1# 8)#<(7:$.6&542(5+=& - Y
42!$Z]46!$(7&9+! - #%( 46!$4,:$(7#<( +]"87# Z"#%!$#<8)+.,&9:$1.2# *a+=&7&98)460$:1&)#A=+.6:$# >+=428)(5+(5&9Y$# (7#<87A_4 - #
;$#<( - 8)461&98 b +!$;+K&):$$.2#* +=&)&)8)460$:1&9# - "!$(7&)89+46!k&9(a+(&)Y$# :$#<8 ` !$#(B&98)+!$; * 87# - #%!k&X8)#
%. %' %
()# +=8 - Y b h"hi b j b h j
Y>+=(,*? - :$()#%; ! &942 #<.642!$#%(\=*g:1g;>+ &9#<(+=!$; "! Y$V(7#<8BA4 - #%( - +!
$:$()YG:$ ;>+=&9#%(
&):1()#<87( aC !$&)Y$#<8(B&989+=!$;TY>+=(*? - :1()#<;G"! ;$42(B&98)460$:1&)42!$Z ;>+ & + &9Y$87":$Z"Y$:1&
&9Y$#D!$# & 8 +!$; &)Y$#<! 8):1&946!$Z :$#<8742#<(,&)K.24 =#<. ` !1;$#%( Y$#<87#
+=& - Y$42!$Z;$+=& +5+ ` 8)#%()46;$#
& %2
:$()46!$Z;$42(B&987420$:1&)#<; Y>+(7Y & +0$.6#<( hi b kh
! - "!k&989+=(7&^&9&)Y$#<(7#
( ` (7&9#%( b_DIKB +=&7&9#%1&)(
&9 $87 A46;$# - " "(746&946"!>+. :$#%8)46#<( 7"42!$( Y$#%8)# - ".2.6# - &942!$(c=*"0 7# - &9( +87#@!$#%#<;$#%;Q&9
(9+=&)42(7* ` &9Y$# :$#<8 `
Y1# I 8742; - " $:1&)42!$Z - " :$!$4 & ` Y>+(5(7#<#%! +! #
$.6"()46"! * "8 G! IKB ( ` (7&)#< (
.&
Y$#X "(7&\8)#%.2#%A=+!k&( ` (7&)#< (^+8)# I .6"0$:$( F 3 h
b &9Y$#!$;$"8 F +=& - Y1@ + =#<8 kj
b +!$; %1
2%
IcF C
F 3 h@42(0$+()#%; ! L 3 C N +!$; ;$# $!$#<( +]( - Y$#%@+ &9Y$# +=&7&98)460$:1&)#f& ` g#%(
&9Y>+=& - +=! 0 #+=()() - 42+=&9#%; 4 &9Y !$;1#<(f46! &)Y$# &98)#%# ! - "!k&98)+(7& b,DIB :$()#%( + 87#<.2+=&946"!>+.
;>+=& + ;1#<.
! &9Y$#"!$;1"8 F +=& - Y$ + =#<8 b 8)#<(7":$8 - #<(,+!$; :$#%8)46#<(\+8)# - ".6.2# - &946"!$(e*$+=&)&)8)460$:1&9#%(
+!$; - "!$(B&989+=42!k&9( Y$42(#<!$+0$.2#%(0$42.2+=&9#%89+.$+=& - Y$@+ _46!$Z b Y$#%8)#
0g=&9Y &9Y$#
8)#%()":$8 - # !1#<8
+!$; &9Y$# :$#%8)42#%8 - +! - !$(7&)89+46! Y14 - Y 8)#<(7:$.6&)(+8)#D87#%&9:18)!$#%;"! + :$#<8 ` E 46./+=&)#<8)+.1+=& - Y
42!$Z 42(
+ A"#%8 ` * +(B&18) - #<(7( "!$;$"8 F +=& - Y$ + #%8 +(
./+=&)#<8D#
_&)#<!$;$#%;T&9 ():1$g87&
Zk+!$Z
@+=& - Y$42!1Z b #<+!$46!$Z&9Y>+=&+ :1#<8 ` - +!0 # 8)46&7&9#%! &)Y>+=&8)# :1428)#%( "8)#X&)Y>+!"!$#
8)#<(7":$8 - #
%1.
&9 0 #](9+=&)42( $#<;
I +!$Z @+=& - Y$42!1Z 42( 461.2#< #<!k&)#<; :$(742!$Z $8742"8746&)4 <#%; (7# +8 - Y 4 &9Y
0>+ - k&98)+ - '42!$Z b Y$4 - Y[46( "8)# #
g#%!$()4 A"# &9Y>+! &)Y$# ()#<+8 - YQ*?"8 0$46./+=&)#<8)+.@+=& - Y$ + '42!$Z
# - #<!k&). `"bL 42:J+=!$; P "(7&)#<8@Y$+ A# $8)" "(7#<; + +=& - Y1@ + '46!$Z ( - Y1#< # +!$; ;$# A"#%.2" #<;+
( ` (7&)#< bg #<;1.242!1# b 46! Y14 - YG&)Y$#K./+!1Z":>+Z"#5*?8 - "!$(B&98)+42!k&9(#%!>+0$.6#<(&9Y$#K;$# >!$46&)42"! * - !
%'2
(7&98)+42!k&(9+=&)42(B* + - &)42"! $87"0$.2#%( N (
1N (+=8)# N +8);T+!$; +=8)# ()". A"#<;G:$()46!$Z
&9Y$#KY$#%:$8)46(7&94 - &9# - Y$!$4 :$#%(46$.6#< #<!k&9#%;]42! +! :$!$;1#<8). ` 42!$Z 1N (7".6A#<8

2
2% I F C
46( - .2()#5&9 ":$8 a"8 42!]&9Y$+=&
46&+.6() $87"g()#<(
+ 8)#%./+=&)42"!>+=.g;>+ & + _;$#<.
*?"8 IKB ( ` (7&)#< ( XIKB ;$4 g#<87(*?87" I F C 42!]& a + ` (
&9Y>+=&+87#c87#<.6#%A=+!k&&9 DIKB
P 4287(7& b" IcF C *? - :$()#%( - :$878)#%!'&). ` "! ; ` !>+ 4 - 18)" #<8B&942#%(,* 8)#%()":18 - #%( # Z b .2k+=; b Y$42.6#
DIKB *? - :$(7#<( - :$8)87#<!k&9. ` "!T87#<.2+=&94 A"#<. ` (B& +=&)4 - $8)g#%87&946#<( # Z b #%8 ` E &)YT( ` (B&9#< (
+8)#X# A"". A_42!$Z5&)5:$!$4 * ` (B& +=&)4 - +!1; ; ` !>+ 4 - 46!1*?"87@+=&)42"! b Y1 a#%A#<8 :$8()# - "!$; ;$4 #%8)#<! - #
42( DIB (
(7:$$ "87&*?"8D!1"!$;$# &9#<8746!$42(B&94 -b +=$$8)
42+=&)#K+!$; ( - g#%; :$#%8)42#%(
2,
g"87&)(&9;$# $!$#X&9Y$#a0$8)"+; (7&)8): - &9:$87#X*>&)Y$# - "1:1& +=&)42"!$+.'Z"8)46;$(
+!$;f(7& +=!$;>+87;
2'
4 <#D&)Y$#() # - 4 - (a*g42!k&9#%89+ - &942!+="!1Z - " g"!1#<!k&9(
():$ZZ"#<(B&a&)Y>+=&&9Y$#%8)#+8)#87".2#%(,*?"8
:$.6&)42$.6 # '42!1;$(* IB ( ` (7&)#< ( b +!$;]&9Y$+=&
;$4 g#<87#<!k&
( ` (7&)#< ( - +! +!$; 42.2.g42!k&9#%8)" #<8)+=&9#
89+=;$46&)42"!>+=.D8)#<1.24 - +=&9#%;[&)89+!1(9+ - &942!>+.D;>+=&9+0>+(7#<(:$()#G(7&987"!$Z - "!$(742(7&)#<! - ` +( + - "8
'2 %'
8)# - &9!$#%()( - 8)4 &9#<8742"!
b Y142.2#K"&942 42(B&94 - ( ` (7&)#< ((): - Y +(5_;>+ i
+!$; E + ` ":
%&1
Z"8)#<+=&9. ` * + A""87#<; &9Y$# + A=+42.2+0$42.646& ` +!1; #<8B*?"8)+! - # A#<8 (7&987"!$Z - "!1()42(B&9#%! -%` # - #%!k&9. `b
: b #%& +.()Y$ a#<; &9Y>+=& 8)#<.2+
#<; - !$()46(7&9#%! -%` 46&9Y + 0 ":$!1;[=*+
42f:$ 42! - "!$()46(7&)#<!k&
+ -<- #<()(c89+=&)# 42(K42 "87&9+!k&5&9 +! ` ;$42(B&987420$:1&)#<; +$$.64 - +=&946"!$( Y$# ` +.6() $87"g()#<; !':
#%8)4 - +.S#<8)87"8 b "8);1#<85#%8)8)8+!$; (B& +.6#<!$#%()(K+(&)Y$8)#%# - !$()46(7&9#%! -%` 0g:$!$; #%&9874 - (+!$; +
&% '
$.246#<; +!k&94 #%!'&)8)" `
42!J0$:142.2;142!$Z C h j
b +Q46;$;$.2# X+=8)# .2+ ` #<8 &)Y>+=& #<!*?"8 - #<(
+; 7:$(B& +0$.6# - "!1()42(B&9#%! -%` 0 ":$!$;$(
+ "!$Z &)Y$#K8)#<1.24 - +( # A"#<8 b &)Y$#K8)#%$.24 - +(DY>+ A# &)0 #
( ` ! - Y$87"!$4 %#<;[42! 8)# +=.a&946# 46! - !'&)89+(B& &9 .6"Z"4 - +.^&946# &) 0 ":$!$; &)Y$# (7&9+.2#%!$#<(7( *
+
8)#<1.24 - + E #%()42;1#<( b :$()46!$Z +!k&94 #<!k&)8)" ` 46( !1& !$#%& a"8 # - 42#%!k&f0 # - +:$()#+!k&94 #%!'&)8)" ` 46(
.24 =# - "!k&)8)".6.2#<;]:1!$4 - +(7& b Y$42.6# :$.6&)4 - +(7&+ &;$4 g#<87#<!k&
.2#%A#<.6( 42.2. 42 $8) A"#5&)Y$#K# - 46#<! - `
#%#%&]&)Y$# - "!1()42(B&9#%! -%` - "!$(7&)89+46!k& b a# !$#<#%;&)Q#<(B&942+=&)# + -<- :$89+ &9#<. ` &)Y$# N
&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& "! &9Y$# 42;$#+87# +G!1#%& a"8 ()T&)Y>+=&f+ DIB (7#<87A#<8 - +! $!$42(7Y ()#%!$;$42!1ZT46&)(
:$g;$+=&9# 46&)Y$42! +&946#D0 ":$!$; Y$# - "! - #<1&* + A=+46./+01.2#X0>+=!$; 42;&9Y Y>+(0g#%#<! * - #<!k&98)+.
42 g"8B& +! - #@&)Y$8)":1Z"Y$":1& &)Y$# Y$42(B&9"8 ` *>+ - =#%&!$#%& a"8 _( b +!$;[8)#%()#<+8 - Y$#%8)( Y>+ A"# 0g#%#<!
&98 ` 46!$Z &9 - 8)# + &9##<!1; &) #%!$; #<+():$87#< #<!k&+.6Z""8746&9Y1(*?"8D+ .6"!$Zf&)42 # P 8) #<(7Y>+ A (
%2 '
>+ - # & >+=428 h
b &9T8) A"#%.2./+ ( - $87"0 # j
b +!$; &9Y$# ./+=&)#<(B& "8 b (): - YQ+( BIK
b %%&

%i
&9Y$#]$:18) "()# 42(c&9 #<+():18)# &9Y1# #%!$; &9 #<!$;[+ A=+42.2+0$.2# 0>+!1; 42;1&)Y[+ -<- :$89+=&)#<. `"b :14 - '. `b
+!$; !$"! 42!k&987:$()4 A"#<. ` _;>+ ` (;$# >!146&946"! * + A=+46./+0$.6#X0>+!1; 42;1&)Y@46(M&9Y$#+
42 :$ 89+=&)#
&9Y>+=& &)Y$#G$+=&9Y - +! $8) A_42;1# &) + > b 46&)Y$":1& 87#<;$: - 42!1Z &9Y1#G8)+=&9# *&9Y$# 8)#%(7&*&)Y$#
%%& %
&989+ - b hh
&)Y$#<8&).2(a&) # +(7:$8)#5#%46&)Y$#<8&)Y$#0 &)&).2#<!1# - .242! - +>+ - 46& ` "8&)Y$#
%', 1
+ A=+46./+01.2#50>+=!$; 42;&9YT46! - .6:$;$# !$#%&7&946#%8
b >+ &9Y - Y>+=85+!$;G - Y$+8 kj
b >+=&)Y$.2k+=; h"h b %
%' %& 1, 1
h
b, +!1; $46g# - Y>+8 h
b >+=&)Y$89+ &9#
b ()$87: - # h=i
+!$; >+=&)Y - Y$4287
b +!$; %12
%,%
#%"(
F "(7&=*a(7: - Y &9_".2(:$()#%; &9Y$# >+ - #%&K$+428"85>+ - =#%&K&98)+42! &9# - Y$!$4 :$#%(&9
- "!$;1: - &
&9Y$#K # +(7:$8)#%#%!k&9(
Y1#+ A=+42.2+0$.6#0>+!1; 42;1&)Yc46(R;$4 g#<87#<!k&R*?8)"&9Y$# N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&R&9Y$+=&\+!f+=$$.24 - +=&)42"!
%',
- +!f+ - Y$42# A"# b +!$; &9Y>+=&\;$4 #%8)#<! - # - +!c0g#Y':$Z"# L +=4 ( #%&7&942 #<8R>+=g#%8
(7Y$ #%; @+=! `
- +(7#<( Y$#<87#5&9Y$# N &9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1&D42( : - Y .2 a#<8X&9Y$+! &9Y$#K+ A=+46./+0$.6#0$+!$; 46;1&9Y b Y$42.6#
% %1
"+42! ($+=&9Y$.6k+; $+g#%8 h"h
()Y$ a#<; &9Y1# 0$:$. ]&)89+!$(B*?#<8 - +>+ - 46& ` j
*+ >+=&)Y - ":1.2;
#%A"#%! 0g# Y$46Z"Y$#<8&9Y$+!G&)Y$#f # +(7:$8)#%; + A=+42.2+0$.2#0$+!$; 46;1&9Y C ;$;$46&)42"!$+.2. `"b "(B&*&9Y$#%()#
&9_".2(&9 + # +].6"!$Z &946# &9 8):1! b Y$4 - Y + # &)Y$#< :1!$():$4 & +01.2#f&) 0 # :$(7#<; 42! 8)#<+.&)42 #
*?"8+$$.64 - +=&946"!$(D+!1; (7#<8BA4 - #%(
Y1#f "(7& 46;$#<. ` :$()#%; N &9Y18)":$ZY$$:1&$8)#%;$4 - &946"!]&9_". 42( #%& a"8 # +=&)Y$#<8 #<8
'
A4 - # h i

+$$.642#%(0 #<! - Y1@+8 '42!$Z &)# - Y$!14 :$#<( +=!$;V&946# (7#<8)46#<( _;$#<.6(
&9 #<+():18)# N &9Y$87":$Z"Y1$:1&+!$;[$8) A_42;1# 18)#<;14 - &)42"!1( &9 +$$.64 - +=&946"!$( 46!Q8)# +=.X&942 #
,

Y>+(f0g#%#<!Q0$87k+;$. ` +=$$.246#<; GC .6.2#<! b #%& +. h
+$$.642#%;
&) +;$;18)#<(7( &9Y$#@()
%
- +.6.2#<; L 46A_! ` +=!$; N ./+! E # - $87"0$.2#%( X+! `b #%&5+. h i
+=$$.246#<;
46!T&9Y$#cZ"8)46;
42!1*?"87@+ &942!@()#%87A_4 - #
%
!1*?"8B&9:$!>+ &9#<. `"b 8)# - #<!k& a"8 h"h"h b h"h
Y>+( +=8)Z":$#%;J&9Y>+=& gb +!1;0 ` 461.24 - +
&942! b> N 0g#%! - Y$+8 '46!$Z&)# - Y$!$4 :$#<(42! Z"#<!$#%89+. b +8)# !$&
Z"__;G+ &18)#<;14 - &)42!$Z ./+=8)Z"# >.6#
&989+=!$(7*?#%8)(f! &9Y$# Y$46Z"Y (7g#%#<; !k&9#%8)!$# & :$;$Y>+=8)()Y$+! b # & +. h"h"h
$87"g()#<; +!$; 461.2#
#%!'&)#<; $87#<;$4 - &)42!$Z5.2+8)Z# >.6#&98)+!$(B*?#<8)(\*?8)" +.2Z*d$87#%A_42:$(&98)+!$(B*?#<8)(+=!$; ()Y$ a#<; &9Y$+=&
46& - +! $8)_;$: - #@8)#<+()!>+0$.6#@8)#%():$. &9( a#%A#<8 b +G$:$87# .2Z 0>+=()#<; $87#<;$4 - &98c46(c:$ ;>+=&)#<;

%%
+=& + $1.24 - +=&946"! - Y$"()#%! &946#%( +!1; &9Y':$( !$#<Z.2# - &9(f&)Y$#]; ` !>+ 4 - !>+=&9:18)# *&)Y$# !k&9#<87!$#%&
#<! - # b Y$#%! +]>+=&)Y - Y>+!$Z"#%(c;189++=&94 - +.6. `b &)Y$# $8)#%;$4 - &9"8 46.2.\0g# :$!$++87# =*4 &:$!k&946.
+=* &9#%8 &9Y$# +1$.24 - +=&)42"! 0g#%Z"42!$(c&9 :$()#]&)Y$#]>+=&)Y & + =# &9Y$# ; ` !>+ 4 -@- Y>+!$Z"#%( * !
%
&9#<87!$#%& 46!'&) - "!1()42;1#<89+ &942! bS :$;$Y$+8)(7Y>+! b #%& +=. hh
+!1; X+! `b # & +. hi
(7#<>+=89+=&)#<. `2
$8)" "(7#<;[8)#<Z8)#<(7()46"! +!1; X3 P &9# - Y$!$4 :1#<(&) - " 0142!$#]&9Y1# .6"Z 0>+()#%; $8)#%;$4 - &9"8 4 &9Y
()+.2. 18)"0 #<( b :$(742!$Z]&)Y$#18)"0 #<(&9 #<(B&946@+=&)# &9Y$# - :$8)87#<!k&f.6k+; "! &9Y$# >+ &9Y +!$;
+; 7:$(B&&9Y1#.2Z 0>+=()#<; $87#<;$4 - &98 Y$#%()#&)# - Y$!14 :$#<(D#%!$Y>+! - #<; &)Y$#5+ -<- :189+ - ` =*e.2"Z 0>+(7#<;
$8)#%;$4 - &9"87( # A"#%8 b &)Y$#<(7# - " 0$46!$#<; &9# - Y$!$4 :1#<(5+=8)#K.2464 &9#<; &) &9Y$"(7#cY1"(7&>+468)(X&9Y$+=&
Y>+ A"# .2"Z"(=*>+=(7&K&98)+!$(7*?#%8)( 0g# & #%#<! &)Y$#+ 4 - !>+=&):$8)# * !k&9#<8
!$#%& b Y$4 - Y]"!$. ` (7Y$ ( - #%87& +=42! (B& +=&)42(7&)4 - +.d(7& +=0$42.646&946#<( b &9Y$#5.6"Z"( - +!@0g# - " #46!'A=+.642;+=* &9#%8
()" # &946# P :$87&)Y$#<878)# b ;1:$# &9]&9Y$# (B&987"!$Z - "878)#%./+=&)42"! 0 #%& a#<#%! N > ()4 %# +!$;
'2
&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& h
b .2"Z"(c*?"8 - #%87&9+42!Q8)+!$Z"#%( * N > >.2# ()4 <# +87# !$& :$(7#%*?:$.a*?"8
&9Y$#c$8)#%;$4 - &942!G*,;$4 g#<87#<!k& N > O()4 <#%( Y$42(&)46A=+=&)#<; :$(&)@;$#%()46Z"! 35:>+. N +=&)( b +
!$ A"#<. N &)Y$8):$Z"Y$$:& "!$4 &9"8742!$Z +!$;G$8)#%;$4 - &946"!G*?8)+# 8 &9Y$+=& - +!T$87#<;$4 - & N
&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1&
42! + ()* &87# +. &)42 #5@+=!$!$#<8 4 &9Y$":&(): - Y - "!$(B&98)+42!k&9(
N +89+=.2.2#%. N $ (+8)# 0$87k+;$. ` :$()#%;T&9#<!$Y>+=! - # #%!$; &9 #<!$; &9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& P "8
#

% 2
+1.2# bI 8)46; PN h
b $+87&a* &)Y$# I .2"01:$(a18) 7# - & kj
b ():$$ "8B&9($+89+.6.2#%.>;>+=& +K&98)+!$(7*?#%8
+!$; Y>+=(0 #<#<! 46;$#<. ` :$()#%;]42! - " $:1& + &942!>+.>Z"8742;$( h"h
XIKB (7#<8BA"#<87( - +!@:1&946.24 %#4 &*?"8
%1
;>+=& +&98)+!$(B*?#<889+=&)#+=;>+1&9+=&946"! + - #%8# &+=. i
#
$.2+42!$#%; # - Y$+!$42(7(>+=89+.6.2#<. N
> (+ - Y142#%A#Y142Z"Y$#%8^&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& b +!$; $87"g()#<;@+ .6()#D:$$ #<8 0 ":$!$; *?"8^>+=89+.6.2#<. N
&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& a#%A#<8 b &9 &)Y$# 0g#%(7& *a":$8 '!$ .2#%;$Z"# b a# +8)# &)Y$# >8)(B&K&9 +!$( #%8 &)Y$#
)
*?".2.6 46!$Z :$#<(B&946"! "! 0g#%Y>+.6**+ :$()#%8 Y>+ & !':$ 0 #<8 *D>+=89+.6.2#<. > ( 42.6.,Z"46A#&)Y$#
Y$42Z"Y1#<(7&K&)Y$8)":1Z"Y$$:1& 4 &9Y .2#<(7(&9Y>+! + 42 >+ - &K"! - 87"()(K&98)9+ - ! # &9#%8) &)Y$42(&)Y$#
@+
46 :$ !1"!$;$46()8):11&94 A"# &9Y$87":$Z"Y1$:1& # 0 #<Z42! 0 ` (7&9:1; ` 42!$Z &9Y$# 0 #<Y>+ A_42"8=*X>+8)+.2.6#<.
N 46! ()46 :$.2+=&946"! &9TY1#<.2 ;$#<8746A"#@+T ;$#%.^*?"8c18)#<;14 - &)42!$ZG>+8)+.2.6#<. N &9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1&
+!$; 46&9(46$+ - &K"! - 87"()(K&98)9+ - " 0142!$46!$Z &9Y$46(K_;$#<. 46&9Y ()# $87#%A_42":1( $!$;$42!1Z"(

%h
# ;1#<8)4 A"#]+G()42 $.6# bR` #%& # g# - &)46A# b "!$.642!$# +;1A_46()"8 # #%A=+.6:>+=&9# ":$8f+;1A_42(7"8c&)Y$8):$Z"Y
#
_&9#%!$()4 A"#f(742 :1./+=&)42"!$(+!$; 42;1#M+=8)# + #
1 #<8742 #<!k& + &942!
F :$.6&)4 - +=(7&42(+=!# - 42#%!'& + ` &9K;$42(B&987420$:1&)#D;>+=&9+ +="!1Z :$.6&)42$.6#:$(7#<87( !$;( ` (7&9#%
., % , ' & %1& %&
$: .6&)4 - +(7& b h b i b j b b i
Y>+(587# - #<!k&9. ` 0 # - " # +! # # - &)46A"# +.6&)#<8)!$+=&94 A"#K*?"8
& &2
MN :$.6&)4 - +(7& Y14 - Y !$. ` Y$+( A#<8 ` .642 46&)#<; (7:$$ "87&c"! &9_;>+ ` ( !'&)#<87!$#%& i b
#
;$#<(742Z"!$#%; + * +=& &)8)#<#c0>+(7#<; #<!1; ( ` (B&9#% :$. &94 - +(B&18)&) - ".S&)Y>+=&#< :$.2+=&9#%(+ * +=&&)8)#<#c"!
&9Y$# 46;$#5+=8)# +c!$#%& a"8 Y$46(X$8)=&9 - ". - +=!]0g#:$()#%;G+=(X+! # # - &)46A"#5+.6&)#<8)!$+=&94 A"#*?8a;>+ & +
$8)"$+Zk+=&)42"! + "!$Z &)Y$# DIB (7#<87A#<87(

$Y #c*?".6.242!1Z - Y>+1&)#<8)(;$#<( - 8)460g#%((7#%A"#%89+.S42 "87&9+!k& - " g!$#<!k&9(

&9Y>+ & - +!T0 #c:1()#<;G&9
0$:$42.6;T+( - +=./+0$.6#K;$42(B&98)460$:1&)#<; DIB ( ` (7&9#% $Y #<(7# - Y>+&9#<87(+.6() +=$g#<+8)#%; 42!G8)# *?#<8)#%#<;
$:$0$.64 - + &942!$(

!#"$!%'&)(+* -, . /

Y>+1&)#<8ah;$#<( - 87420 #<(^&9Y$#+=8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:$87#*d&9Y$# DIB ( ` (7&)#< Y$42( - Y$+1&9#%8+.2(7K+$ # +87#<;
&&
+(>+87&=*":18
87#%*?#%8)#<#%;G1:$0$.24 - +=&)42"!
42! C F
M :$ #<8 - " $:1&946!$Zhi"i '
!

C ( - +./+01.2#X87#<./+ &942!>+. IB X+=(a$87" "()#%;@+!1;4 &9(+8 - Y$46&)# - &):$8)# +(
$8)#%()#<!k&)#<;

)01&
23 45*, 678 9&:
'
Y>+1&)#<8 ;$#%( - 8)420 #<(S&9Y$#;$#%()46Z"! +!1;c46$.6#< #<!k& + &942!5* I 8)46; I b ":$8R#
_&)#<!$(7420$.6#a( ` !k&)Y$#%&)4 -
Z"8)46;$( Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9"8 I 8742; I +( :$()#%; &)QZ"#<!1#<89+ &9# ( ` !k&9Y1#%&94 - "Z 8)46;$( 46!1*?"8)+=&)42"! *?"8@&)Y$#
#%A=+.2:$+=&946"!J*f&)Y$# DIKB ( ` (B&9#+=#%. ` &)Y$#
&9" ".2Z ` Z#<!$#%89+=&)"8
+!$;]&9Y$# +!1!$& + &942!]Z"#<!$#%89+=&)"8

%'
1Y 42( a"8 +(R$:$01.242(7Y$#<;46!$8) - #%#<;$46!$Z"(e* C F
M :$ #<8 - " $:1&)42!$Z
h=i"i 'j
' %,
+!$; 42Z" #%&)8)4 - ( N #<87*?8)+! - # A=+.2:$+=&946"! #%A_42#
%,'
!

I 8)42; I 42(c&)Y$# >87(7&c&9" ".2Z ` Z"#<!1#<89+ &9"8 &9Y>+=&c*?".2.6( &)Y$#@ #%8
./+ (,* !k&9#%8)!$# &&)" ".2"Z ` Y142.2#a8)# & +46!$42!$Z5+ - .2#<+8,Y$46#<8)+8 - Y$4 - +.!$#%& a"8 (7&)8): - &9:$87# ,C .2() b
&9] ` 0g#%(7& '!$ .2#%;$Z"# b\I 8)46; I 46(&9Y1# >8)(B&&9" ".2Z ` Z"#<!$#%89+=&)"85&9Y$+=& - +=! +=!$!$&9+=&9# &)Y$#
&9" ".2Z ` 46&)Y ()#%!$()460$.2#@+=&)&)8)460$:1&9#%(c*?87" 8)":1&)#<8c.2#%A#<.&9T&)Y$#@#%!$; ( ` (7&9#% .6#%A"#%. Y$42.6#
;$#%A#<.2$42!$Z I 8742; I b a#5+.6()f+;$# - !'&)8)460$:1&946"!$(^&9 &9Y$#!$#%& a"8 _46!$Zf&)Y$#<"8 ` 0 ` 8)# A"#<+.246!$Z
42!k&9#%8)#<(B&946!$Zc87#<.2+=&946"!$()Y142$(+ "!$Z&)Y$# #%8 ./+ (a=* !k&9#%8)!$# &&9g".6"Z ` #87#<.2#<+()#%;&)Y$#
)
I 8742; I &9_". '46&X+=&Yk&)&)

- ( !$"8B&9Y #%(7&)#<8)! #%;$:
:>8)Z"46(
I 8)46; I

27,5% 4

<,
Y>+1&)#<8 ;$#<( - 8)460g#%(@&9Y1# ;$#<(742Z"! +!$; # A+=.2:>+=&)42"![*:$8 :$#%8 ` 8)# 8746&)42!$Z &9# - Y1!$4 :$#%( b
42! - .2:$;$46!$Z !$"!1;$#%&)#<8) 42!142(7&)4 - :$#%8)46#<( b ( - " #<;T+!$; +$18)
42+=&9# :$#%8)42#%(
' &&
Y142( "8 X+(G$:$0$.642(7Y$#<;42! C F
M :$g#%8 - "1:1&946!$Z h=i"i
+!$; I 8)46;
' %,&
hi"i

!

Y$#<(7# :1#<8 ` 8)# 8746&)42!$Zf&)# - Y$!14 :$#<(X&)89+;1#5 T&)Y$# :$#%8 ` &)42 # 4 &9Y
&9Y$# !':$ 0 #<8
*,87#<():1.6&9(
8)# &9:$87!$#<; # ()Y1 &9Y>+=&
&98)+;$#% ( A"#%8+! ` "87;$#<87(*@+=Z"!$4
&9:$;$#5+8)#g"(7()460$.2# b +!1;@&9Y$#&9# - Y1!$4 :$#%( - +!]+=.2()c0g#:$()#%; &9 =#<#< :$#%8 ` $8) - #%()()46!$Zf&)42 #
./+87Z"#<. ` 42!1;$#< #<!$;1#<!k& * :1#<8 `[- "1.2#
4 & `"b +=.20 #<46& 87#%&):$8)!$46!$Z *?# a#<8@87#<(7:$.6&)( 4 &9YV "87#
- " $.2#
:$#<8742#<( #%A#<8)+.\&)42 # 0 ":$!1;$#<; :$#<8 ` &)# - Y$!14 :$#<( #%8)# +.6() ;$#%A#<.6"g#%; 0>+(7#<;
"!V&9Y1#G&9Y18)#<# :1#<8 ` 8)# 8)4 &942!1Z &9# - Y$!$4 :1#<( &9 $8) A_42;$#G()* &@8)#<+.
&)42 # 0g":1!$; *?"8 # + - Y
:1#<8 `

%,

4
* 23
( *
(
" # / 3
Y>+1&)#<8j;1#<( - 8)460g#%(":$8^(742 :1./+=&)42"! (B&9:$; ` !(74<#0>+=()#<; ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z ".24 - 42#%( 46&)Y46!>+ -

- :$8)+=&9# 7"0 ()4 <#
42!1*?8)+=&946"! SC *?# !1# +$1.24 - +=&946"!$( a#<8)#5+.2(7f0$8742# ` ;$42( - :$(7()#<; Y$46(
"8 - +=!G0 #Kg&)#<!k&942+.2. ` :1()#<; 0 ` &9Y$# DIB ()#%87A"#%8)(
Y142 , %,
( a"8 +( $:$0$.642(7Y$#<; 46! MF C 5
hi"i j
TC !$&)Y$#<8c& >+=g#%8)(
8)#<.2+=&946!$Z &9 &)Y$42(X&)"$4 - +=8)#K42!](7:$0$ 42()(742"!
!
Y18)":$ZYJ()42f:$./+=&)42"!1( b a# Y>+ A"# # A+=.2:>+=&)#<;V&)Y$# #<8B*?"8)+! - #T*
()4 %# 0>+()#%;f( - Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z ".24 - 42#%( N^ +!1; P^ 1NSb 46&9Y N *?"8 - "$+8)46()"! b +(S+*?:$! - &946"!
*'&9Y$# - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"!0g# & #%#<! + - &9:$+. 7"0(74 <#+=!$;K#<(7&)42+=&9#%; 7"0()4 <# #*?:$!$;&9Y>+ & 1
N
+!$; P^ N ( #<87*?8)+! - # (7&)8)"!1Z". ` ;$#%g#%!$;$( "! &)Y$# - "8)87#<./+ &942! Y1#<! $8) A_42;1#<; 4 &9Y
#< + - "8)87#<./+ &942! b N^ +!$; P^ 1N - +=! + - &):>+.2. ` g#%87*?"87 a"87()# &9Y>+=! Na b 0$:1&5Z"46A#<! +
8)# +=()"!>+=0$. ` Z"__; 7"0G()4 <#f#%(7&)42+=&9"8 b &9Y$# ` - +! :1&9 #<8B*?"8) N 46!T0 &9YG#<+!T87#<(7g"!1()#
&942 #D+!1; &)Y$#().2 ;$ ! #
+.2(7;$#<( - 87420 #<;&)Y$8)#%#!$# +$$.64 - + &942!$(,* 1
N +!$; P^ 1N
Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9# - "8)87#<./+ &9#<; &)89+ - #X;>+=&9+*?"8&)Y$#X()46 :$.2+=&946"! b #D46!'&)8)_;$: - #<; +5!$# V8)+!$;$"
!_:1 0g#%8>+428DZ#<!$#%89+=&)42"!]&9# - Y$!$4 :1# b Y$#<87#c#<+ - YG!':$f0g#%8*S&9Y1# $+428D46( - Y$"()#%!T*?8) 46&)(
8)# :$468)#%; ;$46(7&)8)4201:1&946"!Q+!$;Q&)Y$# ` +=8)# - 8)8)#%./+=&)#<; &) ;1#<Z"87#<# Y$46( &9# - Y1!$4 :$# - +=! 0 #
A"#<8 ` :$()# *?:$.e*?"8D()46 :$.2+=&946"!@87#<./+ &9#<; 8)#%()#<+8 - YG42!]&9Y$46(+!$; &9Y1#<8+87# +(
&9Y1#0 #<(7&X*e":$8 '!$ .2#<;1Z"# b &)Y$42( 8 42(a&)Y$# $8)(7&&9 +;1;$8)#%()(&)Y$#5 #<87*?8)+! - #
*
()4 %# 0>+()#%;G ".64 - 46#<( 4 &9Y 42!$+ -<- :$89+=&)#K( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z 42!1*?8)+=&946"!

0
2
4' 4
46

.
Y>+1&)#<8
;1#<( - 8)460g#%(\35:$+. N +=&9( b :$8 N 9& Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1&R!$46&)"8)46!$ZD+!$; $87#<;$4 - &946"!5*?89+=#
"8 &9Y>+=& - +! 0 #:$(7#<;@&)c01:$42.6; )& Y$# N )& Y$8)":1Z"Y$$:1&a "!$46&)"8)46!$ZK+!$;$8)#%;$4 - &946"! - "
g"!1#<!k&
*\&)Y$# DIB ( ` (B&9#%

%j
%
Y142( 8 +($:$0$.642()Y1#<; 42! X3K h=i"ikj j"h

!

# Y>+ A"# - Y>+=89+ - &9#<874%#<; &9Y1# 0 #<Y>+ A_42"8G* N &9Y$87":$Z"Y1$:1& 46!
&9Y$# 46;$# +8)#<+ #<!kA_4287"!$ #<!k& b $87 A_46;$42!$Z +;$;$4 &942!>+.S#
$./+=!>+=&946"!$(*?8&9Y$# - "8)87#<./+ &942!T*
&9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& +!1; > ()4 <#+!$; ;1#< "!$(7&)89+=&)42!$Z Y$ &9Y142( - "878)#<.2+=&946"! - +:1()#<(f#<8)87"!$#%":$(
$8)#%;$4 - &942!$(&90 #X+;$# Y1#<! :$()46!$Z()461.2# N 0g#%! - Y$+8'46!$Z5&9 - Y>+=89+ - &9#<874%#+5>+=&9Y
!G87#<() "!$(7# b a# 18)" "()#%; +!1; # A=+.2:>+ &9#<; + !$# 0g#%! - Y$+8 '46!$Z +$$87k+ - Y b ;$:$+. N + - # & b
*?8)" Y14 - Y N &)Y$8):$Z"Y$$:&c*?"8;14 g#<8)#%!k& > ()4 %#<( - +! 0g# ;$#%8)4 A"#<; #;$# A"#%.2" #<;
+ !$ A#<.; ` !$+4 - (9+ $.246!$Z 89+ &9#c+; 7:$(B&9 #<!k&5+=.2Z""8746&)Y$ &)@.6 a#<8D&)Y$#f$87"0$46!$Z A#<87Y$# +;
Y$42.6# - +&9:$8742!$Z]&9Y1# ; ` !$+46() *a#<!$; &9 #<!$; >+ &9Y$( E +()#%; ! &)Y$#<(7#87#<(7:$.6&)( b # ;$#
( - 87420 #<; +!1;Q#%A=+.2:$+=&9#%; &9Y$#] #<8B*?"8)+! - #@*+T!$# N &9Y$87":$Z"Y$1:1& "!$46&)"8)46!$ZG+!$;
$8)#%;$4 - &942! *?8)+ # a"8 b 35:>+=. N + &9( b +!$; 42 $.2#%#%!'&)#<; &)Y$42(+1$8)k+ - Y

4 / 4

&
Y>+1&)#<8 ;$#%( - 87420 #<(":$8\&9# - Y1!$4 :$#%(46! _;$#%.242!1Z5+!$; &9+ 42!$Z5$+89+.6.2#%. N >( Y$4 - Y
- +!K0 #^:$()#%; +(R+! +;$+1&946"! # - Y>+!142()&9 - !'&)8)".=&9Y$#^;>+ & +X&98)+!$(7*?#%8 &946#,0 #%& a#<#%! DIB
()#<8BA"#%8)(
%
Y142( 8 +($:$0$.642()Y1#<; 42! MN 3 N hi"i"j j=i

!

Y$42( - Y$+1&9#%8D()Y$ (Y$ &9 $87#<;$4 - &D0 &)Y]>+89+=.2.2#%. N &9Y18)":$ZY
$:1& +=!$; 4 &9( 42 >+ - & "! - 87"()(f&)899+ - +( + *?:$! - &942! *X&)Y$#@;1#<Z"87#<#@=*D>+8)+.2.6#<.246() :$()46!$Z
"!$. ` & G$8)"0 #<(f+=& ;$4 g#<87#<!k&c>+89+=.2.2#%.246() .2# A"#<.6( E &9Y $8)#%;$4 - &946"!$(c+8)# "!$&)"!$4 - +.2. `
- Y>+!$Z"46!$Z 46&)Y[$+89+.6.2#%.242(7 .2# A"#<.6( #<! - # b &9Y$ #

*?:$! - &946"! - +=! 0 #
42 $.2#%#%!'&)#<;G:$()46!$Z]+@(742 $.2#K0$46!>+8 ` (7# +8 - Y &)Y$#f0 #<(B&*":1 8 '!$ .2#%;$Z"# b ":$8 a"8
42( &9Y1# $8)(7& &) 18) A_42;$# + $89+ - &94 - +.X$+89+.6.2#%. N &)Y$8)":1Z"Y$$:1& $87#<;$4 - &)42"!Q&9_".D+=!$;Q&9
#<(7&)42+=&9#5&)Y$#K42 >+ - &D"!]&9Y$# - 8)"(7(
&)899+ -

%.

0
3
1 *, / 8
1
Y>+1&)#<8 ;$#%( - 8)420 #<(a&9Y$#5;1#<()46Z"! +!$;@42 $.2#%#%!'&9+=&946"! * P +=& #+=& + ;$46(7&987420$:&942!
# - Y>+!$46() &)Y>+=& - +=!G0 #K:$()#%;T0 ` &9Y1#fX3 *S&9Y1# XIKB ( ` (B&9#<
, ,%
!146&942+.S8)#<(7:$.6&)( a#<8)# $:10$.246()Y$#%; 42! h=i"i
+!$; &9Y1# >!>+..2"!$ZA"#<87()46"! 42(546!
():$0$ 42(7()46"!
!

Y142( - Y>+1&)#<8 + #%(&)Y$8)#%#c+46! - "!k&987420$:&942!$( P 468)(B& b &)Y$42( - Y>+=
&9#<8 42!k&)8)_;$: - #%(c&)Y$#:1()# * L #<42(7#<87()"! * + & &)8)#%#<(K*?"8f+=$$.24 - +=&)42"! ./+ ` #<85 :1.6&94 (7":$8 - # :$.
&94 - +(7& b A"#<8 - " 42!1Z &9Y$# 42!1Y$#<87#<!k&K0>+!$; 42;1&)Y .642 46& + &942!$(D*a!$"8)+.S&98)#%# 0>+()#%; A#<8).2+ `
1 +'
(7&987: - &):$8)#%( # - &)42"! # - "!$; b &9Y$46( - Y$+1&9#%8;$#%( - 8)420 #<(
&9Y$# ;$#%()42Z! +!$;G42 $.2#%#%!k& +
&942!@ *
b +f!$# +=$$.24 - +=&)42"! ./+ ` #<8^ :$. &94 - +(B&$87&9 - . &)Y>+=&a0$:$42.6;$(!@&9Y$46(a46;$# +
L +=(7&9. `"b &9Y$46( - Y>+1&)#<8D# A+=.2:>+=&)#&9Y1# P + & #%f;$#<(742Z"!]46!]()42f:$./+=&)42"! b 42.2.6:$(7&)89+=&)42!$ZK&9Y1#0g#%!
# $&)(D*S+f* +=&X&)8)#<#5+$$87k+ - Y - " >+87#<; &) - :$878)#%!'&). ` g"1:$./+8+$$87k+ - Y$#%(X&9 #%!$; ( ` (7&9#%
:$.6&)4 - +(7&

01

7 #
Y>+1&)#<8/2 - "! - .2:$;$#%(D&9Y$46(X&9Y$#%()42(
+!1;G;$#%( - 8)420 #<(*?:1&):$8)# a"8

)6/ 4 2 2

# $8)g"(7#<;@+!$; #%A=+.2:$+=&9#%;@;$"+46! 0>+=()#<; ( - Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z b +c()461.2#&)# - Y$!$4 :$#&)Y>+=&a0g# &)&9#%8
#<(7&)42+=&9#%( - "!$!$# - &)42"! &942 #<(K0 ` @+ _46!$Z :$()#*X&)Y$#(7":$8 - # MN +;1;$8)#%()(f=*X&9Y$# 8)# :$#<(B&
35"@+=42! 0>+()#%; ( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z 46$87 A"#<( 1
N^ +!$; P^ N g#%87*?"87@+! - # "! a#<0U(7#<87A#<87( b
0$8)46!$Z"42!1Z&9Y1# g#%87*?"87@+! - # 0 #<!$# $&9(=*&)Y$#<(7# ( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z] ".24 - #<(#%A#<! &9 &9Y1"()# 87#<Z"46#%(
Y$#<87# &)Y$# - "878)#%./+=&)42"! 0 #%& a#<#%! >.6# ()4 <# +!$; (7#<87A_4 - # &946#G42(].2 :18]>+ #<8]42(]46!
():$0$ 42(7()46"!

%&

! #cY>+ A"# ;1#< " !$(7&)89+=&)#<;T&)Y>+=&&9Y$#f+()(7:$&942!G&9Y$+=&>.6#c(74%#f42(+
Z"_; 46!$;$4 - +=&98*()#%87A_4 - # &946# *?"8 a #<0 ()#<8BA"#%8)( 42(:1!+8789+!k&9#%; P 46.2#c()4%# +!$; (7#<87A_4 - #
&942 # +8)# "!$. ` #<+ '. ` - 8)8)#%./+=&)#<; #@Y>+ A#@#%A=+.6:>+=&)#<; &)Y$#@ #<8B*?"8)+! - #=* 1
N P^
+!$; P^ 1N P, gbk 1
N^ +=!$; P^ 1N 0 ` 8):$!1!$42!$Z(742 :1./+=&)42"!$(\;$8)4 A"#%! 0 ` ":$8 a #<0 ()#%87A"#%8^&989+ - #<(
# *?":$!$; &)Y>+=& &9Y$#%428 g#%87*?"87@+=! - #;$#%(f46!$;$#<#%; ;$#%Z"89+;1#@;$8)+@+ &94 - +.2. ` 4 &9Y &)Y$# a # +
- "878)#<.2+=&946"!]8)#># - &9#%; 42! &9Y$#&)89+ - # !G()" # - +(7#<( 1
N P^ +=!$; P, 1N P^ ]- +!G+ - &9:>+.6. `
g#%87*?"87 8)()#&)Y>+! Na
# Y>+ A"# $8)" "(7#<; b 42 $.2#%#%!k&9#<; b +!$; # A=+.2:>+ &9#<; + 0g# &)&)#<8 ()#<8BA_4 - # &946#f#<(7&)42+=&98
&9Y>+=&,@+ =#<(^:$(7#D*>&9Y1#DY$42#%89+8 - Y$4 - +.1!>+ &9:$87#X* 8)":&942!1Z5"! &9Y1# !k&9#<87!$#%&a+!1; &9Y$#XY142(7&)"8 ` *
>+(7&S87# :$#<(B&9(+ A=+46./+01.2#,"!&)Y$# a#<0c()#%87A"#%8 #8)# *?#<8e&9 1
N +!$; P^ 1N +=:$Z" #<!k&9#%; 4 &9Y
":$8X;$@+46! 0$+()#%; #<(B&942+=&)"8X+( 1N^ 3H+=!$; P^ 1N M3 Y$#(7&9+=&9#()4%#*R":$8#<(7&)42+=&98
42(+ >+8)+# &9#%8

4 2
* #" -,
/
# *? - :$()#%; "! &)Y$#T18)"0$.6#< *( - Y$#%;$:$.642!$Z ;1 !1.2k+; 8)# :1#<(7&)(]+=& &9Y$#G()#%87A"#%8 ()42;1#T*
N h N ( ` (7&)#< ( 46&)Y &)Y$#
42!k&9#%!'&a* 46!$42 4%42!$Z
&9Y$#+ A"#<8)+Z"#
8)#%() "!$()#
&946#D#
1 #<8742#%! - #%; 0 `
:$()#%8)(
, %1
+87. ` 8)#%():$. &9( a#<8)# $:10$.246()Y$#%;46! L hi"i "h
:$8 >!$+.5.2!$Z A"#%8)()46"! 42( 46!
():$0$ 42(7()46"!
!

# - Y>+89+ - &9#%8)4 <#<; N h N ()#<8BA"#%8()46;$# a"8 _.6k+; 0>+(7#<; "!#
_&9#%!$()4 A"#
&989+ - # - ".2.6# - &)42"! +!$; +!>+. ` (742( # +.2(7 # A+=.2:>+=&)#<;V&)Y$# #<8B*?"8)+! - # +!$; * +4287!$#<(7(@*
;$4 g#<87#<!k&D( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z ".64 - 46#<(&9Y$87":$Z"Y &)89+ - # ;$8)4 A"#<!](742 :1./+=&)42"!$( :$88)#<(7:$.6&)(X()Y1 &9Y$+=&
+ A#<8)+Z"#D8)#%() "!$(7#&)42 # - +! 0g#D;189++=&94 - +.6. ` 87#<;$: - #<; 0 ` "8)#a# g# - &946A#<. ` ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z&)Y$#
8)# :$#%(7&)("!]&9Y1# (7#<8BA"#<8 (742;$# * N h N ( ` (7&)#< (

$Y 42( - Y>+1&)#<8
;$#<( - 87420 #<(&9Y$#c+8 - Y146&9# - &):$8)# *&)Y$# DIKB ( ` (B&9#< Y$# *?".2.642!$Z - Y$+1&9#%8)(
;$#<( - 8)460g#&)Y$#K;$#<(742Z"! *S&9Y$#K42!1;$46A_42;1:>+. - " g"!1#<!k&9(*S&9Y$#K( ` (B&9#%
%
P 42Z":$87#
h 46.2.6:$(7&)89+=&)#<(\&)Y$#(7&)8): - &9:$87#* &9Y1# XIKB ( ` (B&9#+=&# + - Y (746&9# 46&9Y142! + - " $:1&9+=&946"!>+.'Z"8742; 46.2._8):$!f"!$#X(7: - Y ()#<8BA"#%8 b
+.6&)Y$":$Z"Yf :$.6&)42$.6#a(7#<8BA"#<87(g#%8^()46&)# - +=! +.2(70g#X(7:$$ "87&)#<; Y1#DZ"k+._*d&9Y$# XIKB (7#<87A#<8
*?"8K+ (746&)# 46(5&9 $8) A_42;1#+ A_42# *&9Y$# #%!'&)4287# - " $:1& + &942!>+.,Z"8742; +$18)"$874/+=&)# &9]&9Y$+=&
()46&)# (:$()#%8)( C ()4 &9# ( DIB (7#<8BA"#<842(D87#<() "!$(7420$.6#5*?"8+.6. :$#<8742#<(46()():1#<; 0 ` :1()#<87(! &)Y$#
()46&)#
C ! XIKB ()#%87A#<846(D0$:$46.6&+87":$!$; +! 3 EDF ( ` (7&)#< C &
&)Y$#K$8)#%()#%!'&
&946# b a#c:1()#
2
8)+ - .6# =4 !k&9#%8)$8742()# ;$4 &946"! b 0$:1&":$8( ` (7&9#% - :$.2;T+.2(7@0 # 0>+(7#<; "! =&9Y$#%8 3 EDF
( ` (7&)#< ((): - Y +(S3 E h bF $WL #<8BA"#<8 bkN (7&9Z8)#<( b +!1; F `1 $WL C #<+8). ` 42 $.6#< #<!k& +=&)42"!
*_":$8 a"8 5:1()#<; F `1 $WL L 4 =#^"(B&e()#%8)46":$(e;>+=&9+0>+(7#^( ` (7&)#< ( b" 8)+ - .6#,$87 A_46;$#<(S+X()46!$Z".6#
*?8)"!k& #<!$;f42!k&9#%87* + - #a&9 :$. &9421.2#^0>+ - #<!$; 46$.6#< #<!k& + &942!$( ! $+87&)4 - :1./+8 b &)Y$42(S$8) A_42;1#<(
$./+=&7*?"8) 42!1;$#< #<!$;1#<! - # 89+ - .2#8):1!$(D"! @+=! ` " #<89+ &942!1Z ( ` (7&)#< (+!1; 1./+=&7*?"8) ( +!$;
42!k&98)+ (746&9# ( - +./+=0$42.646& ` 8)+ - .6#@Y>+=( +TA=+8)46#%& ` *46$.6#< #<!k& + &942!$( b 42! - .2:$;142!$ZG+ N +=89+.6.2#<.
#<8BA"#<8@$8)_;$: - &@&9Y$+=& ( - +.6#<(@ A#<8 - .2:$(B&9#<87( DIB - !$()46(7&9(@* %1 b hi"i .642!$#%(* N #<87.
+!$; ch"j=i"i .642!$#%( * $WL +=!$; NL
$WL cj=i"i"i .242!1#<( * NL
$WL +=8)# +:1&)"@+ &94 - +.2. `
%1

%2
Users Applications
Canned Web Interface SOAP Interface

Canned
Approximate
Queries
Queries
Authenticated Direct Interface
Scoping Rewrite
Content Delivery
Query Manager Update
Network Interface
and Rewriter Manager
Nondeterminism Rewrite For loose consistency
Time Bounding Oracle 9i Front End

(And Iteration Of Query) transactional inserts and updates Updates encrypted
using stored procedures, using asymmetric
queries using select statements cryptography on
network. Only those
RDBMS (uses database’s access control)
with appropriate keys
have access
Oracle 9i Back End
Windows, Linux, Parallel Server, etc
site-to-site
Schema, type hierarchy, indices,

PL/SQL stored procedures
%)
for each object
P 46Z":$87#Kh DIB G )& 8): - &9:$87#

Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<;
XIKB 46! - .6:$;$#%(f+ & ` # ( ` (B&9#% &)T42;1#<!k&94 * ` + 42;1#@89+=!$Z"# * - "!$#%!'&)(f46! - .6:$;$42!1Z
% '
Y$"(7&)( b 8)":1&)#<87( b ( 46& - Y$#<(D+=!$; Y':$0$(+=&X.2+ ` #<87(Dhc+=!$; b .246!'(a+ &X./+ ` #<8)( &)Y$8)":1Z"Y b >+=&)Y$( %
'
+=&K./+ ` #%8 b 0g#%! - Y$+8'( b " #<8)+=&946!$Z]( ` (7&)#< ( b "g#%89+=&)42!$Z]( ` (7&9#% A"#<!1;$"8)(c+!$; A"#%8)(742"!$( b
( 46& - Y$#<( b ( 46& - YQA#<!$;$8)( b ()* & +87# _;$:$.2#%( b 87:$!$!$46!$Z ()* & +87# b +=!$; - " :$!14 - + &942!
#<!$;$ "46!'&)(
(46&^*?#<+()460$.2#X&)c "$:1./+=&)#+K;$+=& +0$+()#
*g(): - Y - " g"!1#<!k&9( b $+87&)4 - :1./+87. ` &9Y$#!$# & "8
Z"89+1Y$( ! #%( E # ` "!1;V&9Y$# "0$(7#<8BA+ &942![&)Y>+=&!$#%& a"8 +;$ 42!142(7&)89+=&)"8)( +!$;V;1#<()46Z"!$#%8)(
- +! $8) A_42;$# (): - YV;>+=&9+ *?"8 &)Y$#<468 42!$;$4 A_42;$:>+=.X()4 &9#<( b +:1&)"+=&9#%; !$# & 8 @+=$$42!1Z - +!
'
+.2(7 0 # :$()#%; F +1$42!$Z !$# & "8 '( +=& ./+ ` #%8 42( + #%.2.^#%(7& +=0$.246()Y$#%; 8)#%()#<+8 - YQ+=8)# +]&9Y$+=&
(2 .
(7& +=87&9#%;46! &)Y$#./+=&)# i( "i
+!$; Y>+(#%A".6A#<;&) + - "!$()46;$#<8)+0$.6#D;$#<Z"87#<#
* (7"$Y$46(7&)4 - + &942!
%%1 . 1'
&9_;>+ ` b hi b
Y$#5./+=(7&X$+g#%8$87 A46;$#<(X+! #
_&)#<!$(746A"#K;$46( - :$()(742"! =*R8)#<(7# +8 - Y +!$;
&9_".2(S42! &9Y$46(,+87# + L + ` #<8h!1#%& a"8 c;$42( - A"#%8 ` 46&9Y142! +()46&)# b 46!f>+=87&94 - :$.2+8S+:1&)"@+ &94 - +.2. `
%,
@+1$42!$Z .2+8)Z#5( 4 & - Y$#%; &9Y$#%8)!$# &!1#%& a"8 '( b Y>+(
+.6() 0 #<#<!G+ - Y$46#%A#<; 'h

hi
` g#%;]"0 7# - &9(+8)#46!$()#%87&9#%;@46!'&) &)Y$#

;>+=& +=0>+()#
0 ` :$g;$+=&946!$Zc!$#"8a "87#&9+0$.6#<( C !
"0 7# - &46(+.2(7 42;$#%!'&)4 >#%;G46! + (7g# - 4/+=. & +0$.6# 46!$()#%87&946;$( 0 ` + :$!$4 :1# 46!$()#%87&)42"! 42;1#<!k&94 >#<8 b
+T&942 #<(B& + N 42( +(7():$ #<; b +!$; +! - 42.6./+8 ` 42!1*?8)+=&946"! &9 ():1$g87& ":$8c() # - 4/+.
4<#%;G!1#<#<;1( b (): - YT+(":$8 :$#<8 ` #
_&9#<!1()42!$( b +!$; &9 .246!A_4687&9:$+.e8)#%()":$8 - #%( 4 &9Y $Y ` (74 - +.
2
8)#<(7":$8 - #<( "i
A#<8 ` &9Y$#%8f& +=0$.2#@&)Y>+=& 46( :$ ;>+=&)#<; 42! - .2:$;1#<(f&)Y$42( 46!$()#%87&)42"!Q46; b Y$#<! - #
@ + '46!$Z 46&#<+( ` &) $!$;T+=.2. #%.2#%#%!'&)(*,+=!G"0 7# - & b !$ @+=&7&9#%8 Y>+=&& +=0$.2#%(D46&()$+!$(
Y1# DIB ( - Y1#<+42! - .2:$;1#<(\&)Y$#()# :$#%! - #%( b & +01.2#<( b- "!$(7&)89+46!k&9( b &98742Z"Z"#%8)( b +!$;c42!$;14 - #%(
&9Y>+=& 87#<$87#<()#%!k& ":$8KZ"8742; _;$#%.242!1Z # g"87&)( P 42Z":18)#h h (7Y$ (f+ Y$42ZY .6#%A"#%.,A_42# *&)Y$#
DIKB ( - Y1#<+ b *? - :$()46!$Z "!]&9Y$#K87#<$87#<()#%!k& +=&)42"!G*,+ Y$(7& - " $:1&)#<8
I 46A#<!Q&98)+!$()+ - &)42"!>+=.X:$ ;>+=&9#%( b &9Y$# - "!$(7&)89+46!k&9( +!$;Q&98742Z"Z#<8)( +8)# ;$#%()42Z!$#<;Q&9 =#<#<
&9Y$#];>+ & +0>+=()#]42! + - "!$(742(7&)#<!k& (7&9+=&9# #]:$()# 89+ - .2# ( + -%- #%()( - "!k&)8)".X # - Y$+!$42(7(c&9
+()(7:$8)# &9Y>+=&42!$(7#<8B&942!$( b :$ ;>+=&)#<( b +!$;T;$#<.6#%&946"!$(
-%- :$8
"!$. ` A_4/+(B&9"87#<;G$8) - #%;$:$8)#%(&9Y$+=&
*?"8 - #5&989+=!$(9+ - &946"!$( P "8X# A"#%8 ` & ` g# *\"0 7# - & b &)Y$#<87#K42(+! +(7() - 4/+ &9#<; NL
$WL $+ - +Z"#
#<(7()#%!'&)4/+.6. `b + - .2+()( &9Y>+=&$87 A46;$#<(&9Y142(^*?:$! - &942!>+.24 & ` + - Y@>+ - =+=Z"#+=.2()K46! - .6:$;$#<(!$!
&989+=!$(9+ - &946"!>+. A"#<87()46"!$(D*R&9Y1#"g#%89+=&)42"!1( Y$4 - Y A#<8 ` $8)4 A_42.2#%Z"#<;@:$()#%8)( - +=! :1()#5&9 0$+=& - Y
:$.6&)42$.6#^:$ ;>+=&9#%(\&)"Z"#%&)Y$#<8S42!k&)+
()42!1Z".2#^&98)+!$()+ - &)42"! Y$#%()#X>+ - =+=Z"#<(+8)#a+:1&)"@+ &94 - +.2. `
Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<; *?8)" &9Y$# ( - Y$#%@+ () &9Y$+=&K&9Y$# ( - Y1#<+ - +=! # A"". A"# # +(742. ` P 42Z:$8)# h ()Y$ ( +'
":$8 $WL 87#<$87#<()#%!k& +=&)42"! *+ Y$(7&
L + ` #%8)#%;V"!Q&9[=*
&)Y$# 3 EXF *?8)"!k& #<!$; 46( + :1#<8 ` +!>+=Z"#<8
=8)# 8)46&)#<8 b +!$;[+!
,
:$g;$+=&9# +!>+Z#<8 Y>+=1&9#%8 ];$#<( - 8)460g#%(5&9Y$# ;1#%& +=42.2(*":$8 :$#%8 ` 87# 8746&946!$Z@&)# - Y$!$4 :$#<(
Y$42.6# - Y>+=1&9#%8j #
$.2"87#<(
&9Y$# *?# +(7420$46.246& ` *+1$. ` 42!1Z@()4 <# 0>+(7#<; ( - Y$#<;1:$.246!$Z@ ".24 - 46#<("!
&9Y$# :$#<8 ` +!>+Z"#%8 "Z"# &9Y$#%8 b &9Y1#<()#& a18) A_42;$#&9Y1# - "87#c+=$$.24 - +=&)42"!@42!k&9#%87* + - #5&9 +!
DIKB ()#<8BA"#%8 Y$42(42!k&9#%87* + - #42(#
"87&)#<; &)Y$8)":1Z"Y]+f.2+ ` #<8&9Y>+=&$8) A_42;1#<(D+:&9Y$#%!'&)4 - +=&946"!
*X&9Y1# :$()#%8 +!$; - Y$# - '( Y$46( - +=>+0$46.246&)42#%(5*?"8f#<+ - Y 8)# :$#<(B& b @+=$$42!1Z *?87" +! #
_&)#<8)!$+.

0 ,;# ,( ; *&#%#&) ),)*7
1 ,), 8 :)1 7& ,( 1;

h %
moduleexecs datasources insertids

id,type,name,blob id,type id => time, rand
modules endpoints leases
id,moduleexec id,type,module,datasource id => endtime
software layer virtuals
id => {id}
hosts iplinks
id,typeinfo,distip id,src,dest futures
id => id
hostbenchmarks ippaths
id,typeinfo,blob id,src,dest resource metadata
routers ipassocs
archtypes, routertypes,
id,typeinfo,distip distip => {ip}
switchtypes, linktypes,
ostypes, osvendors,
routerbenchmarks ipmacassoc
hardwarevendors,
id,typeinfo,blob ip => macaddr linktypes, pathtypes,
network layer moduletypes,
endpointtypes,
datatypes,
macswitches macassocs hostbenchmarktypes,
id,typeinfo,distadx distadx => {adx} routerbenchmarktypes
maclinks id, name, desc

id,typeinfo,src,dest valid types
data link layer
Users, Groups,
connectorswitches connectorassocs Capabilities, Sessions,
id,typeinfo,distadx distadx => {adx} Resource limits…
Essential views
connectorlinks connectormacassoc user => {capability}
id,typeinfo,src,dest adx => macaddr user => {resource limit}
physical layer security
*)
P 42Z":18)#h h A#<8BA46# J=* &)Y$# DIB - Y1#<+ 46Z"Y$.642Z"Yk&9#%; +87#&)Y$#46!$42f:$U& +0$.6#<(^:$(7#<;
&9 8)#<18)#<(7#<!k&D+KY$"(B& ^C Y$"(B&+ ` +.6()K0g#
8)#%$8)#%()#%!'&)#<;]46! &)Y$#
.2# +=()#<(& +=0$.2#46*g46&+ ` .2#<+ A"#
&9Y$#K( ` (B&9#+. + - Y$46!$# b +!$;]&9Y$#*?:1&):$8)#%(D& +0$.6# b 46*S46&D46(
!$& ` # &46!$(7&9+!k&942+=&9#%;

h"h
CREATE table hosts (

distip varchar2(15) not null primary key,
name varchar2(256) default('UNKNOWN'),
numproc number default(1),
mhz number default(0),
constraint good_mhz_hosts check (mhz>=0),
arch varchar2(32) default('UNKNOWN'),
constraint good_arch_hosts foreign key (arch)
references archtypes(name),
hwvendor VARCHAR2(32) DEFAULT('UNKNOWN'),
constraint good_hw_hosts foreign key (hwvendor)
references hardwarevendors(name),
os varchar2(32) default('UNKNOWN'),
constraint good_os_hosts foreign key (os)
references ostypes(name),
osvendor varchar2(32) default('UNKNOWN'),
constraint good_osv_hosts foreign key (osvendor)
references osvendors(name),
osver varchar2(256) default('UNKNOWN'),
kernelver varchar2(256) default('UNKNOWN'),
mem_mb number default(0),
constraint good_mem_hosts check (mem_mb>=0),
vmem_mb number default(0),
constraint good_vmem_hosts check (vmem_mb>=0),
disk_gb number default(0),
constraint good_disk_hosts check (disk_gb>=0),
location varchar2(256) default('UNKNOWN'),
owner varchar2(256) default('UNKNOWN'),
description varchar2(256),
insertid number not null unique,
constraint good_insert_hosts foreign key
(insertid) references insertids(insertid)
ON DELETE cascade
);
CREATE table insertids (
note varchar2(256),
time timestamp not null,
insertid number not null primary key,
rand number not null
);
CREATE table ipassocs (
distip varchar2(15) not null,
ip varchar2(15) not null primary key,
insertid number not null,
constraint good_insert_ipassocs foreign key
(insertid) references insertids(insertid)
ON DELETE cascade
);
(' )
P 42Z:$8)#Kh # - 4 -c $WL 8)#<18)#<(7#<!k& + &942!G*+ Y$"(7& 35# >!$4 &946"!$(X*\42!1;$4 - #<(D#<.642;$#%;

h '
,)
P 46Z":$87#Kh DIKB a#<0G42!k&9#%87* + - #

h ,
$! &946"!f=*>:$()#%8&9+;>+=&9+0>+(7#.2 - +.k!$=&942!f*>:1()#<8 Y$46(42!k&)#<87* + - #46!c&):$8)! 46(\+;$#A_42(7420$.6#
&9]&9Y$# :1&9(742;$# a"8).6; A42+ +#%0 42!k&)#<87* + - # b +=!$; + 1 C N 42!k&9#%87* + - # b 0 &9Y 8):1!$!$42!1Z A#<8
,
&9Y$#
#<! - 8 ` 1&)#<; DN 18)&) - ". P 42Z":18)#
h f(7Y$(a&9Y1# - :$8)87#<!k& a#<0 46!k&9#<8B* + - #
* DIKB
Y1# :$g;$+=&9# +!>+=Z"#<8+Z"Z"87#<Zk+=&)#<(:$g;$+=&9#%( 42!1()#<8B&946"!$(=*!$# "0 7# - &9( b ;$#%.2#%&)42"!1(*
#
42(B&942!1Zc"0 7# - &)( b +!$; - Y$+!$Z"#%(a&9 &9Y$#
$87"g#%87&)42#<(* #
42(B&942!1Zc"0 7# - &)( - " 42!$ZK*?8) .2 - +.
()":$8 - #%(K+!$; 87#< &9#c()":$8 - #%(K+!$; 0>+ & - Y$#%(5&9Y$#% 46!'&)@&98)+!$()+ - &)42"!$(
*?"8&)Y$# 3 EDF !
&9Y$46(,8)".6# b 46& - +! $8742"8746&94 <#:$ ;>+=&9#%(+!$; +.6() - "!k&987".&)Y$#D89+=&)#X*d:$ ;>+=&)#<(+!1; &9Y$#D:$ ;>+=&)#
./+=&)#<! - 42#<(DZ"42!$Z 46!k&9 &9Y$#K;>+ & +0>+=()#
XIKB (7#<8BA"#<87( ;$ !1&c&9+. ;1428)# - &). ` 46&)Y #<+ - Y &)Y$#<8 b 0$:1&f42!$;$468)# - &9. ` A_4/+ + - !'&)#<!k&
;$#<.646A"#%8 ` !$#%& a"8 X3 b Y$4 - Y 42(X0>+=()#<; "! &)Y$#$:$0$.642(7Y
=():10$( - 8)420 #5 ;1#<. +=!$; 42(X:$(7#<;
()".6#<. ` &9 $8)"$+Zk+=&)# :1g;>+ &9#<(&9 *?8)46#<!$;$. `]DIB (7#<8BA"#<87( Y$#%8)#c42(!$ 42 $.24 - 46&!$&)42"! *
&98):1(7&+ "!$Z DIB (7#<87A#<87( *,+ (746&)# 46(D42!k&9#%8)#%(7&9#%;T46! 87# - #<46A_46!$Z :$g;$+=&9#%(
*?87" + 8)#%&)#
DIKB (7#<87A#<8 b 46& :$(7&+8789+!1Z"# 46&)Y &9Y$# 8)#%=&9#]+;146!$42(B&989+ &9"8 &9 - 87# +=&)# + =# ` >+=428
+ - Y :1g;>+ &9#&) &9Y$#5.6 - +. DIKB (7#<8BA"#<8D46(&9Y1#<!]#<! - 8 ` 1&)#<; 42!]+ +!$!1#<8X(742 42./+=8,&9 NI N
% %
:$.6&)42$.6#c;1#<(7&)42!>+ &942! #%()(9+=Z"#<( i
b + '42!$Z]4 &587# +;>+=0$.2# !$. ` &9 &9Y1"()# DIB ()#%87A"#%8)(
&9Y>+=&Y$".6;@"!$#* &9Y1#5g#%8)Y>+=$(X+! ` =# ` (D:$(7#<; 42! &9Y$#5#%! - 8 ` 1&946"! $87 - #<()( Y$#KX3 46(
:$()#%; &)]()#<!1; &)Y$# :$ ;>+=&)# &9 &9Y1# Z"8)":1 =*+=.2.R&9Y$"(7# Y$".6;$42!$Z # ` (K:$(742!$Z #<4 &9Y$#%85:$!$4 - +(B&
. &
"8 "8)# ( - +.2+0$.6#]+$$.64 - +=&946"! .2+ ` #<8 :$. &946()":$8 - # :$.6&)4 - +(7& Y$+1&9#%8)( b +!$; +87# 1
;$#%A&9#%;G&9 &)Y$#<(7# ;$+=& + &98)+!$(B*?#<8 - " "!$#<!k&)( C ! DIB (7#<8BA"#<8 - 0$42!1#<(D.2 - +=. :$ ;>+=&)#<(
+!$; 87#< &9#c:$g;$+=&9#%(&9 - 8)#<+=&9#f+A_42# O*^&9Y$# - " $:1&9+=&946"!>+.eZ8)42; &9Y>+ & - 8)8)#%() "!$;$(&9
&9Y>+=& Y14 - Y 46&9(D:1()#<87(Y$+ A#f+ -<- #%()(
!c&9Y$#a.242 46& b # + - Y DIB ()#%87A#<8 - :$.2; - "!k&9+42!c;>+=& ++0 ":1&+.2."&)Y$#87#<():$8 - #<(,"!f+ 46;$#
+8)#<+ !$# & 8 b +. &9Y$:$Z"Y # #
# - &f&9Y142( 42.6.,89+87#<. ` Y>+1g#%! @C .6&9Y1":$Z"Y &9Y142(K42( - .6# +87. `
+( ` 1&9&)4 - +.2. ` :1!$( - +./+01.2# b 4 &R42(e!$&R:1!$8)#<+()"!$+0$.2#^*?"8 - " $:1& + &942!>+. Z"8)46;$(e*.24 =#<. ` ()4 <#
"!$()46;$#<8
+ - $:& +=&)42"!>+=. Z"8742;]*\"!$#0$46.2.642"!Y$"(7&)(
+!$; 8)":1&)#<87( +0 ":1& $A# &)42 #<(X&)Y$#
- :$878)#<!k&a()4 <#* &9Y$# !k&9#%8)!$# & 4 &9Y & a '42.6"0 ` &9#<(*g42!*?"8)+=&946"!f #<8Y$(7& b +0 ":1&ah E

h"j
*)
P 42Z":$87# h j !$()#%87& b :1g;>+ 9& # b +=!$; ;$#<.6#%&9#K8)+=&9#%(
,
*>;>+=&9+(B&9"8)+Z"# ":1.2; 0 #a!1# - #%()()+8 ` 42!c&)Y$# XIKB ()#<8BA"#%8 ! hii b &9Y$46(\87# :$4287#<(\.2#<(7(\&)Y>+!
% i b i"i"i *;$46( (7&)"89+Z#:$(742!$Z +G ;$#%8)! ;$4287# - & M+=&7& + - Y C 3 0g
b + '42!$Z 46& - .6# +87. `
46&9Y142! &9Y1#8)# +=.2 =* "()(7420$46.24 & ` P :$8B&9Y$#%8) "8)# b &)Y$#
FTE *S;$46( - +>+ - 46& ` 46(D()Y$8742!'46!$Z
: - Y * +=(7&9#%8&9Y>+! &9Y$# !k&9#%8)!$# & 46( Z8)42!$Z g;$+=&9# 89+=&)#<( - +=! 0 #+=! 46()():1# b 01:1&K&9Y$87#<#
&9Y$46!$Z"(+ #<.642"8)+=&9#&9Y$46( P 468)(B& b a# - +! + - Y142#%A# :146&9#Y142Z"Y]:$ ;>+=&)#K89+=&)#<(D"! &)Y$#()Y$#%.6*
3 EDFT ( ` (B&9#%((): - Y +=( 89+ - .2# P 42Z":$87#ch j ()Y1 (
&9Y$# 89+ &9#<(*?"842!1()#<8B&946"!$( b :1g;>+ &9#<( b
+!$; ;$#%.2# &942!$(f46! DIB 46&)Y ;$4 #%8)#<!k&f()4 %# ;>+=&9+0>+(7#<( 87:$!$!$46!$ZT! ":$8cY>+8); X+87# #<#
, +'
# - &942! *?"8S;$# & +46.2(\+0g:1&\&)Y$#Y$+8); +87#X+!$;f()* & +8)# - "! >Z":$8)+=&946"! #%8)#D+=!f42!1()#<8B&
#<+!$(+;$;142!$Z + Y$"(B&
&) &9Y$#;>+ & +0>+=()# b Y14 - Y 42!kA"". A"#%(+ &)89+!$()+ - &)42"!$+. ;$4 - + &942!@*
+ (7# :$#<! - # +!1;G&9Y18)#<#K& +=0$.2#%( b +! :$g;$+=&9# #<+!$( ;$4 * ` 42!$Z &)Y$#c #< "8 ` +=&7&98)460$:1&)# =*^+
Y$"(7&a+.68)#<+; ` 46! &)Y$#
;>+=& +=0>+()# b Y$4 - Y42(+&989+=!$(9+ - &946"!>+.$ _;$4 - +=&946"! * & & +01.2#<( b +!$;
;$#<.6#%&9##<+!$( &9 87#< A#]+TY$(7&f*?87" &9Y$#;>+=&9+0>+(7# b &98)+!$()+ - &)42"!>+=.2. ` _;$46* ` 46!$Z]&9Y$87#<#
& +0$.6#<( # - "!1; b 0>+!1; 42;1&)Y 42!k&) +(746&)#fZ"87 ( 46&9Y &9Y$#c:$ ;>+=&9#f89+=&)# b ()42! - #c&)Y$# :$ ;>+=&)#
89+=&)# Z8) ( 46&9Y &)Y$# !_:1 0g#%8K*XY$(7&9( +!1; 87":1&9#%8)( Y1428); b\ 3 EDF ( ` (B&9#< ( (): - Y +(
8)+ - .6#+=!$; 3 E h - +! ( - +.6# A"#%8 - .6:$(7&)#<8)#%; ()#%87A"#%8)(,&)5():$1g"8B&A#<8 ` Y$42ZYf:$ ;>+=&)#89+ &9#<( !
# g# - & b # - +! .2#%A#<8)+Z"#5&9Y1# #
42(7&)42!$Z N M"!$.642!$#&989+=!$(9+ - &946"!]$8) - #%()(742!$Z 0 #<! - Y$+8
%2
- " g# &94 &942! h
&)+=;$;$8)#%()(&9Y$#K:$ ;>+=&)#<(

h .
C ()4 &9# ()#%!$;$( :$#%8)46#<( "!$. ` &) 4 &9( DIB (7#<87A#<8 Y$42( &946#<( &9Y$# 8)#%()":$8 - #%(]+ (746&)# 46(
42.2.642!$Z &) - 46&&9@46&9( DIB ()#%87A#<85&9&9Y$#c!_:1 0g#%8+!$; _46!$; * :1#<8)46#<(54 & +!k&9(&9
@ + =# Y$42(42(A_46&9+.0 # - +:$(7# &9Y$# !>+ &9:$87# *@+=! `TDIB :1#<8)46#<(46(5()4646./+8D&9@;$# - 42()46"!
%2
():$$ "8B& :$#<8742#<( N h
46! 8)#%./+=&)42"!$+.R;>+=& +=0>+()#f( ` (7&)#< ( : - Y :$#<8742#%( - +! 0 #
A"#<8 ` #
g#%!$()4 A"#
&9 #
# - :1&9#+=!$;(7 +87#:$!$.24 #%. ` &)c0 # #%. - #
"! *?"8)#%42Z"! DIB (7#<87A#<87(
Y1# Zk+.=*&)Y$# :$#<8 ` +!>+Z"#%8
=87# 8746&9#%846(5&9]()Y$+g# &)Y$# :$#<8 ` a"8'.2"+; ()]&9Y$+=&
46& - +=! 0 # # g# - &)46A#<. ` #
# - :&9#<; 0 ` &)Y$# 3 EXF gb 0 ` Y$4 - Y # # +!J&9Y$+=& &9Y$# .2"+;
"! &)Y$# 3 EDFT 46( =#<1&f0g#%.2 !$# +!$; 46!$;$4 A46;$:>+. :$#<8742#<( >!$46()Y :14 - '. ` Y>+&9#<8 ,
;$#<( - 8)460g#%(K":$8 :$#%8 ` 8)# 8)4 &942!1Z@&9# - Y$!$4 :$#%(c46! ;$#%&9+42.6( W :$#<8742#<(5&9 + # &)Y$# *?"8) *()#%.2# - &
(7& + &9#< #<!k&)( 8)46&7&9#%!]42! + ().642Z"Yk&). ` #
_&9#%!$;$#%; *?"87 =* 1WKL Y$# :$#<8 ` @+=!>+Z"#%8
=87# 8)4 &9#%8
&989+=!$().2+=&9#%( :$#<8742#<(D46!k&9 &9Y1#5:$!$;$#%8). ` 46!$Z $WL ;$4/+.6# - & b

! #<(7()#%! - # b &)Y$#
:1#<8 ` @+=!>+Z"#%8
=87# 8)4 &9#%8 - +=! &)89+;1#5 0 #%& a#<#%! &)Y$#587#<():1.6&D(7#%&()4 <#*?8D+ :$#<8 ` +!$;]&)Y$#
8)#<(7":$8 - #<(&9Y1# :$#%8 ` 87# :$4287#<(&9 #
# - :1&)#
%
W :$#%8 ` $8) - #%()()46!$Z 46(X+f&9Y18)#<#(7& +=Z"#5$87 - #<()( b +(X(7Y$ !]42! P 42Z":$87#h P 428)(B& b *?"8 - "
"!T42! :$468)42#%( b # 18) A_42;$# 18)# 8)4 &)&9#%! - +=!$!$#<; :$#%8)46#<( "# - +!1!$#<; :$#<8742#%(Y>+ A"#
0g#%#<! 87# 8746&)&)#<! &9G+! +$$87
146@+ &9# *?"87 0 ` Y>+!$; E &)Y - +!$!$#%; :$#%8)42#%(f+=!$; :$#%8)46#<(
- "!$(B&987: - &)#<; ! &)Y$# ` >+(7(&9Y$87":$Z"Y & *?:$8B&9Y$#%8c+=:1&9"+=&)4 - 87# 8)4 &946!$Z](7&)#<$( b ( - "$46!$Z
+!$; !$"!$;1#%&9#%8) 42!$46() Y$# >!>+. $WL :$#<8 ` 42(&9Y$#%! #
# - :&9#<; *?"8+ (7g# - 4 $#<; +:$!k&
* X+.6. - .2 - &)42 #K+!$;G&)Y$# @+=& - Y$42!1Z87#<():1.6&9(+87#c87#%&9:18)!$#%; Y$#f:1()#f=*,!$"!1;$#%&)#<8) 42!
42() +!$; ( - $42!$Z - +=! - +=:$()#K&9Y$# :$#<8 ` &9 0g#K87:$!T87#< # +=&)#<;$. ` 46&)Y$42!]&9Y1#f+.6.2&)#<; &)42 #46*
!$# - #<()()+8 `b :1()42!1Z+ ;$4 #%8)#%!'&
8)+!$;$" (9+ $.2##<+ - Y &942 #
! 42!1;$:$(7&)8 `b &9Y$#K;$# A"#%.2"$ #<!k&
*\8)#%./+=&)42"!>+=. :$#%8)42#%(
+!$;]&9Y$#%428D"&942 4 <+=&946"! 42(D* &)#<!
+.2.6&)&)#<; &9 + () # - 4/+.642(7& 4646./+87. `"b a#T#%!'A_46()42! + 7Z8)42; :$#<8 ` ;1#%A"#%.2" #<8 Y$ 42.2.
- 8)#<+=&9# - +!$!$#%; :1#<8)46#<( a#%A#<8 b\DIB :$()#%8)( 42.6.+=. + ` (0 # +0$.6#c&9 8746&)#f&9Y$#%4285 !
:1#<8)46#<(*,+8)0$4 &98)+8 `- " $.6#
46& ` 0$:1& - "!$(7&)89+46!$#<; 8):1!$!$42!1Z &)42 #

$Y 42( - Y$+1&9#%8 ;$#<( - 8)460g#%( &9Y$# &)46A=+=&946"! b ;$#<(742Z"! +!1;461.2#< #<!k&9+=&946"! =* I 8)46; I b :$8
#
_&9#%!$()460$.2# &9_".'4 & *?"8 Z"#<!1#<89+ &942!1Z +!1;V+!1!$& + &942!1Z ( ` !'&)Y$#%&)4 - Z"8)46; &)" ".2"Z42#<( I 8742; I
X+(
:$(7#<; &9 #%A=+.6:>+=&9#&)Y$# DIKB ( ` (B&9#%
)
I 8)46; I +(
8)#%.2# +=()#<;G+=&Yk&)&)

- ( !$"8B&9Ya#<(7&)#<87! #%;$:
:$87Z"42(
I 8742; I

35#<()46Z"!$46!$Z +!$; #%A=+.6:>+=&946!$Z]Z"8742; 46;$;$.6# +8)# ;1#<+!$;$(K8)#<+.246(7&)4 - a"8'.6k+;$( Y1# DIB

&, &&
( ` (7&)#< 42(!$#
- #%1&946"! b
()46!$Z DIKB ( ` (B&9#+=&8)#<(7#< 01.2#5;$# - 46()42!]():$$ "8B& :$#<8742#<( C & ` $4 - +. :$#%8 ` 46Z"Yk&
.2_ *?"8
+ Z"8):$G=*,+ - Y$42!1#<(D&9Y>+ &:$(7# &)Y$# (9+ # b &9"Z"# &9Y$#%8Y$+ A# + - #%87& +=42!G+:$!k&
*
#%"8 `"b +=!$; &9Y>+ &f&9Y1#]():$0$(7#%& *&)Y$# !$# & "8 - !$!$# - &946!$Z &9Y$#% Y>+ A#]()" # 0$46()# -
&942! 0>+!$; 42;1&)Y @ + =#@&9Y1#<()# :$#%8)42#%( * +(7& b # 42 $.6#< #<!k&c&)Y$#< :$()46!$Z (7&) - Y>+=(7&94 -
()# +=8 - Y b +.2.6 42!$Z:$(&9]&98)+;$# Q0 #%& a#<#%! &)Y$# !_:1 0g#%8K*!$"!$;$# &9#%8) 42!$46(7&94 - +.6. ` - Y$()#<!
8)#<(7:$.6&)(c87#%&):$8)!$#%; 0 ` &9Y1# :$#%8 ` +!$; &9Y1#@+ ":$!k&K* 8 ;$"!1#46! (7:$$ "87&c*46& Y$46(
)
&989+=;$#< ;$#%g#%!$;$(D(B&98)!$Z". ` !&9Y1#(7&)8): - &9:$87#5* &)Y$#Z8)42; \&9Y1#!$# & "8 &)"g.2"Z ` +!$;@&)Y$#
- Y>+89+ - &9#%8)46(7&94 - (*S&9Y$#KY$(7&9( b 8)":&9#<87( b +!$; .642! '( 46&)Y$42!]&)Y$#&9" ".2Z `
,
Y142.2# 4 &9Y b # & +=. hi
(7&):$;$46#<; &)Y$# :$g;$+=&9# +!$; :$#<8 ` $8) - #%()()#%(@"![(): - Y Z"8)46;
h &

!
h 1
42!1*?"87@+ &942! b &)Y$#<87# 42(5!$ #
&9+!k& "8 +!$; .642 46&9#%; + A=+42.2+0$.6#c;>+ & +]"! &9Y$# (B&987: - &):$8)# *
- " $:1&9+=&946"!>+.Z"8742;$( # #
1+ 42!$#%;V&9Y1# - !'&)#<!k&9(]=*K()#%A#<8)+.58):1!$!$42!1Z IKB ( ` (7&)#< (
Y$#G.2+8)Z#<(7& ;$+=& +(7#%& # Y>+ A"# *?":$!1; b Z"#%!$#<87":$(7. ` $87 A46;$#<; 0 `[ 46&9Y ba- "!k& +46!$( *?# a#<8
&9Y>+!Q!$#@&9Y1":$(9+=!$; !$;1#<( I 46A#<! &)Y$#].2464 &9#<; ;>+=&9+T()# &9( b + ( ` !'&)Y$#%&)4 - Z"8742; Z#<!$#%89+=&)"8
42( + !$# - #<(7()46& ` P :$87&)Y$#<87"87# b # A"#%! +=(f "8)# ;>+=&9+T0g# - " #<( + A=+46./+01.2# b 4 &42.6. - "!k&)42!':$#
&9 0 #f:$(7#%*?:$.S&9 Y$+ A# +@>+=89+ #%&)8)4 - (7":$8 - # *Z"8742;$( P "8
#
1+ $.6# b (): - Y Z"8742;$( - ":1.2; 0 #
,2
:$()#%; 4 &9Y ()46 :$.2+=&946"! &). '46&)((): - Y+=( I 8742; 46
b_ 42 Z"8)46; j"j
b'F 4 - 8) I 8)46; hikj
+!$;
%&
E 8)4 - _(
&)](7&):$; ` &9Y$# 0 #<!1# $&)(*;$4 g#<87#<!k&( - Y$#<;$:1.242!1Z &9# - Y1!$4 :$#%( !1*?87&9:1!>+=&9#%. `b
!$ (): - Y Z#<!$#%89+=&)"8 - :$8)87#<!k&9. ` #
42(7&)( _` !k&9Y$# &94 - Z"8)46;$( - ":$.6;]+.6()f0 #:1()#%*?:1. 42!@()42f:$./+=&)42"!
%2' '%
(7&9:1;$42#%( *
A#<87./+ ` !$# & 8 '( +!$; g#%#<8 &9 #<#<8f( ` (7&)#< ( b
C . &9Y$:$Z"Y &9Y1# - "8
8)# - &9!$#%()(*S(): - YG$87&9 - .2(;1 !$&D;$#%g#%!$; "!]&9Y$#:$!$;$#%8). ` 46!$Z &9" ".6"Z `"b &9Y1#<428# - 46#<! - `
;$#%(;$#< #<!$;G"!]&9" ".6"Z ` +!$; "!]&9Y$#K #<87*?8)+! - #K*S&9Y1# #%!$; ( ` (7&)#< (
!@8)#<(7g!$()#&) &)Y$42(!$#%#<; b #5Y$+ A#0$:142.6& I 8)46; I b +KZ"8742;@Z#<!$#%89+=&)"8 :$8;$# >!$46&)42"! *
+@( ` !k&9Y$# &94 - Z"8)46;T42(+! +!$!1& +=&)#<; ;1428)# - &)#<; Z"8)+$Y 46! Y$4 - Y &)Y$# !$_;$#%(58)#%$8)#%()#<!k&KY$(7&9( b
8)":1&)#<87( b ( 4 & - Y$#%( b +!$; Y':$0$( b +=!$; &9Y$##%;$Z"#<(^87#<$87#<(7#<!k&!1#%& a"8 .642! '( Y$#DZ"8)+$Y 42(\&9Y':$(
+c!$# & "8 &)" ".2"Z ` &9Y>+ &#
&)#<!$;1(&9 &9Y$#.2#%A#<. *eY$(7&9( !]+;$;146&946"! b #<+ - Y]!$_;$#8a#%;$Z"#
42(5+=!$!$&9+=&9#%; 46&)Y 42!1*?8)+=&946"!]8)#%.2#%A=+!k&5&)@4 &9(:1()# +(+@>+8B&5*+ - " $:1&9+=&946"!>+.RZ"8742;
C Z8)42; Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9"8 b (): - Y]+=( I 8)46; I b $8)_;$: - #<(a+ Z8)42; * +cZ"4 A"#%!!':$ 0 #<8* Y$"(7&)( &a :$(B&
)
#%#%&D&9Y1#K*?.2.2 46!$Z 8)# :$4287#< #<!k&9(
& :$(B&$8)_;$: - #+K87# +.642(B&94 - !$#%& a"8 &9" ".2Z ` F : - Y 42( '!$!@+0g:1&,&9Y1#D$8)" #<8
)
&946#<(D*8)# +=. !$#%& a"8 &)" ".2"Z42#<( \&)Y$# ` +87# - "!$!1# - &)#<; b +!1; &)Y$# ` Y>+ A#cY$46#<8)+8 - Y$4 - +.
(7&)8): - &9:$87#<( P :$87&)Y$#<878)# b 42;$#M+87# + !$# & "8 &9" ".6"Z"42#%( b 42! - .2:$;142!$Zf&)Y$# !k&9#<87!$#%& b
11
Y>+ A"#K8)# - #%!'&). ` 0g#%#<!]*?":$!$; &) *?".2.6 - #<8B& +46! &9" ".6"Z"4 - +.> a#<8.2+(
^C Z_;
Z"#<!1#<89+ &9"8 46.2. $87 A46;$#K0g=&9Y (7&)8): - &9:$87#f+!1; *?.2.2 &9Y1# #%8.2+( h
%'
&5 :1(7&5Z#<!$#%89+=&)#f8)#<+.246(7&)4 - +!$!$=& +=&)42"!$(*?"8Y$"(7&)(5+!1; !$#%& a"8 - "!$#%!'&)( P 8

!
h 2
+ Y$"(B& b 46&()Y1":$.2; +=& .6# +(B& $87 A_46;$#T&9Y1# +8 - Y146&9# - &):$8)#T& ` # b $87 - #<()(7"8 & ` g# +!$;
)( #<#%; b !_:1 0g#%8*18) - #<(7()"87( b #< "8 ` ()4%# b ;$46( (74%# b Y>+87; +8)#KA"#%!$;$"8 b g#%89+=&
42!$Z ( ` (B&9#+87; X+=8)#
0>+!$; 42;1&)Y +!$; .2+=&9#%! -%` P 887":1&9#%8)(+=!$;T( 46& - Y1#<( b 46&()Y$":1.2; (7g# - 46* ` &)Y$# +ZZ"8)#
Zk+=&)# 0>+ - '$.2+!$# "8( 46& - Y$42!1Z@* +0$874 - &)Y$8):$Z"Y$$:&K+!$; .2+=&9#%! -%` &5()Y$":1.2; - +1&9:18)#
- "878)#%./+=&)42"!$(f0g# & #%#<! ;$4 #%8)#%!'&+=&7&987420$:1&)#<( *?"8 #
1+ $.2# b a# 46Z"Yk& #
# - & &9Y$+=&
#%8 ` ()4 <#G42! - 8)# +=()#<( 46&9Y $8) - #%()(7"8 () #<#%; 46&)Y Y$42ZYV$87"0>+0$46.24 & ` b +!1; 0g#
& #%#<! !1# +870 ` - " g"!1#<!k&9( ?*?8 #
1+1.2# b + Y$46Z"Y () #<#<; 8)":&9#<8K46( :1!$.24 #<. ` &)G0 #
- "!1!$# - &9#<;G"!$. ` &9 + *?# ().2 .246! '(
Y1# !$#%& a"8 _46!$Z - :1!$46& ` Y>+=( $8)_;$: - #<; + 42;$#89+!$Z#@*D&)"g.2"Z ` Z"#<!$#%89+=&)"8)( b
. 1 % 2
42! - .2:$;$46!$Z 8)+!$;$" +
@+! h"h
b 46#<87( "i b ji
be !$# & hj b h"h
b #%& - Y$#%()# Z"#%!$#<8)+
&9"87(
#%46&)Y$#<8D #<# &
&)Y$#K(7&)8): - &9:$87#c87# :$4287#< #<!k&
"8X&9Y1# ` #<#%&&)Y$#Kga#<8 ./+ 8)# :$468)#%#%!'&
I 8742; I (B& +8B&9( 46&9Y &9Y$#":1&)$:1&*>+
(7&987: - &):$8)#"8742#%!'&)#<;f&)" ".2"Z ` Z"#<!1#<89+ &9"8 a# - :$8)87#<!k&9. `
:$()# 46#<87( +=!$;Q+;$;1( 8)#%;$:$!$;>+=! -%` &9 4 &f46! (): - Y + X+ ` +(c&)T+ # 4 & - "!1*?"87 &9T&)Y$#
g a#<8./+ ( C (* +8+=( # +=8)# + +8)# b &9Y$46( + #%(46&&)Y$# >87(7&&)"g.2"Z ` Z#<!$#%89+=&)"8&9Y$+=&
$8) A_42;$#%((7&987: - &):$8)#%;G&)"g.2"Z"46#<(&)Y>+=&"0 # ` &9Y$#K a#<8
./+ (
I 8)46; I 42! * + - &f;$468)# - &9. ` #<!1*?8 - #%(f"!1. ` "!$# a#<8f./+ b &)Y$#@(7 - +.2.6#<; ":1&);$#<Z"87#<##

g"!1#<!k& g a#<8 ./+ &9( ":1&91:1&9( b Y$ a#%A"#%8 b (7Y$ "0 #<;$46#<! - # &) +=.2.&)Y$# &9Y$#%8 ./+ ( +(
#%.2. !T(B&9:$; ` 46!$Z&)Y$#c:1!$8)#<+()"!$+0$.2#K# # - &94 A"#%!$#<(7(*&)Y$#c:1&9;$#%Z"8)#%#c.2+ b a# ;$42( - A"#%8)#<;
)
+ !$# * + - & c4 & 42(K#<4 &9Y$#%8 &)Y$# - +()# &9Y$+=&c&)Y$# () - +.6.2#<; 8)+! #
"!$#%!'&fg a#<8c./+ 46( !1&
+ - &):>+.2. ` + g a#<8
./+ b "8D&9Y$+=&
46&42( "8)#K(742Z"!$4 - +=!'&D&)Y>+! &9Y$#K&)Y$#<87( # 0g#%.242# A"#&9Y$+=&
&9Y$#K*?"8) #<846(+ - &9:$+.2. ` &9Y1# - +()# b 0$:&&)Y>+=& A#<8&9Y$#K& ` $4 - +.R89+!1Z"# &)Y>+=&
42( - "!$()46;$#<87#<; b +
g a#<85.2+ O46(+:$()# *?:$.,+1$8)
42+=&946"! C &5&)Y$42(
g42!k& b #f0g#%.242# A"# &9Y$# :1&9;$#%Z"8)#%# ./+ U46(
"87#()46Z"!$4 - +!k&
+!$;]&)Y>+=&&9Y$#K&)Y$#<8 #%8
.2+ ( - +! 0g#;$#%8)4 A"#<; *?8)" 46&
I 8)46; I $87 A46;$#<(c# - Y>+!$46() (*?"8f+=!$!$&9+=&946!$Z # + - Y !1;$#+!$; #<;$Z# Y$#%()#@ # - Y$+

!
'i
!$42(7( +=8)# - :$8)87#<!k&9. ` 0>+(7#<; "!Q:$(7#<8():1$$.246#<;Q#%$468)4 - +.;$42(B&987420$:1&)42"!1(f+!1; - "!$;$4 &946"!>+.
$8)"0$+0$42.646& ` 87:$.2#%( Y$#f8):$.6#<(5#%!1*?"8 - # - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"!1(0 #%& a#<#%! ;$4 #%8)#%!'&+=&)&)8)4201:1&9#%("! &)Y$#
(9+ #Z"8)+$Y #%.2#%#%!'&X+!$; - "8)87#<.2+=&946"!$(0g# & #%#<! ;$4 g#<87#<!k&XZ89+$Y@#<.2#%#%!k&9(&)Y>+=&D+=8)# - .2"(7#
&9 #<+ - Y &9Y$#%8 3546(7&)8)4201:1&946"!$(
+!$; 87:$.2#%( - +=! 0g# ;1#%&9#%8) 42!$#%; 0 ` # +=():$87#< #<!k& P "8#

+1.2# b #;$46( - A#<8)#%; K - "! - #<!k&)89+=&)42"!$("! +.6.&)Y$# - .2+()(a MN ():$01!$#%&)( a#$8)"0 #<; 4 &9Y
!$@+=! "(7&():$01!$#%&)(c+=$g#<+85&9]Y$+ A# + ;1"46!>+!k&5g#%89+=&)42!$Z ( ` (7&9#% Y$#<(7# '46!$;$(*
- .2:1(7&9#%8)#%; +=&)&)8)4201:1&9#%(f+87#A#<8 ` 42 "87&9+!k& *?8 I 8)46; ;1#<.246!$Z b 8)#%()":$8 - #]+=.2.2 - + &942! +!$;
( - Y$#%;$:$.246!$Z 8)#<(7# +8 - Y b 0 # - +:$()# : - Y *
&9Y$# 8)#%()":18 - #T+.2.6 - +=&946"! +=!$; ( - Y$#<;1:$.246!$Z a"8
&9Y>+=&XY>+(D$87 A#<; (): -%- #%()(7*?:1.S;1#< #<!$;$("! - .2:$(B&9#%8)#<; Y$"Z#<!$#%46& ` *S(): - YG+=&)&)8)460$:1&9#%( #
+;$;$#%; &9Y$46(f"&942!>+.8):$.6# &) I 8)46; I +( +=! #
1+ $.2# * - +1&9:18)42!1Z - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"! 0 #%& a#<#<!
+=&)&)8)4201:1&9#%( ! !$#<+8)0 ` Z"8)+$Y #<.2#%#%!k&9( #+.2(7 +;$;$#%; "1&)42"!$+.,8):1.2#<( - 8)8)#%./+=&)42!$Z]&)Y$#
;$4 g#<87#<!k&a+=&)&)8)4201:1&9#%(^* +KY$"(B&&9Y>+=&+=8)#!$& # +(7:$8)#%#%!k&a0$+()#%; b 01:1&8)# $# - &&9Y1#
(7#<!$(7420$.6#
0g#%.242# *?(D(7& #<"$.6#Y>+ A"# *\Y$ + - Y$42!1#<(
+8)# - "! >Z:$8)#%;
!1*?"8B&9:$!>+ &9#<. `"b A#<8 ` .246&7&9.6#42( _!1 !T+0 ":1&D&9Y1# - Y>+89+ - &9#%8)46(7&94 - (*\+ Z"8)46;]"8D!$# & "8
&9Y>+=&
+=8)#K8)#%$8)#%()#<!k&)#<; 0 ` &)Y$# +!$!$&9+=&946"!$( # "42!k&D&) &)Y$#K42!1*?8)+=&946"!&)Y>+=& #&)Y$42!
42(!1# - #%()()+8 ` &95;$# A"#%.2" ;1#<.2(S*$&)Y$#<(7#D.24 &)&9.6#^(7&):$;$42#%; !$#%& a"8 +!$;fY$"(7& - Y>+89+ - &9#%8)46(7&94 - (
Y$#D(): -%- #%()(7*?:1. - ".2.6# - &942!f*d&9Y142( '42!1; * ;>+=& + b +!$; &9Y1#D_;$#<.6(\&)Y>+=& - ":$.2; 0 #X;$# A"#%.2" #<;
*?8)" 46&
+87#K+ A#<8 ` #
- 46&)42!$Z 87#<()#<+8 - YG"$ "87&):$!$4 & `
! &9Y1# *?.2.2 46!$Z b a# 0 #<Z42! 0 ` $8)#%()#%!'&)42!$Z &9Y1# A#<8)+.2.K+8 - Y$46&)# - &9:$87# * I 8)46; I 46!
' # - &942! h Y$42.6# I 8)42; I - +! +$1. ` +! ` !':$ 0 #<8f*&989+=!$(7*?"87@+ &942!$( &) $8)_;$: - #]+
)
( ` !k&9Y$# &94 - Z"8)46; b &9Y1#<8)#+8)#D& a - "8)#
(7&)#<$( ,&9" ".2Z ` Z"#%!$#<8)+=&946"!+!$; +=!$!$&9+=&946"! ! # -
' +'
&942! b a# ;$#%( - 8)420 # Y$ O&9g".6"Z ` Z#<!$#%89+=&)42"! 46(;1"!$# +!1; ;$#< "!$(B&98)+=&9#f&)Y>+=& I 8742; I
',
- "!1*?8) (&9]&9Y1# g a#<8K./+ (* !k&9#<87!$#%&K&)"g.2"Z ` # - &)42"! ;$46( - :1()()#%(c:$8542!1()42ZY'&)(
42!k&9 &9Y$"(7#T.2+ ( b 42! - .2:$;142!$Z &9Y$#T+$>+=8)#<!k& - "!k&98)+;$4 - &946"! 0 #%& a#<#%!J& Q*&9Y$#% # -
'
&942! j ;$#%( - 8)420 #<(&)Y$# I 8742; I # - Y>+!$46() (5*?"8+!1!$& + &942! b ":1&).246!$#<(5&)Y$# 8)# :1428)#%#%!k&9(
* + _;$#<.*?8]+!$!$=& +=&)42"! b ;$46( - :$()(7#<( &9Y$# K - "! - #<!k&98)+=&946"! $Y$#%!$" #<!$"! b +!$; ;$#

!
'%
GIS
Grid
Simulator
Base Translation GridG Structured Topology
Topology To Structured Topology Power that obeys power laws GridG
Generator Common Law Annotator DOT
(Tiers ) Format Enforcer Visualization
Other transformations
on common format Other
Tools
' %)
(Cluster maker, etc)
P 46Z":$8)# I 8)46; I C 8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)#

( - 87420 #<(&9Y$#K" #<! 8)#%()#<+8 - Y :$#%(7&)42"!$(
"()#%;T0 ` &9Y1#c!$#%#<; *?"8D(): - Y + ;1#<.e+!1;GY$ a#
'.
+8)# +=&7&9#< 1&)42!$Z &)+=;$;$8)#%()(&9Y$#% P 42!>+.6. `b$ # - &)42"! - "! - .2:$;1#<(&9Y$46( - Y>+1&)#<8

I 78 42; I 42( 46$.6#< #<!k&9#%; +( + ()# :1#<! - #T*

&98)+!$(7*?8)+=&946"!$(f! + &)#
_& 0>+()#%;V87#<$87#<()#%!
& +=&)42"! *5+!V+=!$!$&9+=&9#%; Z"8)+$Y Y$# &98)+!$(7*?8)+=&946"!$( +87# Z#<!$#%89+.6. ` 8746&7&9#<![42! N #%8). b
'%
+.6&)Y$":$Z"Y &9Y142(42(!$&+ 8)# :$468)#%#%!'& P 46Z":$8)# 42.2.6:$(7&)89+=&)#<(XY1 U&)Y$#<(7#c&)89+!$(B*?"8)+=&)42"!$(
+8)# - " "(7#<; &9 Z"#<!1#<89+ &9# + Z"8)46; :$8)87#<!k&9. `"b a#c0 #<Z42! 46&)Y + (B&98): - &9:18)#<;GZ"89+=$Y 46&9Y
":1&K8)#%;$:$!$;$+! -%` &)Y>+=&K46(Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<; 0 ` &9Y$# 46#<8)(&)"g.2"Z ` Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9"8 Y$# !':$ 0 #<8*
!$#%& a"8 '(]+ &@#<+ - Y .2# A"#%.*&9Y$# &9" ".6"Z ` 46( &)Y$#G18)42+8 ` 42!$1:1& Y$46(@+=.2() 42!1;$4287# - &). `
() # - 4 >#<(K&9Y1# !':$f0g#%8c*aY$"(B&9( Y$# >87(7&K&98)+!$(7*?8)+=&946"! #<!1*?8 - #%( &)Y$# g a#<8 ./+ (K0 `
+;$;$46!$Z #
_&98)+ .642! '(5&9]&)Y$# Z"89+1Y Y$# ":1&9;1#<Z"87#<# #
"!$#<!k&c42(+42! 46!$$:1& Y$# !$#
_&
&989+=!$(7*?"87@+ &942! +!$!$&9+=&9#%(&)Y$#
Z"89+1Y@+ -%- "87;$42!1Z &)c:$(7#<8 ;$# >!$#<;]#%1428)4 - +.;$42(B&987420$:1&)42"!1(
"! +!$; - 8)8)#%./+=&)42"!1(5 A"#<8K+ &)&987420$:&9#<((7: - Y +(#%8 ` +!$; N eC ;$;$46&)42"!$+.S&)89+!1(7*?"8
@+=&)42"!1( - +=! 0 # +;$;1#<; P "8#
1+ $.2# b # - +! +;$; - .6:$(7&)#<87(K&)]()4 &9#<(! &)Y$# Z"8742; Y$#
>!>+.e":&9$:1& - +! &)Y$#<!G0g#A_42(7:>+.64 <#%; 46&9YG3 5b :$(7#<;G*?8 IB #%A=+.2:$+=&946"! b 8X*?"8&9Y$#%8
$:$8) "(7#<(

!
'h

!"#%$ &')(!*)!+
, - . /,0
1324*5
, - 67#98;:
< ) 2>=?@)2A B% C;EDA F
GIHKJMLNOJEP
' *)
P 42Z":18)# h N a#<8
./+(* !'&)#<87!$#%&
&9" ".6"Z `
QSRUT-VXWKY[Z\^]`_âcb dUeAb WKf g!RUdUb _>hKYjihKY kl\>]WKamnWKfU]èAachKb fSeA]
o} p~hKkUfleAlqr\>\>Kstac\>d)\,WKfl\4\>sUfSd)e WKfl\>fSe u%
%
u vvwUtxx yKyKzKz;zrEh{h{eeacacWKWKkUkUeAeA\>\>aaYY \4\4|;|;\^\^YY
b WKKdU\>fdlY \4W{sUed)\>WKstfld)\>WKfSfle \>fSe u%uvtwUx x zK^yrKEh{eh{ea`WKackUWKeAkU\>eAa\>aY \4Y |;\4\^|;Y \^Y
t ~kUeAl\>Kac\>\,W{flWSl\ ,3t#3l)
N ) gp UhKfl\^WKqSacb fU\4eAb _^W{hKnY
fUTWth{lst\b T- klT+WKkUeAU\^Kac\>\ ¢ @ S
W l
^
\ n
] @
£ b c
e ¤
c
] K
h
T 3
,
\ WK)kUecl\^Kta`\Ê\ U h^|; \]chKT\-achKflqSb fl
¡¥K¦ §¢@ackl\>T-¨SklVX\^\>fUa@_>W{RMW{lWKWKdUkU] eAl\>Kac\>\, @¢ kUT,V)\ânW{flWtU\^]£b eA¤WKkteAl\>Kac\^\X© ¥K¦¤ª
«
¬)² ³ «)´ ggjW{Uec\,hKY
®¯cft°±kUT,Vlb V)K\^Ka\^]`W{e\>dUb KhK\>b acf;]|KhKW{Yklfl\-WSW{l!\>eA]@l£@\-b eAKlachKb fMdl «#UWKdl]
¶µ gjmnW{WKecfUhK]`Y
eAhKftf;kUe-T,b V)f\^\>a¨tW{klh{fUecb WtWKlf¸\>]·Ub ¹ fr eAl\KachKdl uºuF{{tt» » ³ ³ yUzUx ·Kx ½K¼;K½K´´h{h{eeacacWKWKkUkUecec\^\âaY Y\>\>|;|;\>\>Y Y
¾ mnWKfU]èAhKf;e-b f\>¨tklh{ecb WKf¸·U¹ ·
' +' )
P 42Z":18)# _` 0 ".2(D:1()#<;G42! &)Y$42( - Y>+&9#<8

ÃÂ
¿ ÁÀ
I 8742; I Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<(R&9" ".6"Z"42#%( - $8742(7#<;K*$Y1"(7&)( b 8)":1&)#<87( b +=!$; MN ./+ ` #%8S.642!'( ! I 8742; I (
Z"89+1Y$( b !$_;$#<(T42! C (T+!$; F C ( +8)# 8)":1&)#<87( Y$46.2# !$;1#<(T46! L C ( +87# Y$(7&9(
":&9#<87( Y>+ A"#]( 46& - Y142!$Z - +=>+0$46.246& ` +=!$; ()#%A#<8)+. MN 46!'&)#<8B* + - #%( Y$42.6#@Y$"(B&9( Y>+ A# - "
$:1&946!$Z +!$; (7&)"89+Z#8)#<(7":$8 - #<(
' %2 %'%
# - #<!k& 8)#%()#<+8 - Y j b b
(7Y$( &9Y>+=&+! ` !>+ &9:$8)+.
+!$; +8B&94 - 4/+=.D!$#%& a"8'(
*?".2.6 &)Y$#]() - +=.2.2#%; ":1&);$#<Z8)#<#] #%8 ./+ b 42! - .2:$;142!$ZG(): - Y[#
1+ $.2#%( +( ".2# - :$.6#<( 46!
+ - #<.6. b &)Y$#] a#<8 Z8)42; b &9Y$# "87.2; 42;1# #%0 b () # - 42#<( 46! +!Q# - "( ` (B&9#+=87&94 - :$.2+8 b 8)# - #<!k& "8 b
()Y$ &)Y>+=&K!$& "!1. ` ;1#%( &)Y$# 11 %2%
11
!'&)#<87!$#%&&9g".6"Z `
*?".6.2 &)Y$42(^ #%8^./+ b 0$:1&+.6()5&)Y$#Dg#%#<8 &9 #<#<8()Y>+8742!$Z A#<8).2+ `
%2%
!$#%& a"8 I !':1&)#<.6./+
L 4 #&)Y$# I !':1&9#%.2./+ !$#%& a"8 b *?:1&9:$87#5Z"8742;$( 42.2.d0 ##% 0g#%;$;$#%; 46!
&9Y$# !k&9#%8)!$# &&)"g.2"Z ` +!$; &9Y':$( 46.2. .64 #%. ` *?".2.6 4 &9(D87:$.2#%(

!
''

'#"
( 6 2 + 4,
11
P +=.2":1&)()"( b #%& +.
42;$#%!'&)4 >#%; &9Y$87#<# ga#<8 ./+(K+!$; "!$# +=$$8)
42+=&)42"! 46! &9Y$#%42842!
>:$#<!k&)4/+. %222 ' ' +'
>+ #<8 P 46Z":$8)# h ():$ +8)4 <#<(X&)Y$#<(7#f.2+( P 42Z:$8)# ():$ +8)4 <#<(D&)Y$#
( ` 0 ".2(5:1()#<; 42! &)Y$42( - Y>+1&)#<8 Y$# 8)+!G#
g!$#<!k& ./+H(9+ ` (&9Y>+=&&9Y$# ":&9;$#%Z"8)#%# b b
*+ !1;$# b 46( $8)" "8B&942!>+.&9 &9Y1#]89+! *
&9Y$#]!$_;$# b b 8)+42(7#<;Q&9 &)Y$#]ga#<8 *+
- "!$(B& +!k& ! ":$8#
1+1.2#<(K+=!$; #%A=+.2:$+=&946"! b a# - Y$()# &9 >+8)+ #%&9#%8)4 <# ":18ga#<8
./+ (f+ -<- 8);$46!$Z &) &)Y$# 8)":1&)#<8.2# A"#%.;$+=& + 42! &9Y$# P +.2:1&9(7"(>+ #<8 Y$# >+89+=# &9#<874%#<;
89+! @#
g!$#<!k&./+ 46(
, '2
"j
'%
Y$#4 &)&9#%; - "!1(7& +=!'&&)#<8);$#%(!$&+ g# - &a:$88)#<(7:$.6&)(+!$; 42( - " "!$. ` ;18)"$ #<; % 1

C !$&)Y$#<8:$(7#%*?:$.e*?"87 *S&9Y1# 8)+! #
g"!1#<!k& #%8.2+ 46(

o ' h

$Y # ":1&9;1#<Z"87#<# #
g!$#<!k&c./+()+ ` (K&9Y$+=&&9Y$# *?87# :$#<! -%`"b b *+! " :1&9;1#<Z"87#<# b 46($8)
g"8B&946"!>+. &)&9Y1#f":1&);$#<Z8)#<#f89+46()#<; &9@&)Y$#f #%8*+ - "!1(7& +=!'& N +=89+ #%&)#<8)4 <46!$Z&)Y$#
./+ :1()42!1Z &)Y$# P +.2":&9()(D8)":1&)#<8.2# A"#%.e;>+=& + b # Y>+ A"#
0 1 j"h ' +'
C $! _;$# ( 89+!_46!$Z 42( ;$#>!$#<; 42! &9Y$#]*?".6.242!1Z X+ `bX- "!*?"8) 42!$Z 4 &9Y &9Y$# P +.6":1&
()"( >+ #<8 #;$G+]&9" ".2Z"4 - +.\(7"87&c*a&9Y$# !$_;$#<( 42! ;$# - 8)#<+()46!$ZT8);$#%8 =*X":1&);$#<Z8)#<#
#@&)Y$#<! +=()()46Z"! 8)+!'( + -%- "87;$42!$Z &9T&)Y$42(c"8);1#<8)46!$Z +!1; &9Y$#@!_:1 0g#%8 *!$_;$#%(f42! # + - Y
# :$46A=+.6#<! - # - ./+=()( C .2. !$_;$#<(46! &)Y$# - ./+=()( 46&)Y .2+8)Z#<(7&:1&9;$#%Z"8)#%#f+=8)# +()(742Z"!1#<; 89+!
%
,C .6. !$;1#<(46!@&9Y1# - .2+()( 46&)Y@&9Y$#()# - "!$; .2+8)Z"#%(7&a":1&);$#<Z"87#<#+=8)#5+=()()46Z"!$#%;]89+!
%
Y$46(+ -%- :$ :1./+=&)42"! - "!k&946!_:1#<((): - Y &)Y>+=&K+.6.\!1;$#%(42! &)Y$# - .2+()( 4 &9Y &)Y$#

!
',
%
_&9Y ./+87Z"#<(B&":1&);$#<Z"87#<# +87#c+=()()46Z"!$#%;G8)+! P 8D#
1+ $.2# b
% '
46*^&9Y1#<8)# +=8)# ii"i@!$_;$#<( 4 &9Y ":&9;$#%Z"8)#%# ./+87Z"#<8
&9Y>+! b +!$; &9Y1#<8)# +=8)# ii@!$_;$#<( 4 &9Y%
' %% %
":1&9;1#<Z"87#<# b &9Y$#%! &9Y1#!$_;$#%( 4 &9Y ":1&);$#<Z"87#<#@h 46.2.,0 # 89+!#<; i C .2.^!$_;$#<( 4 &9Y
(9+ #":1&);$#<Z"87#<# Y>+ A"#K&9Y$#K()+#8)+!'42!1Z
Y1# 42Z"#%!G#
g"!1#<!k&5 #%8./+ (9+ ` (&9Y$+=&&9Y$# #<46Z"#<!kA=+.2:1#<( b 7 b *,+Z"8)+$YG+8)# $8)
g"8B&946"!>+.^&9 &)Y$#]"87;$#<8 b )b 89+=42()#%; &9 &)Y$# a#<8 =*+ - "!$(B& +!k & #%8)# b &)Y$#@&9g".6"Z `
Z"89+1Y 42(a8)#<18)#<(7#<!k&9#%;T+=(X+!]+=; )+ - #%! -%` @+ &98)4
+!$;]4 &9(#<46Z"#<!kA"# - &)"8)(+!1;]#<42Z#<!kA=+.2:$#%(X+87#
*?":$!$; Y$#c#<42Z#<!kA=+.2:$#%(87#<$87#<()#%!k&5&9Y$# - "!k&)8)4201:1&946"!T*,# + - Y #%42Z"#%!kA"# - &9"8&9&)Y$#fZ89+$Y b
42! ;$# - 8)#<+()46!$Z8);$#%8
Y1# Y1" 1.2&#
g!$#<!k&K./+ H42(.242(B&9#%; +(+! +$18)
42+=&946"!T0 ` P +.6":1&)()"( b #%&K+=. &
(9+ ` (&)Y>+=&X&)Y$#5&9=& +.g!_:1 0g#%8D*S>+468)(X*S!$_;$#%( b
b 46&)Y$42!
]Y$"$( b 42(a$8)" "8B&942!>+.d&9
&9Y$#K!':$ 0 #<8*\Y$"$(8)+42(7#<; &9 &9Y$#K #%8
=*,+ - "!1(7& +=!'& b

6'4# 4 23+
)
$Y #<87# +=8)# +42!$. ` &9Y$87#<# & ` g#%( =* &)" ".2"Z ` Z"#%!$#<8)+=&98)(]42!J:1()# 8)+!$;$" hh
b Y$46#<8 .
+8 - Y$4 - +. b +!$;Q;$#%Z"8)#%#0>+()#%; 35#%0>+=&9#%( +(f&) Y$4 - YQ& ` g# 46( 0g# &)&)#<8f*?"8 !'&)#<87!$#%& Z"8)+$Y
%'
Z"#<!$#%89+=&)42"! Y>+ A#c #<87()42(B&9#%;T A"#%8+ .2!$Z g#%8)42_;]*\&942 # h
:$8D0g#%.246#%*\42(X&9Y$+=&+ Z_;
Z"89+1Y Z"#%!$#<8)+=&98(7Y$":$.6; $87;1: - #G+ - .2#<+8 Y$42#%89+8 - Y ` &)Y>+=&@+.2(7 *?".2.6 ( &)Y$# ;$42( - A"#%8)#<;
1
g a#<8
./+ ( 46#<89+=8 - Y$4 - +.eZ"#%!$#<8)+=&98)((): - Y +( 42#<87( ji b "i
+!$; 89+!$(746& &):$0 ji
- +!
Z"#<!$#%89+=&)# + - .2# +=8 Y$42#%89+8 - Y$4 - +.X!$# & "8 b 0$:1& &9Y1# Z89+$Y1( ;1"! & *?".2.6 &)Y$# ga#<8 ./+(
% 2
0 ` !>+ &9:$87# Y$#T;1#<Z"87#<# 0>+(7#<;JZ"#%!$#<8)+=&9"87( b (7: - YJ+( !$#%& hj b h"h
bDE 8746&)#
b &)Y$#%.%
%& %1
FT g a#<8.2+ OZ89+$Y Z#<!$#%89+=&)"8 h
+!$; NLRDI
b Z#<!$#%89+=&)# Z"89+1Y$(&9Y$+=&5*?".6.2
&9Y$#
g a#<8a./+ ( b 0$:1&Y>+ A"#!1 - .6# +8Y$46#<8)+8 - Y$4 - +.d(B&98): - &9:18)# Y1#&9g".6"Z"46#<(^Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9#%; 0 `
I 8742; I *?".2.6 &)Y$#Kg a#<8./+ ( Y$+ A#f+ - .2# +=8X&9Y$87#<# .2# A"#<.eY142#<8)+8 - Y `

!
'j

4# 7 / + #4#,54 23
I 8742; I &9 + #%( &)Y$# ":1&91:1&T=* +[0>+()4 - Z"89+1Y Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9#%; 0 ` 42#%8)(G+( 46&9(]46!$$:1& Y$46(
24 !$$:&XZ"8)+$Y]Y>+(!$ 8)#%;$:$!$;>+=!'&.642!'( I 8742; I +;$;1(X.246!'(a&9 &)Y$#5Z"8)+$Y + -%- "87;$42!1Zf&9 &)Y$#
":1&9;1#<Z"87#<#5 #%8D./+ #%! - # b &9Y1#5Z"89+=$Y$(XZ"#%!$#<8)+=&9#%;]0 ` I 8)42; I Y>+ A"#K+ - .2# +=8a&9Y18)#<#.6#%A"#%.
Y$42#%89+8 - Y$4 - +.(7&987: - &):$8)#@+!$; *?".2.6 &9Y$#g a#<8c./+ ( Y$# *?".2.642!$Z 42(c+ "87#;1#%& +=42.2#%;
;$#<( - 8)461&946"!
% I #%!$#<8)+=&9#+ 0>+()4 - Z"89+1Y 4 &9Y$":&f+=! ` 87#<;$:1!$;>+!k&c.242!_(K:$(742!$Z 42#%8)( 42#%8)(K46&)()#%.6*
Y>+(()# A"#%89+.S>+8)+# &9#%8)( b (7g# - 4 - +.6. ` &9Y$# !':$ 0 #<8*,!1;$#%(
+!$; !$#%& a"8'(+=&
# + - Y
.2# A"#<.S*Y$42#%89+8 - Y ` 8)+!$().2+=&9#K&9Y1#fZ"8)+$YT46!k&9 I 8742; I (!>+ &946A# *?8)+=& Y142(
0>+()4 -
)
Z"89+=$YGY$+(
&)Y$8)#%#c.6#%A#<.2(*Y$42#%89+8 - Y ` C bgF C b +=!$; L C >C &#<+ - YT.6#%A#<. b &)Y$#
!$_;$#<(+87# - "!1!$# - &9#<;G0 ` + 46!$42f:$ ()>+=!$!$42!1Z &)8)#%# + - YG.6 #%8D.2#%A#<. !1#%& a"8 46(
- "!1!$# - &9#<; &9 "!$# !$_;$# "! &9Y$# Y$46Z"Y$#%8 .6#%A#<.^!$# & "8 Y$# Z"8)+$Y 42(Z":>+=89+!k&9#%#<;
&9 0 # - "!$!$# - &)#<;
h C 7( ()42Z! #<+ - Y !$;1#+=! :1&9;$#%Z"8)#%#
+=&89+!1;$":1()42!1ZK&)Y$#D":1&);$#<Z8)#<# #%8.2+ +(^&)Y$#
;$42(B&987420$:1&)42"! Y1#X$8)0>+0$46.246& ` &)Y>+=&,+A"#%87&9#
46!c&9Y1#!$# & "8 f46!'&)#<8)+ - &)( 46&)Y
&9Y1#<8!$;1#<(;1# - + ` (+(a+c #%8./+ Y142(18)"0>+=0$42.646& ` 46(a( - +.6# *?8)#<# b # +=!$42!$ZK&9Y$+=&
'
# - +!T#
_&9#%!$; Z"89+=$Y$(=*+! ` ()4%#f46! &)Y$42(
@+=!$!$#<8 j
;1#<(=*^":1&);$#<Z"87#<# !$#
11 .
;$#%A_42+=&9#f*?87" &9Y$# #%8./+ +(5;$#%( - 87420 #<; 0 ` P +.6":1&9(7"( b #%&K+. beP 46Z":$8)# 0

# (7#%& +(5&)Y$42(46(5&9Y$# - +()# *?"887# +.8)":1&)#<8K.2# A"#%.,;>+=&9+ I 46A"#%! ":1&9;1#<Z"87#<#
'
h b a# - +. - :$.2+=&9# &9Y$# - "878)#<(7g!$;$42!1Z *?8)# :$#%! - 46#<( + -%- "87;$42!$Z &9
1 +2 1 +2

b Y$#%8)# +!1 +, 1 .
; 5h +8)# &9Y$#G;$#%* +=:$.6&)(*?"8>+89+=# &9#<87(
Z"46A#<!V+ - "! >Z":189+=&)42"! >.2# 7 7 b Y$#<87# 42( &9Y$# &9=& +.D!':$ 0 #<8 *
!$_;$#<(46! &)Y$# Z"8)+$Y # &9Y1#<! Z"#<!1#<89+ &9# + 89+!1;$" !':$f0g#%8 0 #%& a#<#<! +!$; %
%
*?"8# + - YG!$_;$# b 46* b &9Y1#c!$_;$# 42(
+(7()42Z!$#<;G":1&9;1#<Z"87#<# d46* b
&9Y$#!$_;$# 42(c+(7()42Z!$#<; :1&9;$#%Z"8)#%# h 46* b &9Y1#@!$_;$#@46(

!
'.
l! ! '! $ X24( 2A!X$

- C
C C

&')(!*)!
M C
C C

1324*Ã
, - C C C

B% C;EDA
-

' , )
P 46Z":$8)# I 8)46; I &)" ".2"Z ` Z"#%!$#<8)+=&98D#%A=+.2:$+=&946"!
+()(742Z"!1#<; ":1&9;1#<Z"87#<# ' b #%& -
' X +. - :$./+ &9# 9& Y$# 87#<+42!142!$Z ":1&);$#<Z"87#<# =*# + - Y !$_;$# + * &9#<8 & + '46!$ZT&9Y1# .246!'(f*D&)Y$#
46!$42f:$ ()> +!1!$42!$Z &987#<#K42!k&) - "!$(742;$#%89+=&)42"!
, C $; ; 87#<;$:1!$;>+!k&K.246!'(&9&9Y$# Z"8)+$Y$(0 ` 89+!1;$" . ` - Y$_"()46!$Z]>+468)(*!$;1#<( 4 &9Y
8)#%@+46!$42!1Z":1&9;1#<Z"87#<# i ;$#%(+=&Y142Z"Y$#%8^.2# A"#<.6( ?# Z b' C +87#Z"4 A"#%!$8742"8746& `
A"#<8
!$_;$#<(+=&
.2 a#<8.2# A"#%.2( # Z b F C "!k&)42!':$#K&9+;$; "87#8)#%;$:$!$;>+=!'&.246!'(
:$!k&946. !$ >+4287(D*\!$;1#<( 46&)Y "(746&94 A"#":&9;$#%Z"8)#%# - +! 0g#*?":$!1;

3
!G&9Y142(D()# - &)42"! b a#c(7Y$U&9Y>+ &
&)Y$#KZ"89+=$Y$(
Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<;G0 `GI 8)46; I *?".6.2 &9Y$# a#<8
./+(
P 8 - " >+8)46()"! b &)Y$#
0>+()4 - Z89+$YZ"#<!1#<89+ &9#<;@0 ` 46#<8)(42(a+.6() ()Y$!]42! ":$8 >Z":18)#<( Y$#
0>+()4 - Z"8)+$Y +(Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<; 0 ` 46#<87( ji i jii ki j % % , %%%%% b #<+!$42!1Z "!$# C
%
- "!k& +=42!$46!$Zcji F C ( b # + - Y - "!k& +=42!$46!$Z i L C ( Y$# C - "!k& +=42!$(aji"i!$_;$#%( b Y$42.6#
,
&9Y$# F C ( +=!$; L C ( - "!k& +46! ki +!1;[jT!$;1#<( b 87#<(7g# - &94 A"#%. ` Y$46( 42(c()42 42.2+8&9 &)Y$#
>+89+=# &9#<87(:$()#%;G46! =&9Y$#%8
# A=+.2:>+ &942!$( h
%'
',
P 42Z":$87# ()Y$ (5&9Y$+=&&)Y$#f#
g"!1#<!k&9(*&9Y$# &9" ".2Z ` Z"#%!$#<8)+=&9#%; 0 `TI 8)46; I @+ & - Y
8)":1&)#<8a.2#%A#<.g;>+=& + *?8)" &9Y1# P +.2":&9()(a>+=g#%8X : - Y]0 #%&7&9#<8a&9Y>+!&9Y$"(7#5*e&)Y$#50>+(74 - 42#<87(

!
'&
1.6
1.4 GridG
1.2 Tiers
log(d)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
' 6)
log(r)
P 46Z":$87# j L Z .6"Z $.6&D* :&9;$#%Z"8)#%#KA_( +!'46!$Z
3.5
3 GridG
Tiers
2.5
2
log(f)
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
' .*)
log(d)
P 46Z":$8)# L Z .6"Z $.2=&D* P 87# :$#%! -%` A_( :1&9;1#<Z"87#<#

!
'1
7
log(number of pairs)
5
2 GridG
1 Tiers
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
' (& )
log(number of Hops)
P 42Z":18)# L "Z .2"Z]1.2& *D!':$f0g#%8c*X>+4287(K*X!$_;$#%( 46&)Y$42! Y$"1(cA_( !':$ 0 #<8 *
Y$"$(

1.2
1
log(Eigenvalues)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 GridG
Tiers
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
' 10)
log(Order)
P 42Z":18)# L "Z .2"Z 1.2&D=*#%42Z"#%!'A=+.6:$#<(46! ;1# - 87# +(742!$Z "87;$#<8

!
'2
Z"89+1Y Y$# - # - 42#%!'&)(X*e;1#%&9#%8) 42!>+ &942! b b 87#<$87#<()#%!k&Y$ a#<.6. +cga#<8X.2+ 1&9(&)Y$#
Z"#<!$#%89+=&)#<;;>+=& + # - +!@(7#<#&9Y>+=& I 8)46; I $87;$: - #<( A=+.6:$#<( - .2"(7#&) b &)Y$#42;$#<+. Y$# %
', ' ' . ' (&
#
g!$#<!k&9(
42! P 46Z":$87# +87#&9Y$#K().6" #<(D42! P 46Z":$87#<( j b b b +=!$; '1
'P 42Z":$87# j42(\+.2Z .6"ZD$.2=&\=*>":1&);$#<Z"87#<#A"#<87():$(^8)+!'42!1Z # - +!f(7#<#&)Y>+=&+.642!$#<+8 $&
"! &)Y$42(eZ89+$YK#
11./+46!$(e&9Y$#8)#%./+=&)42"!1()Y$465*?"8 I 8742; I ( &9" ".6"Z ` A"#<8 ` #%.2. Y$#;$4 A"#<87Z"#<! - #
+=&^()+.6.189+=! '(46( :$46&)#D42!k&9#%8)#%(7&946!$ZK+!$; (7Y$ (:1 46! (7&):$;$42#%(* 8)# +=.1&9" ".6"Z"42#%(46! - .6:$;$42!1Z
11 , %. .
P +=.2":1&)()"( b #%&f+. b,P 46Z":$87# 0
+!$; F #<;$46!>+ b #%&f+. "h b\P 42Z":18)#
#% A_42!1Z &)Y$#
'
&9Y$87#<# ;$4 A"#<87Z"42!1Z ;>+=&9+g42!k&9(*?87" P 42Z":18)# j@46! - 87# +(7#<( &9 i ! # - &)42"! b a# 22 ',
42.2._;$#%( - 87420 #D+5 &9#%!'&)4/+.!$# 89+=! c.2+ [&)Y>+=&_;$#<.6(\&)Y$42(,;146A"#%8)Z"#%! - #+=!$; - +! 0 #X;$#%8)46A#<;
*?8)" &9Y$#K":1&);$#<Z8)#<# ./+
'.
P 42Z":$87# (7Y$ (+ .2"Z .2Z $.2=&*\*?87# :$#%! -%` A"#%8)(7:$(":&9;$#%Z"8)#%# I 8)46; I *?.2.2 (X&)Y$#
%
":1&9;1#<Z"87#<#D#
"!$#%!'& #%8./+ QA"#%8 ` a#<.6.1#
- #<1& Y$#%! :1&9;$#%Z"8)#%#D# :>+.6( b Y$4 - Y 42(,!1&
$.2&7&9#%; 42! &9Y1#@Z"8)+$Y$( #Y>+ A"#]+.68)#<+; ` !$=&9#<; &9Y>+=& &9Y142( ;$46A#<8)Z#<! - #@42( 42!k&)#<!k&946"!>+.6. `
42!$;$: - #<; &9 0 #%&7&9#<8+=& - Y 8)#<+. &)"g.2"Z"46#<(
' (&
P 42Z":$87# 42( + .6"Z .6"Z $.2& *&9Y$#]!':$ 0 #<8 =*>+=428)(f!$;1#<( 46&)Y$42!
Y$"$( A#<87():$(
!_:1 0g#%8*Y1"$(
.6# +87. `bdI 8742; I (&9" ".6"Z `- "!1*?8) (X&9 &9Y$46(g a#<8./+
'1
P 42Z":$87# K46(+K.6"Z .2"Z51.2&^=* &9Y1#
#%42Z"#%!kA+=.2:$#%(46! ;$# - 8)# +=()42!1Zc"87;$#<8 # - +! ()#<#&9Y$+=&
I 8742; I +Z"8)#%#<(A"#%8 ` a#<.6. 46&9Y &)Y$42( #%8c.2+ b &)Y$":$ZY ":18#
g!$#<!k&9(c;$#%A_42+=&9# ().642Z"Yk&). `
11
*?8)" &9Y$#K;>+=&9+ Z46A"#%! 0 ` P +.6":1&)()"( b #%&+.

À

À

% 2 %1 %&
!"$#% # # &(')
*+&,'-
. /
0 21

&*34567 &
89;:<+=>@?A!:B
# 6
&C
EDF+3G:H 3DF 7
!
IG:B
3G:JKMLNO=P*3Q*3RS*3T+ VU-S*3T+/
; W*3R X.0 /S!:B
09;:JZY\[%*31
7
/]> ^
/3+=_*+O

9&`>6Ua
OEXI
b] "

I&W*+
cdOeB
G:f

!
,
&
DF
O*9 I*+$*+ =d 09*3 cd6 &
*3 *3/D` 7 &

9;: >8&*+X # R%DF7& X)E5 &_*3 +7SG:

R3;:J :
EDF+3G:&4TO=
3 QS3 *3B =6*3&

& .
>M*+X *3` &
X &*3cd*+
*37/X;0G:J
*+O +7)9;: DF3+!:JBDF

c- 7&
9;: ]
>
5 EDF+3G:J*3 # :B/!: X 7 &

d9;: DF+3G:J DF
c d
9;: >
&/Z S;
# 7 :B ;
G # X M
3G: DF 33G:J DF
c
7 &
9;: >f*+A7 RD%
S*3T*+3* *3
f
9;: *3J
*3 =/cd
)&
*+ * X Z 7 &
R9;: >
f
9;: *3f:J
>
f 7&
R9;: *3 :J
>
f $*3& O *+

&d *+
& S*3T*+3*+*3 *3 7
;XT3JI *
D 7*+/7&
E3;:
0
) I
DF3+!: 3 D 9;:J>
[,7

cd
# 0:B6 & ;
3*+
#
7 &
8
3 *+*3&*+
DF
c

*3 JIG:B
A9;: *+8 7X ` I+*+ .Jc 3`
> [%*+X ++= # ;
3*+
:B
ZX JG:J
X *3 O 37 3G:5DF+3G:J`DF

c 7&
9;:W & X cd :B
*3T*
*+O +7 &81 3f9;:J>
7
TS3*+DI*3 A&/I*+T*3+*+ =Q*3 A; > LPAG: *+ *3 S*3T+f
&
*+ IG:B
9;: +* f
E3G: DF
c A7&
A9;:@ X 7
A&*

*3

; f I+*+E &C* I
8 D)_IG:B
d9;:<G
/c07eC D *+
*3 3 :B73&Q3 *3
> f B7

*+*+ * DX =)7*3A B7 &

9;:a*3
(
. *3 `>PLP6 & Z DF3+!:J*+
3 *+*3( cd Z9;:J
! :
/9;:#"%$ 7&
R9;:'&($ ) *+O +7 9;: >

!

3.5
2.5
log(f)
2
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
log(d)
[%*3 7
]> 1 303 JD%&
* &6D91 &63G: >

%
6 24
$e
*+MDF
c
P3G: # :/&
*+/MDF
c Df 7&
9;: > TS
DF
7=d D $& :J*+ 7 &
$7 X #
A$7cTI
BD $& :J* d7 &

,> TSd
*3M DB d$& :J*+7 &

X>Z$*3cd*39
+= # 3 TSd

*+ D, J$& :J* 7&
J7X > ')*+ E A 7 &
Q& #
&6
*3 D $&f:J*+Z 7 &
# )DF
7 =8 D% 7 &

d*3
&
Y\]> ^
! G: # 7T*+7 ZDF

& *3
0 +7
&*+4 8
P9;: Y )$7.1

*3 M]> ^ >f*3f *+

o o

& Y
^ Y
^ Y\]> "^
d*+c +*+D = DF7

#

& o Y ^ o o
Y\]> ^

!

f*30
3 *+*3_*3R*+ Df8IG:B
3G: X.E $*9. DF
7 =( &7&
>
[%*37
E]> !:J E31 3d+ ) D *3)&
*+ &_7&
3G:-Y )7X. *3 P]> ^ >QLP
X;R&
*+& M7 &
RSG:
3;: DF
cH
/IG:B
A9;: >

24
$e
*+/DF
c 7&
E3;: # : . c & Z&
*+ IG:B
)9;: DF
A E
1
7 &

9. *3 *+`> 7
R&(
7+Q*38
53;:V:J*3e(*+Q MIG:B
03;: > D
7
A
;*+/*+

# *+ G:J 0
69;: TS0&
* & DF
c
7&
3G: > U J&*37&M;
3*+
# :RTS3*+ Xf :
9;: # :J*+e8:B
&
*+ DF
c 7 &
)9;: # *+cd
7
X
*3 *3X ,
d9;: *3/Xf*
A 7X `S3=/&X.eETI

>
[ *3
# )

& Y\]> ^

:J
*3 B 7c0TI
D,$&%*3Q
# V*3 c *3c7c
7 &

&
*3 f7cTS
DI& :J*+E7 &
J& #
% DF
7 =E DS7&
f& > f

c *+*3c7c<DF
7= *3 # 7
X
:BEc7)c/ &
0 8Y )7X *+4]> ] ^ >
7T *+7 *+ # :B RX

& Y WK} ¾ Y\]> ^
[,
cH &*+*3fD%
Z &8DF
7= # :BQ

&
Y\]> ^

fXB*3 #

E DI A$& :J*+/7 &
*+ 7X , RA37 J ,$7cTI
D &f:J*+8 7 &

)T*3
X > *+E ) 7 &
9;: Y )$7 *+6]> ] ^ # :B

O]
1.6
1.4
1.2
log(d)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
log(r)
[ *37
)]> 1 303 JD%&
* &8&1
A3;: >

#
"! &

%$
&
%$
Y ]> ^

#
DB:B 7cd X &H*3)ZO * E

*+X 7cTS
# )G:J5*34X S
(' *) # :Bd
M&
* ) )DF+3G:J*3
9*3*3ZTS :B
Z &67 &

+! & -,/.10 2'43SY0&

^ 053SY60&87, !^) Y ]> ^

3 :9 <
?
# SY ^ & ;= CB
*+ J*3c/ D efDF7 *3 # & 3SY60&87E, ! ^ &<;= $ >
>@? >"A >@?

#GF
[ *37
]> *+ +1 3J+ %DX *+ &
*+ &E
Q3;: > 7

*3*+ = # *3 &
*+ &E9;:
*3A *+&; SG:

9;: 2H *+J*3JD\
JDF
c d
*+O +*3> D 7
A&
*+*36*+

#
*+ *3)3
X.)
9;: & )DF+3G: DF
c 7&
9;: > [X7

cd
#
7
)&
*+ &59;: *3 TS
) d 7X T
&5 S3 *3 4 E
3;: >
U + 3$ f[ *37

]> QG:J :JZ
+IJ ] #
9*3*+/TS :B
3R
&/+R7 &
A*3 ;
+=dR
*3 +*3 # *+$*3R I
D RIG:B
9;: R&*+

3 *+*3`> f DF
+LKJ ]*3f*+c *+9
EXAG:J8DF
R 7X

3.5
2.5
log(f)
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
log(d)
[ *37
]> 1 33 fD%&
* &M&1 D 9;: 7*+E : &1
f9;: >
7
J3 ` S3 =/*+8[S37 # ' # [%*3 7
Y\T ^ > )
[ *37
Z]> 6G:J Z+1 3M3 D Z7&
8 &@DF
7=
9*3*+
XJ 8TI &

*+ &6DF
cH :
9;:VY )7X*3M]> ^ & )7X*38]>>

&&*+ *+ R
&7*30
3*+ *+ S+ =0X $& A3 SD` #
*+&

c7038 e. dI 3 =8:J*+4
*+T7 ) D * )+*3 #
7
#
:J*+e # &8>
U d0 :
63*+ TX &:J*3& & 9. = # :B0;
+=68 R77 D
7&
+=$*+
7 7

.
# 3
*+0:B
*3/ :
*3 c c7*+ =
&*+7&
+*3
> U (
X*+ # :BZX;6 + T7*3 0*+_')
*3&X' ( *+X
DF;7
R /3*+*++=Z
:B
M+*3ZTX&:J*3& 4 & 9 =>JL0 7cdQ

O L4U
J&*3
*3T7*3
&* I ! U
# M ! & U ! + 3 # & * f7
cde *3c )7+=c8> *+c *+9

+= # J&*3
*3T7*3% DS f:J*+e*3 TX&:J*3&

"

!#" %$&'( )%*,+ -. -( 0/13254675%321.89:4
; <=;3> ;3>@?? ><@A B? C )D > ! E
# 6752 ?
> ;A ;??? <=;3> F?? G)#H C 5 IJJ 5! " *%%@K D
D B ;A?? <=;3> ;A? 5 L)#HD > !#E H
4L:@ ;
B ; ;F?? A1<< D A B?? C )D > 6M :%" " *%%@K >
[ *37
)]> *+3 = A X7
*+J
&MTO= *3* *9`')
*+&,' e.
>
&QTO= 7

*3R X7
*3
D$
7

S* X X+ >%'
*3&,'W 3
&cd+=
TX & Z 73*3&6&*3

*+T7*3>
?AeX

*+ *+E
/*3&
T =cd
c 3I> 7
Q*3* *3
*+c/. *3
*30
;E e@
*+T7 / DA E*3&S&O += > fZ7
E73*3E (c *+
*+;
&*3
*+T7*3WDF
8
*+T7 # &@:B63 /
& c =TX& ( X. &*3
*+T7 *+`>
? .
*3T7 6
_ 6*+&S&O # !:B
> f*+6!
*3cd+* X&
e

7
X T+E
7+> [%*+7
]> G:JR cd3) D*3++=McT*3X*3 D
X 7
*30 X. ; (
7+;> f6d S;
*3++=5TI; 7Z =$*3 9
7
AI *+ TI 7 !: 0
*3T7 AD *+&* *+&7X c/ e*3R
Q+* += /TS
3 &`> [X
% cd3 # :fI X. c T7=
:J*33$ 3B fcdcd
=Q DS c e*+
# &_ R D :

:J*+ _ d7c0TI
RDON &
Q

+=4+ *3
) c S*+
P
RS>
f
3_*3

3 *+ETS :B M
*+T7 D c e*+E
6
; eN
*+ :B
S3 =>#f4 T$*+7 c + *3/W+7
# *3 :J*3e
*3 +=_7+&(c e*30G Z*3&O *3 B

*3T7 > LN*+3 :Z W7S
E37

*3 &&*+ *+X

M
DF
c *+ 3*+*++=/
c #

R
cd3%

*3E cdAc e*+f
$c =0QX;

J3* cd
f*+ c cd:J*
; e8
f X8:J* Z 3*3OJf XA7) cM>
C 7
57e *+O
!1 8 & *3O
1
*+T7 _

9. *3 # :P$ &&
'
*3&,'QP 6
Z:J*
*+_ X87S
7
1 73*+& &* *+X

T T*3+*+ =
7+> [X
d cd3 # M7

X/ :J* @DF7
d
cd

$
6X;_ 3; @'SR< DRcdcd
= > DF+3G:J*3 # :B4&
*+TIM 41

*3 # 8 Df

cdc
P 4*3O
.1 Q
73Q7&W M
O *33 =4 #
*3O
1 R5O
*+W
73dDF
07T E&
*+ &WDF
c c 7
cdO # &(!:
cd3) D*3T+ e*3> M

7+
E
=&_&58TSE&
*+ &
DF
c cd; 7
c O;> LP &
*3TS 7
I
B0 7

7 d*3O cd; 7
c Q&
>

0

' * 0 cd& D&*3

*+T7 *+ &Q

9*3 D eX

*3*3 # * :B7+&0TS
3 * +=Z
*3ODF
:
&8
Q
3*+ *+
*+T7Q*+DF
c *3`> ? G:
#

J*3cd :B)&E fG 7e8 c + c $&ITS 7 D )&* 7+*3
*3 +3 *+)

7 d*3OB cd7O DI&Xe DF
c :J*+edQ*+DF
Jc $& > LA S;

TI X
A /&8 &d*3 # &M:B0G Q
*3& 7cTS
D%e*
7A 7*3

&Xe # :J*3e6:BQ&*+7A9

>
53*+O) D d+*3cd*+& &e # :B X; c/&d'

*3&,'a e*3 DF
c 87
1
73*3&C
73 &C
;. & P /D)cdcd1 M
73> @ *+d:;= # M7

O

&_
*+T70*3DF
c *+8*3
; X T3 *+ D\ # &_ : &*+
*3T7$1
*3 ) &_

9. *3
E&*3G
& # E7
;P&&_
7+ ')
*+&,' 6c

&
*3&DF
cM> ( 7

O *+c
3cdO *+ # 7
E
7+e /DF
c
D
DF7 *+> !#"%$'&)(+* DF
) DF7*30
*+ P8:J*3ePd7
0;*+c 1
+=8 && *3

A
7+> [X
J cd+ # [%*37
Q]> ;
] !:J dDF7 *+MDF
c RG
*+/

3 *+Z cd N
e*+7
# # )$7cTI
f D N A
A & N
>
3$ /
[%*37
d]> MG:JQ :B c +
7+Q &&&P 8 *+)DF
cd >%f%X
Q
7+ ;=$Q
] & /T*+

e* 7
Ec e*3 7S
Zc
QX N # :J*3+Q
&4
73Q ;=$ X DF
O=
e*+ 7
# c *3c7c
$7cTI
D N A I

*3 >/[%*+7
]> "
O ')
*+&,'QP )& D\ 7 Q
73 *3 ) 3*+`> f
73 TS
cdG&M
JX &MT=/ 7
&8:
7+J; 6TSR &&&`>

sub ARCHandOSandCPUrule {
my ($arch, $OS, $numcpu, $cpuspeed) = @_;
#add rules here
#rules end here

return 1;
}
[%*37
]
]> G BJ7+ DF
cd !
*3W

9. *3 cd N
e*+ 7
# R #
A # &
$7cTI
J DN N 3$
. >
sub ARCHandOSandCPUrule {
my ($arch, $OS, $numcpu, $cpuspeed) = @_;
#add rules here
#example rule: Intel arch can't support more than 4 CPU/host
if(($arch eq "IA32") || ($arch eq "IA64")){
if($numcpu > 4) {
return 0;
}
}
#example rule: Max num of CPU is 1024
if($numcpu > 1024) {
return 0;
}
#rules end here
return 1;
}
[%*3 7
)]> ) cd+)
7+>

1. One CPU will have at least 64M memory.

2. One CPU will have at most 4G memory.
3. More CPUs, more likely to have bigger memory.
4. One CPU will have at least 10G disk.
5. More CPUs, more likely to have bigger disk.
6. More memory, more likely to have bigger disk.
7. More disk, more likely to have more memory.
8. Intel&Windows box will have at most 4 CPUs,
other type may have up to 1024 CPUs.
9. Intel Arch and other Arch have different distributions
of CPU MHZ.
10. Host load is not correlated to any other attributes.
[%*+7
]> " D\ 7+f
73>
LP TS+*3 /

4
+; / :BW =SZD

3 *+ cdP P

*3T7 > f
d =$I8*3E6

3 *+
O/.
*3T7
cd4M&* I D
*3&* $*3&7X% # X cd = #

9*3) cdZ 7cTS
D N # N 3$
#
c c

=)* # &*3)* # > LP 0 *++= *3c *+ *3cdS
O

3 *+ D*3 =$I>
[,
Bc + # :)7c )QI*+*+

9*3dTI :Z 7cTS
D N A
J &

)+J+* +=d
`cdcd
= # &6 Jc/e*3 :J*+8cd
SN
7
*36 D
LN*3&G:J>%f/ 7c *3 R S;

*3_7
R&D\ 7
7+R !:JP*3P[%*3 7
E]> " >
cdAD

3 *+
&
cd*3*+*3RY\> > # Rc e*+f:J*+ N bP
7
:J*3&G:J J*+A I

*3 =$ c ^ # &M

TX T*+3*3 *+EY\> > # c/ e*3 :J*
] N A
*3)3* +=8 6X;dc
cdcd
= I
N X 5 N c e*3 # T7

*++= > ^
f &/ =$IA*3BR

3 *+ TI :/ .
*3T7 D c/ e*3 XB
A
; eW
Q*+5 :B
4 I+ = # c += #

3 *+ 7eW _O
*+

Load Arch
OS CPU Mhz Num of CPUs
OS vendor Memory disk
[%*3 7
)]> S&R
>
P{mem=1024}
P{mem=1024 | numcpu=2, arch=MIPS}
[%*+7
]>
) c +) D &*+ *+X I
TX T*+3*+ = >
N7T &

*3TS&4*34 *3 4]> " > & G:J5*+4[%*+7
Q]> ]> f*3 =$S D

3 *+Z*3fcd +=
TX T*+3*+ *+ >
4c d 6')

*+&,'< e
0DF
c
X
=$S DJ

9*3 # :BZ 1
7cd0d&S&

G:J *3 [%*37
R]> >J? 3O &8*3A*3&S&O D

*3T7 A*+67
Jc $& > U
e*+ 7
Q*+
$ J D )
R6 R 7cd*3Z
*+ *+B)c Of

*+T7 # &
*3* X X.f*+B9
=d&*3& :JX f; Z
7Z
/) & G: c O= N )*+ *3A3* +=Z /X; > N3;
+=Z 8 &
&S&)
RS>SLP0TS+*3 RX c c

=8 &M&*38* 0*3A3*
+=Z
G: :J* M07c0TI
D
N A
M c e*3 >
LN* _ *+ &S&/

# :
; Pc/ '
*3&,'aDF
c 8

9*3)T=P $1
+=$*3W&*+*3XA

TXT*3+*+ = # e *3W &*3
*+T7 *+CDR N
*+T7 MTX &N

*3T7 &5TI DF
E* ;>Q[X
*3 cd+ # :BE:73& X

*3 8
e* 7
#
7cTS
J D N ATX &88XJe *3 # & XX3+=d Qc 7JD%cdcd
= TX &
0 :BZe*+ # G:J_*3 [%*37

Q]> *+
> f
Oe_ S;
/:B
8:B+

"
*3
*3 #
*3*3T+ > DF+3G:J*3 # :
OA*3 &e*3, )31
*+c 7& eR0 U ! *+

$
> f *3A
I & DF
A; e U !
*3 S+ => Zc 0E&
*3*3
; *3
Z7&
e & # :E
O !:
eX
A D Q3
*+cH*+6[%*3 7
]>
>
> D 8

*3MDF;7
Y *+ ]> " > ^ *3J 7
&4 # # DF
A; e
7T)Y\
& U ! *3/ 7
S3= ^# 3 R O
*3 I
O1
VDF
c<Q7
7
. *3 X+ > ! $ # + Q& c *+X O
e* 7

DF
7T J
&*3Q Q 7
X 7
*3 X3> 3 &cd*3 O

&*3 Z&cd*3X O0
e*+ 7
DF
R U !
Z*30
> f &cd*3 O

e*+ 7
R & /DF
f; e U ! >
>A[X
;e #
A
e*+ 7
JDF
% J B
&*3 R&*3
*+T7 *+I 1
&Z*3
*X )7
J7
T3 3 > D ZO
*+ZDF;7
*+ 7
&6 #
eX

e* 7
) &cd*3 OJ
e*+ 7
):J*+6
T T*3+*+ = d>
]>JU
e*+7
d*3 7TI&*+$*3&&P*+O 6

7 # 7e ) O U
e* 7

D\ cd*3+= # # > ) &Q&*3

*+T7*3)DF
e
7QX *+ G:JI* X # $7cTI
D N & N 3$
M*+ X7
3 > A*+P &*+
*3T7 *+ #

. 5
&*+MM
e*+ 7
=$I> Df R5O
*+
DF;7
/*3 7
& (& Z
e*+ 7
TS(e &W &cd*3 O

e*+ 7
# 3de ) R
& / R&c *+X O I>
> *3 &*+

*3T7 *+ #
N
4 &
+ @ 7c0TI
D N

&*3E ER
e* 7
) =$I>
" >JU +=d )7

f
73 G
*3 )

9. *3 cdE
e* 7
# # $7cTI
D N A
& N +
> DB
73E*+R R *3& # 8TX 6d9
`>

"
>fZ7cTS
E D N *+7TS&* *+&&(*+O 4
f
7 # 7e Z$7cTI
D N #
F K
# F K
] $# ]
F K
# > ) e@
7(X E* G:J
c c
=Z& &*+Z* &M*36 R X7
*+
&*+
*3T7 *+6S* X X3> fR 1
X7
*+6*3f7e
76:J*+ AX J&*3
*3T7*3
9
)7cTS
J DN
DF
Jc c
=Z& &*+
* RX
D%*3
Jcd; 6 X8 DF
A
78:J*
/c + 7c0TI

D N > LN*+ *3 e_
7 # :BE +=M " &
"+$
6&5 &_ " & "%$(!"
6 X c e*+Q:J* 49

7cTS
D N AB*+ cd
f3* =0 *+
; * cdcd
= &d&*3S> *3 3 = # :B
$# (%'"%$# $ & "+$ '"

() *# (%'"%$# $
"%$(+ , -(.,
=M & Z
( (./10 2)-3 4,065 (.7272398:)<; =398?> N @5BA25 >C8D3E72A.37GF,D>IH-3/98D3(5D3JA4,D5 3 >C8KF

c * :J* c c0T D c c c
()-HLH-A25 NMPOB0-A2/10QA25R(S5K,D8D39)-T,0U3)-A4)-T 3/10V(.)-A25 W>8YXU8D> >,A4>C)ZX-8D> -( -A274A4,[F\()-H

c c D c T T
8(.,D3 W;-)-/,A2>)-5] L3YHUA25D/9;-5D5B,0U35D3 W;-)U/9,A4>C)-5BA2) >C8D3HU39,1(.A27 N374>ÔJ]

D L )D 6c `T
"] EX-XU74F_,D0-3$;-5K3868D;U723\TC>a`38D)UA2)-Tb,0U3$/>C8K8D372(.,A4>C)c( >C)-TL,0-3$)<; N386>.d N @5M

JU c cT
c 3 >8KFc5KA 3.MH-A25 c5DA 3MJ(.)-#

c H Je=MB(8K/10-A4,D3/,;-8K3MY()-H N f/74>"/ c8D(.,3.] dg,D0-3
/>C8K8D397h(.,DA2>C)-5+(8D3J)->,B5D(.,A45 V39HiMVTC>kjV(/ &,D>k7h(5l,B5K,39Xi]

U]'mJ39)-38D(.,3 Je`C39)-H->C8'(//9>C8DHUA2)-TI,>kAG,5 Je=]
U]BnEX-XU74F6,0U3o;-5K38p8K;-72395'TC>a`38D)UA2)-T,0-3R/>C8K8D372(.,A4>C)qj=3,[O!393) Jer()-
H Jeq`C39)-H->C89] d
,0-3J/9>C8D8K37h(,A2>)6A25?)->,B5D(.,A45 V39HiMVTC>kjV(/ &,D>k7h(5l,B5K,39Xi]
sat ]'mJ39)-38D(.,3 ($74>(Hu`.(72;U3dW>C8g,0U3q0U>C5K,(/9/>C8KH-A2)UT\,>$,0-3 5KX=39/A -3H*H-A25l,8DA4j-;U,DA2>C)uA4)
;-5D398B/>C) -TC;-8(,A2>) -723]
sCs ]BnEX-XU74F,0U3:;-5K38P8D;-743vTC>a`C38K)-A2)UT',0U3:/9>C8D8K37h(,A2>)YjN39,[O:339)g72>C(Ho(.)-HR>.,0-398w(.,K,8KA2j-;U,D359]
dwAG,BA25?)->.,B5(.,DA25 -3HiMxTC>kjV(/ ,>k7h(5l,B5K,D3Xi]
s^y ]BnEX-XU74F,0-3p>a`38(.727;U5D38?8K;-723'TC>a`C398D)-A4)-Tk(8D/10UA4,39/9,D;-8D3.M YeNMU)<;-zgjN38+>.d N @5M N

y
Start
Select number of CPUs, CPU

clock rate according to arch for
Is OS concentration on? the host.
Yes
Select OS concentration Is user rule satisfied?
percentage P.
Select dominant Arch and proper Yes
dominant OS for the LAN. Select memory and disk size
according to number of CPUs.
Apply promotion probability and
Select Architecture for the host rate functions.
on the LAN.
Is user rule satisfied?

Is OS concentration on?
Yes
Yes Select OS vendor according to its
change the selected host OS for the host.
Arch to dominant Arch
with the probability P.
Select OS according to its arch for
each host. Yes
Select Load value for the host.

Is OS concentration on?
Yes
If the host arch has been changed
to dominant arch, change the
host OS to dominant OS. Yes
Is overall user rule satisfied?
Yes
Finished annotating all hosts

on the LAN?
Yes
End
2A TC;U8D3U] s 74>aO /10V(.8K,@>dP,0-3Y(74TC>C8DAG,0-zq]

/74>"/ 68D(.,3.M=z3z>C8KF 5KA 93MNH-A25q5KA 93M Ye `C3)UH->C8p(.)-H\72>C(HS>.d ,0-3R0->C5l, MNA4d AG,'A45')U>,
5(.,DA25 V3HiMVT>j-(/ &,>k5K,D3X -]
s U] d@(727 ,D0-30U>C5K,D5g>C)Q,D0-3 n ! (8D3 ()-)U>,1(.,D3HiMwTC>S,D>\)-3 ,o5K,39XiM >,D0-38lOBA25D3.M TC>q,>

5K,D3X y ]
s -] 398DzA2)V(,3]
?0U3IX-8D>Cz>,DA2>C)\XU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[F6dW;-)-/,A4>C)$()-H$,D0-3gH-39z >,DA2>C)rX-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[F6dW;-)U/9,A4>C)$z (X

sub promotionProb
{
my($numcpu, $maxcpu, $mincpu) = @_;
my $pp100;
$pp100=100*($numcpu-$mincpu)/($maxcpu-$mincpu);
return $pp100;
}
A2TC;U8D3 U] s A4)-3 (8?XU8D>Cz>,A4>C)&X-8K>CjV(jUA272AG,[F dW;U)-/9,DA2>C)i]

sub promotionProb
{
my($numcpu, $maxcpu, $mincpu) = @_;
my $pp100;
$pp100=100*sqrt(($numcpu-$mincpu)/($maxcpu-$mincpu));
return $pp100;
}
2A TC;-8K3U] yt >aO:38@X-8D>z >,DA2>C)X-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[FdW;-)-/,A2>)i]

dW8D>Cz ,0-3!);Uzgj=398 >d N '5 ,>p(pX-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[F M,0-3?XU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[F,0-(., z3z>C8KFR()-HIHUA25

5DA 93@OBA4727VjN3'A4)-/8K3 (5K3H X-8D>z >,DA2>C) w>C8:HU3/8K3 (5K3H H-3z>,A4>C) jV(5K3H&>)&(R0U>C5K,

P 5:);Uzgj=398
>d X-8K>"/935D5K>C8D59]Bn 72(8DTC398B);Uzgj=398E>dwX-8D>/395D5K>C8D5p743 (HU5@,D>()SA2)-/98D3(5D39H\X-8D>z >,DA2>C)q()UH\(
H-3/98D3 (.5D3H$HU3z>,A4>C)SXU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[FC] w(A48D39HSOBA4,D0S,D0-35K3g(8K3Y,D0-3oX-8K>Cz>,A4>C)q()-HrHU3z>,A4>C)
8(.,D3 dW;-)-/,A4>C)-5MPOB0-A2/10bHU39,398DzA2)-3k,0U33 ,D3),I,>qOB0-A2/10uz3z>C8lFZ()-HuH-A45 5DA 3OBA2727vjN3
/10V()-TC39Hi
] ?0-3H-39d
(;U74,R8(.,D3 dW;-)-/,A4>C)QH->;-j-72395 .0-(74`35o,D0-3z3z>C8KFZ(.)-HuH-A45 Z5DA 93M jU;U,
;-5D398w/ (.)o5DXN3/9A4dFJ,0U3A28 >aOB)g8D(.,3:()-HRX-8D>Cz>,DA2>C) H-3z>,A4>C)EdW;-)U/9,A4>C)-59] A4TC;-8D3 U] s B5D0->aOB5

(r72A4)-3 (8YX-8K>Cz >.,A2>)LX-8K>CjV(jUA272AG,[F\dW;-)-/,A4>C)iMwOB0-A4723 A2T;-8D3 U] y.t 5D0U>ÔB5k(SX=>aO:38odW;-)U/9,A4>C)

OB0-38K3Y,D0-3JX-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[F>dwX-8D>Cz>,DA2>C)&A4)-/8K3 (5K35Bd
(5K,D38+OBAG,0 ,0-3J)<;-zgjN38B>d N '5]
P>CTC3,0-398M,0U3?X-8D>Cz>,DA2>C) H-3z>,A4>C)YX-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[FY()UH8D(.,3+dW;U)-/9,DA2>C)-5w/>C),8K>C7U,D0-3?/>C8
8D372(.,A4>C)Z/>3 /A43),gjN39,[O:339)*)<;-zoj=398g>d N '5g()-Huz3z>C8KF >8oH-A45 5DA 359]$e"0U>ÔB)bA4)

A2TC;U8D3 U] y"s A45B,D0-3oA4) V;-39)-/3R>d XU8D>Cz>,A4>C) X-8D>jV(j-A472A4,[F&()-H\8D(.,3JdW;-)-/,A4>C)-5] d 5K,8K>C)-TC398

!
"
#$% &('*) +
,-
% &('/.0
1324 &('/.)
2A TC;U8D3 U] ys ) V;U3)-/93\>dJX-8K>Cz >.,A2>)*XU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[F ( )UH 8(.,D3qdW;U)-/9,DA2>C)-5 >C) /9>C8D8K37h(,A2>)
/>3 /A43),@j=3,[O!393)\)<;-zgjN38B>d N65 '5'()-Hqz 39z >8KF C> 8?H-A25x]

!" %$ '( )%*,+ -. -. /13264576%%2 .8 :4
>
; <=;3>
;A
;3>@??
;???
A1<< D A
F6; 8 >
;?1>@B?
F??
C
L)#H C 5
76I%JJ 5 5! ! =7 %33 5!
I, 5!
8B
D B ;A?? ;?1>@B ;A? 5 L)#HD > 6M :%" 6762 ;
B ; ;F?? <=;3> F? C )D > 9 "2 > $ " *3%@K D
2A T;-8D3 "] yCy e"3)-5KA2j-743J0->C5K,D5BTC3)-398(.,D3HSj<F&/;-8K8D3),pmJ8KA2Hxm ()-)->.,1(.,D>C8]

/>C8K8D372(.,A4>C)-5 (.8D3B8D3 ;UA28D39HiMj=>,D0kX-8D>Cz>,DA2>C)k()UH H-39TC8(.HV(.,A4>C)IX-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[Fg()UH 8D(.,3?dW;-)-/

,A2>)-5B(8D3J/10->5D3)q,>kA2)U/8D3(5D3d
(5l,398BOBAG,06,0U3Y)<;-zoj=398@>.dwX-8K>"/935K5D>C8K5]
?0UA25q(72T>C8DAG,0-z ()-H ,0-3 H-3d
(;-7G, 8D;-74356O!>8 _O:3747J()-H TC3)-398(.,D3 8D35K;-74,D56,0V(.,S(8K3
5D3)U5DA2jU723;] :S>C8K3I8D;-7435/ (.)ZjN3I(HUH-3HL(5E,D0-39F (.8D3IH-A45D/>a`38D39Hi] A4TC;-8K3 U] yCy 5D0->aOB5Y(dW39O
8D3 (.5D>C)V(.j-7230->5K,5@TC39)-38D(.,39HSjF6,0U3Y/9;-8D8K3),EmJ8KA2Hxm A2zX-7239z 39),1(.,DA2>C)i]

0

=<?> @> B A

?0-3)-z (XLX=>C8l, 5D/ (.)-)-A2)UTS,>>C 7 ' satCt ) 0V(.5R,0U3&(j-A472AG,[Fr,>SH-39,D38Kz A4)-3(q0->C5l, P 5o>CXN38D(.,A4)-T

5KF5K,D3z jV(5K3H >C) 0->aO A4,5 N65 C5 A2zX-7239z 39)<,(.,A4>C)rjN30-(a`359;] DQ3I;-5K3HZ)-z (X\,>65K/ ()
sat H-A =38K3),@/7h(.5D5 NEC5)-39,[O:>CG8 F<59M=jN>,0q(., ! >C8K,D0O!395K,398D)$(.)-HSjN374>C)-TCA4)-To,D> (k/>z XV(.)<F
,0V(.,Ez(.A2),1(A4)-5'(X=>X-;-7h(.8@O:3j$5KA4,3.@] C[)$3 (./10$5D;-j-)U39,O:3g>CjN38K`3H Jer/>)-/39)<,D8(.,DA2>C)S,>
-.IH:25" J:@," 2 67LK525J!" 25:21#-. %*321,:MH@K*25*321,%:@," 2 %*321,:MH @K%*3MH25" J34 -.

!O X5: ,321 >
; 99 "" 25254646OO NN PQ8SRQ8 U< T F LD V M> W
D ; R@SD P T F LD V SF W F6O; W
P SF W
D 89" 2=Z7 Y B? R B[ ? T ;?S? W ;?S? W
\!] O X5\ : ,321 B
<
6M :%"
6M :%"
A PMRMP [
B6; R B6%
A T FF V M> W
; T ;?S? W
A1M< W
88 SBSA WW
A 6M :%" >=; R >=% ; T ;?S? W
)_XGMX575M :
PF 7676%%33 5 5!! >=;B R >=;^ B T ;?S? W
;F PMR ;F P T ;?S? W
FPW
F8W
N OK&%" , 8;? 7676%%33 5 5!! P > RMP@D T > T 8M8 8MW 8 W
;8;R;8` 88 M>O; WW
a @,:M :*,+6" 25 8SP A
A2TC;U8D3U] y [b J e&/>C)U/3),D8(.,DA2>C)q>Cj-5K38K`3H\A4)cC5_5D;-jU)-39,D5]

`(.8DA2>;-5?H-3T8D3395MV,0-(.,BA259MU,0-398D3JO+(.5B,[FX-A4/ (7474F>C)-3H->CzA2)-(),B>CX=398(.,DA2)-TI5lF5K,39zS]
A2TC;-8K3 U] y *5K0->aOB5S,D0-3 HV(.,1(bdW>C8q(747E,0-3 sat 5D;Uj-)-39,D5] ! z(.X /9>C;-72HU) P ,q8K3/>TC)-A 93
39`C398KFI0U>C5K
, P 5 JeRdW8D>z AG,5 N65 C5V)-TC398DX-8KA2),5 jN3/(;-5K3@)Uz(XoH->"395D) P ,v0V( `C3 -)-TC38KX-8DA4),5
dW>C8(.727+`C398D5KA2>C)-5 >d3`C38lF Je=] @>Ô:39`389M@)U>,A4/3 ,0V(., 39`3)cAGdEO:3\(5K5D;-z3S,D0V(., (727?,D0-3
;-)-8D39/>CT)-A 93H Je"395YO:38K3>d+( ,[FXN3 >.,0-398Y,D0V() ,0-3H->CzA2)V(.)<, Je=M O:3 /()Q5l,A4727 (5K5D398K,
,0V(.%, Jeu/>)-/39)<,D8(.,DA2>C) 3 UA45K,D5A4) (727 sat 5D;-jU)-39,D5]*e";-jU)-39, $A25 F<)->aOB) ,> j=3 ( A2)<;
/72;U5K,398Bj-;U,B,0-398D3JA25?)U> /972;-5l,38?A4) 5D;-j-)U39, -M I()-H U]

5P3>CXU723J(8K3'`C398KF65K3)-5KA4,DA4`C3',>g,0U3pX=>8K,+5K/ ()U)-A2)-Tk(.)-H&,0-398D3dW>C8D3EO:30V( `C30-(H&,>g74A2zA4,
>C;-8Y(/9,DA4À4,[F ] '>aO:39`C398M TCA4`3) ,0-A45Y5D(zX-723g>.d
6z (/10-A4)-35J()UH sat 5K;-j-)-3,5M A4,J5K33z5

72A F.37GF6,0V(.,E5D;-/10 JeS/9>C)-/39),8(,A2>)-5p>//;U8p>C)\z ()Fr5K;-j-)-3,59] C ,J(725K>&(XUX=3(8D5p5K3)-5KA2j-743

TCA4`3)L,D0V(.,Y5D;Uj-)-39,D5I(8K3>aOB)-39HujFZA2)-H-AGÀ2H-;V(.7 >C8DTC()-A (.,A4>C)-59M ()-HQz ()F >C8KT()-A (.,DA2>C)-5
0V( `C3J5K,()-HV(8KH-A 93Hq>CXN38(,A2)UTg5KF5K,D3z5E(.)-H 39`C39)Sz (/10-A4)-359] nE)->.,0-398Bd
(./9,>8+A25+,D0-33 "A25
,3)U/3o>.d /74;-5K,D38K5'A4)qOB0-A4/10r3`C38lFq)->"HU3R0V(.5'A4H-3),A4/ (70V(8DH"O+(8K3g()UHS5K>d,[O+(.8D36] DL3Y0V( `C3
(H-H-39Hq,D0-A25 Je6/>C)-/93),8D(.,A4>C)qj=390V( `"A4>C8+,>I,D0-3RmJ8KA2Hxm 8D;-743jV(5K3Y(5@() >CXU,A4>C)V(7=dW3 (.,D;-8D3.]

Q3 0V( `C3 X-8D395D39)<,D3Hm8DA4HxmkM(B,D>">7CdW>C8 TC3)U38(,A2)UT'5lF"),D0-39,DA2/ />CzX-;U,(.,A4>C)V(7CT8DA2HU5]wmJ8KA2Hxm
D
X-8D>H-;-/935 5K,D8D;-/,;-8K3Ho)U39,[O:>C8GFp,D>CX=>72>CTCA435N,0V(., >j=3Fp,0-3vXN>aO!398P72( OB5 >d[C[),D38D)U39,P,>CXN>C72>TFC]
D 0-A2743YHU39`C3972>CXUA2)-T m8DA4HxmQP 5?,>X=>C74>CTF6T3)-398(.,D>C8MxO!3RdW>C;-)-Hr,D0V(.,@,[O!>>d ,0U3oXN>Ô:38E7h( OB5
8(.`) F()-H6>C;U,DH-3T8D33'3 "XN>C)-3),B72(aOB5 :(8K3EA4)/>) VA2/, ] DL3EH-398DAG`C3H (R)-39O 8(.)`F 72( O dW8D>Cz
,0-3g>;U,H-39TC8D393I7h( O ,0V(,/>C)"dW>C8Dz5'O:3747wOBA4,D0\X-;-j-74A25K0-3H$HV(,1(&>C) (/,;V(.7 ,>X=>C74>CTCA435'()-H
0V(5 (X=>aO:38v7h( O72A F.3+8(.)-TC34] DQ3B5DXN3/9;-7h(,3?,0V(, ,0-A45 )-39O_7h( O_A45 (Jj=3,D,398v(X-X-8K> UA4z(,A2>)
>dw8D(`) F&jN30-(aÀ4>C8]
?0U3v,D>CXN>C72>CT.Fp()U)->,1(,A2>)/>CzX=>)-3), >dUm8DA2HVm*/ (.)R(.)-)->,(.,3 ,D0-3v)-39,[O:>CG8 FJ(.//>8DH-A4)-T
,>p;-5K38 5K;-X-X-74A23Ho3zX-A28KA2/ (.7HUA25K,D8DA4j-;U,1(,A2>)-5P()-HI;-5K38 /9>C)-H-AG,A2>)V(7<X-8D>jV(j-A472A4,[FJ8K;-72395] +O!>

F A4)-H-5 >.dx/>C8K8D372(.,A4>C)-5 (z>C)-Tp0->5K,5 (.,D,D8DA2jU;U,395 (8D3:/>C)U5DA2HU38D39H()-HIj-;-A474, A2),>pmJ8KA2Hxmb^/>C8

8D372(.,A4>C)-5 j=3,[O!393)q()&A4)-H-AG`"A4H-;V(7V0U>C5K,
P 5?(,D,8KA2j-;",35!()-H&/9>C8D8K372(.,A4>C)-5 j=3,[O!393)q(.,D,D8DA4j-;U,395
>C))-3(8DjF 0->C5l,5] DL3@H-39`372>X=39H (YjV(.5DA2/'5D3,!>di8D;-7435v,0V(.,:/ (.XU,;-8K3E/9>Cz z>C)5D39)-5D3pA4),8(
0->C5K,P/9>C8D8K37h(,A2>)-5] ?0-8K>C;-TC0Y)-z (XjV(5K3Hoz3 (.5D;-8K3z3), MÔ!3v>CjU5D38l`C39H Je/9>C)-/93),8D(.,A4>C)-5
A2)q(727N,0-3 C5_5K;-j-)-3,5@O!3JX-8K>Cj=39Hi_] DQ3Y(HUH-3H ,0-A45@(5B()qA2),398 [0U>C5K,B8K;-723.]
p3`C3972>CX-A4)-Tk(H-HUA4,A4>C)V(7N8D;U7235+OBA4727N8D3 ;UA28D3z>C8K3p0->C5l,Bz 3(5D;-8K3z3),BHV(.,(g,>k()V(.74F 3.]

DQ30V( `3J,D8DA43H (g)<;-zgjN38?>d ,D3/10-)-A <;-35?dW>C8?(./ <;-A28KA2)-TI5K;-/10qHV(.,1(I(.)-H60V( `C3JjN33) 72(8DTC3974F

;-)-5D;U//395D5ldW;-7] DL3+/>)<,DA2)<;-3+,D>p3 "X-74>C8D3!O!( F5 ,>(/ <;-A28K3?(p8DA4/10g5D3, >dNz 3(5D;U8D3z3),D5wdW8D>Cz

OB0-A2/10 ,>kH-398DA4`3o(I72(8DTC398+8D;U723j-(5D3dW>C8@m8DA4Hxm ()U)->,1(,A2>)-5]

m8DA4Hxm O+(.5&;-5D39Hc,>u3`(.72;V(.,D3S,D0-3 B?m Cle5KF5l,3z ()-H 5K39`C398(7>.,0-3985KF5l,3z5&,0-(.,
8D3 <;-A48D3J5KF),0U39,A4/o(.)-)->,(.,39H ,D>CXN>C72>CTA235 ' s M s t )]

?0-A25$/10V(.XU,398ZHU35D/98DA4j=395Z,D0-3bz >.,A4`.(.,DA2>C)MYHU35DA4TC) ()-H A2zX-7239z 39),1(.,DA2>C) >d>;-8!<;-38lF

8D39OB8KA4,K,A2)UTg,3/10U)-A"<;-395',0-(.,B3)V(.j-723d
(5l,BX-8D>/395D5DA4)-T>dw/9>CzX-723 #<;-38KA2395]
$ &% ' (
*)

n NX >aO!398KdW;-7 dW3 (.,D;-8D3 >d B?mCleLA45Y,D0V(.,R;-5D398D5g/()LOB8KA4,3+<;-38KA2395gA2)Qe-,/. ,0V(.,R5D3(8D/10LdW>C8
/>CzX-723 />z XN>C5DAG,A4>C)-5>d!8D35K>C;-8K/359M 5D;-/10u(5RT8D>C;-XU5R>d!0->C5l,5g(.)-HQ)-3,[O!>8GF 8D395D>C;-8K/395M
,0V(.,Ez 3939,E/>C74723/,AG`C3Y8D30<;-A48D39z 39)<,D5] ?0U35D31<;-398DA435Mi(5',D0-39Fr(8D3R3"X-8K35D5K3HZ;-5DA4)-T32K>CA4)-5M
/ () jN3 `38lFb3 "XN3)-5KA4`C3q,>$3 U39/;U,D3M+0U>Ô:39`389] C[) 8D395DXN>C)-5K3M:O:3 0V( `C3qA2),8K>"HU;-/39H dW>;-8
3 ,39)-5DA4>C)-5B,>I,0-3R-e ,/.Q5K3743/9,@5l,1(.,D3z3), b
465 >C)UH-39,D38DzA2)UA25Dz b ,D0-3J8D395D;-7G,?5D3,'A45?(I8()UH->Cz 5D(zX-723p>.dP,D0-3J8D395D;-7G,B5D39,B>.d ,D0-3pdW;-727
<;-38lFC] ?0-A25?3 ",D3)-5KA2>C)SA25?X-8K>"/935K5D3Hr(;U,D>Cz(,A2/(727GFC]
4 e"/>X-A2)-[T b ,D0-73 <;-398KFRA25w74A2zA4,D3H,>('8D3TA2>C)R>dV,0-3:z >H-39723HR)-39,[O:>C8 FNM<TCAGÀ2)-T'(E8D395D;-7G,
5D3,@,D0V(.,@A25B(kH-3,38Kz A4)-A25l,A4/p5D;-jU5D39,'>dP,0-3dW;-7487 <;-38lFC] ?0-A25B3 ",D3)-5KA2>C)SA25?X-8K>"/935K5D3H
(;U,D>Cz(,A2/(727GFC]
4 nEX-XU8D> "A2z (.,A4>C) b,D0-93 <;-398KF P :5 2K>CA2)-5P(8K3:3972A4z A4)V(.,39HY()-Ho)U39O />)-5K,D8(A4)<,D5w(.8D3:(H-H-39HiM
TCA4À4)-TE(@8D395D;-7G, 5D3,w,D0V(., A45w('H-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/v5D;Uj-5D3, >d-,D0-3:dW;-74;7 ;U38KF] ?0-A45w3 ,D3)-5KA2>C)

"
-
8D3 ;UA28D395 0;Uz()U5 ,D>XU8D>/35K5 A4,q()-H A256;U5D3H A2) K/()-)-39H <;-398DA2395 -MEX-8D3 OB8DAG,D,D3)
<;-38KA235?dW>C8?/9>Czz >C)UX-7h(/93pA2) ;UA28DA4359]
4 ?A2z3!jN>C;-)-HUA2)-`T b ,D0-73 <;-38lF >C8 ,D0-3 B?mCleo5D398K`C398 w/()IX-7h(./3+74A2zA4, >C)o,D0-3!O!(7274/74>"/ F
,A4z 3p>.d ,D0-3 ;U38KF] ?0UA25B3 ,39)-5DA4>C)qA25?X-8K>"/935D5K3H$(.;U,>Cz (.,DA2/ (.7274F]
?0-3oTC>C(7 >dw,D0-35K3o3 ",D3)-5KA2>C)U5MxOB0-A2/10S/ ()Sj=3Y;-5D39Hr>C8l,0->TC>C)V(7474FM-A25?,>z ( F3YA4,@XN>C5D5KA2j-743
dW>C8E,0U3g;-5D398 ()UH B?m Cle @,>&,D8(H-3o
> ujN39,[O:339)Z,D0-3I8D;-)U)-A2)-T&,DA2z3R>.d!( <;-398KF ()-H$,D0-3
72>(HoA4, X-72(/395 >C)() B?m Cleg5D38l`C398 ()-HI,0U3?);Uzgj=398 >dN8D395D;-7G,5 8D3,;-8K)-3H] ?0-3B3 ,39)-5DA4>C)-5
8D03 <;-A48D3p)U>g/10V()-T35+,>R,0-3 B R :\eN] DL3(8KTC;-3',D0V(.,?AG,!A45!5K;/A239),B()-H (XUX-8D>CXU8DAh(,3BdW>C8
( m Cle&,>kX-8D>aÀ2HU3YX-(8K,DAh(7=8D35K;-74,D5MVXV(.8K,A4/;-72(8D7GF&(I8D()-H->Cz 5(zX-723.]
C[) ,0-A45q/10-(XU,398MO:3QH-395D/8KA2jN3L>;-8 <;-398KF 3 ,D3)-5KA2>C)-59Mo(.)-H ,D0-3A48qA4z XU723z3),(.,A4>C)i]
DQ3S(725K> X-8D395D3),&(LXN38KdW>8Dz ()-/3 3`(.72;V(.,DA2>C)b>.dp>C;-8A2zX-743z3),1(.,DA2>C)L,0V(.,5K0->aOB5 ,0-(.,
(qz3 ()UA2)-TdW;U7w,8D(H-3> j=3,[O!393) <;-398KFZX-8D>/395D5KA2)-Tq,A2z3k()-HZ8D395D;-7G,Y5D39,R5DA 3A25JXN>C5D5KA2j-743
;-5DA4)-TE>C;U8 ,39/10-)-A ;U35MC,D0V(., O!3+/()g;-5K3!,0-(., ,D8(HU3
> ,> F339X ;U38KFR8D;U)-)-A2)UT',A4z 3v72(8DTC3974F
A2)-H-39X=39)-H-39)<,w>-d <;-398KFJ/9>Cz XU723 "AG,[FCM.()-HR,D0V(., O:3:/()ojN>C;-)-HY,0-3 8D395DXN>C)-5K3 ,DA2z3 >dV( ;U38KF]
?0-35K38D395D;-7G,5YH-3z>C)-5l,8D(.,3k,0V(,RO:3 /()QHU372AG`C398YXN>aO!398KdW;-7 8D397h(.,DA2>C)-(7 <;-38KA2395Y,D>S;-5K38K5M
OB0-A2/10 A25J(&)U3/395D5D(8KF 5K;-X-XN>C8K,dW>C8E>C;-8TC39)-38D(7 (8KTC;-z3),,0V(,Ym Cle\5lF"5l,39z 5J5D0U>C;-72H jN3
j-;-A27G,?>C)S(I8D372(.,A4>C)V(7NHV(.,(z>H-37]
$ )!)!( /( !(

5 w(8D(727437-(.)-HkH-A25l,8DA4j-;U,D3H(X-X-74A2/(.,A4>C)-5 (.8D3?)->,vA4),38K35l,3H A2)IA4)-H-A4À4H-;V(7"8D35K>C;-8K/35 XN38 5D3.M
j-;U,J8(,0-398pA2)$/9>Cz XN>C5KA4,A4>C)-5'>dv,0-39zS] >C8E3 -(.z X-743Mi5K;-X-XN>C5D3(&HV(,1(6XV(8D(727437 X-8D>TC8(z
0V(5 jN33)k/9>Cz XUA27239HR,D>8D;-)k>C)gdW>C;U8 X-8D>/395D5K>C8D59] n+,v5K,1(.8K,;UXiMA4, OBA2727<O!(), ,>J(5 F <;-35l,A4>C)-5
5D;-/10o(5 V)-HYz 3 (?5D3,w>.d"dW>C;U8 ;-)-"A <;-3v0->5K,5 OB0-A4/10RA4)J,D>,1(.7C0V( `C3:j=3,[O!393) t ] B()-H s m R$>d
z 39z >C8lFI()UHOB0-A4/10(.8D3B/>C)U)-3/,3Hj<Fk)U39,[O:>CG8 FIXV(,0-5v,0V(,v/ ()X-8D>aÀ2HU3E(.,v743 (5l, y : R.5
>d jV()UHUOBA2HU,D0OBA4,D0)->Rz >8D3B,0V() satCt zA27472A45D3/9>C)-H-5w>d 7h(.,D3)-/FC] Le";-/10 <;-395K,A4>C)-5+/()&jN3

"
-
select
“Find 2 hosts with Linux that h1.insertid, h2.insertid
together have 3 GB of RAM” from
hosts h1, hosts h2
where
h1.os=‘LINUX’ and h2.os=‘LINUX’
and
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=3072
2A TC;U8D3-] s b nE) B?mCle*,;U38KF]

8D3 (.H-A27GF&XN>C5D39Hq,D>8B+m Cle6;-5DA4)-TI,0-3Re-,/.Q72()-TC;-(TC3]_C[)UH-339HiM=e-,/.Q723,5+,0U3R(.X-X-72A4/ (.,DA2>C)>C8
;-5D398E/>zgj-A2)U3Rzg;U74,A4X-7238K35K>C;-8D/935pA4)\(8Kj-A4,D8(8lF&O!(aF59] A4TC;-8D3 -] s 5K0->aOB5( 5KA2zX-723 B?m Cle
;U38KFR,0V(, A25 5D3 (.8D/10-A4)-TpdW>C8 (.727XV(A28K5w>dx0U>C5K,D5 ,0V(.,wj=>.,0I8D;U)g,0-3 . A4); g>CXN38D(.,A4)-TE5lF5K,39z
()-H&,>TC39,D0-38?0V( `3J(.,?723(5K, km R_>.d BBn :Z] >C8!/97h(8KA4,[FA2),D0-A25!3 U(zX-723 <;-398KFM-O!3>CzA4,
,0-3/>C)U5K,8D(A2),Y,0V(,R,D0-3,[O:>rz (/10-A4)-35YjN3 H-A45K,DA2)-/, ] C[)L>C;-8J39`.(74;V(.,A4>C)iM OB0-398D3 O:3;U5D3
5DA2zA272(8 ;U38DA4359MxO:3JA2),8K>"HU;-/3,0UA25?/>)-5K,D8(A4)<,]
R:3/ (.;-5D3@,0-3 <;-38lF A45:HU3/72(8(,A4`3M,0U38D3@A25v5KA2TC)-A V/ (.)<, 8K>">Cz dW>C8 ,0-3 <;-38lF >XU,A4z A 38
A2)&,0U3 B R6:\e,>Iz ( F3E,D0-/3 <;-38lF63 /9A23),$] C ,?(725K>Iz 3()-5!,D0V(.,?,0U3 <;-38lF6A25+A4)-H-39X=39)

H-3),@>dP,0-3;-)UH-38K74FA2)-(T B R :\e&A2zX-743z3),1(.,DA2>C)k,0-(.,BA25?jN3A4)-TI;-5D39Hi] ?0-3J5(z/3 <;-38lF
z( FR8D;-)g,D>"HV( Fo>C)k(EjV(5KA2/ D A4)-H->aOB5 A2zX-743z3),1(.,DA2>C)Y>d p8(/9723.MOB0-A2743:,D>Cz >8D8D>aO AG, z (aF
j=3@8D;-)j<F (YXV(8(.7272397-A2zX-743z3),1(.,DA2>C)I>.d p8(/9723B>C)&(Y/74;-5K,D38!>8+è : 5 ] ?0-3 <;-398KFA25:(725K>
A2)-H-39X=39)-H-39)<,:>dN,0-3BA4)-H-A2/935 /98D3 (,3H jFg,0-3BHV(,1(jV(.5D3@>C8 jFg,0-3BHV(,1(jV(.5D3@(H-zA2)-A45K,D8(.,D>C8]
'3)U/3MA4d ,D0-A25@dW>C8Dz >d <;-398KFSj=39/>Cz35p/9>Czz >C)MN,D0-3g(HUz A4)-A25l,8(,>C8B/ (.)\/8K3 (.,D3gA2)-HUA2/395
,>I5DXN339HSAG,+;-X] A2)V(7474FMAGd <;-38KA235B(.8D3EOB8KA4,D,D3) A2)n 5 e C:5l,1()-H-(8DHS-e ,/. MU,0U3p;-)-H-398D7GF"A4)-T
B R :reS/ ()$jN3g/10V(.)-TC3H\OBAG,0->;U,p/10V(.)-TCA2)UT,0-3 ;U38KF] N!>Cz z>C) ;U38DA435p/() (745D>&jN3

"
- t
X-8D>aÀ2H-39Hr(.5@z (.,D38DA2(72A39H A] 3.]4M-XU8D3/9>CzX-;U,39H!À239OB5B>C) ,0U3YH-(.,1(j-(5D3.]
@)UdW>C8l,;-)V(,37GFCM ;U38DA4355D;-/10_(5k,0-3 >C)-3qA2) A4TC;-8K3 -] s / (.)jN3q`38lF 3"X=39)-5DAG`C3q,>
3"3/9;U,3.Mp35KX=39/Ah(.7274F_(5&,D0-3$)<;-zgjN386>d 2K>CA2)U5 )<;-zgjN386>.dR0U>C5K,D5qA4) ,0-3!<;-398KFcA4) ,0-A45
3U(zX-723 @TC8K>ÔB59] C[)\,0-3oO:>C8K5K,J/ (.5D3Mi,D0-3 <;-398KF\/9>C5K,p/ ()$TC8K>aO 3 "X=>C)U3),A2(727GFqOBAG,0\,D0-3
);Uzgj=398o>d 2K>CA2)-59Mw3`C3)uOBAG,0L>C;-8o/(8D3dW;-727GF /10->C5K3)bA2)UH-A2/935] 5 >,g>C)U74F zg;-5l,gA4)-H-A4À4H-;V(7
;U38DA435)->.,p,1( F.3I72>C)UT6X=398DA2>H-5'>dv,A2z3R,D>63 "3/9;U,3.Mw(.) B?m Cler5K38l`C38Jzg;U5K,Y(745D>&jN3k(j-743
,>0V()-H-743Y,D0-33 ;U38KF O:>CG8 F<74>(Hq>d (IOB0->C743R5KA4,3.] C d O:3o5K;-X-XN>C8K,D3HS5D;-/10 <;-398DA435EHUA28D39/9,D74FCM
O!3JO!>;-72H6`C398KF 5K>">C)qjN3TCA4)6H-A25D(X-XN>CA2),A4)-TI;-5K38D5'()-Hq>a`C398D72>C(H-A2)UTg,0-3 B?m Cle 5K38l`C389]

0

> @>
%
> A

)U3S(.X-X-8D>C(/10,D>L8K3H-;-/9A2)-T ,0U3qO:>CG8 FbA4)`C>C7G`C3H*A2)()-5lO!398DA4)-TQ( <;-38lF*A25g,>Z72A4z AG,o,D0-3

5DA 93 >do,D0-3 8D35K;-74,q5K39,q,0V(.,qA4568D39,D;-8D)U3H ;-5DA4)-T K8D>aOB)<;-zq 5 _(.5qX-(8K,q>dY,0-3 OB0-398D3
/7h(.;-5D3A2) 8D(/743MP>C8 :qFU-e ,/. P 5 K74A2zA4, &/72(;-5D3.M dW>C8Y3 U(zX-743 ] ?0U3 <;-38lFLO:>C;-74HL,D0-3)
>C)-74F 8K;-)b;-),A47 ,0-3&5KX=39/A V3Hu)<;-zoj=398g>C8Y8D>aOB5oO!(5g8D3,;-8K)-3H] DL3 P 727 8D39dW398R,D>r,0-A45o(.5g(
72A2zA4,D3HqH-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/ <;-38lFC] C ,JA25EA4),;-AG,A4`3ROB0F (&74A2zA4,39HSHU39,398DzA2)-A45K,DA23/ ;U38KFrO!>C;U72H
j=3g8K3 (5K>C)V(jU723RdW8K>Cz ()$(XUX-72A4/ (.,DA2>C) P 5@X=398D5DXN3/,AG`C3] ?0U3I(X-X-74A2/(.,A4>C)Sz ( F<A2)UT ,0U3 <;-38lF
>d A2T;-8D3 -] s A45E)->.,A2),398D395K,39H A2) $xXV(A48D5'>dv0->C5l,5p,0-(.,z339,pA4,5'8D3 ;UA28D39z 39),5] C ,A45
z 398D37GF,D8KFA2)-TI,D > -)-H *a &)(!XV(A48D5+,D0V(.,BH->-]
. A4z AG,A2)UT8D395D;-7G,J5D3,R5KA 93I0V(5p,[O:>S5K38DA4>C;-5X-8K>Cj-743z5M 0->aO:39`C398] A48D5K,M,0U3/9>CzX-;U,1(
,A2>)V(7<,A2z3vdW>C8 ,D0-73 <;-38lFIA25 )->, HUA28D39/9,D74FYX-8D>X=>C8l,A4>C)V(7,>',0-3?8K35D;U74, 5K39,v5KA 3 H AG,wH-39X=39)-H-5
>C)6,0-3JHV(.,(IH-A25l,8DA4j-;U,DA2>C)&A4)&,0-3JA4)-X-;U,?,(j-72395] N!>C),DA2)<;-A2)UTk,D0-33 U(zX-743MU,D0-3J8(8K38+,0-(.,
XV(A28K5J>d?0->C5l,5Y,0V(.,Rz339,Y,0U3 8K03 <;-A28K3z3),5o(8D3.M ,D0-3 74>C)-TC398o( 72A4z AG,39!H ;U38KFZOBA2747 8D;-)]
C[)r,0-3RO!>C8K5K,/(5D3.M,0U 3 B R :\eSz ( FS0-(a`3o,>5D/ (.)\,0-3R/8D>5D5pX-8K>"HU;-/9,>.d ,0-3o0->C5K,D5E,1(
j-723k,>r,D0-3 `38lFu3)UHQ,> -)-Hb(r5KA2)-TC743 z (.,D/10iMwz ( F<A2)-Tq,0-A45 <;-398KFu(5o3 UXN3)U5DA4`3 (5o>)-3
OBA4,0U>C;U,74A2zA4,59] ?0-3I>,D0-38EX-8D>CjU723z OBA4,D0\,0-3I74A2zA4,D3HqH-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/ ;U38KF\A25',D0V(.,,D0-3
;U38KF*8K39,;U8D)-53 U(/,74FQ,0-3q5(z3 8D395D;-7G,53 (/10*,A2z36A4,kA45I8D;-)]ce";-XUX=>C5K3q,D0-38K3r(.8D3 sat

"
- s
SELECT
H1.DISTIP, H2.DISTIP
FROM
SELECT NONDETERMINISTICALLY HOSTS H1, HOSTS H2 ,
Query Manager
h1.distip, h2.distip INSERTIDS TEMP_H1 , INSERTIDS TEMP_H2
and Rewriter
FROM WHERE
hosts h1, hosts h2 (H1.OS='LINUX' AND H2.OS='LINUX'
WHERE AND H1.DISTIP<>H2.DISTIP
h1.os=‘LINUX’ and h2.os=‘LINUX’ AND H1.MEM_MB+H2.MEM_MB>=3072)
and h1.distip<>h2.distip AND
and h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=3072 (H1.INSERTID=TEMP_H1.INSERTID
WITHIN Random sample of AND TEMP_H1.rand > 982663452.975047
2 seconds input tables AND TEMP_H1.rand <= 1025613125.93505)
Selection probability AND
determined by time constraint (H2.INSERTID=TEMP_H2.INSERTID
and server load AND TEMP_H2.rand > 1877769069.94039
AND TEMP_H2.rand <= 1920718742.90039)
2A TC;U8D3 -] y b 5 >)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/ <;-38lFq()-HqA4,5?A4z XU723z3),(.,A4>C)i]

XV(A28K5J>d+0->5K,5Y,0V(,o(.8D3 (X-X-8K>CX-8DA2(.,3.M j-;U,Y,0-3+<;-38lFLA45R74A2zA4,D3Hr,D>r>C)-3XV(A48] pA =38K3),
(X-X-74A2/ (,A2>)-5pz ( F<A2)-T&,D0-3k5(z31<;-38lFZO:>C;-74H 3)-HL;-XL/10U>">C5KA2)-T6,D0-3k5(z3kXV(A289M 723(H-A2)UT
,>k/>C),D3),A4>C)i$] C[)STC39)-38D(7MV74A2zA4,D3HHU39,398DzA2)-A45K,DA2/ <;-398DA2395'/()q723 (.H ,D> /938l,1(A4)q8K35K>C;-8D/935
5D; =38KA2)-T6/9>C),3),DA2>C) 0->,D5DXN>,5Ez 398D37GFrHU;-3g,>&OB0-398D3g,D0-39Fr0V(X-XN3)$,>6jN3gX-72(/39H$A2)\,D0-3
HV(.,1(.jV(5D3.]

0
# > A

?0-3 -8D5K, <;-398KFk>CXU,DA2zA (.,A4>C)R,D3/10-)-A <;-3@O:3@;-5D3?,>Y72A4z AG, <;-398KFk8K;-)-)-A4)-T,A2z3 (.)-Hk72>(H

A25 )->C)UH-39,D38DzA2)UA25Dzq] ?0-A25 ,39/10-)-A ;U3E(745D>J0-3972X-5 ,>R( `C>CA4Hk/>C),39),A2>)i] ?0-3@723d, [0-()-Hk5DA4H-3
>d A2T;-8D3 -] y 5D0->aOB5k(\)->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/.MP,DA2z3 j=>C;U)-H-3HL`C38K5DA4>C)b>d?,0U3&3 (8K72A4338 ;U38KF]
?0-3o(.H-H-A4,DA2>C)U5!,>k,0-3 <;-398KFq(8K3Y5K0->aOB)rA4)qAG,1(74A2/95]wn )->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/ ;U38KFq8K39,;U8D)-5@(
8()-HU>Cz 5D;-jU5D39,p>d ,0U3RdW;-747P5K39,E>d <;-38lFr8K35K;-74,D5] ?0-3o/9>CzX-;U,1(,A2>)V(7 />5K,p>.d ,0-3 <;-38lF
A25B/>C),D8D>C74723HqjF ,0-3 * ( (1 & "+$
.MVOB0-A4/10rA25BH-398DAG`C3HSdW8D>Cz ,D0-3Y,DA2z3J72A2zA4,!>d ,D0-3
lOBA4,D0-A2)J/97h(;-5K3E(.)-H ,D0-3'/9;-8D8K3),+74>(Hk>C),0-3 B?m Cle5D398K`38MU(5 H-35K/8DA4j=39H&A2)e"39/9,A4>C) -] U]
?0-3 5D3743/,A2>) XU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[FA25&,0U3$X-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[F*,0V(,q( 8K>aO >do() A2)-XU;U,6,1(jU723\OBA2747EjN3
A2)-/972;-H-39H\A2)q,0-3 2K>CA2)] C[),;UA4,AG`C3974FCM=(5@,0-3g74>(HSA2)-/98D3 (.5D35E>C8@,D0-3o,DA2z3Y74A2zA4,B5K0-8DA4`) F<5M,D0-3

"
- y
5D3743/,A2>)oX-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[Fp5D0U8DA2)[F59] nE5P,0-3 5D397239/9,A4>C)oXU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[F5K0-8DA4)`F<5MC5K>EH->35P,0-3!(z >;-),
>dxO!>C8 FR)U33HU3Hk,>XN38KdW>8Dz ,0-37<;-398KFk(.)-Hg,0-3!3"X=39/9,D3H);Uzgj=398 >dN8D>aOB5 8K39,;U8D)-39HjFoA4, ]
(./10S,A4z 3',0-3 <;-38lFqA25?8D;U)iM-,0-3J8K>ÔB5@8D3,;-8K)-3Hr(8D3HUA =38D39),@OB0UA2723p,D0-3Y/>CzX-;U,(.,A4>C)V(7
/>C5l,'>.dwTC3,D,DA2)-TI,0U3z 5l,1( F5'8K>C;-TC0-7GF,D0-3J5(z3]
DL3IA2zX-743z3),E)U>C)-H-3,38Kz A4)-A25l,A4/ <;-398DA2395;-5DA4)-T (/9>Czgj-A4)V(.,A4>C)r>.d <;-398KFr8D39OB8KA4,DA2)-T-M
5D/10-39z(Y3 ,39)-5DA4>C)-5M"A2)-HUA2/395M"()-H 8()-HU>Cz )U35D59] 5 >R/10V()-T35:,D>R,D0-3 B R :\ek(8K3')-393H-39Hi]
D 0-3)I(B)->C)UH-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/ <;-38lFYA25 X=>5D3HR,>B,0-3 <;-38lFoz ()V(T38 8D39OB8KA4,D38MÂG, HU39,398DzA2)-395
(S5D397239/9,A4>C)QXU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[FCM MPdW>C8Y,D0-3 <;-398KF]Sn'5D5D>/A2(.,39HQOBA4,D0Q3(/10u>Cj 2K39/9,IA4)-5D398K,D3HuA4)<,D>
,0-3&H-(.,1(j-(5D3 A2)Z,0-3&A4)-5D398K,DA2H-5Y,1(j-743 M (.,gA4)-5D398K,g,DA2z3M A25g(S8()-HU>Czf);Uzgj=398M 8D()-TCA4)-T
dW8D>Cz > ,>
M@dW>C86(b8()UTC3M 0 > ] DL3\,8(.)-5D72(.,3\,D0-3 A4),> (
5D;-j-8D()-TC3.M + g] 5 3 , M-dW>8+3 (/10qA2)UX-;U,?,1(.j-723 A2)&,D0-3 <;-38lFCM-O:3R(.H-Hq(IOB0U38D3J/97h(;-5K3
,0V(.,E/>C)U5K,8D(A2)U5p8D>aOB5A2)S,0V(.,',1(jU723R,D>&0V( `C3k(.5D5D>/A2(.,39H$8()UH->Cz );Uzgj=398D5pA4)r,0U3g8()UTC3
' 7 , + M-OB0-38K 3 PA45?/10->C5D39)rdW8D>z (I;-)-AGdW>C8Dz 8()-HU>Cz H-A45K,8KA2j-;",A2>)6>^`38 ' > 7 )
(.+, ;U38KFb,D8()U5D7h(,A2>)u,A2z3] 5 >,A4/3&,D0V(.,A2) A2zX-743z3),A4)-Tr,0UA25I5D397239/9,A4>C)iM:3 (/10*A2)-XU;U,
,1(j-743oA45 2K>CA2)U3HrOBAG,0\,0U3gA2)-5K38l,A2HU5E,1(jU723R,D>68D39/>a`C398J,D0-3g8D()-H->Cz )<;-zgjN389] D 0-A4723Y,0-395D3
03 <;-A 2K>A2)-5E(8D3R72A F.37GFq,D>&jN3od
(5K,ETCA4`3)\,D0-L3 B?m CleSA2)UH-A2/935M=A4,'H->35pH->;-j-723R,0-3g)<;-zoj=398E>d
2K>CA2)-5@A2)S,0-3 ;U38KF@] C d ,0U3g;-)-H-398D7GF"A4)-T B R :\eqX-8D>aÀ2H-395(5D(z XU72A2)UT >CXN38D(.,>8MxO!3g/()
;-5D3pAG,!,D>I( `C>CA4H,0-A45+H->C;Uj-72A4)-T-] p8D(/743E0V(5!8D3/93),7GF&(.H-H-3H65K;-/10q()&>CXN38D(.,>8MUjU;U,+O:3pH->
)->,B;-5K3RAG,BA2)6>C;-8B3`(.72;V(.,DA2>C)6A4)&,0-A45B/10V(XU,D38]
C ,wA25 A2zX=>C8l,1(), ,>E)->,3 ,0V(,w,0UA25 (.X-X-8D>C(/10g0V(5 ('TC8K>C;-X-A4)-TE3 39/9, ,D0V(., 5K0->C;-74HgA2HU3 (7474F
)->,'>"/9/;-8'A2)S()\A2zX-743z3),1(.,DA2>C)6>.d 8()UH->Cz 5(.z X-74A2)-TU] +O!>>Cj 2K3/,5pA4)-5D398K,D3H\A4)<,D> ,D0-3
HV(.,1(.jV(5D3Jz ( F&jN3R(.5D5DA4TC)-39HS)-3(8DjF68D()-H->z )<;-zgjN38D59] '3)U/3MxAGd >)-3JA25?/10->C5K3)iMV,D0-38K3YA45
(STC8K3 (.,D38Y72A F.374A20->>"H\,D0V(.,Y,0-3>,D0-38JOBA2747v(725K>SjN3/10->5D3)c] D AG,0L5Dz (727 5K37239/9,DA2>C)ZX-8D>j
(j-A274A4,DA2359MN,D0-3I3 =3/,JA25p)U3TC74A2TCA4j-723.] '>aO!3`C398M ,> (z374A2>C8D(.,3YA4,MO!3I8K3TC;U7h(8K74F K8D395D0<; 3
,0-3JA2)U5D38l,A4H-5+,1(jU723M-(5D5KA2TC)-A4)-Tk)-39O 8()UH->Cz )<;-zgjN38K5?,>>Cj 2K3/,59]
C[)r(H-H-AG,A4>C)&,>k,0-3J8D()-H->Cz );Uzgj=398D5'(5D5K>"/9Ah(.,D3H OBA4,D0S3(/10r>C;j 2K3/9,'A2)6,D0-3JHV(.,1(.jV(5D3.M

"
-
SELECT
h1.distip, h2.distip SELECT
FROM H1.DISTIP, H2.DISTIP
hosts h1, hosts h2, iplinks l1, iplinks l2, routers r FROM
WHERE HOSTS H1, HOSTS H2, IPLINKS L1, IPLINKS L2, ROUTERS R
Query Manager
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=1024 WHERE
and Rewriter H1.MEM_MB+H2.MEM_MB>=1024
and h1.os=‘LINUX' and h2.os=‘LINUX'
and ((l1.src=r.distip and l2.src=r.distip AND H1.OS='LINUX' AND H2.OS='LINUX'
and l1.dest=h1.distip and l2.dest=h2.distip) AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L2.SRC=R.DISTIP
or (l1.dest=r.distip and l2.dest=r.distip AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP AND L2.DEST=H2.DISTIP)
and l1.src=h1.distip and l2.src=h2.distip)) OR (L1.DEST=R.DISTIP AND L2.DEST=R.DISTIP
and h1.distip<>h2.distip AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP AND L2.SRC=H2.DISTIP))
and l1.BW_MBS>=100 and l2.bw_mbs>=100 AND H1.DISTIP<>H2.DISTIP
SCOPED BY r.distip=X AND L1.BW_MBS >= 100 AND L2.BW_MBS >= 100
WITHIN AND R.DISTIP = X;
100 seconds;
2A T;-8D3-] [b e"/9>CXN3H ;U38KFq(.)-HSAG,5?A4z X-743z3),1(,A2>)i]

,0-3+H-(.,1(j-(5D3B(745D>'A2)-/972;-H-395 A2)UH-A2/935 >C)R,0-395D3?8(.)-H->Cz )<;-zgjN38D5v(.)-HI>C)g,0U3A28w(5D5K>"/9Ah(.,DA2>C)U5
OBA4,0 >,D0-38@(.,K,8KA2j-;U,D359] ?0-35K3oA2)UH-A2/935?0-3972X6,>kz ( F3,0U3Y8D()-H->z 5(zX-74A2)-Tod
(.5K, ]
< > A

C ,'A45@(/9>Cz z>C) zA25D/9>C)-/93XU,DA2>C)6,0-(., MV;-)U72A F.3J0-A2398(8K/10-A2/(7iHV(.,(z>H-3745M-AG,'A45?A2zX=>5D5DA4j-723

,>65D/9>CXN+3 <;-398DA435A2)\,D0-3I8D397h(.,DA2>C)-(7 HV(.,1(6z>"HU37] C[)Z(/,;V(74A4,[FMA4,pA25p5K/10-3z ( [HU3XN3)-H-39), ]
R!3/(;-5D3,0-8 3 B?m Cle 5K/10-3z (Sz>H-3745p,0-3)-39,[O:>C8 FNM A4,YA25XN>C5K5DA2jU723I,>q5D/9>CX=+3 <;-38KA2395YOBAG,0
8D35KX=39/9, ,>L,D0-3q)-39,[O:>CG8 F >dE,0-3qTC8DA4Hi]ce/>CX-A4)-TQ/()_HU8(z (.,A4/ (7474FZ72>aO:38k,0-3S/>C5l,>.d(
;U38KF]
N+(.)I(@;U5D38 5D/9>CX=3 ,>'(')-3,[O!>G8 FJ/>CzXN>C)-3), 395 ] C , A25 (5P5K,D8(A4TC0,DdW>C8lO+(8KHo(.5 5K/>CX-A4)-T
,>I(g0->5K,?>C8!(g5DAG,3MOB0-A2/106A45!/9>Cz z>C)&A4)&0-A438(.8D/10-A4/ (7m Cle5lF5K,39z 59] C dP,D0-3p;-5K38?/10->>C5K35
(0->5K, MV0U3Y/()rA45D5K;-3Y+( <;-A4/ F B?m Cle <;-398KF ,>kH-3,38Kz A4)-3JA4,D5 V8D5l,E0->XS8K>C;U,398 >C8?72(aF38 y
5KOBA4,D/10 ] C d ,0-3Y;-5K38@0V(5'(//935D5@,>,0-3J0->C5l, MN0-3YH->"395')U>,@39`C39)\0V( `C3Y,>;-5D3 B?m ClEe Hc,D0-3
T(.,3O+( F68K>C;U,D38?A25!A2)&,0U38D>C;U,DA2)-Tg,(j-743p>d ,0-30U>C5K,]!e/>CX-A4)-Tg,>k(I5KA4,3EA25+H->)-3Jj<F;-5DA4)-T
,0-3R5DA4,D3 P 5E8K3 (H-A474Fq( `.(A272(j-743 N C B jU72>/ FS(.5E(XU8D3 \z (.,/10r(T(A4)-5K,'0->C5l@, C5 (H-HU8D35K5D395M
() >CX=398(.,DA2>C)6,D0V(.,?,;U8D)-5BA2),D> (gd
(5l,@8()-T3Y5K/ ()q>C)6,0U3YH-(.,1(j-(5D3.]
A2TC;-8K3 -] 65K0->aOB5g( 5D/>X=39HQ`C398D5DA4>C)Z>d+>C;U8Y8K;-)-)-A4)-Tq3 U(zX-723 <;-38lFL(72>C)UT OBAG,0 A4,D5

"
-
SELECT
R.DISTIP, H1.DISTIP
FROM
SELECT APPROXIMATELY HOSTS H1, IPLINKS L1, ROUTERS R
h1.distip, h2.distip WHERE
FROM H1.MEM_MB>=512 AND H1.OS='LINUX'
Canned Query and
hosts h1, hosts h2, iplinks l1, iplinks l2, routers r AND L1.BW_MBS >= 100
WHERE Query Manager AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP)
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=1024 and Rewriter OR (L1.DEST = R.DISTIP AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP))
and h1.os=‘LINUX' and h2.os=‘LINUX' AND R.DISTIP IN
and ((l1.src=r.distip and l2.src=r.distip (SELECT
and l1.dest=h1.distip and l2.dest=h2.distip) R.DISTIP FROM HOSTS H1, IPLINKS L1, ROUTERS R
or (l1.dest=r.distip and l2.dest=r.distip WHERE
and l1.src=h1.distip and l2.src=h2.distip)) H1.MEM_MB>=512 AND H1.OS='LINUX'
and h1.distip<>h2.distip AND L1.BW_MBS>=100
and l1.bw_mbs>=100 and l2.bw_mbs>=100 AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP)
WITHIN OR (L1.DEST = R.DISTIP AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP))
100 seconds; GROUP BY
R.DISTIP
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 2)
ORDER BY
R.DISTIP;
4A TC;-8K3 -] `bvnEX-X-8K> UA4z(,3 <;-398KFq()-HqA4,D5?A2zX-7239z 39),1(.,DA2>C)i]

A2zX-7239z 39)<,(.,A4>C)i]'398D3M-O:30V( `C3J3 ",D3)-HU3HS,D0-3X-8K39À2>C;U5 ;U38KF6,D>IA2)-/972;-HU3E,0-3)U39,[O:>C8GFBb
O!3(8D3 (5GF<A4)-TqdW>8YX-(A28K5Y>.d?0->C5l,5J,0V(.,o(8K3 /9>C)-)-39/9,39HQ,> ,0U3 5D(z 38D>;U,398] e"/9>CX-A4)-TSA45
(/10-A23`C39Hcj<F/>)-5K,D8(A4)-A2)-T ,0U3r/10->CA4/3S>d8D>;U,398 ,>L>C)-3SXV(8K,DA2/9;-7h(8k8K>C;U,398] n 5K/>CXN3H
;U38KFz( F8D3,;-8K)6)->I8D395D;-7G,5:A4d ,0U3p8D>C;",38:H->35+)->.,?0V( `C3(g5K39,?>.d z(/10UA2)-395:,0-(.,?z339,D5
,0-3B/>)-5K,D8(A4)<,D5] ?0-3@;-5K38 z( FgA45D5K;-3@,D0-3 <;-38lF AG,398(.,DA4`C3974FROBA4,0(J72A45K,v>d=8D>C;",38K5 F<)->aOB)
,>0-A2zqMV>C8B0V( `C3Y,0-3Y5KF5K,D3z A25K5D;-3YA4,@8D39X=3(.,39H-74F6OBAG,0q8()UH->Cz74F&/10U>C5D39)$8D>C;U,D38K5';-),DA27 (
z(.,D/10 A25+dW>C;-)UHS>C8+,D0-3,A4z 374A2zA4,:A25?3 "/933HU3Hi]

A

?0-36z(.A2)uA4H-3 (\jN30-A4)-H (X-XU8D> "A2z (.,3 <;-398DA435IA25R,>$zA2)-A4z A 3I,0-36)<;-zoj=398g>d 2K>CA2)U5gjF

8D39OB8KA4,DA2)-T (L-e ,/. <;-398KF OBA4,D0 ,DA2TC0,D38I/>)-5K,D8(A4)<,D5I,0V(.,k8K39,D;-8D)-5 ( 8D35K;-74,k5K39,,0V(,kA25k(
H-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/I5K;-j-5D3,o>.d!,0U3dW;-747 8D395D;-7G,o5K39,] N!>C)-5KA2H-398o(.)L3 -(.z X-743 ;U38KFZA4) OB0UA2/10LO:3
5D333 FL,D> V)-5H . z(./10-A2)-395ROBAG,0Q,D>,1(7vz3z>C8KF : RE4] C[)Q,0UA25o5KA2zX-723k3 -(.z X-743 ,D0-3

>C8DA4TCA2)V(.7e , . <;-38lFOBA27473 U39/;U,D3Y() . O+( F 2K>A2)i] n `.(74A2H(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,DA2>C) >d ,0-A45 <;-38lF
A25:,D> V)-H . z (/10-A4)-35+3(/106OBA4,D0&z 39z >8KF . : RE] ?0-3(.X-X-8D> "A2z (.,DA2>C) A25!`.(74A2HA4)

"
-
,0V(.,@,0U>C5D3 . z (/10-A4)-35@zg;-5l,p(745D>j=3R( 8K>aO >d ,D0-3R8K35K;-74,'5D3,p>d ,D0-3Y>C8DA4TCA2)V(.78<;-38lFC] C ,

A25Y()L(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,DA2>C)rA2) ,0V(.,,D0-3/>C)-5l,8D(A2),5Y(8K3k5K,8K>C)-TC398] n 5K>C72;",A2>)$A2)$OB0-A2/10 . Cy
z(/10UA2)-395g0V( `C3 . : R ()-H5. y 0V( `C3 y . O!>;-72HbjN3&dW>C;-)-HbjFu,D0-3&>C8KA2TCA4)V(7
;U38KFkjU;U,!)U>, j<Fo,0-3'(X-X-8K> UA4z(,3 <;-38lFC] ?0-3@;-X-5K0->,:A25 ,D0V(.,vO!3@/ (.) <;-A4/ F7GFk/>CzX-;U,D3
(8D395D;-7G,5D3,,0V(.,EA25E(&H-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/Y5D;-jU5D39,J>.d ,0V(.,p>d ,0-3o>C8DA4TCA2)V(.7 <;-398KFr;-5DA4)-T6( (D#
);Uzgj=398B>:d 2K>A2)6>CXN38D(.,A4>C)-5]
5 >,3B,0-(.,:O:3Ezo;-5K$, F<)->aOc,0-3'5D39z(),DA2/5 >d=,0-3@XV(8l,A2/9;-7h(.8 8D35K>C;-8K/3 0->C5l,5+(.)-H,D0-3A48
z 39z >C8lF +,D> F<)->aO OB0-3,0-398E,0-3J,8D()-5ldW>C8Dz3H ;U38KFSz ( F395'5K3)-5K3] >8@,D0-A25B8D3(5D>)iM=,D0-3
(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,DA2>C) 8K39OB8DAG,3RA25@H->C)-3gjFq0V()UH$()-H\5K;-X-X-74A239Hr,> ;-5D398D5pA4)S,0U3RdW>C8Kz >.d / ()U)-3H
;U38DA4359]
A2TC;-8K3 U] '5D0->aOB5v()o(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3 `38K5DA2>)I>dV>C;-8P8D;U)-)-A2)UTp3 U(zX-723 (.T(A2)M.A4)-/74;-H-A2)UT
,0-3')-39,[O:>CG8 F (72>C)UTYOBAG,0AG,5vA2zX-743z3),1(.,DA2>C)] 5 >,A4/3B,0V(,:,D0-3E)<;-zgjN38 >di,(j-74385 2K>CA2)-39H
A25?,0-8K33 OBAG,0$.)r(HUH-A4,DA2>C)V(.7 O!( F 2K>CA2) A4)q,D0-3R5K;-j\5K37239/9, ] ?0-A45'A45 "3Hr8K3T(.8DH-7435D5@>d
,0-3J)<;-zgjN38B>d 0->C5l,5Bj=39A2)-Tk5K3 (8K/10-3HrdW>8] e";-/10S( K/74;-5K,D38 V)-HU38 + <;-38lF6,0V(,'74>"> F5:dW>C8
&z (/10-A2)U35'O:>C;-74H$(745D>&A4)<`>C74`3R,D0-3g5(.z 3 2K>CA2)-59] C[)\,D0-3 <;-38lFCM,D0-3g5K;-j$5D39723/,8D3,;-8K)-5
,0->C5K3R8K>C;U,D38D5B,0-(.,@0V( `C3g(,'743 (5l, . y (X-X-8K>CX-8DA2(.,3Jz (/10-A4)-35@(.,K,1(/10-39HS,D>,D0-3zqMN()-H
,0-3Jz (A2)65K37239/9,@8D3,;-8K)-5'(727N,0->C5K3Jz(/10UA2)-395@>8DH-398D3HqjF6,0-39A28?8K>C;U,398]

A > A

e"/>CXUA2)-T-M(X-X-8K> UA4z(,A2>)iMN()-H$->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25Kz (.8D3o>8K,0U>CTC>C)V(.7w()UH\/ ()$jN3o/9>Czgj-A4)-3H]

N!>Czgj-A4)-A2)-Tp,D3/10-)U"A <;-35:>d,39) 743 (HU5v,D>o(J5DA4z XU72A -/ (.,DA2>C)R>d,D0-3B;-74,DA2z (.,3+A4z XU723z3),(.,A4>C)i]
>8E3 U(zX-743MN/>CzgjUA2)-A4)-T5K/>CX-A4)-T6()UH (X-X-8K> "A4z(.,DA2>C)q723(H-5E,D>`C398KFr3 /A43),J()-HS`C38lF

5Dz (72-7 <;-398DA435] A2TC;-8K3 -] A27472;-5l,8D(.,395 ,0-A45vdW>8Dz >d <;-38lF(.)-HAG,5vA2zX-7239z 39),1(.,DA2>C)i] @38D3.M
,0-3q3),A48D3 5D;Uj_5D397239/9, >d',D0-3S(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D#3 <;-38lF>.d',D0-3SXU8D39À4>C;-55D3/,A4>C)A45k8D3XU7h(/93H
j<F ,D0-3 8K>C;U,D38J,>SOB0UA2/10Q,D0-3 <;-398KFZA25Y5D/9>CXN3Hi] ?0-3 ;U38KFZ)->aO A4)<`>C74`35Y>C)-7GFZ(q,0U8D33
O+( F 2K>CA4)i] C[)U5K,3(HZ>d!74>"> FA4)-TdW>C8',[O!>qz(./10-A2)-395pOBA4,D0 ,D>,1(.7wz3z>C8KFS>d s m R (,D,1(./10-3H

"
-
SELECT APPROXIMATELY
h1.distip, h2.distip
FROM
Canned Query and SELECT
hosts h1, hosts h2, iplinks l1, iplinks l2, routers r
H1.DISTIP
WHERE Query Manager FROM
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=1024 and Rewriter HOSTS H1, IPLINKS L1, ROUTERS R
and h1.os=‘LINUX' and h2.os=‘LINUX'
WHERE
and ((l1.src=r.distip and l2.src=r.distip
H1.MEM_MB>=512 AND H1.OS='LINUX'
and l1.dest=h1.distip and l2.dest=h2.distip)
AND L1.BW_MBS >= 100
or (l1.dest=r.distip and l2.dest=r.distip
AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP)
and l1.src=h1.distip and l2.src=h2.distip))
OR (L1.DEST = R.DISTIP AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP))
and h1.distip<>h2.distip
AND R.DISTIP=X
and l1.bw_mbs>=100 and l2.bw_mbs>=100
AND ROWNUM <=2
SCOPED BY r.distip=X
WITHIN
4A TC;-8K3-] b e"/>CXN3HS(X-XU8D> "A2z (.,3/<;-398KFq()-HqA4,D5?A2zX-7239z 39),1(.,DA2>C)i]

100 seconds;

,>6(&/9>Cz z>C)S8D>C;U,D389M,0-3g(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3 <;-398KF\74>"> F5@dW>C8',[O:> z(./10-A2)-395',D0V(.,3(/10 0V( `C3
z 39z >C8lF t 'mSREM^jN>,0R(.,D,(/10-39Ho,>'('/9>Cz z>C)J8D>;U,398M.OB0UA2/10oA45w(BH-3,38Kz A4)-A25l,A4/ 5D;-j-5K39,

>d ,0-3I>8DA2TA2)V(7 <;-398KF$8K35K;-74,D5] ?0-A25 ;U38KFr/ ()$jN3g3 ",D3)-HU3H ,> . 0->5K,J/74;-5K,D38K5pA2)\,D0-3

dW>C7274>ÔBA4)-ToO!( FC]
P> V)-Hk('/72;U5K,398 >d . <;V(.72A -3Hgz (/10-A4)-35w,D0V(., (8D3+/9>C)-)-39/9,D3HI,>p>)-3+8D>;U,398MO:3 V8K5K,
8()-HU>Cz 7GF /10->>C5D3I(8D>C;",38 >C8'A4,D38(,3J,0-8K>C;-TC0$( 72A25l,@X-8D>aÀ2H-39H$jFS,D0-3o;-5K38 ] DL3R,D0-3)
X=398KdW>C8Kz ,0-3B,0-8K33 O!(aF 2K>CA4) <;-398KFMU72A4z AG,A4)-T',D0-3')<;-zoj=398!>d8D>aOB5!8K39,;U8D)-39H ,> .LM<,> V)-H
X=>C5K5DA4j-723:/>CzgjUA2)V(.,DA2>C)U5P>.dx0->C5K,D5 A2)R,0-3 . n 5 ] ?0-A25 XU8D>/35K5 8D39X=3(.,5w;-),A27O!3 V)-Hk(E8K>C;U,398
OBA4,0 . (X-X-8K>CX-8KAh(.,D3o0->C5l,5(,D,1(./10-3HiMiO:3g8K;-)$>C;U,>.dv8D>C;U,D38K5EOBA4,D0\)->68D395D;-7G,5EdW>;-)-HiM=>C8
O!3@8D;-) >C;U,v>d=,A4z 3.] 5 >.,A2/93+,0V(, dW>8:(.)<F(.8Dj-AG,8(.8KLF .ZM,0-3 <;-38lFk8D3z (A4)-5 ( U39H,0U8D33
O+( #F 2K>CA2)i] D A4,0Z,0-3 >C8DA4TCA2)-(7v-e ,/. <;-38lFCMwO:3O:>C;-72HL)-339Hb( y . , s O+( F 2K>CA2) ,> V)-H
( . z (/10-A4)-3J/74;-5K,D38MxOB0-A4/10\A25@>d /9>C;-8D5K3o3 ",D8D39z 3974F 3 "XN3)-5KA4`3] C d 8()-HU>Cz 8D>C;",38K5p(8K3
/10->C5D39)iM-,0U3)&O:3p35K5D3),DAh(7474F8()UH->Cz74Fk5(.z X-743',D0-3p8D395D;-7G,+5K39,?>d ,D0-3(XUX-8D> "A2z (.,3 <;-38lF
A4TC;-8D3 -] M-OB0-A4/10SA45?A4,5K37Gdw(IH-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/p5D;Uj-5D3,E>d ,0-3dW;-7478K35D;U74,@5D3, ]

"
-
$

DQ3S39`.(72;-(.,39H_>C;-8+<;-38lF,D3/10-)UA"<;-356;U5DA2)UTL`C398D5KA2>C)-5 >dp,D0-3 <;-398DA2395&H-395D/8KA2jN3H A4),D0-3
X-8D3`"A4>C;-5p5K3/,A2>)iM5l,;-HUFA4)-T&,0-3Y,8D(H-3> 5pXN>C5K5DA2jU723ojN39,[O:339) ;U38KFr8D;-)\,DA2z3o(.)-H\8D395D;-7G,
5D39,Y5KA 3.]ke"A4z A47h(8B,>63(8D74A238m Cle\39`.(74;V(.,DA2>C)rO:>C8 F5' y )M >C;-/8 <;-38lF$8D;U)Z,DA2z3oz39,8KA2/gA45

,0-3o(a`38D(TC3o8K35KX=>C)U5D3o,DA2z3JdW8K>Cz ,0U3o;-5K38D5EX=398D5DXN3/,AG`C3] '7G,A2z (.,D374FM B?m Cle P 5ETC>(.7 A25B,>
;-5D3@,0-395D3',D3/10-)U"A <;-35:,>Y8D39,D;-8D)(.,:723 (.5K, >C)-3B`.(72A4H 8K35D;U74,vOBA4,D0-A2)k,0-3B,A4z 3B74A2zA4, 5KX=39/A V3H

j<F,0-3 <;-38lF >C8?,0-3J5lF"5l,39zS]

% À

;U8!3 "XN38KA2z3),1(7=A2)UdW8D(5K,D8D;-/,;-8K3EA45!jV(5K3H6>C) p8D(/743 A )<,D38KX-8DA45D3 H-AG,A2>)8D;U)-)-A2)UTg>C)

B@39 H E(., . A2)<; "] s >C)\( H-39H-A2/(.,39H p3747 5 >aO!398 H-TC3 tCt 5K38l`C389] ?0-3o5D38l`C398p0V(5@,[O!>

s m E3>C)QX-8D>/395D5D>8D5M y m R >d?z (A2)Zz 39z >8KFCM ()-Hu( 5 B N @C B@n C />)<,D8D>C7472398

X-8D>H-;-/9A2)-T(jN>C;U, y t Sm Rc>d B@n C I5K,D>C8(T3>^`38@3A4TC0, m R e N?Ue C:H-A25 F<5]
P> 39`.(74;V(.,3 ;U38DA4359M@O:3 zg;-5K, V8D5l, X=>CXU;-7h(.,D3\>C;-8HV(.,1(.jV(5D3.] DL3\H-A4H ,0-A45&;-5DA4)-T

mJ8KA2Hxm ' s )M-OB0-A2/10 O+(.5'H-395D/98DA2jN3HqA2) H-3,1(A4725+A4) /10V(XU,D38 U]
@>C5K, z3z>C8KFE5DA 935 ()-HY)-39,[O:>C8 FYXU8D>CXN38l,A2395P(8D3vz>C5K, /98DA4,DA2/(7dW>C8i,D0-3 ,[FXN35P>-d <;-398DA435
O!3;-5D3kA4)Z>;-839`.(74;V(.,A4>C)i] >C8z3z>C8lF\5DA 395M O!35K,D;-H-A43H ()->)<FzA 93H EHV(,1( H-;-zX-5
dW8D>Cz ,D0-3 : Jec5D38l`C398D5\8K;-)-)-A4)-T >C) 5K39`38(.7R72(8DTC3$T8DA2HU5Mp(.)-H H-(.,1( X-8D>aÀ2HU3H jFc,D0-3
R @C 5 N$X-8D> 2K39/9, (., R:3G8 F.37439FC ] ?0-3v7h(8KTC35l, HV(.,(5D3, O+(.5P>)-3 />C747239/9,39HjFYe"zA4,0M93,P(7 ' yt *)]
DQ3 3 ,8D(/9,D3Huz3z>C8KF 5KA 935RdW8K>Cz ,0U3&e"zA4,D0LH-(.,1(5K39,g()-HQ,D0-3)u/9>C) VT;-8D39H mJ8KA2Hxm ,>
TC3)-398(.,D3J0->C5K,D5@OBAG,06,0U3Y5D(z3z 39z >C8lF&5KA 3JH-A45K,D8DA2jU;U,A4>C)i]
DL3qTC3)-398(.,D3H )U39,[O:>CG8 F<5&;-5KA2)-TZ5DXN3/9A V/SXV(8D(z 3,398k`.(74;-35kdW>C;-)UHjF (72>C;",5D>5M!3,
(7MvA2)u,D0-3A48IHV(.,(5D3, >)*8K>C;U,D38D5kA4)u,0-c3 C[),398D)-3, ' )]*m8DA2HVm )-3,[O!>C8 Fu,>CXN>C74>CTCA2395g(8K3

&""24
3655- %"*'#7 )'#7 *!89 :'; 47 :< %=5- ? >!" #1@ 2 $&$&%% #" # #' '#7 ( "' '" #)
* ,+-./ (01

"
-
/>C) -TC;-8D39Hb;-5DA4)-T$3A4TC0,gXV(.8(z39,D38D59] e"A uH-3,398DzA2)-3,0-3&0UA238D(8D/10UA2/ (.7:5l,8D;U/9,;U8D3&>dB,D0-3

TC3)-398(.,D3H TC8KA2H ,D0-35K3q(8D3&X-(5D5K3H,D>\,0-36;U)-H-38K74FA2)UT?A238K5ITC3)U38(,>C8 ' y ) ROB0-A4723,D0-3

8D3z (A4)-A2)-T',[O!>RH-39,D38DzA2)U3+,0-3BXV(8D(z39,398D5 >d=>C;U,DH-3T8D33@XN>Ô:38v72(aO>d C[)<,D38K)-39,v,>X=>C74>CTF

>C;-8 3 ,3)U5DA2>
) ] ?0U3@39A2TC0, X-(8(z39,D38K5v(8D3 b >C;U,HU3TC8K33B7h( O*/>C)U5K,1(.)<, M & >C;U,HU3TC8K33

3"X=>)-3), M z ( "A2zg;Uz )<;-zoj=398 >Bd D$n 5 5 M z ( "A2zo;-z );Uzgj=398 >1d :Sn 5 5vX=398
D$n 5 M z ( "A2zg;Uz )<;-zgjN38v>d . n 5 5vX=398 :qn 5 M z( "A4zg;-z );Uzgj=398 >d=)->"HU35
X=3968 D$n 5
M z ( "A2zo;-z )<;-zoj=398@>.dw)->H-395@XN38 :qn 5 Mx()-H z( "A4zg;-z );Uzgj=398
>dP)->"HU35+XN38 . n 5 U] DQ3pXU8D>aÀ2H-3E,D0-3J(/,;V(7=XV(8D(z 3,398!`.(72;-395!A4)&,0-3p8K37439`.(),?5D39/9,DA2>C)-59]

# > A

DQ3Z39`.(74;V(.,39H )->C)-H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4! / <;-38KA235qjF 5K,D;-HUFA2)-T0->aO ,D0-3 <;-398KF 8D;U) ,DA2z3 ()-H

,0-3 8D35K;-74,o5D3,I5DA 3HU3XN3)-H-5o>C)Q,0U3&HV(.,(jV(5K35DA 3.Mw,0-3 5D39723/,A4>C)uX-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[FCM ()-HQ,D0-3
/>CzX-723 "A4,[FL>dB,0-#3 <;-398KFC] DQ36;U5D36,[O!> H-A 398D39)<, ;U38DA4359] ?0-3 V8K5K,k72>(> F<5odW>C8oTC8D>C;UX-5
>dB0->C5l,5o,D0V(.,o,D>CTC3,0-398g0V( `C3 (rTA4`C39)b(z>C;-),g>.dBz 39z >C8lFC] ?0-3&5D39/>C)UH*74>"> F5JdW>C8Y,[O!>
H-A28K3/9,D74F/>C)-)U3/9,D3HS0->C5K,D5'8K;-)-)-A4)-TI,0-3J5D(z 3>X=398(.,DA2)-TI5lF"5l,39zS]
! . #"$%" &
('*)+#"-,./"0)1".234156" "05"0128793:790;+<
?0-A25/<;-398KF\>;-8p8D;U)-)-A2)UT63U(zX-723odW8K>Cz e"3/,A2>) -] y ] y MTC3)-398(74A 93H\,> -)-H . H-A =38K3),

0->C5K,D5] 5 >,3:,0V(.,wOB0-A2743+5D;-/10 <;-398DA2395 / ()kjN3/9>Cz 39;UA4,3!/>CzX-723 I(.5w,0-3?)<;-zoj=398 >dN0->C5l,5
TC8D>aOB5M-,D0-39F /()qj=3J(;",>Cz (.,A4/ (7474FTC39)-38D(.,39Hq`38KF 3(5DA474F]
@5DA4)-Tq,D0-3z 39z >C8lF$5DA 3kH-A45K,8KA2j-;",A2>)iMiO!3 TC3)U38(,3HLTC8DA4H-5J>d t M tCtCt M tCt M tCtt MP()-H
"M ttCt M tCtCt 0->C5K,D5:OBAG,06m8DA4HxmI] >8 3(/10&TC8KA2HiMO:3p39`.(74;V(.,D3H y M UM UM"()-H s R0U>C5K,:`C38K5DA4>C)-5

;-5KA2)-T y M -M UMv()-H s O!( *

F 2K>CA4)-5 J>dB,0-3 ;U38KFM `(.8KFA2)-Tr5D3743/,A2>)bX-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,DA2359] DL3
8()3 (/10 ;U38K F -`3@,DA2z359Mz3 (.5D;-8KA2)-TJ,0-3 <;-398KF8D;-)U)-A2)-TJ,A4z 3@()UH,D0-3')<;-zoj=398:>d8D>aOB5
8D39,D;-8D)U3H jFQ,0U3 <;-38lFC] DQ368K3XN>C8K,R,0-36z3 ()M z A4)-A2zo;-zSM ()-Hbz ( "A2zo;-zf>d?,0-3 U`C3
8D;-)-59] A2TC;U8D3 -] I5D0->aOB5'(727,D0-3JX=398KdW>C8Kz(.)-/3HV(,1(UMUOB0UA2/10 O!3Y372(j=>8(.,D3p>C)qj=3972>aOJ]

"
-

!"#%$&

('*)
+( ,(("' .-

"('0/1 (32"" 4 567
28( 90"' 9:2<; 567= 28( 90"' 9:2<;
>(?(@ A 2

#"'""
B
B
B
C ED ( C FD ( C FD (
>(?(@ A 2

"#"
G= #"'""
( ? =
(H ? (H ?

(H ? ?I =J B B
>(?(@ A 2

?I ?(? >(K(A A(K

L(J(J
?I M7A

?I J7N K ?I M7K J

:

?I ? >(> N A L >(?(? L(J K(K(O(? J N I O N I J OI N
M 2
?I ?(?(?
?I ?(?(?(> :
:
=J NL
>(A N
K L(J > N
=J M J
O =J(L
?I J >
A(KI J ?I J
AI
?I M7>
J MI A

O 2

?I ?(?(?
?I ?(?(?(?(>
N O(O(> J
>(K

=L A(?
?
> L7NL
J ?J
:
?I N A
A L IJ
?I > J
?I O J
?I L(L
?(A
K 2= ?I ?(?(?(?

?I ?(?(?(?(> A L O(> L O
? ?
? M L A L(L A
?
KI K N
O IJ
KI KM
KI KM
KI N
J O(?
>(?(?(@ A 2
?I ?(?(?

?I ?(?(?(> >(K(K
=J ?M7O A L(L
?(K(A(? O(?(A
K K(O

?I O
>I J M

MI M7A
?I > J ?I L M

KI NJ
?I ?(?
?I ?(?(A

> N >(AM
A K J O(A A ?(A L ? A(A(?(? J ?
=J ?M7O K(A J M7?

OI J
NJ I ?
KI J
N ?I ?
=L I M J
N KI ?
M 2
?I ?(?(?(?
: >M ? A L(J ?I J K
?I A(K ?I M7O

?I ?(?(?(?(> M J A(A(K K(A(O(> J A =L(J K(K A(K OI A J AI L
O 2

K 2=
?I ?(?(?(?(?(>
?I ?(?(?(? >M A N
AJ
L(J K(O
?
#K(OM7O
=J ? L7N ?I K L
LI
?I > J
AI A =L I L
IJ
?I ?(?(?(?(? ? ? ?

KI K(> KI K J KI N

?I ?(?(?(?(?(> O(?M7> J(J ? J(L(J ?(>M7? >I K KI K J >(A J I K
>(?(?(?(@ A 2
?I ?(?(?(?

?I ?(?(? :
K(? J >
>(? N J O(?
>(A N ? N
KJ>
N ?(K =J A(AI M
I ?I L K
A(?I L A J IL
I =J
M 2

?I ?(?(?(?(?
?I ?(?(?(?(?(>
#
AJ>
O L(L A(?
A(?
? L > J(J J A(A(K(K(O
K(AM ?I >(>
A J IA
?I M7K
N I >
?I K(>
J >I M

O 2

?I ?(?(?(?(?

?I ?(?(?(?(?(?(>
A N A N ?M >(>
#
=J O
?(K M K N M7>(>M
ALK ?I N(N
A(OI L
?I N
=J I L
?I O N
K(OI A
K 2=

?I ?(?(?(?(?(?
?I ?(?(?(?(?(?(> : A M NJ
? ?
? J(J ?(O(OM
? KI N
J
KI K L
KI N
KI N
N OI
A2TC;U8D3-] [b65P38KdW>8Dz ()-/3R>d )->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2//<;-398DA435'OBAG,0SH-A =38K3),E5KA 935E>.d TC8DA4HiVM H-AGd

dW38D39),')<;-zoj=398D5@>dw0U>C5K,D5Mx()-HqH-A 398D3),@5D397239/9,A4>C) X-8D>jV(j-A472A4,DA2395]

"
- t
100 1000000
100000
Number of
10 Results 10000
1000
Query Time
1 100
10
0.1 1
0.0001 0.001 0.002
Selection Probability
A2TC;-8K3-]Ub ,p;-38lF&,A4z 3(.)-HS)<;-zoj=398@>.dw5K37239/9,D3Hr8K>aOB5B`38K5D;-5'5D3743/,A2>)qXU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[FC]

C[)&(H-H-AG,A2>)k,D>R,D0-3E)->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/ <;-398DA435MO!3E(725K>R3`.(72;V(,3H,0-3'X=398KdW>C8Kz(.)-/3B>d
H-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/()-HL72A4z AG,3H H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/g`C398D5DA4>C)-5g>.d+,0-35DA4z XU7235l, <;-398KF y O+( F 2K>CA2)
>C)c,0-3$5Kz(7472395K,&)<;-zoj=3986>do0U>C5K,D5 t M!HV(.,(u,0V(.,&>"/9/;-X-A4356,0U3 V8D5l,6,[O!>*8D>aOB56>d
A2TC;U8D3 -] U] 5 >,DA2/93Y,D0V(.,@,0-3RX-;-8D3974F H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/ ;U38KFM=OB0-A4/10rOBA2747 39`3),;V(.7274F 8K39,D;-8D)
(727-XN>C5K5DA2jU723B8D395D;-7G,5M<8K03 <;-A28K35 >a`C38!()0->C;-8v>d8D;-)-)UA2)-T,A4z 3.] p8(./72(3 P 5 <;-398KFX-7h(.)z ( F.35
dW;-727i;U5D3J>dP,0-3Y( `.(A272(j-723'A2)-HUA2/395]
?0U3$72A2zA4,D3H H-3,38Kz A4)-A25l,A4/ <;-398KFCM?OB0-A4/10c8D3,;-8K)-5&,0-3 V8D5l,68D395D;-7G, MB>C8,0-3 -8D5K, sat
8D35K;-74,D5M V)-A45D0-39H*`38KF <;-A4/ F<74F t ] s 5 M j-;U,(7GO+( F5k8D3,;-8K)-3H*,0-3 5(.z 368K35D;U74,59] ?0-3
)->C)-H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/?`C38K5DA4>C)6>di,D0-3E5D(z 3 <;-38lF3 U39/;U,D35?z>C8D3@5D74>aOB74FCM<,1( FA4)-Tg(.j=>C;",!,[OBA2/93
(5?72>C)UTg39`3) OBA4,0 (o`38lF&72>aO 5D397239/9,A4>C)6X-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[FC] @>aO!3`C389MVdW>C7274>ÔBA4)-TR,D0-3H-A45D/;U5D5DA4>C)
>dPe"39/9,A4>C) -] y ] y M<O:3E)->aO TC3,+(JH-A =38K3),+5K39,:>d 8K35D;U74,5 3 (./10,A4z 3?O:3E8D;U) ,0U3 <;-38lFCMU()-H
,0-73 <;-398KFYOBA2747HU>( "3H(z>C;-), >dVO:>CG8 FY3 (/10g,DA2z3:AG, A45 8K;-)i] C ,wA25w5K72>aO:38 jN3/(;-5D3:,0-398D3
(8D3,[O!>$(.H-H-A4,DA2>C)-(7 03 <;-A 2K>CA2)U5YOBAG,0L,D0-3A4)-5D398K,DA2H-5J,1(jU723Mw(5o/()ujN3 5K339)bA2) A2TC;-8K3 -] y ]
?0-A25?>a`C398D0-3(HqA25+,0U3/>C5l,?dW>C8?A2zX-7239z 39),A2)UTo8(.)-H->Cz 5(zX-72A4)-Tg(.j=>a`C3,D0-3HV(.,(jV(5K3]vn
HV(.,1(.jV(5D3J39)-TCA2)U3p,0V(.,@5K;-X-XN>C8K,D5@8D()-H->z 5(zX-74A2)-ToOBA4727i)U>,BXV( F&,0UA25BX=39)V(7G,[FC]
P>rjN39,K,398oA27472;-5l,8D(.,3g>;-8R8K35K;-74,D5YdW>C8Y)->C)UH-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA21/ <;-398DA2395MwO:35D0->aO ,[O!>S5D74A2/395

"
- s
1 2000
p=0.0001 p=0.00000001
Query Time 1800
1600
p=0.000005
1400
1200
p=0.00001
1000
Number of 800
Results
600
400
200
0.1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of Hosts
2A TC;-8K3-] [b ,p;-38lF&,A4z 3(.)-HS)<;-zoj=398@>.dw5K37239/9,D3Hr8K>aOB5B`38K5D;-5');Uzgj=398B>dw0U>C5K,D5]

,0-8K>C;-TC0 ,D0-3r,1(.j-723.] DQ3\;U5D3\,0U3 tCt M tCtCt 0->C5K,&TC8DA4Hi] A2T;-8D3 -] Z5D0->aOB56,0-3\(a`38D(TC3

);Uzgj=398v>di8K35D;U74,5 ()UH,D0-3@(a`38D(TC3 ;U38KFI,DA2z3!dW>C8 ,0U3B,[O:>Y0->C5K, `C398D5KA2>C)>dN,0-3 <;-38lF(5
(kdW;-)U/9,A4>C) >dw,D0-3J5D39723/,A4>C)SXU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[FC]?0-3R7439d,B0V(.)-HS5K/ (743J/>C8K8D35KX=>)-H-5',D>I,0-33<;-38lF
,A2z3MCOB0UA2723B,0U3'8KA2TC0, 0V()-H5D/ (.723@5D0->aOB5:,D0-3E)<;-zoj=398:>di8D35K;-74,D5] 5 >,3@,0V(,!(.727V5D/(72395+(8K3
72>CT(.8DA4,D0-zA2/] ?0-395D3J8D395D;-7G,5?5K0->aO ,D0V(.,BA4,!A25+XN>C5K5DA2jU723',D>Iz 3()-A4)-TdW;-7474FI,8D(H-3p> \jN39,[O:33)
;U38KFX-8K>"/935K5DA2)UTR,A4z 3B(.)-H8K35D;U74,:5D39,:5DA 3.] ?0-3'XN>CA4)<, 0-398D3'A25 ,0V(,:AG, A25vX=>5D5DA4j-723?,D>R`.(8KF
,0-3 <;-398KFg,DA2z3?()-HI,0U3?8D35K;-74, 5D39, 5KA 3?>a`38v5D3`C38D(7V>C8KH-38K5 >.d=z (TC)UA4,;UH-3!jFIz>"HU;-7h(.,DA2)-T
,0-3J5D397239/9,A4>C) X-8D>jV(j-A472A4,[F]
A2TC;-8K3 -] k5D0U>ÔB5E( 5K3/>)-H\5D74A2/93J,D0-8D>;-TC0q>C;-8@HV(.,1("] p)-/3R(T(.A2)iM-O:3o0V( `3o;-5K3Hr,D0-3

tCt M tCtCt 0->C5K,JT8DA2Hr()-H$5K0->aO ,D0-3I( `C398(TC13 <;-398KFS,A2z3R()-H$8D395D;-7G,5D3,5DA 3.Mij-;U,0U38D3gO:3

`(.8KF$,0U3 /9>Cz XU723 "AG,[F$>d <;-398KF ,D0-3 )<;-zoj=398R>d+0->C5K,D5o(.G5 F39HudW>C8 ()UHQ/10->>C5D35D397239/9,A4>C)
X-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,DA235 ,D>o,8lF ,D;> F393X6,0-3 ;U38KF ,A4z 3E(5!/9>C)-5K,(),@(5+XN>C5D5KA2j-743] ?0U3pX=>A2),+0-398D3pA45
,0V(.,JAG,A25XN>C5K5DA2jU723o,D>q;U5D3I,0-3k5K37239/9,DA2>C) X-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[Fq,D> />C),8K>C7w,D0-3 ;U38KF$,DA2z3o72(8DTC3974F
A2)-H-39X=39)-H-39)<,'>d <;-38lF />CzX-723 "A4,[FC]

"
- y
'>5K,5
sat U] s y ]
& 5 sD 5 y: t 5 s t. e as D t è as : t e .t
t U] s y ] s satCt s t sat as t t
s tCt U] s y ] s satCt y.t sat as t t
2A TC;U8D3 -] [b 5 (8(.z 3,38K5vXV(5D5K3H,D>RmJ8KA2Hxm D, >JTC3)-398(.,D3'T8DA2HU5vdW>8 )-C> )-H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/ <;-38lF
39`.(72;-(.,A4>C)i]
15 !-3:$%"2 ; 1 " "015$ )3: &
(' )#",./") 1 " 2/3415#" " " 152 793:790;
<
R !3/(;-5D3 B?mCleq(745D>5K,D>C8D395'A4)UdW>C8Dz (.,DA2>C)6(.j=>C;",@,D0-3Y)-39,[O:>C8GF6,D>CX=>72>CTF>d (kTC8KA2HiMUO:3o/()

A2)-/972;-H-3+,D>CXN>C72>CT.FoA4) >C;U8;U38DA4359] >8 3U(zX-723.MCO!3@/ () V)-Hk,0U3'5K0->C8K,D35l,!XV(,0-5vjN39,[O:33)
(*XV(.A286>do0->C5K,D5MJ>C8q(747pXV(A48D5 5D0->8K,395K,SXV(.,D0-5M>C8q( TC8D>;-X >dR0->C5l,5q,0V(.,S(8K3$,A2T0<,D74F
/>C)-)U3/9,D3Hi]
p;-8 <;-38lFJ0-38K3 ,D8DA435 ,> V)-Ho(727CX-(A28K5P>.d-0->C5l,5 ,0V(,w(.8D3vH-A28K3/,74F(.,D,(/10-3H (.,P72(aF38 ]
?0-3Rz (/10-A4)-35Bzg;U5K,@0V( `C3Y,0-3Y5(z3>CXN38D(.,A4)-Tk5KF5K,D3z ()-HSzg;-5K,@0V( `3o(I,>,(7 z3z>C8KF
>d?(.,Y743 (5l, s Sm RE] DQ3TC39)-38D(.,39HuH-A =38K3),Y)-39,[O:>C8 F59M 8(.)-TCA2)UTqdW8K>Cz sat M tCtCt ,D> satt M ttCt
0->C5K,D5dW>8k,D0-A25 <;-398KFC] ?0-3S)U39,[O:>CG8 F XV(8D(z39,398D5kTCAG`C3)*,>QmJ8KA2Hxm (8D3 5K;-z z (8KA 39HA4)
A2TC;U8D3 -] U]
A2TC;-8K3 U] sat 5D0->aOB5w,D0-3?( `C398(TC93 ;U38KFY,A4z 3v`C398D5K;-5 5D39723/,A4>C)oX-8K>CjV(jUA272AG,[FpdW>C8 H-A =38K3),
5DA 93'T8DA2HU5] A4TC;-8K3 U] sCs 5D0U>ÔB5:,0-3'( `C38D(TC3'8D35K;-74,:5D3,+5KA 3BdW>C8 ,0U3E5(.z 3BXV(8D(z39,398D59] >8
,0-A45 8()-T3@>.d5K37239/9,DA2>C)kX-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,A2395M ;U38KFI,DA2z3+A2)U/8D3(5D395!(.X-X-8D> "A2z (.,D374FR72A4)-3 (.8D74FJOBAG,0
5D3743/,A2>)rX-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[FCMUOB0-A4723J,0-3Y8D395D;-7G,E5K39,E5DA 93RA4)-/8K3 (5K35p5K72A4TC0,74F d
(5K,D389] ?0U35D3o8D35K;-74,D5
X-8D>aÀ2H-3Sz >8D3r3À2H-39)-/3r,D0V(.,A4, A25XN>C5K5DA2jU723 ,>u;-5K3\5D397239/9,A4>C)_XU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[Fu,D>Q,8D(H-3r>
j=3,[O!393)8D35K;-74, 5D39, 5DA 93?()-1H <;-398KFg,DA2z3 dW>8 <;-38KA235 (j=>;U, TC8KA2H-5POBA4,0g,[FX-A4/ (7,>CXN>C74>CTCA2/(7
()-Hqz 39z >C8lF5KA 93YHUA25K,D8DA4j-;U,A4>C)-59]

"
-
60
10K HOSTS
50 50K HOSTS
100K HOSTS
40
Time (Seconds)
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2A TC;U8D3 -] sat b ,p;-398KF 8D;U)-)-A2)UT ,DA2z3`C398D5K;-55K37239/9,DA2>C)*X-8D>jV(j-A472A4,[F dW>C8k)->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/

Probability

)-39,[O:>C8GF#<;-398KF]
6000
10K HOSTS
5000 50K HOSTS
100K HOSTS
Number of rows selected
4000
3000
(0.1, 2)
2000 (0.1, 10)
(0.1, 14)
1000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2A TC;U8D3 -] sCs b 5 ;-zgjN38 >d"5D39723/,39Ho8D>aOB5 `C398D5D;U5 5K37239/9,DA2>C)YX-8D>jV(j-A472A4,[FBdW>C8 )->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/

Probability

)-39,[O:>C8GF#<;-398KF]

"
-
'>5K,5
UM tCt "] s y ]
& 5 sD 5 : 5 . e D t [e : t ye Ct . t
s tUs M ytCt "] s y ] s y yCy t t ytCt

t M tCtCt "] s y ] s t t t t ytCt

A2TC;U8D3 U] s^y b 5 (8(z39,D38K5IXV(5D5K3H ,>Zm8DA4Hxm dW>C8gTC39)-38D(.,A4)-T$TC8DA4H-5R,D>$39`.(74;V(.,35D/>X=39HiM
(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3MV(.)-H 5D/>X=39H\(X-XU8D> "A2z (.,3)-3,[O!>8GF#<;-38KA2395]
< >
[>
A

DQ3@39`.(74;V(.,39H0->aO ,D0-3@X=398KdW>C8Kz()U/3@>di5K/>CXN3HiMU(X-X-8K> UA4z(,3M<(.)-H5K/>CXN3H6(.X-X-8D> "A2z (.,D3

;U38DA435:>C) B+m ClekH-3XN3)-HU5!>C),0-3@HV(.,(jV(5K3'5KA 3.MU(.)-H ,D0-3'/9>CzX-723 UAG,[FI>d=,0-3 ;U38KF] ?0-3
;U38DA435O:3I;-5D3(8K3I)-3 (8K74FSA2H-39),A2/(7 ,D>6,0->C5K3I>dv,0-3kX-8K39À2>;-55D39/9,A4>C)i] ?0-3 V8D5l,Y72>(> F<5
dW>C8E5K39,5E>dv0->C5l,5E,D0V(.,pz33,( ,D>,1(.7 z3z>C8KF 8K03 <;-A48D3z3),J(.)-Hr,>.,1(7PH-A25 F 8D03 <;-A48D39z 39)<,M
,0-3&72(.,D,D38R8D03 <;-A48D39z 39)<,gj=39A2)-Tr,D0-3&H-A 398D39)-/3&dW8K>Cz ,0-3&XU8D39À4>C;-5I5D39/9,DA2>C)i] ?0U365D3/9>C)-H
72>(> F<5EdW>C8TC8K>C;-X-5>d 0->5K,5,D0V(.,Y(H-HUA4,A4>C)V(7474Fq(8K3g,A4TC0,74Fq/9>C;-X-743H >C)$,0-3k)-3,[O!>G8 F A] 3]GM
/72;U5K,398D59] @38D3.M ,D0-3 /9>C;-X-74A2)-T A45Y)U>,oHUA28D39/9,R(.,K,1(/10-z3),M j-;",o5K0V(8DA4)-TS(q/9>Cz z>C) V8K5K,
0->CXq8D>C;U,D389]
?0U3o)-3,[O!>C8 F XV(8(.z 3,38K5B>dw,D0-3R5lF)<,D0-39,DA2/YTC8DA4H-5B;-5D39H\A2)6,D0-A25B5D39/9,DA2>C)r(8D3JH-395D/8KA2jN3H
A2) A2T;-8D3 U] s^y ] ?0-3Rz3z>C8lFH-A45K,D8DA2jU;U,A4>C)-5B(8K3J(5Bj=3dW>C8D3.]
+ ! . #"$%" &
(' )+ 6" ,./") 1" 2/3415#" "05"0152 793:790; 15
<
'38K3O:339`.(72;-(.,39HZ,D0-3 XN38ldW>C8Dz ()-/93k>d+>C8KA2TCA4)V(7w()-HZ5D/>X=39Hb(X-X-8K> UA4z(,3g`C398D5KA2>C)-5Y>d

( <;-398KF$,0-(.,Y5D3 (.8D/10-5YdW>C8 . 0U>C5K,D5YOBAG,0L( ,D>,1(7 z3z>C8lF say . : R ()UHZ,D>,1(7 HUA25GF
t .L] A2TC;U8D3 U] s &5K0->aOB5,0-3k( `C398(T3I8D35KX=>)-5D3I,A4z 3R>d j=>.,0\`C398D5KA2>C)-5J>dv,D0-13 <;-38lF
dW>C8,0U3Z72(8DT35K,&TC8DA4H 5DA 3] C[) (.727',D0-3$H-A 398D3), 5KA 39H TC8DA4H-5MBO!3 5K33$,0V(,6,0-3$5K/>CXN3H
(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D39<;-398KFo,DA2z3:A45wA4)-H-3XN3)UH-3),v>dV,D0-3+)<;-zgjN38 >.dx0->C5K,D5 A2)R,0-3+T8D>C;-XMOB0-A2743:,D0-3
H-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/ <;-398KFJ,A4z 3 T8D>aOB5 `C38lFJd
(5K, OBA4,D0Y,D0-3v)<;-zgjN38P>dU0U>C5K,D5] C[)R(727/ (5K35M8D35K;-74,D5

"
-
100
(out of
Original Query Time time)
Query Time (Sec)

10
Scoped+Approximate
1 Query Time
0.1
2 4 8 16 32 64
Number of Hosts Searched For
A2TC;U8D3 -] s [b @>C5K,!TC8D>C;UX <;-38lF8K35DXN>C)-5K3E,A4z 3B`5] )<;-zgjN38:>d 0->C5l,5 OBA4,0 t M tCtCt 0->C5l,5
D5 /9>CXN3H\(.X-X-8D> "A2z (.,D3 <;-38lF ]

O!398D3I8D3,;-8K)-3H] N!743 (8K74FM0<;-z ()!<;-38lF\/8K3 (.,DA2>C) ,0U3k(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3YdW>8Dz >d ,0-31<;-398KF

/>CzgjUA2)-39H&OBA4,0 (.;U,>Cz (.,D3H,D8()-5ldW>C8Dz (.,DA2>C) 5D/9>CX-A4)-T :/()68D395D;-7G,?A2)#<;-398KF&XN38ldW>C8Dz ()-/93
,0V(.,B5K/ (7435?`C398KF6O:3747iOBA4,0 X-8K>Cj-743z 5KA 3.]
! .
#"$%" &
(' )#" ,. ") 2 15+,.+") 15 "05"0152
793:79; 1" " 15$ )+3:"091 $ 7 79("034 <
?0-A25 <;-38lF 5D3 (.8D/10-395EdW>C8@() . 0->5K, . A4)<; /74;-5K,D38BOBA4,D0S74A2)`F jV()-HUOBA4HU,0U5 satCt :Sj-X-59M
()-Hk,>,(7Vz 39z >8KF s^y .L] '38K3MO:3'z3 (5K;-8D39H ,D0-3B8D35KX=>)-5D3@,A2z3?>d=>C8DA4TCA2)-(7M.5D/>X=39HiM
(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3M:()-H5D/>X=39H (X-XU8D> "A2z (.,3&`38D5KA2>C)U5>d',0-A45 l/72;U5K,398 V)-H-398 <;-398KF(5(
dW;-)-/9,DA2>C)r>d HV(.,(jV(5K3g5DA3o()-H!<;-38lFr/9>CzX-723 UAG,[F )<;-zgjN38'>dv0->C5l,5 ] R!39/ (;-5K3I>d ,DA2z3
72A2zA4,(.,A4>C)-59M>;-8BHV(.,1(k/>z XV(.8D35'(747`C398D5DA4>C)-5@>C) ,0-3Y5Dz (727TC8DA4H UM tCt 0->C5K,D5 MNjU;U,@>C)-74F

,0-3J>C8KA2TCA4)V(7 5D74>aO!395K, B()-H 5K/>CXN3Hr(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3 d

(5l,395K, !`38D5KA2>C)U5@>)q,D0-3J7h(8KTC38+T8DA2HU5]
A2TC;-8K3 U] s 5D0->aOB5( ,(j-743R>d ,D0-3g( `38(.TC3g8D395DXN>C)-5K3o,A4z 395'dW>C8@3 (/10$>.d ,0-3oH-A =38K3),
`C38K5DA4>C)-5p>d ,D0-3 <;-398KFr8D;-)\>)r,0-3R5Dz (727 TC8KA2Hi] D 0-39)$TC>CA2)UT dW8D>z >C8DA4TCA2)V(.7P-e ,/. <;-398DA435
,>b5D/9>CX-A4)-T-M?,0-3rH-3/98D3 (.5D3 A2)c8K35DXN>C)-5K3\,A4z 3SA255Kz(.727@H-;-3\,>L,0-3$X-8K35K3)-/93Z>.d . O!( F

"
-

(1V (
N!72;-5l,398 p8DA4TCA2)V(.7 e"/>X=39H nEX-XU8D> e"/>CXN3H ,
e"A 93 e-,/.<;-398KF <;-38lF <;-38lF nEX-X-8K> ;U38KF
y y"s ] y ]y "] y s ]s
I ytCt yt ] "] s ] y
I C
t C
t t I C
t t "
] s ]
s 5 n I tCt "] s s ]
y 5 nn I tCt "] "]

5 I C
t t I ^
s
y t U]
A2TC;U8D3 -] s `bN!74;-5K,D38 V)-H-398 <;-398KFk,A4z 395vA2)5D3/9>C)-H-5 dW>C8 ,0-3BdW>C;-8 <;-38lFk,3/10U)-A"<;-395:dW>C8 (
HV(.,1(.jV(5D3YXN>CX-;-72(.,39HqOBAG,0 UM tCt 0U>C5K,D56] C[)q,0-3 VTC;-8K3(M 8K3X-8K35D39),5E,D0->C5D3J,395K,D5',0-(.,
O!398D3Y)->,B8D;U)SH-;U3J,D> 3 "X=39/9,39Hr3 ",D8D39z 3974F674>C)-1T <;-38lF6,A4z 395]

70 70
60 60
Average
Number of LANs
50 50
time
Time (Sec)
40 40
30 30
Average time
20 per LAN 20
10 10
Average number of LANs Tried
0 0
2 4 8 16 32 64
Cluster Size
2A TC;U8D3 -] s Ub N!72;-5l,398 V)-HU38 <;-398KFZ,A2z3k`"59]r/972;-5l,38o5DA 93 OBAG,0 t M ttCt 0U>C5K,D5 5K/>CXN3H
(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3/<;-38lF ]
2K>CA2)-5!A2)63 (./10i] :S>a`"A4)-Tg,>k(.X-X-8D> "A2z (.,D3 <;-38KA235?8K35K;-74,D5?A2)6zg;-/10 jN39,K,38?5K/ (74A2)-TROBA4,0 .Z]
)U74FL(.d,398R,D0-3 . y H->35o,D0-3&8K35DXN>C)-5K3&,A4z 3j=39/>Cz3;U)-8D3(5D>C)-(j-723.]?0-3&5K/>CXN3H
(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3 ;U38DA435g0-(a`3H-8D(z (.,A4/ (7474F\74>aO!398R8K35DXN>C)-5K3,A4z 395M ()-Hu5K/ (743 )UA2/3974F$OBAG,0
A2)-/98D3 (.5DA2)UT/972;-5l,398@5KA 935]
A2TC;-8K3 -] s SXU8D>aÀ2H-395gz >8D3HU39,1(.A27 dW>C8R,D0-3&5K/>CXN3H*(X-XU8D> "A2z (.,+3 <;-38lFu8D;U)-)-A2)UT\>C)
,0-3\72(8DT35K,TC8DA4H t M tCtCt 0U>C5K,D5 ] @38K3\O!3\;U5D3$8(.)-H->CzA 93H 5K/>CX-A4)-T-MB8D39X=3(.,A4)-TQ,D0-3
;U38KFQOBA4,0u(\H-A =38K3),k8()UH->Cz 8D>C;U,D38g;U)<,DA27!(\z(.,D/10bA25odW>;-)-Hi] R!3/(;-5K3&,0-365K/>CXN3H

-

(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3 <;-398DA435&(.74O!(aF5&XN38ldW>C8Dz (Z,0-8K33 O+( F!K2 >CA2)M!8D39T(8KH-72395D5>.d L. M+,0U3r7h(.8DTC398

,0V(.,. A45Mw,D0-3z>C8D3 j=39)-3 U,g,0-3FQXU8D>aÀ2H-3.]rnE5R,0-3 TC8DA4HQTC8K>ÔB5oA2)Q5KA 93M ,0U33"XN3/,3H
);Uzgj=398p>d . n 5 5E,D0V(.,pzo;-5K,jN3o5K3 (8K/10-3HZH-39/8D3(5D395]C[) (HUH-A4,DA2>C)iMV,D0-3I( `C398(TC3o8D30<;-395K,
,A2z3?XN38 . n 5 5D/ (.7235v8K37h(,A4`37GFg72A4)-3 (.8D74Fg(5 ,0-3@/74;-5K,D38v5DA3@A2)-/98D3(5D395]_C[)k,0-3BO!>8D5K,:/ (.5D3
O!3:5K,;UH-A239H ')->H-3!/972;-5l,389M t M ttCt 0U>C5K,D5 ,D0-3+( `38(.TC3:,DA2z3 >.d-,0-3:8D3 ;U35K, A25P7235K5 ,D0V()
t 5D39/>C)-HU5M OB0-A2/10 A45E8D39z(.G8 F(j-7GFqd
(.5K,398p,0V(.)\,0-3 I I ytCtt 5D39/>C)-H$,DA2z35p5K33) jF\,D0-3
>C8DA4TCA2)V(.7 <;-38lFC]rn'T(A4)iMw(.;U,>Cz (.,D3H <;-398KFZ,8D()-5KdW>8Dz (.,A4>C)-5J/ ()QH-8(z (.,DA2/ (.7274FSA2zX-8K>^`3
X=398KdW>C8Kz()U/3M"OBA4,0 0<;-z ()qA2),398K`C39),A2>)SX-8K>a`"A4H-A2)UTI39`C39)\z>C8D3T(.A2)-59]

A A

m CleJ5KF5K,D3z5wzg;-5l, 5K/ (743:A4)Y,D0-3:XU8D35K3)-/93?>d-zo;-74,DA2X-743 />C)-/9;-8D8K3), ;U5D38K5 ()-HR;-)-H-398w;-XNHV(.,D3

72>(H ' s t )] P>o5l,;-HUF8B?mCle P 5:XN38ldW>C8Dz ()-/93'A4),D0-A25v8K35DXN3/, MO!3';-5D39H,0-3@5D/9>CXN3H6(XUX-8D>
A2z (.,3 <;-398DA2395!H-395D/98DA2jN3HA2)e"3/,A2>) -] U] R8K;-)-)-A4)-TR>) ,0U3'5Kz(747-TC8KA2H UM tCt 0->C5l,5 ] ?0-3

;-X=H-(.,3k72>C(H />C)-5KA25l,3HL>d?( X-8K>"/935D5Y/>)<,DA2)<;->C;U5D74F\H->CA2)UTq,D8()-5D(/9,DA2>C)-(7 ;-XNHV(.,D35Y>d!,D0-3

H-A25 F&5DA 3J>d 8()-HU>Cz 7GF5K3743/9,D3HS0->C5K,D5]
C[) A2TC;U8D3 -] s UM=zo;-74,DA2X-743;-5D398D5(8K3oAG,38D(.,AG`C3974F A25K5D;-A4)-T5K/>CXN3H\(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3 <;-398DA435
,0V(.,(8D3R3 (/10 5D3(8D/10UA2)-T&dW>C8 . A2)<; r/72;U5K,398D5pOBAG,0 )->"HU35M 74A2`) F6j-()-HUOBA4HU,0-5>.d s tCt
:Sj-X-59Mi()-Hr(,D>,1(7 z3z>C8lF6>d sa y : RE^] DL3oX-74>,B,0-39A28@( `C38D(TC3g8K35KX=>C)U5D3R,DA2z3Y(5
(RdW;-)-/,A2>)&>d ,0U3p)<;-zgjN38+>d /9>C)-/9;-8D8K3),B;-5D398D59] A2TC;-8K3 -] s RA45!A4H-3),A4/ (7x3 U/93XU,@0-398D3EO:3
8D;-)Q,D0-30->C5K,oTC8D>;-X <;-398KFZ,8KFA4)-TS,D> V)-H . 0->C5l,5YOBA4,0Q(q,D>,1(7vz3z>C8KF s^y
: RE4] DL3>j-5D398K`C3&,D0V(.,R,0-3&;UX=HV(,A2)UTrX-8K>"/935D5o/ ()u5K72>aO H->aOB)u,0-3 A2)UdW>8Dz (.,A4>C) 5D38l`C398M
j-;U,,D0-3q3 =3/9,&A255Dz (727B()UH_)->ZO!>C8K5D3r,D0V() sat A2)*z >5K, /A28K/;-z5K,()-/935] '>aO O:3747
zg;-74,DA2X-743 <;-38KA235:5D/(723'H-3XN3)-HU5!`C398KF zg;-/10&>C) ,0-39A28 )V(.,;U8D3] B?m Cle3 =3/9,DA4`374F7439`C398(T35
,0-3J3 "A45K,A4)-Tkz 39/10V()-A45Dz5?A2)6,0U3 B R :\e&,>k0V(.)-H-723J(IzA "3*H <;-398KF .;-XNHV(.,D3YO:>CG8 F<74>(Hi]

-
Average Query Time (seconds)

80
70
60
50
40
With update load
30
20
10 Without update load
0
1 10 64
Number of Concurrent Users
A2TC;U8D3 -] s [bON!72;U5K,398 V )UH-38EOBAG,0Szg;-74,DA2X-743/>C)U/;-8K8D3),;U5D38K5J()-HS;-X=H-(.,3R72>(H K5 />CXN3H
(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,D3 ]
Average Query Time (seconds)
0.3
With update load
0.25
0.2
Without update load
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
10 100 300
Number of Concurrent Users
2A TC;U8D3 U] s b @>C5K,$T8D>C;-X <;-398KF OBA4,0 zo;-74,DA2X-743L/9>C)-/;U8D8D39), ;-5D398D5Z()-H ;-XNHV(.,D3u72>C(H
5D/9>CXN3H\(.X-X-8D> "A2z (.,D3 ]

-
$ $
!)/) /(
?0-3?39`.(74;V(.,A4>C)o>.dV,0-3+XU8D39À4>C;-5 5K3/9,DA2>C)I5K0->aO!39H,D0V(.,w>C;-8<;-398KFo,D3/10-)UA"<;-35 /()g,8D(H-3+>
j=3,[O!393),D0-3B8D;-)-)UA2)-T,A4z 3!>d=,D0-3 <;-38lF()-Hk,0-3B)<;-zgjN38v>d8D35K;-74,D5v8D39,D;-8D)U3H>^`38 z(.)<F
>C8DH-398D5?>dPz (TC)-AG,;-HU3] C[) XV(.8K,A4/;-72(8M)->C)UH-39,D38DzA2)UA25Dz X-8K>a`"A4H-35+`38lF V)-3TC8D(A2)/>C),8K>C7M
,0-3g5K3743/9,DA2>C)rX-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[F] @>aO!3`C389M (5pH-395D/98DA2jN3H$A4)$e"39/9,DA2>C) U] y M <;-38KA235EA2) B?mCler(8K3
(725K>k,DA2z3 j=>C;U)-H-3H] B?m Cle A4z X-743z3),5:,0-395D3YH-3 (HU72A2)U35?;-5KA2)-TI,0U8D33,D3/10-)-A <;-359]
?0U3 -8D5K,v,D3/10-)-A <;-3'A45 $'"K#[ &I %] ?0-3 <;-38lFIz(.)V(TC398 .8K39OB8DAG,398 5K,(8K,D5v,D0-3 <;-38lF
(5Y( /10UA272H X-8K>"/935K5Y>8J,D0-8D3(Hi] ?0-3/10-A472H$A25,D0-3)L(7274>aO!39H\,>q8D;-) ;-),A47 ,0-3kH-3(H-74A2)-3gA45
3 "/393H-39Hi] C d'AG,I/>z X-7439,D35IjN39dW>C8K3&,0V(.,o,A2z3M AG,I8D3,;-8K)-5g,0U3q8K35K;-74,I5K39,k,>\,D0-36XV(8K3),
OB0-A2/10 8D3,;-8K)-5g,0U3zf,>\,0U3&/ (7472398] C d@A4,o8D;-)-5I>;U,I>d?,DA2z3M AG,gA25 FA472743Hu(.)-Hb)->$8D395D;-7G,
5D39,kA45g8D3,;-8K)-3H] '(8DH 72A4z AG,A2)UT6/ () jN3&;-5D39HbOBA4,0b3`C398KF <;-398KFbA4)u>C;-8g5lF5K,39zS] 5 >)
H-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA23/ <;-38KA235J(.)-H$8()UH->Cz74F 5D/9>CXN3H <;-38KA235J(.8D3g8K3XN3 (.,D3H$H-;-8KA2)-T&,D0-3I(7472>,K,39H
,A2z3]
?0U3&5D39/>C)-Hb,D3/10-)-A <;-3&A25 & %MPOB0UA2/10bA25R72A4z AG,3H$,D>r)->C)UH-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2+/ <;-38KA2359]
'38K3M-O:3JA2)-AG,Ah(.7274Fg8D;-) ,0-/ 3 <;-398KF6OBAG,0q(g`C38lF65Dz (7475D397239/9,A4>C) X-8D>jV(j-A472A4,[F] C d )->8D35K;-74,D5
(8D3k8D3,;-8K)-3HM ,0U3 X-8K>CjV(jUA272AG,[FrA45JH->C;-j-743HL()-HZ,0-3 <;-38lFZA25J8D;-)L(T(.A2)i ] ?0-A45R0V(.X-X=39)-5
A4,398(.,DA4`374Fq;-),DA27 39A4,0U38E,D0-3IH-3 (.H-72A4)-3gA25E3 "/393H-39HQ>C8(&)U>C) [)<;-747 8D395D;-7G,5D3,JA25( `.(A47h(j-743]
5 >,DA2/3@,0V(,!jN3/(;-5D3/972A4zgj-A2)UTR(.74O!(aF5:A25D5K;-35+()->,D0-378 <;-398KF A4di,D0-38K3EA45:,A4z 3B7439d, MA4,:z (aF
>^`38K5D0->>,@,0-3JH-3(H-72A4)-3]
?0U3v,D0-A28KHp,39/10-)-"A <;-3vA45(+* & $
VMaOB0-A2/10JA45 (725K>?72A4z AG,3H@,>?)->)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2/ <;-38KA2359]
5l,A4z(.,DA2>C) A45Y5KA2zA272(8',D>r/74A2zgjUA2)-T63 U/93XU,R,0V(,RO:3X-8K3H-A4/9,Y,0-3)-3 ", <;-38lFZ,DA2z3gdW8D>Cz
,0-3SX-8D3`"A4>C;-+5 <;-38lF,DA2z35()-H*,0-39) >C)-7GF A25D5K;-3 ,0-3S)-3 , <;-398KF*A4d',0-398D3SA255D;/A43),
,A2z3I8D39z(.A2)-A4)-T-] @3)-/93MPA4,JA25d
(87435K5Y74A F.374FS,>q>a`C38K5D0->>,J,0U3 H-3(H-74A2)-3.]e";-8DXU8DA25KA2)-T74FCM
X-8D39H-A2/,A2)UT <;-398KFq,A2z3pdW8D>z X-8D3`"A4>C;-5'A2)-5l,1()-/935'>d ()->C)-H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/ ;U38KFq8K;-)SOBAG,0
72>aO!398B5D3743/,A2>)qXU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,A435!(X-XN3 (8K5B,D>kj=3J5K,D8(A4TC0,DdW>C8lO+(.8DHi]

- t
D L3!5l,;-HUA23HR5D3`C38D(7"dW;U)-/9,DA2>C)-5 74A2)-3(8M^XN>aO!398MCXN>C74F)->z A2(7M 3 "X=>C)U3),A2(7 dW>C8 z (X-X-A4)-T
dW8D>Cz 5K3743/9,DA2>C) X-8K>CjV(jUA272AG,[F ,D> 8K;-)-)-A4)-TI,A4z 3.] p39TC8D393,[O!>X=>74F)->CzAh(745:O:>C8GF.3H\jN35l,BdW>C8
,0-3 <;-38KA235 H-35K/8KA2jN3HgA4)Y,D0-3:XU8D39À4>C;-5P5D3/,A4>C)i]C[)R>C;-8PA2zX-7239z 39),1(.,DA2>C)iM9O!3:z >C)UA4,>8 3 (/10
;U38KF P 5',DA2z3J()-Hr5K3743/9,DA2>C)qX-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[FC] n'd,D38B,0-3 V8K5K, <;-38lFCMxO!3Y35l,A2z (.,D3J,D0-3Y5D3/9>C)-H
;U38KF$,DA2z3g,> jN3,D0-3k5(z3(5,0-3 V8K5K, ]n'd,D38,0U 3 -8D5K,Y,[O:> <;-398DA2395MPO!3H->q(qHU3TC8K33
>C)-3 .P(.TC8()UTC36A2),398DXN>C7h(,A2>)u,>Z35K,DA2z (.,36,D0-36,0-A48DH ;U38KF ,DA2z3] >C8I,0-3 dW>C;-8l,0()-H
dW;-8K,D0-38 <;-398DA2395M-O:3J35K,DA2z (.,3',0-3)-3 , ;U38KF,A2z3pjF6(.X-X-74FA4)-Tk(gH-3T8D33,[O:+> .P(.TC8()UTC3
A2),398DXN>C7h(.,DA2>C)LX=>74F)->CzAh(7 ,D>\,0-36X-8K39À2>;-5g,0-8K3*3 <;-38lFu,A4z 395] '39)-/3.M!(.d,D38o,D0-3 V8K5K,
;U38KFMNO:3Y0V( `C3o5K>Cz3Yz>H-37i,D0V(.,@z(.X-5?dW8D>Cz 5K3743/9,DA2>C)qX-8K>CjV(j-A472AG,[F ,D> <;-398KF ,A4z 3.$] DL3
,0-39)\;-5D3R,0V(.,'z>"H-397 ,>XU8D3HUA2/9,EA4d O!3g5l,A4727 0V( `C3o3)->C;UTC0r,A4z 3,D>H->,D0-3o)U3 , <;-398KFS>C8
zg;-5K,B,D38DzA2)-(.,3.]
R:3/ (.;-5D3q5D39723/,A4>C)XU8D>CjV(.j-A274A4,[FZTC8D>aOB53 "XN>C)-3),DAh(7474FCMv/972A2zoj-A2)-T\()-H 35l,A2z (.,DA2>C) (8K3
7h(8KTC37GFA4)-5D39)-5DAG,A4`3,>I,0-3JA4)-A4,DAh(7N5D39723/,A4>C) X-8D>Cj-(j-A274A4,[F ()-H O:3R5K39,@A4,?`38KF 74>aOJ]

A2TC;-8K3 -] s IA27274;-5K,D8(.,D35 ,0-3JXN38KdW>8Dz ()-/3>.d ,D0-35K3RH-A 398D39)<,?,D3/10-)U"A <;-35@dW>C8B(I5(zX-743
)->C)-H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/ <;-38lFC] ?0-3 ;U38KF 74>"> F5?dW>C8+,[O:>0->C5K,D5@OBAG,0q(k/>CzgjUA2)-39H ,D>,1(.7i>d tCt
m R >dBz (A4)uz 39z >8KFZA2)b( t M ttCt 0->C5l,kHV(.,(jV(5K3]Le";-/10(\/>Czoj-A2)V(,A2>)QA25Y`C398KFb8D(8D3.M
j-;U,BXN>C5D5KA2j-743MU0U3)-/93Y,D0-38D;-)U)-A2)-Tg,DA2z3'O:>C;-74HqjN/3 <;-A4,D30-A2T0&dW>C8?(gH-3,38Kz A4)-A25l,A4/'`C398D5KA2>C)
>d ,0-3 <;-38lFC] ?0-3o>C)-74FqH-A 398D39)-/3gjN39,[O:339) ( M j M()-H / 'A45@,D0-3gH-3(H-72A4)-3M s ] y M s ] M
()-H t 5D39/>C)-HU5Mx8D395DXN3/9,DA4`374F] (./10 <;-398KF A25!8D;-) -`C3,DA2z35] ?0U3 -TC;-8D3A47274;-5K,D8(.,D35!,D0-3
(a`38D(TC3MPzA2)-A4zg;-zqMi()-HZz ( "A2zg;-z 8D;U)-)-A2)UTq,DA2z3] N!743 (8K74FCM AG,A25JXN>C5D5KA2j-743g,c> F393XQ,D0-3
8D;-)-)UA2)-T,DA2z3R/972>C5K3R,D>,0-3oH-3 (HU72A2)U3o;-5KA2)-T,D0-3o,D0-8D393o,39/10-)-"A <;-395] ?0-A45pA25E(725K> ,D0-3g/ (.5D3
dW>C8 <;-38KA235B,0-(.,@(8D3Y(7472>aO:3H6,>k8D;U)S74>C)-TC398MV()UHqdW>C8 <;-398DA435BA2)`C>74À2)-T(I7h(.8DTC398?);Uzgj=398
>dw0U>C5K,D5]

-
s
2.5
Time (Seconds)
1.5
Target Deadline
1
0.5
( s ] y 5D3/9>C)-HqH-3 (.H-72A4)-3
Climbing Climbing+Hard Limiting Estimation Estimation+Hard Limiting
Mechanism

2.5
2
Time (Seconds)
1.5 Target Deadline
0.5
j s ] g5K3/>)-HrH-3(H-74A2)-3
Climbing Climbing+Hard Limiting Estimation Estimation+Hard Limiting
Mechanism

250
200
Time (Seconds)
150
100
50 Target Deadline
/ t 5D39/>C)UHrH-3(H-72A4)-3
Climbing Climbing+hard limiting Estimation Estimation+hard Limiting
Mechanism

A2TC;U8D3 -] s [b ?A4z 3 [jN>C;-)-HUA2)-Tg)U>C)-H-3,38Kz 4A )-A25l,A4/ <;-38KA2359]

- y
$

C [)*,D0-A25k/10V(X",389M:O:3S0-(a`3rH-395D/98DA2jN3H*>C;-8 e-,/. <;-398KF 8K39OB8DAG,D,DA2)-T$,39/10-)-A ;U35M!A2)-74;-H-A2)UT
)->C)-H-3,398DzA2)-A45K,A4/Mv5D/9>CX-A4)-TZ()-H(X-X-8K> "A4z(.,DA2>C)M ,0-8K336,39/10-)-A"<;-395 ,D>Z8K3H-;U/3 ,0-3 8D;U)
)-A2)-Tk,A4z 3J>d <;-38KA235'A2) ,0-3 B?m Cleq5lF"5l,39zS] 5 >)-H-39,D38Kz A4)-A25l,A2//<;-398KFq/>)-H-;-/,5 2K>CA4)-5B>C)
8()-HU>Cz 7GFq5D3743/,3HZ5D;Uj-5D3, M 5D/9>CX-A2)UTS(.H-H-5J(H-HUA4,A4>C)V(7P/>)-5K,D8(A4)<,D5p,#> <;-398DA23958D397h(.,DA4`C3R,>
,0-3 )-3,[O!>C8 Fb,>CXN>C72>TFu(.)-H_>,D0-38k8K37h(,A2>)-5D0-A4X-5gA4) ,D0-3q5D/10-39z(UM OB0-A2743 (X-X-8K> UA4z(,A2>)
8D3XU7h(/935 2K>CA4)-5JOBA4,0L,A2T0<,D38Y/>C)U5K,8D(A2),D5g>C)uA4)-H-A4À4H-;V(7v>Cj 2K39/9,D5] ?0-395D3&,D3/10-)-A <;-35k(8K3
A2zX-7239z 39)<,D3Hg;U5DA2)UTR(p/9>Czgj-A4)V(.,DA2>C)g>.d <;-398KFk8K39OB8DAG,A4)-T-M5K/10-3z (J3 ,39)-5DA4>C)-5M<A4)-H-A2/9359M<()-H
8()-HU>Cz )U35D59] 5 >g/10V(.)-TC35+,D>g,0-3 B R :re&(8D3p)U33HU3Hi] C[) (747N,D0-3p,0-8K33p/(5D395+,0-398D3A45+(
,8(.H-3
> 4b (o5K;-j-5K39,B>d ,D0-3EdW;-747=8K35D;U74,+5K39,?A495 <;-A4/ F7GF8K39,D;-8D)-39Hi] B@395DXN>C)-5K3p,A2z3'()-H&5K38K`38
72>(H6/()qj=3JH-8D(z(,A2/(727GFk8D39H-;-/39Hi]
DL33`.(72;V(,3H ,0U3XN38KdW>8Dz ()-/3k>d+>C;-8JA2zX-7239z 39),1(.,DA2>C)iM XN>CX-;U7h(.,DA2)-T >C;-8YHV(.,(jV(5K3
OBA4,0o)-39,[O:>CG8 F<5 (5 7h(8KTC3+(5 -`C3?zA27472A4>C)0->C5l,5] ?0-3?39`.(74;V(.,A4>C)Y5D0->aO:3Hk,0V(., (Ez3 ()-A4)-TdW;-7
,8(.H-3
> rj=3,[O!393) <;-38lF&X-8K>"/935D5KA2)-Tg,DA2z3p()UH68D35K;-74,+5D39,+5DA 93A25:X=>C5K5DA4j-723';-5DA4)-Tg,0-3',0-8K33
,3/10U)-"A <;-395M?()UH*,D0V(.,IO:3q/()*;-5D3 ,0V(,I,8(.H-3
> _,> F3936 X <;-398KF 8K;-)-)-A4)-T$,A2z3&72(8DTC3974F
A2)-H-39X=39)-H-39)<,+>d <;-38lF/9>Cz XU723 "AG,[FC] DL3',D0-3)6H-A45D/9;-5D5K3H&,0U8D33',3/10U)-"A <;-395+,0V(., O:3p;-5D3',>
,A2z3 j=>;-)-H6)->C)UH-39,D38DzA2)UA25K,DA2/ <;-398DA435@()-Hq39`.(74;V(.,39H6,0-39A28?XN38KdW>8Dz ()-/3.]
?0U35D3p,D3/10-)U"A <;-35B(.8D3E/9>CzX-7239z 39)<,(8KFI,D>g3 (./106>,0-398] ?0-3',0-8K33E,D3/10-)-A <;-35+0U372X ,>
z( F.3Y(k8K372(.,A4>C)V(7(X-X-8K>(/10 ,> m CledW3(5DA4j-723.]

6

!

?0-A25v/10V(X",38 H-395D/8KA2jN35 >C;-8 8K35D3(8D/10>C)I,0-3BXN38KdW>8Dz ()-/3B>d=5DA3 [jV(5K3H 5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-TYX=>C74A

/A2395wOB0-39) >C)U74FY72A4z AG,3H 2K>CjI5DA3+A4)UdW>C8Kz(.,DA2>C)YA25 (a`.(A47h(jU723] ?0UA25 A25w>dxA2zX=>8K,1(.)<, X-8D(/9,DA2/ (.7
`(.72;-3 dW>C8i,D0-23 B+m Cle5KF5K,D3z jN3/ (.;-5D3 ,0-3 B?mCleY5K38K`38K5 ,[FX-A2/(727GFp0V( `3:,>B5K/10-3H-;U7239<;-398DA435
;-5DA4)-T35l,A2z (.,D3H 2K>CjI5KA 395v()-HI;-XNHV(.,D359] B@395D3(8D/10A2)g,D0-A25 /10V(XU,D38v0-374X-5w,D>J()-5KO:38 <;-395
,A2>)-5E74A F3 K/ (.)\O!3I;-5K3I5DA 3 jV(5K3H$5D/10U3H-;-74A2)-T6>) B?m Cle (.)-H K0->aO ,>&;U5D3I5DA 3 [jV(5K3H
5D/10-39H-;-72398D5@>C) B?m Cle U]
&% ' (
*)

C[)(/<;-3;UA2)-TY5KF5K,D3zqM&K2 >j8K30<;-395K,5:/>C),DA2)<;->C;-5K74Fk(.8D8DAG`C3+,D>YjN3B5D398KÀ2/93HjFI>)-3B>C8 5D3`C38D(7
5D38l`C398D5>C8g5K,(.,A4>C)-59]Ln 8K30<;-35l,8D30<;-A48D395 (\/938l,1(A4)b5D38lÀ2/36,DA2z3 ,>$jN36/>z X-7439,D3Hi]Zn
8D30<;-395K,!A25<;-3;U3HOB0-39)AG, (8D8KA4`C395 ()-H8D3z (A4)-5 A2)I,0U3@5lF5K,39z ;-),A27VAG,vA25 /9>Cz XU7239,D3MCOBAG,0
,0-3o,D>,1(.7 ,A4z 3JdW8D>z (8K8DAG`(.7P,D>&/>CzX-7439,A4>C)rjN3A4)-T6/ (.727239HS,D0-3I5D> K2 >;-8D)\,DA2z3o>C8p8K35KX=>C)U5D3
,A2z3]:e"/10U3H-;-74A2)-TXN>C72A4/A2395+H-3,38Kz A4)-3OB0-A2/10S8D3 ;U35K,D5EA4)q,D0-3 ;U3;-3o(8D3J5D398KÀ2/93Hr(.,'()F

X=>CA4),wA4)R,A4z 3.M.0U>Ô zo;-/10g,A4z 3vA25P5DXN3), >)g3 (/10M()-HoOB0-(., 0V(.X-X=39)-5wOB0-39)k(E)-3O 8D30<;-395K,

(8D8KA4`C395] !N >Cz z>C) TC>(.725J>d!,D0-3k5D/10-39H-;-74A2)-TSX=>C74A2/F$(8K3k,D>rzA2)-A4z A3Y,0-3kz3 ()Z5D> 2K>;-8D)
,A2z3 8K35DXN>C)-5K3R,DA2z3>d ,0U3R8K30<;-35l, M=,0U3o( `C398(T3o5D74>aOBH->aOB) ,D0-3R8D(.,A4> >.d A4,D5'8K35KX=>C)U5D3
,A2z3E,D>AG,5?5KA 3 Mx()UHq,D> (./9,Bd
(A28K74Fk,> (7478D3 <;-35l,5]
:S()F X=>C74A2/9A235+(8D3pOBA4H-37GF6;-5D39HSHU;-3Y,D>I,0-39A28?5DA4z XU72A2/9A4,[F>C8?XN38K/3AG`C39HSd
(A48D)-395D5] A48D5l,
N!>Cz 3 A28K5K,@e"398K`3H N e :A45B(g)->C) X-8D393zXU,AG`C3XN>C72A4/9FA2)&OB0-A4/106,0-38K03 <;-35l,5'(8D38K;-)
,>q/>CzX-723,A4>C)$A2)$,0U3>8DH-398YA4)$OB0-A2/10Z,0-3F$O!398D38D3/93AG`C3H]n z >8D3I/>z z>C) X=>72A2/FrA45

5v8K>"/935K5D>C8e"0-(8DA4)-T 5 e MwOB0-A2/10 A45oX-8K33zXU,DA4`C3.] C[) 5 eb(727 8D3 <;-35l,5A2)Q,D0-# 3 <;-3;-3q(8K3
TCA4`3) ()b3 ;-(7+5D0-(8D3&>.d@,D0-3&5K38K`38 P 5k8D395D>C;U8D/395()-H (747:8K03 <;-35l,5k5D0-(8D368K>C;-TC0-7GFZ5(z3
5D72>aOBH->aOB)iM ,D0;U5 5 eQA25o/9>C)-5KA2H-398D3Hu,D>$j=3d
(A289]$m3)-398(74A 93H 5 8D>/395D5K>C8ke"0V(.8DA2)UT m 5 e
TC3)-398(74A 935 5 e6OBAG,0 X-8KA2>C8KA4,A4359] Ed,39)iM N e&/ ()qj=3/9>Czgj-A4)-3H6OBAG,0 5 e >C8@m 5 e=MUOBAG,0
N eqH-A45DXV(.,D/10-A2)UT>dw8D03 <;-395K,D5pdW8D>Cz ,D0-3 <;-39;-3R,D>&(X=>>C7 >d XU8D>/35K5D395p>C8?,0-8K3 (HU5',0-(.,
(8D3J/>727239/9,DA4`C3974F5D/10-39H-;-7239Hr;-5KA2)-T 5 e >8Em 5 e=] ?0-395D3oXN>C74A2/395+A2T)->C8D3p,D0-3Y5D38lÀ2/3J,A4z 3E>C8
2K>Cj 5DA 93J>d ,D0-3J8D3 ;U35K,D5]
eA 39H [j-(5D39H 5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-T XN>C72A4/A435M5K;-/10 (5$e0->C8K,D35l, B@39z(.A2)-A4)-T 5v8K>"/935K5DA2)UT ?A2z3
e B 5 &()-H ,0U3 (.A286e> 2K>C;-8K= ) 5v8K>,>/>7 [e 5 A2)U/>C8KX=>C8D(.,3S,0-3\5K38l`"A4/3$,A4z 3S>C8,D0-3
2K>Cj$5DA 3I>dv,0U3I8D03 <;-395K,YA2),D>&,0-39A28p5K/10-3H-;U72A2)UTqHU3/A45DA4>C)-5M (.)-H\,0<;-5J/ (.)L(./10-A23`C3I5D0U>C8K,D38
z 3() 8K35KX=>C)U5D3B,A2z3+,0-(),D0-3B5D/10-39H-;-74A2)-TYX=>72A2/9A2395 ,0V(.,vA4TC)->C8K3?,0-3 2K>Cj5DA 3BA2)UdW>8Dz (.,A4>C)iM
5D;-/10r(5 N eq()UH 5 e=]
?0U3SX-8KA2z (8KFQ/>C)U/38K)OBAG,0e B 5 A25g,0U3 dW3(8I,0V(, 72(8DT33 2K>Cj-5kz (aFu5K,1(.8K`C3q;-)-HU38
e B 5 <' ys^y )M,0V(, ,0-3?( `38(.TC3BX=398KdW>C8Kz()U/3+A4z X-8K>a`C3z3),D5 >de B 5 *>a`C38 >.,0-398 X=>C74A2/9A235
5K,39z dW8D>z e B 5 ;-)Ud
(.A28D7GFqX=39)V(72A A4)-T&7h(.8DTC3 2K>j-5A2)$>C8KH-38p,D> 0-374XZ5Kz(.72:7 2K>j-5L] BB3/93),
8D35K3 (8K/10 ' UM sat )i0V(5?5K0->aOB)q,D0V(.,+,D0-3pXN38ldW>C8Dz ()-/93pT(A4)-5+>d e B 5 >a`38 5 eA2)&d
(/,?H->
)->,B;-5K;V(727GF&/9>Cz 3Y(.,?,D0-3J3 "XN3)-5K3R>dw7h(8KTC3 2K>CjU5]
?0U35D3$8K35K;-74,D5&z( F3\5KA 3 [jV(.5D3Hc5K/10-3HU;-72A4)-Tuz>C8D3SX-8(/,A4/ (7] @>Ô:39`389ME5DA 3 [jV(5K3H
5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-TX=>C74A2/9A235:8D3 ;UA28D3Y(IX-8KA2>C8KA F<)->aOB723HUTC3J>:d 2K>jS5KA 395M-OB0-A4/10SA45?)->,@(7GO+( F5@( `(.A27

(

%
`
'
%

(

%

! %32$ % "

M'
#%$
% 2% &
% '
%( 2$

%!

_

"

)
* $
+
'
-,/. %

@(

%
$

_

"

#
%

%
^'
#%$
% 2% &
% '

0 2$
; %

%

1

* $ +
'
2 3 2
4 % (
2 5,/. 2
(^

_

4

6
%
@
%
^'
4A TC;-8D3 "] s b e"/10-3HU;-72A4)-T XN>C74A2/A435+;U5D3HqA2)6,D0-3J/10V(XU,D38]
(j-723.]?0UA25wA45w(.)->,0U38w8K3 (5K>C)odW>C8 ,0U3!7h(./ FY>.dVj-8D>C(Hg(XUX-72A4/ (.,DA2>C)J>dV,D0-35K3!XN>C72A4/A2395-' )] nE727
X-8D3`"A4>C;-5@8D395D3 (.8D/10\O:>CG8 F 0V(5B,1(.8DTC3,3HrA2H-3(7 5DA3 jV(5K3H\XN>C72A4/A435+OB0-398D3R,D0-3 2K>jS5KA 395p(8K3
(5D5K;-z 39HS,D> jN3o(.//;U8(.,D374F F)U>ÔB)rA2)S(HU`.()-/93]+n'5'(8D395D;-7G, M-,0U3RjN30V( À2>8@>.d 5DA 3 [jV(5K3H
5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-TX=>C74A2/9A235:OBA4,0qA2)-(//9;-8(.,D3J5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-TA2)UdW>C8Kz(,A2>)&A25B7h(.8DTC3974F ;-`) F<)->aOB)i] ?0-A45
H-A25K5D38l,1(.,DA2>C) A45+,0-3 V8K5K,BO!>G8 F,D>(HUH-8D395D5B,0-3 <;-35l,A4>C)i]
?0U3 8K35K,R>d:,0-A45Y/10-(XU,398RA45>C8DTC()-A 93HL(5dW>C7274>aOB5] DQ3k,1(.7 F\(.j=>C;",R8K372(.,39HZO:>CG8 F$A4)
e"3/,A2>) "] y ] C[)\e"3/,A4>C) ] UMVO:3oH-395D/98DA2jN3Y>C;-8B5DA4zg;-7h(,A2>)65D39,D;-X$()UHrA2),D8D>H-;-/3Y(;-5D3dW;-7
8()-HU>Cz );Uzgj=398 TC39)-38D(.,>C8w(72T>C8DAG,0-z ,D0V(.,w(7274>aOB5 ;-5 ,>p/9>C),8D>7,D0-3+/>8D8D397h(.,DA2>C)YjN39,[O:33)
,[O!>b8D()-H->Cz )<;-zgjN3865K38DA4359] 5 3 ,M'O:3\5D0->aO 5DA4zg;-7h(,A2>)8K35D;U74,56>) X=398KdW>C8Kz(.)-/3\A4)
e"3/,A2>) ] -M^(.)-Hd
(A28K)-35K5 8D35K;-74,D5 A2)Re"39/9,A4>C) "] "]DQ3 /9>C)-/74;-H-3 OBAG,0,[O!>B)-3Ob(XUX-72A4/ (.,DA2>C)-5
>d@5DA 93 jV(5D39H 5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-T$XN>C72A4/A2395oA4) e"3/,A4>C) "] q,0V(.,IO:>C;-74Hbj=3z(HU3&X=>5D5DA4j-723TCA4`3)
8D3 (.5D>C)V(.j-74F (.//;U8(.,D73 2K>jq5KA 93Y395K,DA2z (.,>C8K5]

/)
+(
e B 5 0V(5 j=393) 5l,;-HUA23Hc5KA2)-/93S,D0-3 s
t 5] e"/10-8D(TC3 -8D5K,H-38KA4`3H ,0U3r3"X-8K35K5DA2>) dW>C8
,0-3J8D395DXN>C)-5K3Y,DA2z3EA2)q() :m s <;-39;-3 ' s @)] >C8?(ITC39)-38D(7<;-3;UA2)-Tk5KF5l,3z m Cm s
e"/10-8(.TC3!X-8K>a`C3HkA4) s B,D0V(.,ve B 5 bA25P>CXU,DA2z (7A2)Y,0-3:5D39)-5D3!,D0V(.,wA4,PF"A4374H-5Hc/>CzXV(8K3HJ,>
()F>,D0-38!/>C)-/93AG`(.j-723'5K,8D(.,39TF Hc,D0-3p5Dz (747235l,!z3 (.)`.(72;-3'>d >//;UXV()-/F6()-H ,0-398D39dW>8D3
(725K>g>d O!(A4,DA2)-TI(.)-H6H-372( F ,DA2z3 ' s *)] e"/10V(.5D5DjN38KTC38B>Cj",1(A4)-3H,D0-3p5l,3 (.HUF&5l,1(.,D3J(X-XN3 (8
()-/3 >d+,D0-3 :m s <;-3;-3 OBA4,0be B 5 XN>C72A4/9F$A4) s t ] 5 398D38D(r5K,D;-H-A43HQ,D0-3 `.(8KAh()-/93
>dPH-372(aF ,A4z 3'A2) "s <;-3;-A4)-Tk5KF5K,D3z5@()-H />C)U/72;UH-3H6,0-(.,+,0U3p`(.8DAh(.)-/3pA45
72>aO!398,0V() C (.)-H . C ' s )] R!; ZA4)<,D8D>H-;-/93H ,0-3 e B 5 X-8DA4)-/A4X-723oA2),> XV(/ F.39,
)-39,[O:>CG8 F<5 ' ) A2) s U]
BB3/93),7GFCM"e B 5 ' UM s UM sCs^y M sat "M *)V(.)-H [e 5/' )V0V( `C3B8D39/39A4`C39Hkzg;-/10 (.,D,D3),A4>C)
A2) ,0-3 />C),3 ,I>d+/9>C)-)-39/9,DA2>C)u5K/10-3HU;-72A4)-T\(.,YO:3jb5D398K`38D59] R+(.)-5(7M 3,g(.7:X-8K>a`C3HL,0-39>
8D39,DA2/(727GFg,0V(,!,0U3pH-3T8D33E>d ;-)Ud
(A48D)-395D5:;-)-H-398Be B 5 A45!5D;U8DX-8KA25DA4)-TC7GFk5Dz (727N(5K5D;-zA2)-To()
:Cm s ;U3;-A4)-TSz>H-37 (.)-HL0U3 ( `<F ,1(A47239H 2K>jZ5KA 93HUA25K,D8DA4j-;U,A4>C) ' *)]m>C)-TUM 39,R(7 dW;-8
,0-398:A4)<`35l,A2TC(.,39H ,0U3@d
(A48D)-395D5vA25K5D;-395!>d e B 5 ,0-8K>C;-TC05DA4zg;-7h(,A2>) ' sat *)N()-H />C) -8Dz3H
,0-3&,D0-3>C8K39,DA2/ (.7!8D395D;-7G,5I8K3T(8KH-A2)UT\,0-3 (5lFz XU,D>,A4/&/>)<`38KTC3)-/93S>.d'5K/10-3HU;-72A4)-T X=>C74A2/9A235
OBA4,0$8K35KX=39/9,J,>65K72>aOBH->aOB) ' sCs )] E(.8D/10->C7 GR+(.74,398M=39,Y(7 X-8D>,D>,[FX=39Hue B 5 5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-T
>C) nEX-(/10-3rO:3j 5D398K`386()UH ,0-39A2839`.(72;-(.,A4>C)5K0->aO!39Hc,0-3\5K;-XN38DA4>C8DAG,[F >dRe B 5 >a`38
5:e ' sCs^y )wA4)r,398Dz5p>dvz3 ()\8K35KX=>C)U5D3I,A4z 3.] P>&dW;-8K,D0-38pA4z XU8D>a`C3Y,0-3od
(.A28D)U35D5E>d:e B 5
5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-T-M 8KA239H-z(.)iMv39,(7?X-8D>X=>C5K3H (A28e"> 2K>C;-8D) 5 8D>,D>"/9>C7 [e 5 g,D0V(.,/>zgj-A2)U3H
e B 5 OBAG,0 5:e ,>L,D8(HU3S
> cd
(.A28D)U35D5kOBA4,D0_XN38ldW>C8Dz ()-/93 ' )] ?0-3F_/9>C)-/74;-H-39H,0-(.,
[e 5 A45YjN>,D0L3 /9A239)<,RA2)Z( 5K,D8D>C)-Tq5D39)-5D3 5KA2zA27h(.8',>re B 5 MP()-H d
(A289M A2) ,0-3k5K3)-5K3>d
TC;V(8D(),339A2)-TR,0V(.,:A4, O:3 ( F<74F >C;U,DX=398KdW>C8Kz 5:X-8D>/395D5K>C8+5D0-(8DA4)-T 5:e vdW>C8:39`C398KF 2K>Cj>C)&()F
5(zX-723X-(.,0i]
n'727-,D0-3'XU8D39À4>C;-5 8D35K3 (8K/10&>C) 5DA 93 jV(5D39H5K/10-3H-;U72A2)UTg(5K5D;-z35!(//9;-8(.,D3 F<)->aOB743H-TC3@>d

2K>CjR5KA 935 (@X-8KA2>C8KAM OB0-A4/10oA45 )->,P>CjU,(A2)V(.j-723 A4)Yz ()FJ/ (.5D359]P>',D0-3vj=395K, >d->C;U8 F<)->aOB743H-TC3.M
)->oO:>C8GF0V(5+jN339)6H->C)-3',>g/10V(.8(/,38KA 93p5DA3 jV(5K3H6XN>C72A4/A2395 OBAG,0&A4)V(/9/;-8D(.,3'5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-T
A2)UdW>C8Kz(,A2>)i] ;-8K,D0-38Kz >C8K3Mz>C5K,w,0-39>C8D3,A2/(7"O:>C8 FI(5D5K;-z35 ,0-3 : Cm s ;U3;-A4)-TJz >H-37
H-;-3+,>EA4,5w()V(7GF<,A2/(75DA2zX-74A2/AG,[FC] @>Ô:39`389M"z ()Fo/9>CzX-;U,398 5KF5l,3z5v(8K3+j=3,D,D38 z>"HU37239H
OBA4,0u($m m F
<;-3;UA2)-T$z>"HU37MPOB0-38K3&jN>,0 2K>Cju(8D8KA4`.(7 ()-H 2K>CjQ5DA 93&H-A45K,8KA2j-;",A2>)
(8D3 )->, 5P>CA25K5D>C)Mv()-HQ,D0-38K36(8D3 F 5D398K`38D5k5K38KÀ4)-T$( <;-39;-3&OBA4,D0u72A4z AG,3H /(XV(/9A4,[F $]
n O:3jc5K38K`38&A45()_3 -(.z X-743= ] 5 8D3À2>C;-5 8D395D3 (.8D/10 ' s M y )'0-(55K0->aOB) ,0V(., 5 >A25D5K>C)
X-8D>/395D5D395p(8K3Y`.(74A2H6>C)U74F&dW>C8Bz>"HU372A4)-Tg,0U3o(8K8DAG`(.7i>d ;U5D38 [A4)-A4,DAh(.,D3H N65c5D395D5DA4>C)-5@5D;-/10
(5 ,D0-3p(.8D8DAG`.(7V>d . 5 />C)U)-3/,A2>)-5+()UH 5b/>)-)-3/,A4>C)-5] 5 (8D8KA4`.(725 (8K3')U>,
5 >CA45D5D>)i] 5 8D39À4>C;-5IO!>G8 F ' y )BXN>CA2),D3H >C;U,I,D0V(.,I,0U3S(.TCTC8D39T(.,D3H A2),398(8K8DAG`(.7:,A4z 395g>d
5 8D3 <;-35l,5E/() j=3Jz>"HU37239H6OBA4,0q(I0-3(a`<F ,(A2743H DL3A2jU;-727iHUA25K,D8DA4j-;U,A4>C)i]
?0U38D3'0V(5vjN33) 5DA4TC)-A -/ (), O:>CG8 FI>C)k,0U3Em Cm F <;-3;UA2)-TYz >H-397M<()-H>C)-7GFo,D0-3'z>C5l,
/72>5D37GF8D397h(.,D3HJXV(XN38K5w(.8D3v72A45K,39HJ0-38K3] (jN39, [nE>;-37M3, (7T( `C3:()V(7GF<,A2/v(.X-X-8D> "A2z (.,DA2>C)-5
dW>C8 ,0-3@z 3()5K> 2K>C;-8K) ,DA2z3?>d y X-8DA4>C8DAG,[Fg/72(5D5K35:A2) (Y5l,1(j-743pm Cm ./ 5 B;U3;-3
OBA4,0ZTC39)-38D(7 /72(5D5YA2),398(8K8DAG`(.7 ()-HL5D398KÀ2/93,DA2z3IH-A25l,8DA4j-;U,DA2>C)-5p()-H y pXV(8D(727437
5D38l`C398D5k;-)-H-398IX-8D3 [39z XU,DA4`3&8D395D;-z3 5B R5D/10U3H-;-74A2)-T ' y"sCs )] R!> "z (UM 39,I(7!/9>C)-5DA4H-38K3H
(rm Cm s ;U3;-3 A2) OB0-A2/10Z,0-3k5D398KÀ2/93 ,DA2z3IH-A25l,8DA4j-;U,DA2>C)Z()-H .>C8,0-3kA4)<,D38D(8D8KA4`.(7w,DA2z3
H-A25l,8DA4j-;U,DA2>C)q0V(5'(0-3(a`<Fq,1(A47MVA] 3.]4MN(,(A27 jN30V( À2>8'74A F3 9OBA4,D0 s K K y M=5K;-/10\,0-(.,
,0-3Bz3 ()A25 V)UA4,3Bj-;", ,D0-3?`.(8DA2()-/3?A45vA2) V)UA4,3.] p39X=39)-H-A2)UTY>)OB0-3,0-398 ,D0-3B5D398KÀ2/93@,DA2z3
H-A25l,8DA4j-;U,DA2>C)A25 0-3 ( À2398!,0-(),0-(.,!>.d ,0-3'A2),398(8K8DA4`.(7-,DA2z3'HUA25K,D8DA4j-;U,A4>C)iMC,D0-39F />C)U/72;UH-3H
,0V(., ,0-3!5K,1(,A2>)V(8KFJO!(A4,DA2)-TB,A4z 3 / (.)Ij=3+z>H-3743Hg(.5w3AG,0-398 ( >a`.(7239`) F>pHUA25K,D8DA4j-;U,A4>C)Y>C8
(o)-3TC(.,AG`C3E3 "X=>C)U3),A2(7H-A45K,D8DA2jU;U,A4>C) ' )] '>aO!3`C398M-O:3(8D3';-)V( O!(8D3>dP(.)<F ()-(74F<,A4/ (7
8D35K;-74,D5 >C)m Cm F
dW>C8 e B 5 *>C8 Ue 5L5D/10U3H-;-74A2)-TA4)I8D39TCA2z35POB0-38K3@A4),38D(8D8KA4`.(7<,A4z 395
()-Hq5D38lÀ2/3,DA2z35B(8K3Y0U3 ( `<F ,1(A47239Hi]
P>/10-(8(/,398DA 93o5KA 3 [jV(.5D3HrX=>C74A2/9A235+OBAG,0qA2)V(.//;U8(.,D3R5K/10-3H-;U72A2)UTA2)"dW>C8Dz (.,A4>C)6;-)-HU38
z >C8K3r8K3 (74A25K,DA2/ <;-3;-A4)-Tbz>"H-39725 5D;-/10 (5 m Cm F
$M+O:3$H-3`C374>CXN3H (Q5DA4zg;-72(.,>C8k,0-(.,

%
%

]

* (

%

!

%
Q ;

* ,1

%%
/ '
]] % -
* (

Q

%

%

! Q

*
,-

%
'
A2TC;-8K3 "] y b ,p;-3;-A4)-Tkz >H-39725?5K,D;-H-A43HqA2)&,0U3Y/10-(XU,398]
/ ()S5D;-X-XN>C8l,@5 e=M [e 5PMN()-H$e B 5 A4)SjN>,0 :Cm s
()-H\m Cm F
$] ?0U3o5DA4zg;-72(.,>C8
>CX=398(.,D35?>C)q(g,8D(/3>.d 8K03 <;-395K,'(8D8KA4`.(745M"OB0UA2/10 / () /9>Cz 339A4,D0-38!dW8K>Cz 8K3 (7=O!>C8K72H&,D8(/935
>C8odW8D>z (\,8D(/3TC3)-398(.,D>C8] ?0-3&,8D(/36/9>C),1(A4)-5g,0U368D30<;-395K, (8K8DA4`.(745Mw,D0-3 (/,;V(72K>Cj
5DA 9359M()-Hc,0U3Z395K,DA2z (.,39H 2K>j 5KA 935] p;-8&,D8(/93ZT3)-398(.,D>C8 (7274>aOB56;-56,> />C),D8D>C7p,D0-3
/>C8K8D372(.,A4>C)Z/>3 /A43), jN39,[O:339)(./9,;-(7 2K>jQ5DA 3()-Hu395K,A4z(,3*H 2K>CjQ5KA 3 A2)Q(S,8D(/3.]
5DA4)-T,D0-3o5KA2zg;-72(.,>8'(.)-Hr,0U3R,8D(/3oTC3)-398(.,D>C8MxO:3I5K,;UHUFS,D0-3oz3 (.)\8D395DXN>C)-5D3R,A2z3R()-H
5D72>aOBH->aOB)IdW>C8ve B 5 ()-H [e 5 5D/10-39H-;-74A2)-TJXN>C72A4/A2395POBAG,0k35l,A4z(.,D3H 2K>jI5DA 93?A2)UdW>8Dz (.,A4>C)i]
;U8 5DA2zo;-7h(.,DA2>C)R3 "XN38DA4z 39),5 OBA4,D0kTC3)-398(.,D3Hk,8D(/395 5D0->aO_,D0V(., ,D0-3?X=398KdW>C8Kz(.)-/3?>dN5KA 3
jV(5D39HrXN>C72A4/A435+A45?5K,8K>C)-TC7GF68D397h(.,D3H6,>k,0U3YHU3TC8K33Y>dw/9>C8D8K372(.,A4>C) +jN39,[O:33)r35K,DA2z (.,39H
2K>Cj 5DA 93k()-HZ(/,;V(7 2K>Cj 5DA 3] >C872>aO `.(72;-395>d gMi,0-395D3k5D/10U3H-;-74A2)-T XN>C72A4/A435EXN38ldW>C8Dz
"+* (:,0-() 5 e=MVjU;U,@TCA4`3)S(8K3 (5K>C)V(j-7GF6TC>>"H 2K>jS5KA 3J395K,A4z(,>C89MVe B 5 ()-H [e 5_/()
>C;U,XN38ldW>C8Dz 5 eqA2)6jN>,D0Sz3 () 8K35DXN>C)-5K3Y,DA2z3()-Hq5D74>aOBH->aOB)i]

C[)q,D0-A25?5K3/9,DA2>C)M-O!3JH-395D/8KA2jN3J>C;-8BX=398KdW>C8Kz(.)-/3z39,D8DA2/95M-5KA2zg;U7h(.,D>C8:`.(74A2HV(.,DA2>C)M"5lF"),D0-39,DA2/
,8(./3JTC3)U38(,A2>)S(.)-H 5DA2zo;-7h(.,DA2>C)XV(8(.z 3,38K5]
?0U8D>C;-T0->C;U, ,0-A45w/10V(X",389MO:3+8D3dW38 ,>E,D0-3!5K/10-3H-;U72A2)UTpX=>72A2/9A2395 (5w74A25K,D3HRA2) A2TC;-8K3 "] s M
()-H ,0-3 <;-3;UA2)-Tkz>"H-39725?;-5K3Hr(5?72A45K,39H A2) A2T;-8D3 ] y ]

D L3I5D3,;-X\,D0-3I5DA4zg;-7h(,A2>)-5BH-8DAG`C3)$jFr>C;-8p5lF"),D0-39,DA2/g,8D(/395p,>&A4)`C35l,A4T(.,3o0->aO ,D0-3
H-3TC8K33:>d-,0U3!/>8D8D397h(.,DA2>C) j=3,[O!393)k(/,;V(.7&2K>CjR5DA3+(.)-Ho395K,A4z(,3H 2K>Cjo5KA 93+( =3/,5w,D0-3
X=398KdW>C8Kz()U/3Y>d:e B 5 ()-H Ue 5 MNOB0-398D3g395K,DA2z (.,39H 2K>Cj\5KA 93oA25@;-5K3H (5'5D/10-39H-;-72A4)-T
A2)UdW>C8Kz(,A2>)iMN()-H />CzXV(8K3o,0U3z OBAG,0 (&5KA 3 [>CjU72A4À4>C;-5EXN>C74A2/9F 5:e MiA4H-3 (7 e B 5 Mi()-H
[e 5OB0-398D3R(/9,D;V(7 2K>jq5KA 935'(8D3J(5K5D;-z3Hq,>kjN3 F<)->aOB)r(kXU8DA2>8DA]
5DA4)-T,D0-3Y5K,1(.)-HV(8KHSH-3 V)-AG,A2>) s )M-O:3RHU3 V)-3J,0U3 >C)q,D0-3 <;-3;-A4)-T5lF5K,39z (5
z 3() (8D8KA4`.(7 8(,3gH-AGÀ2H-39H$j<FSz3 ()$5K38KÀ4/3I8(,3o,D0-8D>C;UTC0->C;U,E,0-3g8K35l,J>d ,0-A45p/10V(X",389]
)-7435D5 >,0U38KOBA45D3S5K,1(,3HM!O!
3 "3H ,D0-3S74>(H ,>Lj=3 t ] "M!z ( F<A2)-T ,0-3 <;-3;-A4)-TQ5lF5K,39z
8D3 (.5D>C)V(.j-74F60U3 ( À274F72>(.H-3Hi]

@> #>

;U8@XN38ldW>C8Dz (-
) /93z 3,K8 A2/5B(.8D3p,0U3Yz3 (.)q8K35KX=>C)U5D3J,A2z3J()-H 5K72>aOBH->aOB)i]
4 S: 3 (.)b8D35KX=>)-5D36,A4z 3b@395DXN>C)-5D3&,DA2z3 8K39dW398D5g,>\,D0-3,DA2z35DX-()bj=3,[O!393)(+2K>Cj 5
(8D8KA4`.(7w(.,J()-HZH-39XV(8K,D;-8D3IdW8K>Cz ,D0-3k5D398K`C398] C ,JA25J(.725D> F<)->aOB)Q(55D> K2 >;-8D) ,A4z 3R>C8
,;-8K)k(8D>;-)-Ho,DA2z3]:S3 ()I8K35KX=>C)U5D3+,A4z 3:0V(5 jN339)I;-5D39H(5 (EX-8KA2z (8KFJXN38ldW>C8Dz ()-/93
z 3,8KA2/pA4) <;-39;-A2)UT,D0-3>C8lF s "M UM sat ]
4 e"72>aOBH->aOB) b 5DA2)UTk,D0-3JH-3 -)-A4,DA2>C)6A4)<,D8D>H-;-/93Hqj<F+()-5D(7 ()-H E(8K/10->C7 +(7G,398 M
O!3qH-3 V)-3q5D72>aOBH->aOB)>d( 2K>Cj(5I,0-3q8(,A2>$>.dpA4,D5I8D395DXN>C)-5D3 ,A4z 3&,D>LAG,5I5KA3 >C8
5D398KÀ2/93 ,A4z 3 ]e"72>aOBH->aOB)uA45Y(725K>S8K39dW38K8D39HL,>r(5Y)->C8Dz (74A39H 8D35KX=>)-5D3,A2z3 ]
?0-A25!z 3,8DA4/EA45!A2zXN>C8K,(),!jN3/(;-5D3JAG,!8K3V39/9,5B0->aO 72>C)UTg( 2K>Cj&O!(A4,D5!A4)&,0-3p5lF5K,39z
8D397h(.,DA4`C3g,D> A4,55KA93M ,0<;-5J0-3972X-5,> 3`(.72;V(.,D3I;-)Ud
(A48D)-395D59] )-H-398R(&d
(A48X=>72A2/Fr74A F.3
5 e=Mx(72;7 2K>Cj-5?3 "XN38KA23)U/3J,0-3J5(.z 3J5D74>aOBH->aOB)i]

t
< A

;U8 5DA2zo;-7D>C8w5K;-X-XN>C8D5 j=> :Cm s

UHm Cm <;-39;-AUTY5lF539z 59]_CvA25 HU8DA4`3
j<F 83A O!-A"#Q3$#Q8D3 <;-35%>&AU5'-3(8D8KA4`7
DA2z3M)*D;+7 2K>CjZ5DA 3.M
UHQ35
A2( z D3H 2K>j 5DA 3] DQ3S;-5D3$5lF,--3*DA.D8935&TC3*-3839H OBA" A-3988K8DAG`.7!DA2z35kdW8D>Cz
3 "X=> -3 -A /7 -H&jN>C0; -HU3H 518D23 >gH-A45 D8DA2jU; A43> -54M 2+; .7 2K>j&5DA 35 dW8D>Cz jN>C0; UH-3c H 518D23 >
H-A25 8DA4j-; DA23> -595M -HZ35 A2(z D3H 2K>Cj 5DA9365 725K>6dW8D>Cz jN>C0; UH-3H 5
8K*3 >5] C78U3 5l,F --*3 DA
8 359M"O:3EH-A48D*3 *7G9 F >&D8D>C:7 U3 9>C8D8K37 ;A2> iM gM"jN*3 [O:3*3 <*D+; 7N5DA 3 -H395 DA2(z 39H5DA 3.M
5JH-35 8DA4j=39HQ7 398] =-8D>C;U3T ->C; '-3 8K35 o>>d U( 3 #+.X 398R3 #Q5KA2zg;-7 A43> $A258K3XN$3 D3H
yt A2z3!5 -H6O!3YX-8D395D*3 &?U63 `38 .TC3]
eA2zA27 .?8 D> @ -5 .A7 -H B8 #->C7 C D7 398 5EO!>G8 F MiO!E3 >03*&D8 D3k3> : Cm s

;U3;-"A -T z>H-37dW>C8 -3J5DA4zg;-7 A43> -5!XU8D35K3 -39H\A -A2=5 #+.X 398]:e"A2zo;-7 DA23> U5:OB"A
m Cm
<;-39;-A -TSz >H-397 5 ->aO 5DA4z A47 8 8D*3 -H-F5 -GH -3HU*3 #.A2725 ujN3dW>0; -HQ"A L>;-8
3 #-A 7V8D39X=>C8 s ] A2T;-8D3 ] Y5 ->aOBA5 -3B+X .8 z*3 D38D5 >./d -3Bj=>C; -H-3H 5
8K*3 D>RH-A45 D8DA
j-; A43> -5:;-5D39H dW>8 U3p5DA4zg;-7 ;A2> -5:5 ->a!O 6A H-3p8K35 B>.Id -A4@5 #+,X 389_] DQ3p;U5D3H A4H-3 -"A $7
j=>C; -H-3H 518D23 >6H-A45 8KA2j-,; A2> -5@dW>8EjN> $395 A4Hz ;3H 2K>Cj\5DA 93 -8H *D+; 7 2K>Cj$5DA 3gH-A45 D8DA
j-; A43> -!5 5B5 ->a!O rA A4TC;-8K3 "] y ]
DL3` 72A4+H 39H6>C;-8B5DA4zg;-7 >C8:j1F b
4 nE5K5D;-8KA -ET + . "A 723 5B7 aO A2?5 -39`38@`"A4>C7 ;3Hq3> S$3 #\8K0; iMN;-5D"A -T3 =3 *DA4`%3 8K8DA4` 7
8 D' 3 ?5 X-X-8K>CX-8KA D3pdW>C8?72A4z DA 3H <;-3;-63 $0X AD[FC]
4 @39X=3 "A -JT -3$5DA4zg;-7 ;A2> -5 HU35 98DA4j=39H "A 8DA239H-(z K-H @3 -HU38D5K3> 5 [e 5 +X
X=398 _] DL3JTC> !-3 8D7GF&A2HU3 -"A $7i8K35K;-"7 D5@; -H-38 Ue 5 MNe 5 M/-H 5:e6XN>C72"A A2395]
4ML >Cz+X 8D"A -T+>C;UI8 NDA2zo;-7 DA23> '8 O*ND0; PDNiOB"A Q0OA+P4&F DA SRONTP"NIU.d @ 0NP-0V BR#0U3P
C PDORW N6e 5 Xd YR0ONN[Z+Z\OR ^ ] QT0R[NY2% z TPYU3_RONT0P"N<RO!&T+PY"YD`3O*P"a
U3NYNO*&!b!YD<0O*YRN*]

s
JC + @ +> 0 +_>

m'YD`3OJNUCzEOHZ+RzEO*RY 0V Y"NRYTY"U3 )O]
0].O Z\U30O*-YP V #R
3O2F*U3RROP;YUG*U
OEY"O- bO
3O0O*RO9Z+Y"RNBUR0V0Uz &T-z\ORNQb!0ORO O$#8&T-z\ORQU>0O%Z+YRBY"N
#0U3NO* RUCz Y"N@RO0&T0YROV[VYNRY0TY"U3[0VHb!0O*ROQO7bU94TUz/O*RNCUI0OQZ0YRROU3R
ROPO*V U(VO
3ROO%] )UHV0U 0Y"N0bOFT0NOF N4Y z(ZPY 0OV 5 UDR z(P 1U B-a&0Y"
5
O20U4V ] =0O0NY"EY"V0O$N60VGZRU4U N /O*0Y0V 5 ! b@O*RO(V0O*ÒPUZ/O*V"-a L RY"U 0V
5 OP"NU3 $#&% ]('Y"ÒJ0O[V0Y"NRYTY"U30N *) +-, .,/0+ 21 0V 3) 045,76 98$+ 71 SU3T0R #R9
3O*FU3R.:
ROPY"U3J*U,O;EYO*- 0V U3TR%N Z0P"O(NY O=<>SO? U3PP"U b!Y
P
U3RYD
3O*0ORO*N<
Z+YRN@
A ]CB,O*ED
%,]C''O*0ORO7bU(Y"0V0O*Z/O*0V0O-RV0U & T \ORNGF ;H F AJI <"LK H A 2]

M ]!PO2ON PF ;H N A PD F RQTS AGU D A F A
0]!PO2OV
W< YX [Z
=\ ]N ^H K H A @0V_V A W< YX [Z ?\ ]N A H K H A ; 4b!0ORO

< `X
[Z =\ -N H K H A Y"NQ0O LJacb `PTO%UN#0V+RVG0UR P
V0Y"NRYTY"U3 cN
U3RG) A H %,]ed?$/ON0U b! +EV Igf hK H A H ) A H %
#,]!PO2ji k.) &k0i l)m&i \ / +- npopq2rsutvqwnxor$y-n ]V ; ^k.V z)m&i \ / +] t{pq2|.tv}~opry-n ]V A ;b!0O*RO
\ / +-npopq2rsutvq2nxopry-n \ / +-t{q2|0t}~opr$y-n RO 0O LJacb N(UBU3T0REV0ONYROV VYNRY0TY"U30N U3REONY:
;OV<NY O V *T0PINY O'RO*NZ\O*Y"ÒP"a] \ / + YNC0O'Y-`3O*RNO U \ / + ]
] ?O*Z/ONO*Z0N %`:.#< Y ONE
3O*0ORY"
=< Z+YRN-i k.) &k0i z)m&i H k.V l)m&il&]
Yi k.) &k0i z)m&i Hv A H H <(E0V"k.V l)m&i Hv A H H <ERO67bU[URRO^:
POV<R0V0U 4T /O*RN?O$#[ U3P"PU b!Y
60O*YR=U b!.V0Y"NRYTY"U30N]
,] L U Z0TO0O=*U3RROP;YUFU4OE*YO-AUYi k.) & k0i l )m&iY*u^k.V z)m&iYVEPP

3%
Y"D , &]dGD , )0O* V0O*RONO=D 0V

3U#,] M
3YD`3O*N NU OO Z0P"ON U%O*NY ;OV NY O *T+P'NY OZ+YRN[
3O0O*ROVP U3R
V0Y /ORO-!`PT0O*N=U %]

U.N0U b 0O *U3RRO*0ONN%U0Y"N6P
3U3RY" /b@O($8Ra U3PP"U b!Y"
<+P"a4NY"N@ b YRNl
Y"9Y"N9O$Na U8NO*O + N H N A=I <"LK H A %0V V H V AI f hK H A A&T0N i k.) &k0i l)m&i I
*) +-, .,/0+ 21 V ^k.V l)m&i I 3) 045,76 98$+ 71 ] B,O*U30V ,YD?\O!N0U b!H+ N YNAURRO^:
POV<b!Y"N A 0V &T0NBNU(Y"NCV b!Y" V A ] d7-T0Y"Y"`3O*P"a<YDG U3PP"U b!N=+ Yi k.) &k0i z)m&i
0V ^k.V l)m&i`.ROURRO*POV N%b@O*PP ] L RYU 0V 5 O*PNU N0U bOV_+ A D ,
YN[G0U30V0O*RO$NY
*U3-Y&T0UT0N= T002YUMU D ?0V L%& D , G0V D N+RO.0O.N O
NY
]
0O*NO Z0RUZ/O*RY"ON
3T0R-OO[O<OR Y"+Y"U3JU0O<\U Ò<NY Z0P" Y +O*V 5

P
3URY" V PO2BT0NC/UT00V.0OF`PTON?U 0Qj\O%#0Y"O*ÒV -a 5
6] d bO
N Z0POD? RU K(U A +b@OF$ ONY O'OFR
3O UeD , */ZRU4V0T0Y"
[ENO2QU NO*NBU
Z+YRNIU3RV0OROV b!Y"8Y0*RO$NYu
N'[NYV0O9O O**]
0YNY"NQ O 2P"a 0U b bO
3O0O*ROV
U3RROPO*VRV0U Z+YRNCU +P"OQNY O0V<NOR`4YOQY O] a OZ\O0V0Y"
9U3[0ONRT02T0RON=U
V0Y /ORO-BVYNRY0TY"U30ND , a<UP"b@$a,N!# O% T0P"PIR
O U hK H A L0b!0Y#.YN=b!-a
NU OU
0O'RO*NT0PDN=b@O'N0U b 0ORO'+$`3O6 RONRY"*OV R
O U %]
d7 B,O**Y"U3_#,] bO N0U b ONY T0PYU3HRONT0P"N=U3 ORO*NZ\U30NO'Y O] GO NT0V,a
NPU b!V0U b!.N! T0*YU3<U 2U&<NY O 0V U3RRO*PYU3[*U,O;EYO*- Y_B,O**Y"U3_#,]w#,]
$ (!" !#$ %& ( !' ! (
U?NT0Va'0OAO O**N1U0OAU3RRO*PYU3 \O*7bOO*92T+P 2 U6NYO0V ONY OV72U& NY*O

U3HOQZ/O*R9 U3R 0OUB *)
: V b B+) : 4b@O
O0O*ROVRO*N@b!Y"[U3-RU3P"POV(U3R.:
ROPY"U3<N=V0O*N*RY\OV YO ZRO*`4Y"U3T0N!NO**Y"U3 ]"GO'T0NO*V \U3T00V0O*V,)1RO2UEV0YNRY0TYU3N
U3RC\U 2T+-P 2U& NY*OF0V ONY OV12U&.NYO] b UR?0O%RRYD`PIZ0RU4O*NN\b@OFU30NYV0O*R

M
X3 cK] AzM
- cK]
b Y
3T0RO #,] M @ 0 Z0P"ON!U
3OOR;OV ONY OV<NY O *T+PINYO'Z+YRN*]

>

b Y
3T0RO#4] @ )1R O2ORNG 3U R @U3T0V0OV )
RO*U a "Y NRY0T,YU ]
1000
PS
SRPT
100 SRPT-E
FSP
FSP-E
Mean Response Time
10
0.1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Correlation Coefficient R
b Y
3TRO ,# ]2# @ O$ NU 2U3T0R[Y O!`3O*RNTN
Na4-O*Y"QRO*N ' A
+)1RO2U9NOR`4Y"O
Y ON )1U YNNU3 RRY"`PN*]
)1U3Y"NNUMRRY"`P"N[XO ,Z/U3O-YP!Y-O*RRRY"`PY O N ;>0O$$`&a #Y"PO*V )1RO2UJRRY"`PN>0V
0O$$`&a#Y"PO*V JO*Y0T0P"PIRRY"`P"N] b U3R!PP/0O'NY T0P;YU0NCU)0Y"N=NO**Y"U3 00O'PU-V O
RRY"`PIR;OFVY"`4YV0O*Vj-a O NO*R`4Y*O%R;Oz=YN K] u 0V.O &T0OTO%$Z0YD7a Y"Nc#KK&K]O
NYu
3POQNOR`3OR!Y"N!NNT O*V ] T0PDYZPOBNOR`3ORNBRONY Y"PR U 0ONY"
3P"OQNO*R`3O*RNO+0OO
0O'RO*NT0PDN?RO U!N0U b! 0ORO]

OCN#0O*V0T0P"Y
Z\U3PY"Y"ON5T0NO*VB *)
3B *)
: b +B ) b +B ) : V ) B
RO@V0O*NRY\OV
Y b Y
3TRO #,] A ] #j
3RZ0.V+;#(Z\U3Y"&?ROZ0RONO*-NB0O%$`3O*R
OFU %K(NY T0PY"U30NO$#
U1b!Y# +N!Z0RU4O*NNOV K]w# Y"PP"YU3 2U&<RO 4TONN]
b Y
3T0ROJ#4]2#!N0U b!NSO@O /O2NSU MU3F0O O$6RO*NZ\U30NOY O>U+V0Y O*RO-
N#0O*V0T0PY"
Z/U3P"Y*ON b!Y" * ))U3YNNU36RRY"`PZ0RU4O*NNU3RRO*NZ\U30V0Y"

=U!0O &' A &T0O*T0Y
U,VOP ]

0O[Y-ORRRYD`P O T0NOV U
3O0O*RO )1UYNNU3 Z0RU,*ONN9YN K]2% 0] 5 UOE+;FO
,YNYNBY PU
N$PO" ] !O$$`&a3:YP"OV )
RO*U 0
V JO*Y0TPPSRRYD`P
Z0RU,*ONN'b!YD O9N O

3#
2U& NY O9V0Y"NRY0T,YU0N *U3RRONZ/U3V0Y

[U[0O ' & ' A
&T0O*T0Yu
U4V0OPL NU b NY Y"PR
RONT0P"N?0V<&T0N?RO'U Y"O*V0ORO]
NAN0U b!EY b Y
T0ROO#4]2# B )
: RONT0P"N Y9P"U bOR O$9RONZ/U3NO!Y O@+ b B+) :
V0U,O*NBY" U3N$NON*]
OFZ\OR9 UR 0O U B )
: V b B+) : Y0*RO$NON 4TY &P"ab!YD
Y0*RO$NYu
% ] 0O YN `3O*Ra N PP B *)
: V b B+) : ONNO*&YP"P"a>/O*+$`3O*NEP"Y O
HRV0U N#0O*V0T0PY"
[Z\U3PY"*a V Y"YNbU3RNO%0 ) B.Y O$ RO*NZ\U30NO%Y O]* 0O
O ,O*OV0N'(0RO*N0UPV B )
: 0V b +B ) : Z\OR0 U3R 0*OFO *OO*V8+U ) B Y_/U
&' A
0V?' ' A
]
O?0RO*N0U3P"V(Y"N>/UT K] Y"(UT0R NY T0P;YU0N] JOO\OP"YO*Ò
0Y"NRON0U3P"VYN T00*YU3HU 0V=\U[VYNRY0TY"U30N>U 2U&[NY *O0V[O*NY O*3 V 2U&
NY *O] @O2a3U3V 0Y"N Z\U3Y"& B )
: V b +B ) : NFZ\OR0 U3R 0*O(Y"0RO$NON 4TY &P"a b!YD
Y0*RO$NYu
%]
0*O
3T0ROB*PO$RP"a N0U b!N@0GB )
Z\OR9 UR 0O?YN>NRU3u
3P"a9YOVEU
O*`3O* 10Y
3'`PTON
U %] d Z0RU Ò O-N
Y ONY Y"
*T+0P 2U&FNY *O@$FV0R ;YPPDa
Y Z0RU `3OB )
V b +B ) U3R!%b!YVO R
3OU %]

O@P QU+TR O 2U& NY O>Yu UR Y"U3Q+N!\OO%6Y Z\U3R#-IRO$NU36b!-a B *)
YN0Ub!Y"V0OPDa.VOZ0P"U aOV MM A ] QT0RNY TPYU30N?NU b +<RO$NU3+P"aj

U,U4V 2U&
NY *O!ONY URSYN R0O &T0YROV U3R B *)
: V b +B ) : U UTZ\OR0 U3R ) B9Y9OR N U O
RONZ/U0NO'Y O]
(!" !#$ !" )
b YRONNY"NU30O 2U3RQ*U30*OR8b!0O* Z0ZP"a4Y

NY*O;:v0NO*VGN#0OV0TPYu
Z\U3P"YY"ONNT0#JN
B )
Y ZR2Y*O]
0O*U3RO2Y"$P M&M =V NY T0PYU3 A K M b@UR J0N%NU b! +%0O
V0O
3ROO USTuXYR0ONNT0V0OR B *)
YN=`3O*Ra N P"P ] !U bO*`3O*R/0UEbU3R +NE/O*O.VU30O'U
NTVa0O XY"R0O*NN5YNNT0O b!0O*6O>N#0OVT0PO*R
V0U4ON )+$ÒC*T0RO 2U& NY OAYu UR Y"U3 ]
.5 Y O'Z0RO*`4YU3TN!bU3R MM A K M L0b@O'T0NO6NPU b!V0U b! NGXYR0ONN O*RY"]
GO O*`P"T+O%0O NP"U b!VU b!UJB *)
: V b B ) : N = T002Y"U3 U 2U&8NY *OE0V

0O!URRO*PYU39*U,O;EYO*- %] b Y
T0RO*N #,] 0RU3Tu
3 #,] A&A N0U bM0O!NP"U b!VU b! `3O*RNT0N0O
Z/O*RO*-YP"OBU 0O 2U&[NY OV0YNRY0TYU3 3b!YD Y"0RO$NY
RU K,]wK3%% 6UK] ,] 5 UO
+?O ,YN!YN?Y PU
EN$P"O6Y".PP 0ONO
3TRON*]
0O 2U.NY O*NBRO6O
3U3RYO*V.Y"&U
A K&KY0N?b!Y".O$# 0Y" U&YY
(U30OFZ\ORO*&YP"OFU 0O 2U&.NY *O%V0Y"NRY0T,YU ]O
-Y"
0O'PU3VU1Na4NO YNOK] ]
b RU b Y
3T0RONE#,] 0V #,] b@O $ *PORPDa[NO*O +O\U_B *)
: 0V b +B ) : Z\OR.:
U3R ÒRaFZ/U4U3RP"a*U Z0RO*V6% U ) B'b!0O9*U3RROP;YU6Y"N)bO$ :]
YN
*U ONSN
0UNT0RZ0RY"NO
/O*$T0NOQZ\U,U3R>ONY YU3EU 2U&(NY ONb@U3TPV[RO0V0O*R@ONOBZ/U3P"Y*YON>P UN0O &T0Y"`P"O->U
R0VU N#0O*V0T0PY"
0] T# P"U3
3O*RVOP$a4N=ROBY Z\U3NO*VHU3 2U0NC*RU3NN@O/U3RV ] !U bJ:
O*`3O*R4N)0OCO*NY O*NSY Z0RU Ò3Y^]WO])0OCYRONO=U `PT0O*N0OEB *)
: *T0RÒ U ÒN
V0U b!&b@RV ] dJ\O
3Y"0N>U6UTZ\OR0 U3R ) B( K &K3%&% U3RAN PP 2U&N] b U3R B *)
:
0OP"O*`3O*P U WK # M&& & 2U&0NJ\OP"U b 0O M K%Z\ORO-YPOB+$`3O'PU bOR=NP"U b!V0U b!<+[b!YD
) B\] b U3R b +B ) : /?0O6PO*ÒP1U gK # M& :0O6NPU b!V0U b! Y"NB*PU3NO UH+;BT0NO*V -a
) B\]
O Y"0RO$NONQU[K,] M %&% \UB )
: 0V b +B ) : Z\OR9 UR \O*O*RQ+ ) B
Y
3OORP ] b U3R B *)
: -P"U3NO=U M U/0O 2U&0NA+$ÒNPU b!V0U b!HN P"PO*R
+E+AU
) B \b!0Y"PO U3R b +B ) : :Y"BZ0Z\O$RN+BPP 2U&0N?+$`3OFPU b@O*RBNPU b!V0U b!.0.0BU ) B/]
0O ONY O*V<NY *O'YN=0Y
30P"aHU3RRO*POVb!Y".2T+P 2U& NY *O +B )
: 0V b +B ) : N
Z/O*R9 U3R OB*PU3NOPDa(RONO 0P"ON@+@U5YV0OP B )
0V b +B )P b Y
3T0RO#,] A&A 2] 5 UO0
Y UN=NO*N+0O'Z\OR0 U3R 0*OU
Y"V0O$PB *)
0V b +B )_YNC`3O*Ra<*PU3NO'0V 0U!P"O$RP"a
V0YNYu
3T0YN0OV<Y"<0 O
3T0RON*]
@NO*V U3JO[NY T0P;YURONT0P"N%Y B,O2YU #,] 0V 0YN NO**Y"U3 YDFY"NFP"O$R'0
/U0O O$RONZ/U3NOY O0V<NPU b!V0U b! U)NY O;:+NOV Z/U3P"Y*YON0O$$`4YPDaHVOZ\O0V U3
0O U3RRO*PYU3[\O*7bOO8*T0P 2U& NY *ON0V.O*NY O*1 V 2U& NY ON*]JBPD0UT
3 B )
:
+N6 PU bOR OJRONZ/U3NO(Y O9+ b +B ) : 5Y" T0NO*N%PR
3O*R NPU b!V0U b!0N b!0O 0O
U3RROPY"U3U4OE*YO-?YN=PR
OR@+ /UTEK ,]

10000
1000 PS
SRPT
SRPT-E
Slowdown
FSP
100 FSP-E
10
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b Y
3TRO_#,] @ B,P"U b!V0U !b KN[ T002Y"U3 U B0O Z/O*R*O-Y"PO UQO 2U& NY O.VYNRY0TY"U3 ]
Job Size Percentile (R=0.0224)
B4a4&0O*Y'RO*N ,K ]wK3%% &' A

)1RO2UENOR`4YO'Y O*N ))U3YNNU3 RRY"`P"N]

ONY T0PY"U30NS0 Ò*PORPDa%NU b!E+;Y
3 URRO*PYU3\O*7bOO*2T+P 2UENY*ON
0V ONY O*V 2U& NY*ON<0U U30PDaM0O*PZ0N_B *)
: V b B ) : U ROV0T0*O0O O
RONZ/U0NO%Y O 0T'P"NU(0OP"Z0NBU<#0YO2`3O%N P"PO*RNPU b!V0U b!0N'*RU3NNB`RY"U3T0N 2U NY ON*]
U3ROBY Z/U3R#-A0<*T0ROZ0RO*V0Y2Y"U3? U3RO$# 2U&HNY*OBY"NOQU3RVOR@UI0O 2U0N
Y[/ O 4TOT0O O*a0O*OV U30PDa?\OU3RVORO*V[&a(0O*YRCNY *O] RONU+0PDa=
3U4U,VHONY UR
b!YPP5O*+0P"OB *)
: 0V b +B ) : U[U3TZ/O*R9 U3R ) B.Y" \U O RO*NZ\U30NO%Y O60V
NPU b!V0U b! ]
* !
d7<0YN=NO2YU bO VON*RY/OROO ZZ0PY"$YU30N>b!0ORO0ONYO^:v+NOV Z\U3PY"YO*N@*U3T0PV[\O

NT0*ONN9 T0P"P"aJZ0Z0P"YO*VGb!Y" O /O2YD`3O32U&JNY*O[ONY U3RN*] GO[PNU.N0U b +;%O /O2YD`3O
2U&<NY *O'ONY URN=$_\O'#0Y"O*`3O*V !P"U b U `3O*R0OV ]
Z0Z\O0V0Y P VON*RY/O*N U3TR<bU3R KU3 a U Y":v+NOVKN#0OVT0PY"
U3 bO NORÒRN]
BZ0Z\O0VY V0ONRY\ON!U3T0R=bU3R [U, ) % ) NOR`3OR?NY"V0O'N#0O*V0T0P"Y
0]

10000
1000
PS
Slowdown
SRPT
100 SRPT-E
FSP
FSP-E
10
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b Y
3TRO_#,]@ B,P"U b!V0U !b KN[ T002Y"U3 U B0O Z/O*R*O-Y"PO UQO 2U& NY O.VYNRY0TY"U3 ]
B4a4&0O*Y'RO*N ,K ]2% M u &' A )

RO*U(NOR`,Y"O'Y O*N ))3U YNNU3 RRY"`P"N]
1000
100
Slowdown
10 PS
SRPT
SRPT-E
FSP
FSP-E
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b Y
3TRO_#,] u@ B,P"U b!V0U !b KN[ T002Y"U3 U B0O Z/O*R*O-Y"PO UQO 2U& NY O.VYNRY0TY"U3 ]
B4a4&0O*Y'RO*N ,K ] 3K&%&% &' A


1000
PS
SRPT
SRPT-E
FSP
100 FSP-E
Slowdown
10
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b Y
3TRO_#,] u@ B,P"U b!V0U !b KN[ T002Y"U3 U B0O Z/O*R*O-Y"PO UQO 2U& NY O.VYNRY0TY"U3 ]
B4a4&0O*Y'RO*N ,K ]2# M& &' A

1000
PS
SRPT
SRPT-E
FSP
100 FSP-E
Slowdown
10
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b Y
3TRO#4] A K@?B4PU b!V0U b! N9_ T0*YU3 U ?0O[Z\ORO-YPO(U=O32U& NY O[VYNRY0TY"U3 ]
B4a4&0O*Y'RO*N K,] M %&% &' A


A K&K
1000
PS
SRPT
SRPT-E
FSP
100 FSP-E
Slowdown
10
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b Y
3TRO#4] A&A @?B4PU b!V0U b! N9_ T0*YU3 U ?0O[Z\ORO-YPO(U=O32U& NY O[VYNRY0TY"U3 ]
B4a4&0O*Y'RO*N K,] u &' A

@ A Q ) 5

)ARO*`4YUT0NRO*NO$R#8+NQRYO*V.U<Z0Z0P"a B *)
N#0OVT0PY"
U3 bO8NO*R`3O*RN A&A&A A&A %
U3
0O?NNT ZY"U39+; 0O!NO*R`4Y*O=Y OCY"NS0O!NY O!U\0O 0POO/O*Y
NOR`3OV 0NS0YNAYN1`3ORa
O$Na UHV0Y"N*U ÒR?b!0O 0O6RO0&T0O*NO*&ORNB0O Na4NO ] U3RO0RU-V0PDa&+0OFNNT ZY"U3
YNC0!0O'NO*R`4Y*O Y OQYN=NRU3
3PDa[URRO*POV<U9O 0PO'NY O] d7 U3T0R=U b! bU3R A # M L
b@O UT00VH+@0YNNNT ZY"U3[Y"N0U=*T0RO00VHU30N0O &T0O*&P"aHV0O*ÒPUZ/O*V a U Y:
CNO*V N#0OVT0PY"
EU O /O*Y"ÒP"a Z0Z0P"aHNY O;:+NOV N#0O*V0T0PY"
EU3b@O.NO*RÒRN*]

O Y"V0O$ UVU Y:+NO*V N#0O*V0T0P"Y
8YN6U T0NO<bO PU
.U *PNNY aOd7-ORO*
Y-U VU Y0NS0V TNOH0OHbO PU&
U O*NY ;O 0RU3T
30ZT RU VY /ORO*-9V0U YN
U 0O'b@O.NORÒR*] TRNNT ZYU3 YNC+0U3NN!b!Y"Y EN O VU Y<+$`3O NY Y"PR
0RU3T
30ZT=U9ORO UOBb@O.NORÒR*]
0OVU YYUT0RCV0 O +0Y"U3<YN@0O'0Y
U3RV0O*R
0YDN>U OBP"YO*& d ) V0VRONN4b!0Y#[Y"N 0NO*V[U3(0O L PNNPO*NN d7&OR a U Y ?UTY"
L d a C AA ^] TR%NT0Va A # M =NU b!N%+%0YN 2U& NY O[O*NY U3R6YN `3ORa O /O2YD`3O
b!Y" 9PU b U ÒR0O$V ]

AKA

) 5 0
)1OO*R0: U: )1OO*RNa4NO N+$`3O
RU b! NY
30 Y 0$-PDa Y.Z\U3Z0TPRY"7aZ\OO*R0:U:7Z\OO*R +P"O%N+RYu
RONOR#O /U3RN+$`3O U4TNOV8U3 RU3TY

NO$R# Y"0O*-Y"ÒNI0V O*b U0OR?U3Z0Y"N*] @T,Q0U[U0OF+NQPU4U O*V 0O6NO*R`3O*RNY"V0O
N#0O*V0T0PY"
EZ0RU&PO O ,O*ZU3T0R!U b! U3u
3U3Yu
%b@U3R A A ^]
0PO@N+RY
) % )Z0Z0PY"$YU3N)NT0#EN 3 ,YN)NY Y"PR

OCNO*R`3O*R NY"V0O@U0T0RRO-"
UBbO9NORÒRAY6+10O2a \U *OZ RO T0O*NNe U3R +PO*N 0VFNOV 0 60OCRO T0ONOV
+PO*N] @T0O*RO ROFNY
30Y +$&BV0Y /ORO0*ONc\O*7bOO*80O RU HN#0OVT0PO*R N Z\U3Y"&U
`,Y"O*b'] ?O T0ONN6U ) % ) 0U4V0ON6RO97a4Z0Y"$P"P"a. N P"P
#&T0 8U0O *U ZPO*& O +PO)0V
0O' U3T0-!U)V+;# *T+P"P"a(NOR`3O*V.YN@U O* R*YU3U50O'RO T0O*N?NY O]
ORO; U3RO
0O 2U&.NY O*NB00U /O &0U b!8(Z0RYU3RY UR?0O ) % ) ZZ0PY"$YU3 ] b TROR U3RO:b!0YP"O
b@O NOR`3O*RN$.RONU+0PDa.NNT O T0PP5U&RU3P)U `3O*RBRO*NU3TRO*N ) % ) ZZ0PY"$YU30N?RO
U U0P"aBU3+
3T0RO*VFb!Y" T0YDOAU3NOR`YD`3O@TZ0Z/O*R \U3T00VN U3R5O$#F0RO$V WN1RONU3T0RO
U30NT ZY"U3U Y"0Y Y *O0OY"R=Y Z+*CU3<U0O*R?Z0Z0P"Y$;YU0N]

U Z0Z0P"a 0O?B )
: U3R b +B ) : N#0OV0TPYu
.Z\U3PY"YO*NYT0RRO*&& ) % ) +POEN0RY"
Z0Z0P"Y$;YU0N=bO0 ÒU T0NOONY O V 2U& NY O*N NN#0O*V0T0P"Y

Yu UR Y"U3 ] QT0R
b@U3R A A NU b!N<0&a TNYu
0O8RO T0O*NOV V+ #&T0+ NY *OGN<0ON#0O*V0T0PY"
O2RY"@bO
3O2 O$ RONZ/U0NO.Y O+HYN(U30P"a M K UQ0[U b)LJb B_0V
#K U5+@U ) B/+] GOROBT0RRO-P"aHbU3R 4Y"
9U3\O*OR 2U[NY OONY U3RN>U T0R0O*R
O0+0O'0O'Z\OR0 U3R 0*OU10 O ) % )MZ0ZPYY"U30N*]
> Q
4 )

C &T0Z0N)Z0RUO2+PO N a4NO NR U3R T0NOR5ORRU3RN 0V Y"N BURIU0O*RI+RVbCROeXYP"T0RO*N NU 7bCRO
ORRU3RN(+ $a_U3RRT0Z,[0O +PO Na4NO ]
O U3N[*U U3_T0NO*NU + &T0Z0N RO
U RO*NU3RO +P"ON9Y"V0O-PPDaGVOPO2O*V -aJT0NO*RN 0V U RO*U `3O*R RU V0YN XY"PT0RON*] BN

A K3%
3U RO90V U3ROFV+#[OOVN ROP"Y0P"O%V OEY"O-+ &T0Z IO+ &T0Z8O#0Y T0O*NFRO
/O*U Y
9Y"0RO$NY
P"a[Y Z\U3R#-$]
L ORÒ+ ?O*HP #?+N(N0U b! +HN(0O Z+*Y"YONEUB0O*b NU3R
3O VO*`4Y*ON
U3-Y"&T0O(U.YRONOHF R;O +6YN T0#>XNOR6+0O(NZ\OOVJU=V0Y"N 0V7a,Z\O
*ONN=Y" b!YP"PC# O Y"0RO$NY
PU
UGRO$V 0O U&O-NHU8V0YN V0RYD`3O 0V b!RY"O
0O U% + 4TZ VO*`4Y*O]
0O*RO UROY"YNA`3ORa[Y Z\U3R-AU%Y Z0RU `3O!0OQO;EYO*0*a(U
+ &T0Z.Na4NO N*]
U3N?TRRO*- + 4TZ.Na4NO N?NT0#.NG 0V+ u 5P"PU b U30*T0RRO-C+ &T0Z0N
Y(60O27b@U3R O*V *U Z0TY"
O-`4YRU O*-l&b!0ORO T0PDYZPO +P"ONa4NO NCROE+ OVT0Z[Y"
Z+RPPO*P4U'U30O=U3R U3ROJ+ &T0ZENa4NO N]eK0O27b@UR + &T0ZENa4NO Y"NSNY Y"PR5U'QbO
NOR`3O*RY.+B0O*a_\U.RN9 ORQHPR9
3O 4T /O*RQU" 0PON /O27b@O*O T0PDYZPO #0Y0O*N
`,YH0O27b@U3R :] !?U b@O2`3OR5T00P Y OF(b@O8NOR`3O*R5[0O27b@U3R + 4TZNa4NO V0U4ON % 4U b
0 O U NY *ON .ZRYURY /O*$T0NOU!0OHT0NOU!0O[YRO O*-#P + &T0Z N#0O O b!0Y#
U3Z0Y"ON'U30PDa.0U3NO +P"ON0'+$`3O /O*ORO$OVJUR U4V0 Y 0OV NY"0OEZ0RO*`4YU3TN0 &T0Z ]
b TROR U3RO-YRO O*-#P + 4TZ[N#0O O*N+AU Z0T,O?0V(NURO +PO!V0
Y O*RO*0O*N@RO
0O' O 4RO O'$NO+b!0O*RO U&<NY *O'YN=0U &0U b! T0-YP O*R?*U Z0PO2YU ]
dB )
U3R b B ) N#0O*V0T0PY"
F?\OZ0Z0P"YOVEU3E0O*7bU3R + 4TZ[Na4NO N40O O
RONZ/U0NOFY O'U3T0P"V_\OFP"U b@O*ROV ] !?U b@O2`3OR \O$T0NOF0O U.NY O*NB$00UC/O U&YOV
Y V`0O
O*NY ;O V U&JNY *ONF0 Ò(U \OHT0NOV" U3R N#OV0T0P"Y

] GOENZ\OTPO(0
0YNU3Ra*:+NOVGY O NORYO*N6Z0ROV0Y"*U3RN $>/O(Z0ZPYO*VU O*NY O9O+ 4TZ NY O U3R
O$# #0Y0O;0V U&'Z0RY"U3RYD7aB \O>NNY
3OV *U3RVY
3PDa3] GORO TRRO*-P"a'NT0V,a,Y"
0Y"N=Z/U3NNY0YP"Y"7a3]

AKM
$ *
!" $! ,
0 RU3Tu
3 NY T0PY"U30NAbO +$`3O.O2`PT+;OV O Z\OR0 U3R 0*O UQNY O^:v+NOV_N#0O*V0T0PY"
Z/U3P"Y*YONB *)
0V b B+)/b!Y" ) B U3RQ*U Z0RY"NU3 ÎN'= T002Y"U3 U>0O9*U3RROP;YU
/O27b@O*OK2T+P U& NY*O 0V ONY O*V U& NY*O] GO U3T0V +?B *)
V b B ) N
Z/O*R9 U3R O%NRU
3P"a V0O*Z/O*0V0N'U3 O9U3RROPY"U3 ]% 0O*8Z0RU `4YV0O*V b!Y" bO$.URRO^:
PYU3 B )
0V b B )M$ *T+P"P"aZ\OR0 U3R bU3RNO6+,) B T
Y"`3O* RONU300P"a

3U,U4V U& NY O=O*NY ;U3R0O2a9$(U3T,Z\OR9 UR ) B9Y\U O$ RONZ\U30NO=Y O=VE0O
NPU b!V0U b! ] GO(PNU VON*RY/O*VJ0ROOE0O*bZ0Z0PY"$YU3NQUOB )
0V b +B ) NT0Z0Z\U3ROV
&a[U3T0R U&<NY O'ONY U3RN*]

Uc
3O*0ORO=*U3RROP;OV%R*OCV+ U3R
0OCNY T0PY"U3 b@O=Y"&RU4V0T0*OV Q0O2b R0V0U
4T /O*R!Z+YRG
O0O*RYU3O*#00Y TO:b!0ORO6O# &T /O*RU)O Z0YR=Y"N=#0U3NO* RU Y"N
RO T0Y"RO*V_V0Y"NRYTY"U3 0V 0O*a ROURRO*POV UVO
3RO O
%]
0Y"N%O#0Y T0O<$ \O
`3ORa<T0NO; T0PR U3R=NY T0PY"U3HROP;OV RO*NOR# Y0Y"N!0V UOR!RO$N*]

U<0O \ON6UU3T0R &0U b!PO*V
3O5YNb@UR Y"N'0O +RN'U V0V0RONN'OEZ\OR0 U3R 0*O
U=NY O^:v+NOV Z\U3PY"Y"ONb!Y"JY0*T0ROHN#0OV0TPYu
Yu UR Y"U3 ] !?U bO*ÒRAbO=\OP"YO*Ò
+9bO<+$`3O-a 0U O0N9*U ZPO*OPDa VV0RO*NNO*V_0YN RO$] U3RO<NY T0PY"U30NF0V
0O*U3RO2YP bU3R [RO0O*O*NNRa[ U3R=\O*OR=T0V0ORN#0V0Yu
0] JO ROQ`3ORa<Y-O*RO*NO*V Y"
+PDa4YPSRO*NT0PDNc U3ROEY Z0*'U@Y+TRO UGNY O Y"u U3R YU3 0VNY T0PYU3
RONT0P"NG U3R!%b!YV0O*R?R
3OU
bU3R &PU3V<#+R*O*RY"NY"N*]

U O /O*Y"ÒP"aEZ0Z0P"aFNY O;:+NOVHN#0OVT0PY"
6U 0O G'cd0B NORÒR,bO0O*OV U +$`3O
O /O*Y"Ò U&HNY *OQONY U3R ] TRZ0RO*`4YUT0N@bU3R +N@N0U b![0@NT0#<O /O2Y"ÒQONY Y:
U3RN \O 0T0YPD!b!Y"<O6NT0Z0Z\U3RUSO 4ONY"ÒFRO*NB+P"a4NYN?0V #+R*O*RY $YU3 ]
BN
3RY"V0N O*Ù3P"Ò!Y-U'Z0RU,V0T*Y"U3 N
3O!0V U3RO=Z\OR0 U3R 0*OCRON \O*U O!$`Y"P0P"O
b@O'$ V0O2`3O*PU3Z<0O2b U&<NY O'ONY U3R 0NO*V U3<O#+R*O*RY $YU30N=U)0O T0ORYON*]

0O b@O'$.ZZ0P"aHNY *O;:+NO*V.N#0OV0TPYu
EU G'cd0BNOR`3O*RN]

G' 0d B[NORÒRNROP"a(U3 L U3-O*& a Y"NRY0T,YUO27b@UR ( LJa U Z0RU3Z\U&

-OB0O*YRCTZ:
V+O*N
UBU0O*R
Z\OO*RN]
0O LJa _%T0NOCNO2`3O*RP O#00YN N)UQVUQY"N U& U3R)O Z0PO
0Y"$Nl TP"Y"$NU3RB0O ) T0P"YN &B,TNRY\O U,V0O*P ]
0Y"NV0YNNO*R#;YU V0YNT0NNO*N 0O
T00YNV T0P"Y$N O#+0YN Y<#+Z,OR "!9V$#]

YN9#+Z,OR V0O*N*RY\ON a T+P )
;NAU3TR
L ) RU3T
0Z0T U30Y"U3RY"
0V Z0RO*V0Y^:
YU R O2b@U3R Cb!0Y#M \O.T0NOV -a_0O LJa UGNU (Y O/U3T0V O.T0Z\V+ON
Z0RU3Z0
-YU3 ]
&%
'

BZ0Z0P"YY"U3 V0O*ÒPUZ/O*RNCU O(Z/U3NOQH

3O^:7U3P"V T0O*NY"U3 @)(b!+YNA0O+*-,/.021436587:981&;"740
U10YN=Z0 <>=
0O T0ONYU Y"N URONTuP"OQ+ Y"=Z0Z\O$RN]
0YN=#0ZO*R UY"ÒN
V0ONRY/O*N>0V O2`PT+;ON a T+P )
NA P
3U3RY" 0V Na,NO U3RF0NbORY
8YD$],GO
V0O +O
L ) 0RU3T
30ZT9N@?A b!0O*ROB YN'0O+U b NY O[0VC Y"N 0O +U b V0TRYU3
N#RY"
9CU30O*YU3O*N0PY"N O-!0VO0VY
ORV0U b! ] b U3R@ +POBRN9 ORED$% A
% GM FIH B YNC0
O +PO'NY O]
AK F

A K3#
021

!#"%$'&($')+*,$-.*0/1-2$'354'67)84 :9';<>=?<A@ ! @ #! " < CB DFE <A@ " 9';<>G "HJI 9 H @ ! <A@ H B0K0K
D ! H
GL9'@ E ".M D#N " @ !L" E <A@ " 9'; " CBPOQ@RBPGLS I 9 H O A&A UT A %&% ! <'OWV "." GX@ ! 9 E 9 D S ! KPYZB0G[ " OQ@\B0S<(@ ".M^]
D H D 8H D !H D :# H
_`" O ! <a[5bcOd=L< N " @=?<'B E A % Tfe E 9g[ " K0K0<#bhO N = E 9iV " $# M T&d0'cd AA T<'G M OQ= E\DLN " $%K <(@\@ " =C@
@R9 " <'O DLE " @ !L" <g[A<'BPKj<'V#K " V?<'G M#H B M @ ! < NkN.DLE <A@ " KPY'T fD B N fKPY'T<'G M GL9iG :lB0G@ E\D OQBP[ " KPY ] @ !L" E
D IFGH D# H
@R9U9iK0OkTO DLN ! <AOmG " @Q@RB " E AzM T=?<A@ ! N ! < E <'G M = N ! < E 3# T=L<A@ ! KP9< M A %&% T eGBn<'G M D H
D :! H
=LB0= " N ! < E A % T=?<A@ ! E <A@ " D # FGH D H
<AG MoM#" K0= ! B A &K " <'O DLE "Z" BP@ !#" E @ !L" V59'@\@\K " G " N pKPB0G
N <'=?< N BP@lY19 E @ !L" <a[A<'B0K0<'VLK " V?<'G M#H B M @ !q]

!#" <a['<AB0Kj<AVLK " V?<'G M#H B M @ ! B0O M B " E " G@; E 9 @ !L"
e )r@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @@ ! <(@s<'Gt<A=L=LK0B N <Y:
@RB09'G N <'Gu< N ! B " [ " T#<'G M @ ! <A@ M B " E " G N " N <'GvV " O\BPSiGLB N <'G@ ] b 9 E " #< =LK " TUwi<'B0G^bhO=?<A@ ! K09i< M
D H D G# H
=?<'= " E A %&% O ! 9 H".M @ !L" V D K x@ E <AGLOQ; " EmN <'=?< N BP@lY A # 9';y<X=?<A@ ! BPO ! BPS !L" E @ ! <'Gz@ !L"
D GFIH
" <'O DLE ".M <g[A<'BPKj<'V#K " VL<'G M#H B M @ ! T H{! BPK "`| <'B}bhO " @\@\B " E =?<'= " E AzM O ! 9 H"kM <'GY N <'O " O
H{!L" E " @ !L"
e )~@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @B0O DLN ! K09 H" E @ ! <AG@ !L" B Ec " <'O DLE " " G@ ] w'B0G^T " @W<'K N 9'G :
E ".M @ ! <A@<a['<AB0Kj<AVLK " V?<'G M#H B M @ ! B0OGL9'@y<'GZB0G M B N <(@R9 E 9'; H{! <A@y<'G<'=L=LKPB N <(@RB09'G N <'G< N :
D 8H
@ D <'KPKPYt9'V#@2<'BPG A % ]
9C9iKPO;9 E " OQ@RB <(@RB0G#S:<a[A<'BPKj<'VLK " V?<'G MCH B M @ !X! <a[ " <:; DLE @ !L" E B0OQO D " @
@ !L" B E O\KP9 H N 9iG[ " E S " G N " T79iG@ !L" 9 E ML" E 9'; <(@W<(@yK " <'O@ A K'O9';O " N 9'G M O.T < " O`@ !L" @R9U9
O\K09 H ;9 EG <AGfY1<'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGLO ]

!#" 9'OQ@ H B ML" KPY D O "kM E " <'KU@\B "
e )Z@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "kM B N @RB09'G; E < "H 9 E `B0O@ !L" " 0@ :
D H
H 9 E " <A@ !L" E B " E [UB N " % M K * Bu ] * B<'=L=#K0B " O7V " G N ! < E fBPGLSs@ " N ! GLB fD " O<'G M @\B "
O " E B " O 9 ML" KPO@R9 " <'O DLE "
e )~@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @<AG M = E 9g[UB ML" = E ".M B N @\B09iGLO@\9<'=L=LKPB N <(@RB09'GLO ]
* BmB0O H B M#" KPY D O "kM BPGS E B M N 9 = D @RBPGLSv<'G M 9'@ !L" E <'=L=#K0B N <A@RBP9iG N 9iG@ " U@\O ]
D H
G#;9 E @ D G?<(@ " K,YiT E " N " G@ H 9 E %&%&%UC @
T %&% A ! <'O:O ! 9 H G~@ ! <A@ * BT<'G M VYoB =#K0B N Y< :
@RB09'GqT N.DLEQE " G@
e )JV " G N ! < E fB0GLSX@ " N ! G#B fD " OBPGzS " G " E <'K}T ! <a[ "ZM BP NkD KP@lY= E "kM B N @RBPGLS
@ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @v9';K0< E S " ?K " @ E <'GLO; " E Ov9iG@ !L"! BPS ! O\= ".".M dlGf@ " E G " @ ] B D ML! < E O ! <'GqT " @
D H
<'K %&%&% O ! 9 H"kM @ ! <A@ B H <'O = E "kM B N @RBPGLSWK " O\O@ ! <'G A A KW9A;@ !L" < N @ D <'K
e )@ ! E 9 D S ! :
= D @< N ! B " [ "kM VfY ' E B M b
) ] dlG E " O\=59iGLO " T'@ !#" Y= E 9'=9iO ".M D O\B0G#S<{K09iS9';?K0< E S " LK " @ E <AGLOQ; " E O
@R9= E "kM B N @`; D @ DLE " LK " @ E <'GLO; " E O ] " YZ= E 9iVLK " H BP@ ! @ ! BPOB ML" <mBPO@ ! <A@`@ !L" K09iSB0O D = :

AK
M A< @ "kM 9'GLKPYX<A@v<'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iG: N ! 9iO " GX@RB " OkTd<'G M @ ! D O N ! <'G#S " OvB0G
e )@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @u< E "
9iGLKPY GL9'@\B N "kM <A;+@ " E @ !L" <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iG D O " O{@ !L" =?<A@ !q]
D H

< fB0G#S M YUG?< B NN ! <'GLS " O7B0G@R9 N 9iG#O\B M#" E <(@RB09'GqT3B D ML! < E O ! <'G^T " @<'K %&% A <'G M B H <'GY'T " @
D H <'K %K O " =?< E <(@ " K,Y= E 9i=59iO "kM E " S E " O\OQB09iG<AG M e acb : <A@ N ! B0GLS@ " N ! G#B fD " O7@\9 N 9 V#B0G " @ !L"

K09iS : V?<'O ".M = E "kM B N @R9 E H B,@ ! O <'KPK * B = E 9iV " O.T D OQB0GLSs@ !#" = E 9iV " O7@R9 " OQ@RB <(@ " @ !#" NkDLE\E " G@
K09< M 9'G@ !L" =?<A@ ! <'G M < M D OQ@`@ !#" KP9iS : V?<'O "kM = E "kM B N @R9 E < NkN 9 E M B0G#SiKPY ]
!L" O " @ " N ! GLB fD " O
" G ! <AG N "kM @ !L" < N.N.D#E < N Yp9';sKP9iS%VL<'O "kM = E "kM B N @R9 E O ] !9 H" [ " E T@ !L" Y E " <'BPGKPB BP@ "kM @R9
@ ! 9iO "1! 9iO@=?<AB E O`@ ! <A@ ! <a[ " K09iSiO9'; =L<'OQ@@ E <'G#OQ; " E OWV " @ H"." G@ !L" T7<'G M @ !L" K09iSiO D O@
OQ@RBPK0KdV " " =C@ ; E " O !q D #H
] ^! <'GLS#T " @<'K $% M O ! 9 H"kM B,@WBPO B0O\K " < M B0GLS@R9 D O "m! B0O@R9 E Y%9'K ML" E
@ ! <'G 9iG "v! 9 DLE ] b?DLE @ !L" E9 9 E " T M D " @R9@ !L" OQ@ E 9iG#S N 9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iGtV " @ H"." G
e ) I 9 H O\B "
D H
<'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ % M TU<yKP9iSs;9 E 9iG "
e ) I 9 H O\B " B0OGL9'@ M B E " N @RK,Y D O " ; D K ;9 E = E "kM B N @RBPGLS
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{;9 E <'GL9'@ !L" E ]
D F :! IH

!#" =?<AO\O\B,[ " " <'O D#E " " G@W<'=L= E 9< N ! %CT A % f! T % M& <a[i9'B M Os@ !#" 9g[ " E !L" < M 9A; < N @RBP[ "

= E 9iV " O VYm9'VLO " E [UB0GLS " #BPOQ@\B0GLS G " @ H 9 E @ E <A N ] G#;9 E @ D G?<(@ " K,YiTLOQB B0K0< E @R9 @ !L" KP9iS : V?<'O "kM
= E "kM B N @RB09'G@ " N ! G#B fD " OkT5@ !L" =?<'OQO\BP[ " <A=L= E 9i< N ! BPO K0B B,@ ".M @R9= " E BP9 M O{9';@RB "H{!L" G@ !L" E "
B0O{@ E <( N 9iG @ !L" G " @ H 9 E V " @ H"." Gt@ !L"W! 9'OQ@RO9';7BPGf@ " E " OQ@ ] K0OQ9LT?@ !L" O " OYUOQ@ " O " <'O DLE "
<g[A<'BPKj<'V#K " VL<'G M#H B M @ ! T?G#9'@
e )@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ]
-D IH

!#" E " B0O<'G " U@ " GLO\B,[ " KPBP@ " E <(@ DLE " 9iGW<AG?<'KPYf@\B N
e ) @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ 9 ML" KPO Al K#T Az CYT % ]
!9 H" [ " E TL@ !#" O " 9 ML" K0O< E " K0B B,@ ".M BPGu= E < N @\B N "M D " @R9@ !L"M BP N.D KP@lYvB0Gv9iV#@R<'B0GLBPGLSy< N.NkD :
E <A@ " 9 ML" K=?< E < " @ " E O{O DLN ! <'O
e )zK09iOQO E <A@ " <AG D H
M

s] 's9gY<'K " @<AK A K3# N 9iG N K D ML".M
@ ! <A@vB,@B0OGL9'@ " <AOQY@R99iV#@R<'B0Gx< NkN.DLE <A@ "" O@RB <A@ " O9';G " @ H 9 E KP9iO\O E <(@ " Ou<'O9iVLO " E [ ".M

VfY
e ) I 9 H O D OQB0GLSu= E 9iV#B0GLS " @ ! 9 M O.T<'G M @ ! <(@=59iK0KPB0GLS B ,) _d O9'G:@ !#" E 9 D @ " E O
N <'G M 9 DLN ! V " @Q@ " E ] !9 H" [ " E TV " N < D O " @ !L" O " OQ@R<A@RBPOQ@RB N O< E " <'SiS E " S<(@ ".M <'G M B,@BPO H" KPK
UG#9 H G@ ! <A@
e ) ! <AO<V#Bj<'O <AS<'B0G#OQ@ N 9iGLG " N @RBP9iGLO H B,@ !! B0S
D# H
!

A M TC@ ! BPO{<'=L= E 9< N !
B0O{K0B B,@ ".M @\9 =?<(@ ! O H{!L" E " @ !L" V59'@\@\K " G " N E 9 D @ " E = E 9g[UB ML" O N 9 9iGK09iOQO E <A@ " O.T O D#N ! <'O
H BP@ ! a ] b?DLE @ !L" E9 9 E " TA@ ! BPO<'=L= E 9< N !! <'O@\9 ML" @ " E B0G " @ !L" V59'@\@\K " G " N E 9 D @ " E 9iG @ !L"

AK !
" G M : @R9: " G M =?<(@ ! }< M B, N.D ,K @s= E 9'VLK "
<AG MZ! <a[ " B ) < N.N " OQO@\9mBP@ E < E " KPY <a[A<'B0K0<'VLK "
@R9 M a< Y ]
aD <'K )
<A@ROs;9iKPK09 H O; E 9 @ L! " O " fD " OQ\@ B09iGLOkT H{! B N ! H " < #M M E " O\O`[CB0<:<Kj< E S " :lO N <'K " " <`:
O DLE " " G@O@ D M Y @

!9 H N <'G H"{" C=LK0<'B0G@ !L" QO @ E 9iGLS N 9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iGWV " @ H"k" G
e ) I 9 H \O B " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! :
= D @.T <'G MmH{! <A@< E " B,@RO B =LKPB N <A@RBP9iGLO;9 E = E "kM B N @RBPGLS
e )@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ <
!9 H H " N ! < E < N @ " E B " @ !L" O @2<A@\B0OQ@\B N <'KyO@2<'V#B0K0B,@lYr9';u@ !L" ld G@ " E G " @%<AG M
e )
N '< G
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D a@ T <AG MH{! <A@< E " B,R@ O B L= KPB N <(@RB09'GLOd;9 E = E "kM B N @RB0G#S
e x ) @! E9 D S ! = D @ <
!9 H N <'G H" = E ".M B N @7@ !#"*
e )@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ H BP@ !M B
" E " Gf@
e ) I 9 H O\B " O H B,@ ! 9 D @
V " B0GLSBPGf@ E\D OQBP[ " <
!L" <'BPG N i9 G@ E B0V D @RBP9iGLO 9';@ ! PB O N ! <'=#@ " E < E " @
MLM BP@RBP9iG?<'K N < D O " OW;9 E @ !L" 9'VLO " E [ "kM QO @ E 9iGLS N 9 \E E " K0<A@RBP9iG%V " @ H"." G
e ) I 9 H O\B "
<'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ D% M # H T
N ! < E < N @ " E Ba<A@\B09iGm9';

e
) @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@lY <'G M O@2<A@\B0OQ@\B N O.T
GL9g[ " KY " @O\B =LK "%

e p
) V " G N ! < E " N ! <'GLBPO T
M YUG?< B N O\< =#K0B0G#S E <A@ " < M D O@ " G@y<'K0Si9 E BP@ ! @R9K09 H" E < N @\BP[ " = E 9iVLBPGLSm9g[ " E :
!L" < M T <'G M
aD <'K )<A@\O{<'G M BP@\O " [A<'K D <(@RB09'G ]

&

"
@ <

%

4

%

$ *

%

, ' !
!
' 8 "
3 '
"
,

7 7

!
#
"

&
% !
! " ! ! 5- !

"
7

$

% $
C BA
!
%

! !
"
6

! %
" + " &
DE $
:

F

$ %
H G
I 9

K J
- +

!
L % !
5- 9
# "
DM # # # # " # % %

%
M :

'
OEN ?
'
) *

%
% %
+

+ $
- %

P % %
$
-
Q
%
% )
RF ) $
- ) ,
, )
) )
? (
S
% ( (
EF .
B ) (
.
M )

)

TF
(

V U % )
%
H ) )
$
- # # # *
# # * # # # *
,
%

'
. "
4
' " %

2 % = =
+ % 5
-
$ +
2
;
2
> >
5
- 12
12
/
) $
+ / '
5- ! ! '

&
2 $

2 $
%

3

0

2 0
0 0 12
12
.

& 4
. ,
2
; ?
2 +
+ 3
5
- 3

' 5
- 12
% 12 12

+ $ 12
&
12

2 %
$ $

6

# %

2 12
4 2=
2 12
% + #

:#K A

LD E " = " E B " G@2<'K@ " O@RV ".M BPG N K D ML" O7Kj<'G " @ | <'Vz<AG M O " [ " E <'Ks< MLM BP@\B09iGL<'K < N ! B0G " O

K09 N <A@ ".M <A@ 9 E @ !H" OQ@ " E G G#BP[ " E OQBP@lYm<AG M
E Si9iGLG " <A@RBP9iG?<'K | <'V59 E <A@\9 E Y
| ] 7Kj<'G
+D H
" @ | <'V B0O7<'G 9'= " G =LKj<A@Q;9 E ;9 E ML" [ " KP9i=LB0G#SLT ML" =#K09gYUB0GLSLTi<'G M < NkN " OQO\BPGLS`=LKj<'G " @2< E YlO N <'K "
F
O " E [UB N " O ] @ NkDLE\E " G@RK,Y N 9iGLOQB0OQ@\O9';v9 E " @ ! <AG N 9v= D @ " E OK09 N <A@ ".M <A@<'V59 D @ WOQBP@ " O
< E 9 D G M @ !L"sH 9 E K M^]
" N 9iG M D#N @ "kM ;9 DLE O " @ROW9A; " = " E B " G@ROBPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG! " @.T7e9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iG" " @.T$# " E
B% N <A@RBP9i& G " @aTd<'G M GLKPB0G " [A<'K D <(@RB09'G& " @ ] < N !" = " E B " Gf@O " @BPG[i9iK,[ " O'K0<'G " @ | <'V

GL9 M#" O; E 9 9 E @ ( !
" E B N <#T DLE 9'= " T
O\B0<#Td<'G ( M
D O@ E <'K0B0< ])%" O " @ @ !L"* e+V D " E
O\B " B0GZ< E <AGLS " ; E 9 , @R. 9 -0/ " S< Yf@ " OyBPGZ<'K0K@ !L" 1" = " E 2B " G@\O H B,@ !!3 E B M546*
T H{! B0K "
H" D O ".MxML" ;8< D KP@ * + e V D " E BPG9'@ !#" E 1" = " E 2B " G@RO ! F
] G@ !L" ] | B0G D "7'" E G " K}T H{! B N !
H" D O " T@ !L" O\9 N 7'" @`V D " E OQB " B0O< D @R9 <A@\B N <'K0K,Y @ D G ".M @\9m<'=L= E 9 2B u<A@ " KPYm@ H B N " @ !L"" 8O
@R2B u<A@ ".M V?<AG M#H B M @ !ML" Kj<aY%= E 9 M DLN @ ] /:9 E " ML" @R<'B0KPOW9';{@ !#"1" = " E B " G@2<'KO " @ D = N <'GV "
;9 D G M" KPO "kH{!#" E " 9 ]DF H
4 9 E " < N ! 9': ; B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9i;G " @d<'G M e9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09i< F
G " @aT H" N ! 9iO " GL9 ML" Od9' G K0<'G " @ | <'V

O\= E " < M < N.E 9iO\O 9 E @ = !
" E B N <#T D#E 9i= " T
OQBj<#T<'G > M
D OQ@ E <'K0B0< ' ] " E <'G M 9 uK,Y>S E 9 D = ".M
@ ! 9iO " GL9 M#" O`B0G@R0 9 ?=L<'B E O.T " < N ! N 9iG@2<'BPGLB0GLS< N K0B " G@sGL9 ML" <'G M <mO " E [ " E GL9 ML" <'G M @ !L"
Gf@ " E G " @
=?<A@ ! V " @ H"." Gy@ !L" @ H 9 ]
O " E [ " E KPB0O@ " G#O <'G M < N.N " =#@\O B0G N 9 uBPGLS * + e N 9iGLG " N @RBP9iG
E " @ D " OQ@\O; E 9 B,@RO N K0B " G@ N 9 D G@ " E =?< E @7<AG M @ E <'GLO; " E O M <A@2<9';5<=L< E @\B N.D Kj< E O\B " @R9@ !L" N K0B " G@
@ ! E 9 D S ! @ !L"d" O@2<'VLKPB0O !L".' M * + e N 9iGLG " N @RBP9iG $] * !L" N K0B " G@ E " = " <A@ ".M K,Y N 9iG#G " N @RO@\9BP@\O O " E [ " E T
E " @ D " OQ@\O O\9 " M <(@2<#T E " N 9 E M OW@ !L" @ E <AGLOQ; " E @RB " T<'G M @ !L" G N KP9iO " OW@ !#" N 9'GLG " N @RBP9iG ] * 9
" [A<'K D <A@ " u9 E A " G@ " E G " @{=?<A@ ! O.T H" E <'G M 9 vKPY N ! <'GLS ".M =?<'B E B0G#SiB O -W@\2B " OkT E " O D KP@RBPGLSBPG
M B " E " G@=?<A@ ! O{;9 E B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9i. G " @<'G M <'GL9'@ !L" E ;9 E e9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09i0 G "@]
BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iCG " @O " E [ " Ov<'OW< V?<'OQB0O;9 E " [A<'K D <(@RB0G#S * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @O@2<'VLBPK0B,@lY<'G M
M B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iGLO ] CB0G N " !L" E "H"H <AGf@`@\9:O "."v! 9 D H * + e ~@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ H BP@ ! <OQ= " N B % N I 9 H
O\B " [A< E B " O H B,@ ! @R2B " <'G M BP@\O M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG H BP@ ! B0G " < N ! OQ@R<'VLK "" =59 N ! T H" @ E <AGLOQ; " E M <(@2<
9';q<`=?< E @RB N.D K0< E OQB " V " @ H"." G1=?<'B E O79'; N KPB " G@\O<AG M O " E [ " E O N 9iG@RBPG D 9 D O\K,Y;9 E <A@dK " <'OE @ -#FT

@RB2 " OkT@ !L" G!u9g[ " 9iG@R9= " E ;9 E @ !L" OR<? " 9i= " E <(@RB09'G9'GX<'GL9A@ !L" E M <(@2<m@ E <AGLOQ; " E H B,@ !
< M B
" E " Gf@OQB " D G@RBPK H" %?GLBPO ! @ !L" O " @y9'; I 9 H OQB " Oy<'O`K0B0O@ "kM BPGt@ !L" B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG> " @
" G@ E YZB0G 4 B0S D#E " ] ]<* !L" @ E < N "M <A@2< D O ".M BPG"BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG= " @WBPO u<'BPGLKPY D O "kM BPG@ !L"
M B0O N.D OQO\B09'G:9'; * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@lY <'G MM BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iGLOBPG " N @\B09iG ] ] F
e9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG " @O " E [ " O @R9yOQ@ D M Yu@ !L" O@ E 9iGLS N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'GuV " @ H"." G * e+ I 9 H O\B " <'G M
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @aT?<AG M @R9[ " E B,;+Y19 DLE * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{V " G N ! u< E 7 " N ! <'G#B0O TL<AO M B0O N.D OQO ".M
B0G " N @RBP9i< 37
G ] - $] "M#" %?G " < 3 B0Gve9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09iG< " @d<'G M # " E B% N <A@RBP9iG< " @<'O<s= E 9 N ".M D#E "
N 9iG M DLN @\B0GLS<sO " @ D " G N " 9'; * + e %@ E <'GLOQ; " E O H BP@ ! B0G NkE " <AO\B0G#S I 9 H O\B " OV " @ H"." Gu@ H 9 ! 9'OQ@RO ]
4 9 E 1" < u=#K " T BPGXe9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09i>G " @aT @ !L" N KPB " Gf@ % E OQ@ E " @ D " OQ@\O _ M <A@2<CT;9iKPK09 H".M VY
F
< _ E " @ D " O@aT5@ !L" G _ T " @ N T D =:@R9 / ?@ ! BPOO " @ D " G N " ;9 E uO< EQD G ] * ! BPO
K " @\O D O " [A<'K D <A@ " 9 DLE * + e ~V " G N ! < E 7 " N ! <'G#B0O VYt= E "kM B N @RBPGLS1@ !L" @ E <'G#OQ; " E @\2B " 9';
Kj< E S " E * + e @ E <'GLO; " E OV?<'O ".M 9iG@ !#" @ E <'GLO; " E @RB " 9';
@ H 9uO u<'K0K " E * + e I 9 H O<'G M @ !L" G
N 9 v=?< E B0GLSW@ !L" = E ".M B N @ "kM @RB "H B,@ ! @ !L" < N @ D <'K@ E <AGLOQ; " E @R2B " 9A;@ !L" K0< E S " E @ E <'GLO; " E OBPG
@ !L" E\D G ] * 9WS D < E <AGf@ "." ;8<'B E " [A<'K D <A@\B09iGqT EQD GLO H" E " E " = " <A@ "kM <'=L= E 9 2B u<A@ " KPY T `@RB " O F
V " @ H"k" G " < N ! =?<'B E 9';?G#9 ML" O.T'YUB " K M B0GLS{@ !L" OR< " G D WV " E 9'; * + e t@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "kM B N @RB09'GLO
O N <(@\@ " E "kM <A@ M B " E " G@@RB " O M DLE BPGLS9 DLE " = " E B " G@RO ] Gv@R9'@R<'K H"! <a[ :!
"
EQD GLO
9iG =L<A@ ! O ]
# " E B % N <A@\B09iG " @ H <'O M 9iG " @\9 ; DLE @ !L" E [ " E BP;+Y@ !#" N 9 EQE " N @RG " O\O`9';9 DLE = E 9i=59iO "k) M * + e
V " G N ! u< E 7 " N ! <'GLB0O :T <AG M @\9 OQ@ E " G#S'@ !L" G<'GL<'KPYUO\BPOqV?<'O ".M 9iG B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG " @<'G M e9 E
E " K0<A@RBP9i! G " @ H BP@ ! Kj< E S " E * + e I 9 H OQB " O ] # " E B % N <A@\B09i" G " @ H <AO N 9'G M DLN @ ".M 9iG @ H" G@lY

K0<'G " @ | <'VG#9 ML" O.T{9iG " GL9 ML" 9iG 9 E @ !H" OQ@ " E G GLBP[ " E OQBP@lY N < v= D O <'G M 9'G " GL9 ML" <A@

|7] " D O ".( M 3 E B M 46* <'G M O N =XB0G@ ! BPOÒ " @WV " N < D O " V59'@ ! <'=L=#K0B N <A@RBP9iGLO E " @ D B E " < D
@ !L" Gf@\B N <A@RBP9iG V " ;9 E " @ E <'GLO; " EQE B0G#S " " N @RBP[ "M <A@R< ] D#E O NkE BP=#@@ E <'GLO; " E ".M < O " E B " O9'; %?K " O
E <'GLS'B0GLS; E 9 _ dYU@ " O@R 9 3 dYU@ " OBPG:O " @ D " G N " <'G M E " N 9 E ML".Mt" < N ! @ E <'GLO; " E @\2B " <'O
@ !L"sI 9 H M DLE <A@\B09iG ]
GLKPB0G " [A<'K D <A@RBP9i
G " @dO " E [ " O@R9 " ['<AK D <A@ " 9 DLE D <AK <(@RO E " <'KL@RB B " * +e %@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @

= E "kM B N @RB09'GZ; E < "kH 9 E 7 ]' " E <'G M 9uK,Y N ! 9U9iO " %L;+@lY)K0<'G " @ | <'VZGL9 ML" OkT<'G MM 9 E <'G M 9
=?<'B E B0GLS@ H B N " T E " O D KP@\B0GLSuB0G M BPOQ@\B0G N @RBP[ " =?<(@ ! O ] " D O " D <'K2<A@\O@\9v9iGLBP@\9 E @ !L"
=?<A@ ! O;9 E < M DLE <A@\B09iG 9';<'V9 D @' M <gYUO ] DLE B0GLSv@ !L"W" = " E B " Gf@ H" E <AG M 9vKPYO " G M <
# F
%?K " 9';{O\B " / 9 E / 9 E / D O\B0G#S>O N =<AO <:@ " OQ@ N <'O " @\9 N 9u=?< E "uH B,@ ! @ !L"
F
= E "kM B N @RB09'G E " O D KP@ ] sG#K0B0G " ['<AK D <A@\B09iG0 " @ N 9iG@R<'B0GLO = E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO ]

O D#E = E B0O\BPGLS!%LG M B0G#SXB0G E " N " G@ * e+ N 9iGLG " N @\B09iG N ! < E < N @ " E Ba<A@\B09iGB0O@ ! A< @ * e+ I 9 H
O\B " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @< E " OQ@ E 9iG#SiKPY N 9 EQE " K0<A@ "kMq]* ! B0O{O " N @\B09iG " =LK0<'B0G#O@ !L" = L! " GL9 " GL9'GqT
= E 9g[UB ML" OyG "kH < M#M BP@\B09iG?<AK " =LK0<'G?<A@\B09iGLOs;9 E B,@aT " =LK0<'B0G#O H{! YBP@ N <'G K " < M @R90B GL< N.NkDLE <A@ "
* +e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "kM B N @RB09'GLO.T?<AG M 9 D @RKPB0G " O < G "kH = E ".M B N @\B09iG<'=#= E 9< N !q]
"!$# %'&)(+*),.-/(+*),.*
^! <'GLSLT " @<'K D - H <'G?<'K,Y ".M @ !L" N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'GLOV " @ H"." G:@ !L" * e+ I 9 H N ! < E < N @ " E B0O@RB N O 9';
B0G@ " E " O@aT7BPG N K D M B0G#S I 9 HM DLE <A@RBP9iG<'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @aT I 9 HM D#E <A@\B09iG%<'G M OQB " T<'G M%I 9 H
O\B " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] * !L" Yt=59iB0G@ "kM 9 D @@ ! <A@s@ !L" O " N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGLO< E " ;8<'B E K,Y N 9iGLOQB0OQ@ " G@
< N.E 9iO\Os<AK0K @ !L" B E @ E < N " OkT<'G M O ! 9 H < OQK0BPS ! @G " S<A@RB,[ " N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iG:V " @ H"." G M DLE <A@\B09iG><'G M
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @aT{<O\K0BPS ! @v=9iOQBP@\BP[ " N 9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iGV " @ H"." GrOQB " <'G MpM DLE <A@RBP9iGqT<AG M < O@ E 9iGLS
N 9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iGV " @ H"." Gv@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @d<AG MI 9 H OQB "'] * !L" Y< E S D " @ ! <A@@ !L" OQ@ E 9iGLS N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G
V " @ H"k" G I 9 H OQB " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{BPO@ !L" v9iOQ@ BPG@ " E " O@RB0G#S9iG " <AG Mm" =LK0<'B0G "kM BP@B0G1@ !L"
;9iK0KP9 H BPGLS H <aYCO ]
021436587:9<;>=<9 * +e pO\K09 H OQ@2< E @ N 9 D K M N < D O " OQ9 " N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGmV " @ H"k" G I 9 H O\B " <'G M
D H
I 9 H E <A@ " - ] * !#"1M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG9'; * + e I 9 H O\B " Oy;9iK0KP9 H O< =59 H" E Kj< H T H{! B N ! T7BPG
D :! H
=?< E @.TA@ " K0KPO D O
@ ! <A@
@ !L" u< Q9 E BP@lY`9'; I 9 H O7< E " O ! 9 E @ ] <'K0< 7 E B0O ! G?<'G^T " @7<'K O ! 9 H".M @ ! <A@
# @?9'; @ !L"H" V E " Kj<A@ ".. M * +e =L< N 7'" @RO H" E " @ E <'GLO; " E "kMM DLE BPGLS O\KP9 H O@2< E @ ] * ! BPO2B v=LKPB " O

CDF of Correlation Coefficients between Flow Size and Flow Rate

1
0.9
0.8 The Simple Program

GridFTP+SCP
Cumulative Percentages
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Correlation Coefficient
4 B0S D#E " ] + e 4 9'; N 9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09iG N 9 " N B " G@RO
V " @ H"k" G I 9 H OQB " O`<'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @`BPG
" = " E B " fG @\Oe9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G0 " @<'G M # " E B% N <A@RBP9iG0 " @ ]
@ ! A< @'u9iO@ H" V E " K0<A@ "kMXI 9 H O " G ML"kM B0GO\KP9 H O@2< E @aTV " ;9 E " * e+ ! < M ; D K0KPY9i= " G ".M BP@\O
N 9iGLS " OQ@\B09iG H BPG M 9 H TqK " < M BPGLSu@\9 @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ DLN ! K09 H" E @ ! <'G H 9 D K M V " =59iO\OQB0VLK "yH B,@ !
<W; D K0K,Y9i= " G H B0G M 9 H`] 9 H" [ " E T5<A;+@ " E " KPB2vB0G?<(@RB0G#S`@ !L" % E OQ@ 9'G " O " N 9iG M 9';<AK0K @ !L"I 9 H OkT
@ !L" Yt;9 D G M @ ! <A@`@ !L" O@ E 9iGLS N 9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iGZV " @ H"k" G I 9 H O\B " <AG M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ E " u<'B0G "kM
OQ@ E 9iGLS ]
7 = 9 * !L" D O " E O< E "" OQ@\B2u<A@RBPGLS@ !L" D G M#" E K,YUB0GLSVL<'G M#H B M @ ! Tf<AG M @ ! D O@ E <'GLO8
; " E\E B0GLSVLBP' D H
S %?K " O{9iGLKPY H{!L" G@ !L"`" OQ@RB <(@ ".M V?<AG M#H B M @ ! B0O N 9 E\E " O\=59iG M B0GLSiK,Y1K0< E S " -
]
* !#" O " < E " @ H 9:[A<'KPB M E " <'O\9'GLO.T
V D @`@ !L" Y= <aYtV " B0GLO D N B " G@ ]<%" N K0<'B2 @ ! <(@ v9iO@
D O " E O M 9sGL9A@ " O@R2B u<A@ " @ !L" <g[A<'BPKj<'V#K " V?<'G M#H B M @ ! V " ;9 E " @ E <'GLO; " EQE B0G#S M <A@R< ] 4 DLE @ !L" E v9 E " T
@ ! <A@@ !L" N 9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG= " E O\BPOQ@\O " [ " G H{!L" GWBPGLBP@\Bj<'K O\KP9 H O@2< E @ B0O E " v9 [ ".M O D S'S " O@RO@ ! <(@@ !L" E "
D OQ@V " O\ 9 " 9'@ !#" E " N ! <'GLBPO vO{<A@ H 9 E 7 ]
|" @abcO N 9iGLO\B ML" E @ !L" N 9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iGV " @ H"." G I 9 H O\B " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @vBPGx9 DLE " = " E B
" Gf@\O ] 4 BPS DLE " ] mS'BP[ " Os@ !L" NkD D K0<A@RB,[ " M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RB09'G ; D G N @RB09'GLO +
e 4 O 9';@ !L" N 9 E\E "
Kj<A@\B09iG N 9 " N B " G@ " < E OQ9iGqbcO
T H{!L" E "" < N ! B0G M BP[UB M D <' K
[A<'K D " BPO N <'K N.D K0<A@ "kM ; E 9
! " $#%& (')*+,&!#%-(.0/(+,!213!54 #%-(.0/(+,!67986:(;<+=!5 +=!1?>@ @A5BC4D+=!D E

-
9iG " EQD Gm9';

e9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iG " @ 9 E # " E B% N <A@RBP9iG " @ ] * !L" N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGuV " @ H"." G I 9 H OQB " <'G M
@ E <AGLOQ; " E @\B2 " B0O K0< E S " ;9 E @ !#" u<Q9 E BP@lY 9';@ E <AGLOQ; " E O D O\BPGLSZ9 DLE O\Bu=#K " @ " OQ@v= E 9iS E <:T
<'G M1" [ " GK0< E S " E ;9 E 3 E B M 46* <'G M O N =1@ E <'GLO; " E O ]4 9 E 9 DLE OQB2v=LK " * e+@ " O@ = E 9iS E <?BPG
#
G " @.TC9g[ " E ?9';q<'K0K EQD GLO ML" v9iGLO@ E <A@ " OQ@ E 9iGLS9 E ".M B D
OdV " @ H"k" G I 9 H
e9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'<
F
O\B " O`<'G M>I 9 H E <A@ " O ] 4 D#E @ !#" E T ? 9';<'K0K E\D G#O ! <a[ "
] 4 9 E @ !L"3 E B M 46* r<'G M
:#
G " @
@? 9';d@ !L" EQD GLOÒ ! 9 H OOQ@ E 9iG#S N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGqT
@?
O N = E " O D K,@RO`B0G # " E B % N <A@\B09i>
O ! 9 H
] #
"!
&)( ( * ,.*
9 H H " N 9iGLO\B ML" E < M#M BP@\B09iG?<AK " =LK0<'G?<A@\B09iGLO;9 E @ !L" O DLE = E BPO\BPGLS N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGmV " @ H"k" G I 9 H

O\B " <'G M @ E <'GLOQ; " E @RB2 "']
3!"$$ # 1&%&#%('1 7:9<;>=<9)* 3,+ =.- ;0/ 7 E/:9iOQ@<'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGLO ! <a[ " <'G BPGLBP@\Bj<'K " O\O\<'S "
" N ! <'GLS "'+ ] 4 9 E 1" < u=#K " T 3 E B M 46* <'G M O N = E " @ D B E " N " E @RB% N <A@ " 9 E = D VLKPB N 7'" Y:< D @ !#" G@RB
N <A@\B09iGV " ;9 E " OQ@2< E @RBPGLS @R9O " G M 9 E E " N " B,[ "M <A@2< ]
4 B0S DLE " ] -vO ! 9 H O@ !L" * + e z@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @<'O<; D G N @\B09iG:9'; * e+ I 9 H O\B " T5;9 E @ E <'GLO8

; " E O D OQB0GLS 3 E B M 46* oV " @ H"k" G 9 E @ !H" O@ " E G D GLB,[ " E O\B,@lY<'G "
M
|7]* !L" M 9'@\@ ".M KPB0G " BPO
@ !L" <'OY u=#@\9'@RB N * + e n@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] %" @ E B ".M KPB0G " < E T5K09iSi< E B,@ ! vB N T?9 E ML" E u=59iKPYUGL9vBj<AK T
=9 H" E T5<'G M1" =9iG " G@RB0<'K N.DLE [ " %L@\@\B0GLS#TLV D @GL9iG " 9A;
@ !L" %#@ H" KPK ]
" G 1" @ N 9iGLOQB ML" E "kM @ !L" E " K0<A@RBP9iGLO ! B0= V " @ H"." G * + e I 9 H M DLE <A@RBP9i( G @ E <'G#OQ; " E @RB "
<'G MI 9 H O\B " %?K " O\B " B F
] 4 B0S DLE " ] O ! 9 H O@ ! <A@{@ ! BPO E " Kj<A@\B09iGLO ! B0= N <'G V "sH" K0K v9 M#" K "kM
H BP@ ! <O\B u=LK " KPB0G " < E u9 ML" K H B,@ !
1 N K09iO " @R9 6] * !L" < Q9 E BP@lY`9A;?@ !L"M <A@2< =9'B0G@RO uBPO\O ".M
VfYv@ !#" K0BPG " < E v9 ML" K^< E " KP9 N <A@ "kM <A@@ !L" [ " E Y1V " SiBPGLGLB0G#SW9';@ !L" N.D#E [ " T H{! B N !1H" E " ; " E @R9
!53' 2 B+)<76 E4554 76 1?> 74E (! 54 /((!07$E8*+= +=! 5 /(!:9 D<;=4E')+=!E4>9?2 E
@& C +=!BA&A * +=!,C E (7 ED% A5 0+ DBEFD EFDG@&--4 /:AEH8JIE +=!@D+)601 +)D +)4 ('32A5 4
; C AE $ E B (!@ 7 K '=+,!5ML '= +=!5 E+34$CE(:7 & D$A5 1 BEFD 5FD &!@(D@ ! 4 ;
8* +)N 9E'= ?'=+,!ECO' 2 /:(')* CP
46

F
12000
TCP throughput (KB/Sec)

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
TCPFile
flowsize
size (KB)
B0S #D E " ] - * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{[ " E O D O I 9 H O\B " %?K " O\B " H PB @ ! 3 E B M 46* ]5* E <'GLO; " E O< E "

4
V " @ H"k" G 9 E @ !H" OQ@ " E G GLBP[ " E O\BP@lY1<'G M0
E Si9iGLG " <A@RBP9iG?<'K | <'V ] CBPGLSiK " * e+ I 9 HoH B,@ !
* +e pV D " E O " @ ] %" u< ML" OQB2vB0Kj< E 9iVLO " E ['<(@RB09'GLO 9iG:<'K0K5@ !L" '9 @ !L" E =?<A@ ! O H" O@ D M B ".Mq]
3.5
y = 9E-05x + 0.7246
3
R2 = 0.9992
2.5
Time (sec)
1.5
2 Noise area
γ
1 β
0.5 α
0
γ
0 5000 10000 15000 20000γ 25000 30000 35000
B0S " ] F
File size (KB)
<AGLOQ; " @\B " [ " O O e I 9 H O\B " H BP@ ! BM ] E O< E " V " @ H"." G 46* * E <'GLOQ; "
9 E D#@ E!H" OQ@ " E G E GLBP[ E " E O\BP@lYx<AG E M D E Si9iG#G " <A@RBP9iG?<'K | <AV ] E CBPGLSiK "
4 * 2 * + 3

9 H H B,@ ! * + e * e+ I
V D " E O " @ ] %
" u
< L
M " OQB2vB0Kj< E 9iVLO " E ['<(@RB09'GLO 9iG:<'K0K5@ L! " 9'@ !L" E =?<A@ ! O H" OQ@ D M B ".Mq]

5 3
'< O@ L! "`3 )g/$ /\$ B0G@ !L" %?S DLE "'] * !L" GL9'B0O " < E " <`B0O M D " @R9ÒQ@R< E @ D = N 9iO@ROd<'G M @ #! " E " OQB M D <AK
O\K09 H QO @2< E @ " " N @aT ML" O N.E B0V ".M V " K09 H`] * !L" K0BPG " < E u9 ML" K: <aY1G#9'@ ! 9iK M BPGm@ !L" GL9iBPO " < E " < ]
F

N K09iO " E K09U9 7 <A@ 4 B0S D#E " ] O ! 9 H O@ ! <A@7@ !L" @R9'@R<'K * e+ I 9 HpM DLE <A@\B09iG9 E %LK " @ E <'GLOQ; " E
@R2B " N <'GzV "tM BP[UB M#".M B0G@\9%@ H 9=?< E @RO @ !L" OQ@R< E @ D =z9g[ " E !L" < M <'G M @ !L"t" " N @RB,[ "tM <(@2<
@ E <AGLOQ; " E @\2B "'6] " E " = E " O " G@@ ! BPO{<'O
C

]
C
H{!L" E " B0O
@ !L"+* e+ I 9 HM D#E <A@\B09iGqT'B0G N K D M BPGLSV59'@ ! OQ@2< E @ D =v9g[ " E !#" < M <'G M M <A@R<@ E <'GLOQ; " E
@R2B " T BPO@ !#"+* e+ I 9 H O\B " 9 E %LK " OQB " T<'G M BPO@ !L" OQ@2< E @ D =v9g[ " E !#" < M T{ H ! B N ! B0G N K D ML" O
< D @ !#" G@RB N <A@\B09iGt@RB " <AG M @ !L" E " O\B M D <'K7O\KP9 H OQ@R< E @ " " N @W<'O ML" O N.E BPV "kM V " PK 9 H`] B0Os@ !L"
OQ@ " < M YO@2<A@ " <AOQYu=C@R9'@\B N * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @BPG 4 B0S DLE " ] - ]
3 BP[ " G @ D <(@RB09' G ] iT H" N <AG " <AO\B0K,Y ML"kM DLN " @ !L"" = E " O\OQB09iGu;9 E @ !L" e X@
* + ! E9 D S ! = D @
B0G 4 B0S DLE " ] -v<'O
C

C

]
H{!L" E " C
BPO @ !L" e @
* + ! E 9 D S ! = D @.T <'G M TWT < E " @ !L" OR< " <'O{B0G @ D <A@\B09iG0 ] ]
67 % / )+;>1 7 1 3 5 D H
7 9<;>=<9 9 / <(@ ! BPO.T " @<'K 9 =59iBPGf@ ".M 9 D @@ ! <A@BP@@2< 7'" O * e+
O\9 " @\B2 " V " ;9 E " BP@\O@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ E " < N !L" O "@ D BPK0B0V E B D ]<
OQO D vB0GLS:O " K " N @RB,[ " < N 7 G#9 H K
".M S " G@\O
e _ T * + e H BPK0KCO " G M E 9 D S ! K,Y 1 =L< N 7'" @ROdB0G@ !#" D GLOQ@R<'VLK " = ! <'O " T

H{!L" E " BPOd@ !L" KP9iO\O E <A@ " <'G ! M B0O< N 9'GLOQ@R<'G@#"%$ -'& ] * ! B0OdG D V " EN <'G1V " OQB0SiG#B% N <'G@
SiBP[ " G:<vKP9 H K09'O\O E <A@ ( " ] * ! B0O ! <'=L= " G#OV " N < D O "`H BP@ !
e _ T?OQK09 H O@2< E @ H B0K0K^9 [ " E O ! 9U9'@
D :# H
<'G M>M E BP[ " D =@ !L" K09iOQO E <(@ " 9 EEQD G>9 D @9'; E " N " BP[ " E H B0G M 9 H`] ^! <'GLS#T " @s<'K - O ! 9 H".M
@ ! <A@`@ !L" " <'GZK09iOQO E <A@ " BPGt@ !L" B E @ E < N " OBPOsV " @ H"k" & G# !
G ] <AG M ] ];
OQO D vB0G#S@ !L"
K09iOQO E <A@ " B0' #
O ] #T<'G M" < N ! =?< N 7'" @vB0O ] _ T E 9 D S ! KPY _ M <(@2< ! <'O@\9tV " O " G@
V " ;9 E " * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ E " < N !L" O " @ D B0K0BPV E B D ]
"d"
< vB0G "kM! D G M E "kM O9'; | B0G D u< N ! BPG " O 9iG`@ !L" 9 E @ !fH" O@ " E G GLBP[ " E OQBP@lY N < u= D O

CDF of Overhead for the Simple TCP Program and (GridFTP+SCP)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
The Simple Program
0.4 GridFTP+SCP
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Overhead (second)
4 0B S D#E " ] e+ 4 9A; T@ !L" QO @R< E @ D =o9g[ " E !#" < Mq] [ " G~;9 E @ !L" O\Bu=LK " N KPB " Gf@ AO " E [ " E
@ !L" E " B0OO@2< E @ D =9g[ " E !L" < M K0B 7A" K,Y N < D O "kM VY1@ !L" E " O\B M D '< KqOQK09 H OQ2@ < E @ " " N @ ]* L! " OQ@R< E @ D =
9[" E !L" < M O9';
O N = <'G M 3 E B M 46* < E " DLN ! Kj< E S " E ]
<'G M 9iG7Kj<'G " @ | <'Vv<'G M ;9 D G M @ ! <A@<'KPK#9'; @ !#" H" E " D O\BPGLS
e _ ]* !L" E " ;9 E " TfBP@B0OKPB 7'" KPY
@ ! <A@ v9iOQ@ * e+ N 9iGLG " N @RBP9iGLO " = " E B " G N " @ ! B0O{O\KP9 H OQ@R< E @9g[ " E O ! 9C9'@ " " N @aT5<'G M V " N < D O "
* + e nBPG OQK09 H OQ@R< E @ M 9 " OQGqbc@ D O " V?<'G MCH B M @ !:H" K0K}T?@ ! BPO E " OQB M D <AKOQK09 H O@2< E @ " " N @ N <'G>V "
@ E " <A@ "kM <'O`<'GL9'@ !L" E 7 BPG M 9';dOQ@R< E @ D =t9g[ " E !L" < M T B0G N 9 E =59 E <(@ ".M BPG <'O`<'V59g[ "'] * ! B0O N <'G
<'K0OQ9 1" =#Kj<'BPG H{! YB0G 4 B0S D#E " ] Z@ !#"
Ov;9 E @ !L" O N =p<'G M 3 E B M 46* @ E < N " O < E " DLN !
OQ@ E 9iGLS " E @ ! <'G@ ! <A@{9';@ !L" O\Bu=#K " = E 9iS E < ]
* 9y[ " E BP;+Y@ ! <(@d@ ! B0OdB0O7@ !L" N <'O " B0GvS " G " E <AK5;9 E @ !L" OQB2v=LK " <'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO H BP@ ! 9 D @9'@ !L" E
OQ@2< E @ D =u9g[ " E !L" < M OkT H" D O "kM @ !#" M <A@2< N 9iK0K " N @ ".M B0Gve9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG< " @ ]$%" M B M K " <AOQ@O @ D < E "
K0B0G " < EN.DLE [ " %L@\@\B0GLS<'G M N <'K N.D K0<A@ "kM ;9 E " < N ! O " @{9A; M <A@2< ] 4 B0S D#E " ] WO ! 9 H O @ !L" e+ 4
;9 E @ !L" O " yO 6] * !#"" " N @9A; E " O\B M D <'KfO\KP9 H OQ@R< E @B0O 9iV[UB09 D O
BPG@ !L" e+ 4 T H{!L" E "dH" O "." 9g[ " E
? OQ2B v=LK " * +e o@ E <'GLOQ; " E O ! <'O< [A<'K D " " @ D <'K79 E K0< E S " E @ ! <'> G ] ] 4 9 EN 9v=?< E B0OQ9iG
= DLE =59iO " T H" <'KPO\9m=LKP9'@@ !L" + e 4 9' ; ;9 E <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGLO@ ! <A@ E " @ D B E " < D @ !L" G@RB N <A@\B09iGtBPG
@ !L" OR< " 4 B0S D#E " T?GL< " KPY 3 E B M 46* p<AG M Le+ ]
O@ !L" + e 4 B0G M B N <A@ " O.T5<v@lYU=LB N <'K ;9 E
O DLN ! <'=L=LKPB N <(@RB09'GLOB0 O DLN ! K0< E S " E @ ! <'G@ ! <A@{9A;
@ !L" O\2B v=LK " <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iG ]

!
"!"! & - $( % (+* &-
* N 7<
9 H H " N <'G " =LK0<'B0G H{! Y .N DLEQE " G@ * +

e V " G N ! u< E 7 B0G#S<'=L= E 9< N !L" O.TO DLN ! '< O1Bu=#K "

" Gf@ ".M BPG T ! <g[ "M B, N.D ,K @lYu= E ".M B N \@ B0GLS`@ !#" = " E ;9 E u<'G N " 9';K0< E S " @ E <'GLO; " E
O O #D N ! <'O
3 E B M 46* @ " OQ@RO D H
* !L"`ML" ;8< D PK @ = E 9iV " D O "kM V Y 1B0O@R9U9 O u<'KPK ]6 @ H BPK0K5K0B 7'" K,Y " G M D =B0G1@ !#" GL9iB0O "
< E " <<'O{O ! 9 H G PB G 4 0B S #D E " ] ] F
* L! ";* +e z@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ @ ! <A@@ !#" = E 9'V " " <AO DLE " OBPO9iGLK,Y D O " ; D K
@R9 * e+ I 9 H O9';
O\BuBPKj< E \O B " V " N < D O " 9'5; @ !L" OQ@ E 9iG#S N 9 E\E " 0K <A@RBP9iG V " @ H"k" Gv@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @<'G MI 9 H \O B "A]
3 ,B [ " G @ D <A@RBP9iGC ] CTBP@BPO N K " < E @ ! <A@ B0Os@ !#"* e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @;9 E
@ !L"uI 9 H OQB " _ T BPOy@ !#" * e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @W;9 E @ !L" I 9 H O\B "
- _ <'G M ! BPOs@ !L" OQ@ " < M Y OQ@R<A@ "<* e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ]
O %LK " O\B "
B0G NkE " <'O " O ML" N.E " <'O " O.T<AG MH{!#" GW@ !L" %?K " O\B " B0O<'=#= E 9< N ! B0GLSB0G %?GLBP@lY'Tg@ !L" @ ! E 9 D S!
= D @ H B0KPKq<'=#= E 9< N ! ! ]
* !L"A* +e xV D " E PB OGL9A@O " @;9 E = E i9 V " O H{! BPK " @ !L" 3 E BM 46* %@ " OQ@\O
H " E "M 9iG "
H BP@ ! < M D OQ@ ".M V D " E O\B " O ]
* !L" D O\<'S " 9'; ?= < E <'KPK " K e

* + I 9 H O BPG 3 E BM 4$* BPG N.E " <'O " O B,@RO <'S'S E " S<A@ "kM @ ! E 9 D S !
= D @]
9[ " E B,;+Y @ ! <A@@ !#" K0BPG " < E u9 ML" KBPO[A<'K0B M ;9 E v9iO@ G@ " E G " @=L<A@ ! OkT 4 BPS DLE " ] WO ! 9 H O
*
@ !L"
19';q@ !L" KPB0G " < EN.DLE [ " %L@Q@RB0G#S;9 E @ !#"M <A@R<WB0G e9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iG " @<'G M # " E B% N <A@\B09iG " @ ]
@ B0O N K " < E @ !L" v9 M#" K ! 9iK M Oy;9 E V9'@ ! 9 DLE O\Bu=LK " N K0B " G@<'G M O " E [ " E Td<'G M <'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO
O DLN ! <'O{O N =:<'G M 3 E B M546* x@ ! <A@ E " @ D B E " < D @ !L" G@RB N <A@RBP9iG ]

&#
2
CDF of R for a Simple Program and (SCP+GridFTP)
0
10
The Simple Program
Cumulative Percentages (in log scale)

−1
SCP+GridFTP
10
−2
10
−3
10
−4
10
−5
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
F
R
B0S D#E " ] 7e+ 4 9';

1;9 E K0BPG " < E u9 ML" K?9'; 4 BPS DLE " ] ] < N !
1B0O7; E 9 <BPG ML" = " G ML" G @

4
@ " O@ ] 9A@ ! O\Bu=#K " N K0B " G@ (O " E [ " E <'G M <'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO{@ ! <A@ E "@ D B E " < D @ !L" G@\B N <(@RB09'G O! 9H <
OQ@ E 9iGLS KPB0G " < E = E 9i= " E @lY ] 9'@ " @ ! <A@@ !#" < B0OB0OBPG1K09'SO N <'K " @R9 O ! 9 HoML" @2<'BPK ] [ " E

?
9';
@ !L" E\D G#O ! < M
1 ,
]
"! *)( % > & ,J & (+* &-

- ( & *<>-
<'O "kM 9iGv@ !L" <'V59 [ " 9iV#O " E [A<A@RBP9iGLO.T H"ML" [ " K09i= ".M <G "kH OQB2v=LK " * e+V " G N ! < E 7 " N !
<'GLB0O ] GLO@ " < M 9'; D O\BPGLSv= E 9iV " O H B,@ ! @ !L" OR< " O\B " T H" D O " @ H 9u= E 9'V " O H B,@ !M B " E " G@
O\B " OkT N ! 9iO " G@R9V " V " Yi9iG M @ !L" GL9iBPO " < E " < ] " @ !L" G %#@7<KPB0G " V " @ H"." G@ !L" @ H 9A " <'O DLE "
" Gf@\O.T<AOO ! 9 H GZB0G 4 B0S DLE " ] ] F )
O\BPGLS @ D <A@RBP9iGLO ] <'G M ] UT H" N <'Gt@ !#" G N <AK N.D Kj<A@ "
@ !L" * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{;9 E 9'@ !L" E I 9 H O\B " O %LK " O\B " O ]
* 9>[ " E B,;+Y@ ! <A@y@ !L" G "kH @ " N ! GLB @ D "1H 9 E 7 OkT H" D O ".M @ !L" @ E < N " M <A@R< B0Ge9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G
F
" @ ] %" N ! 9iO " <uO u<'K0K = E 9iV "H BP@ ! O\B " _ <'G M < VLB0S'S " E = E 9iV "yH B,@ ! OQB " _ T #
<'G M = E ".M B N @ ".M @ !#" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ 9A;@ !L" 9'@ !L" E * e+ @ E <'GLOQ; " E OBPG%@ !#" @ E < N "A] 4 BPS DLE " ] !
O ! 9 H O @ !L" + e 4 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ " = E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E ;9 E 9 DLEE " O D KP@\O VfY I 9 H OQB "'] @? 9'; @ !L" #
= E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E O< E " V " K09 H @? ]
* !#" + e 4 OO D SiS " OQ@@ ! <(@d@ !L" E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E ".M B N @\B09iG " E\E 9 E <aYW;9'K0K09 H @ !#" G#9 E u<'K M BPOQ@ E B
V D @RBP9iGqT?OQ9 H" D O ". M @ D <'G@RB0K " @ D <'G@RB0K " =LKP9'@RO @R9@ " OQ@@ ! BPO ] 4 B0S DLE " E " v5S @@ GL9 E u<'KO ! 9 H O

CDF of Prediction Error of Wide−area TCP Experiment S2

1
0.9 1M
2M
0.8 3M
4M
0.7 10M
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
!
Relative Prediction Error (%)
4 B0S #D E " ] d
e+ 4 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ " = E ".M B N @\B09iG " E\E 9 E ; 9 E e @
* + ! E 9 D S ! = D @ H BP@ !:M B " E " Gf@ I 9 H
O\B " O ]
9iG " "1 <u=#K " ;9 E @ !L"B@ @ =LKP9'@ ] G <'Ku9iO@
<'K0K N <'O " O.T H" N <AG %L@7<OQ@ E <'BPS ! @KPB0G " @R9@ !L" O " =#K09'@\O
H BP@ !
1 " 'T H{! B N ! @ " K0K0O D O@ ! <(@9 D#E
E " Kj<(@RBP[ "" E\E 9 E B0O
<'K2v9iOQ@
<'K H <aYUOGL9 E u<'K ] 9 E u<'KPBP@lY
9';= E ".M B N @\B09iG " E\E 9 E O !L" E " BPO`V9'@ ! O DLE = E BPO\B0G#S <'G M "1 @ E " " KPY D O " ; D K ] G =?< E @RB N.D K0< E T H"
N <'G>OQ2B v=LKPY " OQ@\B2u<A@ " @ !L" [A< E Bj<'G N " 9A;@ !L" E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E ".M B N @RBP9iG " E\E 9 E <AO H" " <'O DLE " <'G M
= E "kM B N @aT<'G M @ !#" G D O " @ ! BPO
BPG#;9 E <A@\B09iGÒ@ E <AB0S ! @\;9 E H < E M K,Ys@R9 N.E " <A@ " N 9iG % ML" G N " B0G@ " E [A<'KPO
;9 E 9 DLE = E ".M B N @\B09iGLO ] " B0GLS<'V#K " @R9 N 9u= D @ " < NkN.DLE <A@ " N 9iG % ML" G N " B0G@ " E [A<'KPOB0O[UB,@2<'K@R9
D! H
D O\BPGLSW= E ".M B N @\B09iGLOdB0G <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGLO ? ] * B2 " O " E B " OV?<'O "kM = E ".M B N @R9 E O N <'G1V " <'=#=LK0B ".M @R9
" G ! <AG N " @ !L" = E ".M B N @\B09iG< NkN.DLE < N Y'T <'O N 9g[ " E ".M B00 G " N @RBP9iG ] ]
G = E < N @RB N " T H"vM 9iGqb @ ! <a[ " @\9O " G M @ H 9= E 9iV " O ] GLOQ@ " < M T H" N <'G%O " G M @ !L" Kj< E S " E
9iG " 9';7@ !L" @ H 9= E 9iV " OkT E " N 9 E M BP@\OOQ@R< E @\B0GLSu@R2B " T @ !#" @RB "`H{!L" G<'O DLN !tM <A@R<m<'O@ !L"
O\B " 9';^@ !L" O <AK0K?= E 9iV "H <AOO " Gf@ <'G M ; D KPK = E 9iV " bcO %LGLB0O ! B0GLS@RB "A6] %" N <'KPK O DLN ! <W= E 9iV "
7 . 0
< 4 $'* $ / ]
4 9 E u9'OQ@1=L<A@ ! OkT @ !L" K0< E S " E @ !L":I 9 H O\B " B0O.T @ !L" VLBPSiS " E @ !#" OQ@R<'G M < E MzML" [UB0<A@RBP9iG
+=4 +O95', A5 ; ! (D E4 59 7C56 @.6*
EC
EC

! 4

EC!540 E! N44E'32
'=+=!E 7@B+=!$6

Q−Q Plot of Relative Prediction Error

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Y Quantiles
0.2
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
#
X Quantiles
4 B0S D#E " ] D <AGf@\B0K " @ D <AGf@\B0K " =LK09A@9'; E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E H B,@ !I 9 H \O B " /
<'S<'BPGLOQ@O@2<'G M < E M GL9 E <AK M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG ]"@ @ =LK09'@v9'; E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E ; 9 E I 9 H O
H BP@ !M B " E " Gf@OQB " O{K09U9 7 O{<'K2v9iOQ@B ML" Gf@\B N <'K^@R9 @ ! B0O+%?S DLE "A]
CDF of Standard Deviation of File Transfer Time

1
0.9
0.8 1M
2M
0.7 3M
4M
0.6
10M
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 −4 −2 0 2 4
10 10 10 10 10
Standard Deviation (in log scale)
4 B0S D#E " ]

e+ 4 ' 9 ; O@2<'G M < E M%ML" [UBj<(@RB09'G%9';@ E <'G#OQ; " E @RB " <A@<'K0K G @ " E G " @ =?<A@ ! Oy;9 E
M B " E " G@ I 9 H \O B " O ]

CDF of COV (Coefficient of Variation) of File Transfer Time

1
0.9
0.8
0.7 1M
2M
0.6 3M
4M
0.5 10M
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10
COV of File Transfer Time (in log scale)
4 0B S #D E " ] e+ 4 '9 ; e # N 9 " N B " G@ 9';[A< E Bj<A@\B09iG

<'K0K fG @ " E G " @=?<A@ ! O ;9 E M B " E " G@ I 9 H O\B " O ]

A9 ;q@ E <'GLOQ; " E * 2B " <A@
9';@ !L" @ E <AGLOQ; " E @\B2 "'] 9 H" [ " E T N 9iGLOQB ML" E 4 BPS DLE " ] #T H{! B N ! O ! 9 H Oy@ !L" e+ 4 O9';@ !L"
N 9 " N B " G@9';['< E Bj<(@RB09'G e # 9';@ E <AGLOQ; " E @\B2 "'] " E " @ !L" N 9iG N K D O\B09'G BPO@ !L" E " [ " E O "
;9 E v9iOQ@=?<A@ ! O.T#@ !L" VLB0S'S " E @ !L" %LK " BPO.TC@ !L" O <'KPK " E @ !L" e # 9';@ !L" @ E <'GLO; " E @\B2 "'] * ! BPO
3 0
" O\O " G@RB0<'K0K,Y " <'G#O`@ ! <A@`BPG /*,$ )+&'/ @ " E uOkT @ !L" [A< E B0<'G N " 9A;@ E <'GLO; " E @\B2 " 9'; I 9 H O H B,@ !
Kj< E S " E OQB " O< E " < N @ D <AK0KPYuO u<'KPK " E ]

O 1" =LKj<'BPG ".M BP
G " N @\B09i< F
G ] - ] <AG M ] - ] T H" G "."kM @ H 9y= E 9iV " O H BP@ !M B " E " Gf@dOQB " O7@R9
ML" @ " E vB0G " @ !L" OQ@ " < M YvOQ@R<A@ " * + e X@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ]6 G " [UBP@R<'VLK,YiT I DLN @ D <A@\B09iGLO9'; I 9 H @ E <'GLOQ; " E
@R2B "! <A=L= " G%9iGt@ !L"M YUG?< vB N G@ " E G " @aT<AG MZ! <a[ " O ! 9 H G @ !L" vO " KP[ " O`B0Gt@ !L" OQ@R<'G M < E M
ML" [UBj<(@RB09'G H"s! <a[ " D O@ O "k" G ] * !L" O "I D#N @ D <A@RBP9iGLO< E " @ !L" u<'B0G N < D O " 9';@ !L"" OQ@RB <(@RB09'G
" E\E 9 E 9';OQ@ " < M YOQ@2<(@ " * +e %@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] CB0G N "I 9 H O H BP@ ! K0< E S " E OQB " O< N @ D <'KPKPY ! <a[ " K " OQO
3 0
['< E Bj<AG N " BPG /*,$ )+&'/ @ " E vO.T " O@R2B u<A@\B0GLSyOQ@ " < M Y OQ@2<(@ " @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ D O\B0G#S Kj< E S " E I 9 H O H B0K0K
N " E @2<'BPGLKPY>V " v9 E " < NkN.DLE <A@ "A] G @ !#" 9'@ !L" E ! <AG M T= E 9iV " O H BP@ ! K0< E S " E I 9 H O< E " v9 E "
F
" = " GLO\B,[ "A] * ! BPOsK " < M O D O@\9 @ !L" O " K " N @\B09iGt9A;d@ H 9= E 9'V " OQB " Os9'; _ dYU@ " O`<'G M #
_ dYU@ " O{<'O ML" ;8< D KP@= E 9iV " OkT H{! B N !1H" ; "k" K^BPO< E " <'OQ9iG?<'V#K " @ E < ML" l9 V " @ H"." G " OQ@RB <(@RB09'G
< N.NkDLE < N Y<'G M = E 9iVLB0G#S N 9iOQ@ ]

+
+

'

U@2<A@\B0O@RB N <'K{OQ@R<'VLB0KPBP@lY9 E N 9'GLO\BPOQ@ " G N YB0Ou9iG " 9';@ !#" u9'OQ@uB2v=9 E @2<'G@ N ! < E < N @ " E B0OQ@\B N O 9';
@ !L" G@ " E G " @<'G M BPO@ !L" V?<AO\B0Os@ ! <A@ u< 7'" OB,@s=59iO\OQB0VLK " @R9= E "kM B N @ * e+o@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @9iG
@ !L"H B ML" < E " <uG " @ H 9 E 7 ]
S'9C9 M D G ML" E OQ@2<AG M B0G#S19';7O@2<'VLBPK0B,@lY H B0KPK <'K0OQ9 !L" K0= D O@R9 < 7A"
ML" N B0O\BP9iGLOv<'V59 D @= E ".M B N @\B09iGOQ@ E <A@ " SiB " OkTO D#N ! <'O @ !#" ; E "@ D " G N Yx9';< N @\BP[ " = E 9iVLBPGLS<'G M
9i=#@RB <AK@RB " O " E B " O= E ".M B N @\9 E O ]
$# , * 7M

,
< D &! FIH
\O 9'G = E 9i=9'O ".M @ H 9! " @ E B N O ;9 EE 9 D @ " O@2<'VLBPK0B,@lYiTd= E " ['<AK " G N " <'G M = " E O\BPOQ@ " G N Y ]
E " [A<'K " G N " T H{! B N ! B0O9';=?< E @RB N.D K0< E B0G@ " E " OQ@@R9 D O !L" E " TBPO{@ !L" = E 9iVL<'VLB0KPBP@lY 9';79iVLO " E [CBPGLS
<uSiB,[ " G E 9 D @ " 9g[ " E @\B2 "'] ;d< E 9 D @ " B0O= E " [A<'K " G@aT @ ! <'G@ !L" 9iVLO " E [A<A@\B09iG:9';7B,@<'KPK09 H O D O
@R91= E ".M B N @@ ! <A@BP@ H B0K0K V " D O ".M <'S<AB0G ] " E O\BPOQ@ " G N YtB0O@ !L" ; E "@ D " G N Y 9'; E 9 D @ " N ! <'GLS " O ]
* !L" @ H 9 " @ E B N Oy< E " GL9'@ N K09'O " K,Y N 9 EQE " Kj<A@ ".Mq]
< O\9iGqbcO N 9iG N K D O\BP9iGLOy< E " @ ! <A@ G@ " E G " @
=?<A@ ! O{< E "s!L" <a[CBPKPY M 9vB0G?<A@ ".M VY< OQB0GLSiK " E 9 D @ " TLV D @ @ ! <A@ @ !#" @RB2 " = " E B09 M O9g[ " E H{! B N !
:
E 9 D @ " O= " E O\BPOQ@O ! 9 HH B ML" ['< E Bj<(@RB09'GqT E <'GLS'B0GLS; E 9 O " N 9'G M O@R9 M <aYCO ] 9 H" [ " E T ?-9';?@ !L"
Gf@ " E G " @`=?<(@ ! O
< O\9iGZOQ@ D M B ".MZ! < M E 9 D @ " O@ ! <A@s= " E OQB0O@ ".M ;9 E M <aYUO`@\9 H"."7 O ] e ! B0G#9 Y
;9 D G M @ ! <(@ E 9 D @ " N ! <'GLS " O@ " G M @R9 N 9iG N " G@ E <(@ " <A@{@ !L"`".M S " O9';@ !L" G " @ H 9 E 7 T5G#9'@B0GmBP@\O
( = D H
QV?< N 7 V59iG " ] 9 D @RB0G#S OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@lY1B0O{@ !L" VL<'O\BPO9';9A@ !L" E OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@\B " O 9 EN 9iGLO\BPOQ@ " G N Y ]A ;
@ !L" E 9 D @ " B0O N ! <'GLSiBPGLS ; E " @ D " G@RKPY<AG . M @ D B N 7 KPY'TL@ !L" G:GL9v9'@ !L" E OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@\B " O H B0KPK ! 9'K Mq]

, ! M , % > & ,J &
<'Kj< 7 E B0O ! G?<'GqT " @<'K<'GL<'KPY "kM OQ@R<A@RBPOQ@\B N <AK u9 LM " KPO ;9 E @ !L" 9'VLO " E [ "kMt" G M @R9 " G M G " @ H 9 E 7
= " E ;9 E <'G N " V?<'O ".M 9iG " @ " GLO\B,[ " =L< N 7'" @ lK " [ " 7 K @ E < N " O N 9iK0K " N @ ".M ; E 9 @ !#" = E B2u< E Y H" V
O\BP@ " ;9 E @ !L"'
@\Kj<'G@R.
< D < " E KPYv=LB N 3 <? " OB0& G -

]A* !#" Y N 9iG N K D ML"kM @ ! <A@G " < E VY

-
Gf@ " E G " @ ! 9iOQ@\O9A;+@ " G ! <a[ " <'K2v9iO@{B ML" Gf@\B N <'K M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG#O 9';9iV#O " E [ "kM @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ]
K
@ ! 9 D S ! @ !#" O\B " 9';@ !L" N K D O@ " E O ;9 E H{! B N ! @ !L" = " E ;9 E u<'G N " BPO B M#" G@RB N <'K{[A< E B " O1<AO1<
; D G N @\B09iG 9';@ !L" B E KP9 N <A@RBP9iGZ9iG @ !L"< Gf@ " E G " @.T N K D OQ@ " E OQB " OB0G @ !L" E <'GLS " 9'; @R9 ! 9i=LO F
H 9 E 7tH" K0K7;9 E <'GY E " SiBP9iGLO ]* !L" Y <'KPO\9;9 D G M @ ! <A@ " G M @\9? " G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @y@R9 ! 9iO@RO
9';+@ " GZ[A< E B "kM VfY>K " OQO@ ! <AG < ;8< N @R9 E 9';d@ H 99g[ " E @\B2 " O N <'K " O9iGt@ !L" 9 E M#" E 9';Eu<'GY @ " GLO
9'; vB0G D @ " OkTs<'G M @ ! <A@@ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ H <'O=LB " N "kH BPO " OQ@R<A@RBP9iG?< E Yp9g[ " E @\B2 " O N <'K " O19';
D G# H
O\2B vB0K0< E <'S'GLBP@ D ML" ] /Y " E OkT " @v<'K " < vB0G "kM = " E ;9 E u<'G N " ; E 9 < H B ML" E <AGLS " 9';
N K0B " G@RO@R9y< H B ML" E <'GLS " 9';Ô " E [ " E O <AG M ;9 D G M @ ! <A@V?<'G M#H B M @ ! @R9@ !L" O " E [ " E O <AG M O " E [ " E
E <'G 7 BPGLSiO; E 9 @ !L" =59iB0G@s9A;[UB "H 9';< N KPB " G@ H" E " E " u< E 7 <'VLK,Y O@2<'V#K " 9g[ " E @\B2 " ] D !H

" O ! <'GqT " @7<'KU<'=L=#K0B "kM @ !L" O " %?G M BPGLSiO
B0Gy@ !L"M#" [ " K09i= " Gf@9';L@ !#" ! < E ".M
<'O\OQBP[ " " @ H 9 E 7

" E ;9 E u<'G N " BPO N 9g[ " E Y
D H
OYCO@ " T H{! B N ! N 9'K0K " N @ ".M O " E [ " E = " E ;9 E u<'G N "
B0G#;9 E <(@RB09'G; E 9 @ !#" =59iB0G@

9';L[UB "H 9'; <=59C9'K9'; N KPB " G@\O<'G M D O "kM @ ! <(@ ! BPOQ@\9 E Y`@R9= E "kM B N @
@ !L" = " E ;9 E u<'G N " 9A;G "H E " @ D " O@RO ]
D :# H
^! <'GLSLT " @d<'K - " = " E B " Gf@ ".M VY O " G M BPGLS / &%LK " O " [ " E ;Y vB0G D @ " V " @ H"k" G =L<'B E O
9'; ! 9iO@RO.Tq<'G M = E 9i=59iO "kM <'G " " N @RB,[ "H <gY@R9 " [A<'K D <A@ " @ !L" @ " v=9 E <'K K09 N <AK0BP@lY19'; " G M @R9
"G M * + e z@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @9A;@ ! 9iO "Ì 9 H O ]0" KP9C9 7 O{<(@@ !L" K " G#S'@ ! 9';@ !L" = " E B09 MmH{!L" E " @ !L"
E <A@\B09V " @ H"k" G>@ !L" u< 2B D <'G M vB0GLB D 9iVLO " E [ ".) M * + e p@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @B0OK " O\O{@ ! <'G:<
N 9iGLO@2<'G@`;8< N @R9 E ; ] * ! BPOsB0O E " ; " EQE "kM @\9:<AOy<AG = " E <A@RBP9iG?<'Ke9iGLOQ@R<'G N Y " SiB09iG e ]
GLOQ@ " < M 9'; D OQB0GLS e T H"mM#" %?G " 00 0 0
< $ ) ) \$'*+* $-.*0 95/ {/ ) 3 5 <AO@ !L" K " GLSA@ !
0 0
9'; @ !L" = " E B09 M H{!L" E " @ !L" E <A@RBP9V " @ H"." G@ !L" < B D <'G M vB0GLB D / ) v$ /\4 OQ@ " < M Y
OQ@2<(@ A " * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ B0OK " O\O@ ! <'G< N 9iGLOQ@R<'G@ ;8< N @\9 E
] * !#"sM B " E " G N " V " @ H"k" G e
<'G M 5 BPO2B v=59 E @R<'G@V " N < D O " e B0O9iGLK,Y N ! < E < N @ " E B .B0G#Su@ !#" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @;9 E I 9 H O
H BP@ ! <yOQ= " N B % N O\B " T H{! BPK " 5 N ! < E < N @ " E B " O@ !#" OQ@ " < M Y O@2<A@ " @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @;9 E <'K0K I 9 H O
H BP@ !yM B " E " G@OQB " O ] %" D O "kM @ E < N " O
; E 9 e9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G " @@\9 N ! < E < N @ " E B " @ !#" 5 XH B,@ !
OQ@ " < M Y lO@2<A@ " * + e @! E9D S! = D @ ] * ! <(@WBPO.T B0GLO@ " < M 9A;K09U9 7 B0G#S<A@`@ !L< " * +e @! E9 D S ! = D @
9';7<vO\= " N B % N I 9 H O\B " T H"W" O@RB <A@ ".M OQ@ " < M Y lO@2<A@ " * + e p@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @9';@ !L" =?<A@ ! D O\BPGLS

F
CDF of Statistical Stable Region Length at Different Factors
1
0.9 1.2
1.5
0.8 2
3
0.7 5
10
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
Time (seconds)
4 B0S #D E " ] de+ 4 '9 ;OQ@2<(@RB0O@RB N <'KPKPY O@2<'VLK " E " SiB09iG) 5 ;9 E QO @ " < M YlO@2<A@ " e x@
* + ! E9D S!
= D @ H BP@ !M B " E " G @ ]
@ D <(@RB09'G ] ]
4 B0S DLE " ] uSiBP[ " O@ !L" e+ 4 9'; K " GLSA@ ! 9A;{<'K0K 5 O u9 ML" K ".M VY%O@ " < M YlOQ@R<A@ "* e+
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @; E 9 Je9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG " @ ] < N ! N.DLE [ " B0Gu@ !L" =#K09'@ N 9 EQE " OQ=9'G M O@R9<=?< E @\B NkD Kj< E

['<AK D " 9';L@ !L" N 9'GLOQ@R<'G@;8< N @R9 E ] G ML" E <'K0K M B " E " G@
['<AK D " O
9'; TAO\9 "M#" S E "." 9';#@ " v=59 E <'K
K09 N <'KPBP@lYBPO 1" C! B0VLB,@ "kMq]
O H"" = " N @ ".M T#@ !L" K0< E S " E B0OkTU@ !L" KP9iGLS " E @ !L" Od@ " G M @R9WV "A]
4 9 EyN 9 v=?< E B0OQ9iGX= DLE =9'O " OkT H" <'KPO\9 N <'K NkD Kj<(@ ".M @ !L" e+ 4 9'; e H BP@ !M <A@R<:; E 9
B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9i>
G "@ ] * !L" N 9 v=?< E B0O\9'GV " @ H"." G9 DLE OW<'G M ^! <'G#SLbhO E " O D K,@RO ?- O D S'S " O@RO D :# H
@ ! <A@ @ !L" @ " u=59 E <AKK09 N <AK0BP@lYBPGx9 DLE @ " OQ@ " G[UB E 9iG5 " G@vB0O; DLN !H" < 7A" E ] 4 9 E B0G#OQ@2<AG N " T
^! <'GLS;9 D G M @ ! <A@ " ?9'; e O< E " K09'GLS " E @ ! <'G= ! 9 DLE H{!L" G <'G M ?9'; #
<'K0K e O 1" N "."kM - ! 9 DLE O H{!#" G 6] G9 DLEE " O D KP@\O.Ti@ !L" @ H 9 N 9 E\E " OQ=9iG M B0GLSsG D WV " E O
M E 9i=u@R; 9 ? <AG M ? E " O\= " N @RB,[ " K,Y ] * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @BPG 9 D#E @ " OQ@\V "kM <'=L= " < E O@R9WV " K " OQO
OQ@2<AVLK "A] " O D O\= " N @`@ ! <A@s@ ! B0O M B " E " G N " u<aY>K0< E S " KPY M D " @\9@ !L" ;8< N @s@ ! <A@ K0<'G " @ | <'V
GL9 M#" Od9';+@ " GuV " N 9 " +
e 9 E VL<'G M#H B M @ ! OR<A@ DLE <(@ ".M T N < D O\BPGLSS E " <A@ I DLN @ D <A@\B09iGLOd9'; * +
e
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] @WB0O N ! <'K0K " GLS'B0GLS@R9>= E ".M B N @ * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ D G ML" E < ! BPS ! KPY M YUG??< uB N
" G[UB E 9'5G " G@ ]

"! *>, (+* % > & , .&

<, $, *
GvB2v=9 E @2<'G@ @ D " OQ@\B09iGu<'Gv<'=L=#K0B N <A@RBP9iGW9A;+@ " Gv=59iO " OdBPO ! 9 H @ !L" * e+%@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @7[A< E B " OkT
<'G M TV " Y'9iG M @ ! <A@.T H{!L" @ !L" E <'G<AG?<'KPYf@\B N <AK M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG'v9 ML" K N <'GV " <'=#=LK0B ".M @\9 N ! < E < N
D G# H
@ " E B " BP@RO M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG ] <'Kj< 7 E B0O ! G?<'GqT " @<'K O@ D M B ".M <'SiS E " Si<A@ "kM* e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @
M B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG< NkE 9iOQO<'KPK M B " E " G@ I 9 H O\B " OV " @ H"." G " < N ! =?<'B E 9A; G@ " E G " @ ! 9iO@RO ]+* !L" B E
OQ@2<(@RB0O@RB N <'K?<AG?<'KPYUOQB0O7O D SiS " O@ROd@ ! <A@ " G M @\9? " G M<* e+%@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ N <'GvV " H" K0K v9 M#" K "kM <'O
D H
<KP9i?S GL9 E u<'K M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG ] ^! <'GLS#T " @<'K^[ " E B% "kM @ ! B0O %?G M B0GLSB0G -
]
UB0G N "1H"m! <a[ " <AK E " < M Y O "k" G " < E K0B " E @ ! <A@@ !L" E "m" B0O@ROOQ@ E 9iGLS N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGXV " @ H"." G
* + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @<'G MpI 9 H OQB " T H" < E " @ !L" E " ;9 E " v9 E " B0G@ " E " O@ "kM BPGzOQ@ D M YUB0GLS@ !L"
* + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iGm9A;<=?< E @RB N.D K0< E I 9 H O\B " @ ! <'GBPGS " @\@\B0GLS<AG:<ASiS E " S<A@ ".M
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG%< N.E 9'O\O <'KPK M B " E " G@ I 9 H O\B " O ] * !L" M <A@2<; E 9 B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG
" @K " @RO D O M 9 @ ! B0O{<'G?<AKPYUO\BPO ]

{" N <'K0KL@ ! <A@dB0G B0O@ E B0V D @\B09i<G " @aTf;9 E " < N ! N KPB " Gf@ AO " E [ " E =?<'B E T H" E " = " <A@ "kM @ !#" @ E <'GL8O
; " E 9'; " < N ! %LK " -#T X@RB " O ] " ! BPOQ@\9iS E ?< "kM @ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M <A@R<;9 E " < N !oI 9 H
O\B " A=L<A@ ! @ D =LK "']
2K v9iOQ@BPG " [ " E Y N <'O " T@ !#" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ! BPOQ@R9'S E < ML" v9iGLO@ E <(@ " Ou<
D KP@\2B v9 M <'K M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG 6 ] * ! B0OO D SiS " OQ@\O@ ! <(@B,@BPO= E 9iV?<'V#KPYGL9'@d; " <AO\B0V#K " @R9 v9 ML" K K09'GLS
@R2B A " * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ D OQB0GLSOQ2B v=LK "M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iGLO ]

" N < D O " @ !L" N 9iK0K " N @\B09iG9'; M <A@2<%;9 E " < N ! N K0B " G@ (O " E [ " E =L<'B E K0<'OQ@ ".M O " [ " E <'K ! 9 D#E O
9 E " [ " G~KP9iGLS " E T H" O D O\= " N @@ ! <A@m@ !L" D KP@RB u9 M <'K ; " <A@ DLE " <aYpV " =?< E @RB0<'K0K,Y M D " @R9
@ !L" N ! <'GLS " B0GG " @ H 9 E 7 N 9'G M BP@\B09iG#O M D#E B0G#S @ !#" " <'O DLE " " Gf@ = " E BP9 Mq] * 9 [ " E BP;+Y@ ! BPO
! YU=59'@ !#" O\BPO.T H" @ E Yt@R9:OQ@ D M Y@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG D O\BPGLS O D VLO " @RO9A; " < N !%M <A@2<AO " @ ]

O D V#O " @ N 9iG@2<'BPGLO D#N ! K " OQO M <A@R<m<'G M N 9g[ " E OÒ ! 9 E @ " E " <AO DLE " " G@sK " GLS'@ !q] Gt9'@ !L" E
( =
H 9 E M O.T H" ! 9i= ".M @\9 %?G M O D V E " SiBP9iGLO sB0G " < N !M <A@R<'O " @7B0G H{! B N ! @ !#" G " @ H 9 E 7 N 9'G M BP@\B09iG#O
< E " E " Kj<A@\BP[ " KPYuOQ@R<'VLK " <'G M @ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M <A@R< N <'GV " V " @Q@ " E v9 M#" K "kM D GLB u9 M <'KPKPY ]
(
@B0O{[ " E Y ! < E M @R9u= E "kML" %?G " <'G 9'=#@RB <'K^K " G#S'@ ! 9 E M <A@2<vO\B " ;9 E O DLN ! QO D V E " SiB09iG#O =

B0G1@ !#" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M <A@2<

LB0Gm;8< N @aT#@ !L" <'=L= E 9i= E B0<A@ " K " G#S'@ ! u<aY [A< E Y ; E 9@RB2 " @\9 @RB2 "']
* !L" E " ;9 E " T H" V " KPB " [ " B,@B0OG " N " O\O\< E Y:@R9 < M <'=#@\BP[ " KPY N ! <'GLS " @ !L" O D V E " SiBP9iG K " GLSA@ ! 9g[ " E
@R2B " <AO H" < N @ D B E "M <A@R<.89 E H <'K 7 @ !L"sM <A@R<'O " @ 9vB0G "] * !L" = DLE =59iO " BPO@R9 O " S " G@ @ !L"
H{! 9iK "M <A@R<'O " @BPG@R9< D KP@\B0=LK " O D V E " SiB09iG#O'9 E B ML" G@\BP;+YmO " S " G@V9 D G M < E B " O9iGLKPB0G "]B4 9 E
" < N ! O " S " Gf@.T H" %L@{@ !L"`M <(@2< H BP@ ! O " [ " E <'K<'G?<AKPYf@RB N <'K M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iGLOkT?<'G M" [A<'K D <A@ " @ !L"
Si9C9 M G " O\O{9'; %L@ D O\BPGLS 1 ]
9 vBPG "M B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG %L@Q@RBPGLS<'K0Si9 E BP@ ! ;9 E * e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ! <'Os@ !L" ;9iKPK09 H B0GLS
DLE
OQ@ " =LO
] " K " N @`<u@ E < N " 9'; * e+n@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @<8O "@ D " G N " 9'; " '< O LD E " " Gf@\O;9 E <u=?< E \@ B kN D jK < E
I 9 H OQB " 9iG<=?< E R@ B kN D Kj< E G@ " E G " @?= <(@ ! ]
] LG BP@\Bj<'KPB " @ !#" O D V E " SiB09'GuK " GLS'@ ! Tf<'G M O " @@ !L" QO @2< E @<'G Mu" G M =9'B0G@d9';@ !L" O D V E " SiBP9iG
@R9.<'G M #T E " OQ= " N @\BP[ " KPY ]
- ] BP@@ !L" O D V E " SiB09iG M <A@R< H BP@ ! <'G:<'G?<AKPYf@RB N <'K M 0B O@ E BPV D @\B09iGqTC<'G M N A< K .N D Kj<A@ " @ !L" A[ <'K D "
4
9'; 1 ]
F] G .N E " <'O " @ !L" O D V E " SiBP9iG:K " GLSA@ ! VfY> #TL@ ! <(@BPO.T 7A"." =>@ !L" OQ@R< E @=9'B0G@<'O ; E 9 @ !L"
= E " [UB09 D OÒ@ " =^TV D @BPG N.E " <'O " @ !L"" G M =9iBPG@`VfY( ]<4 9 E @ ! BPOsG "kH O D V E " SiBP9iGqT%L@
@ !L" M <A@2< H B,@ ! @ !#" <'G?<'K,YU@\B N <'K M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG v9 M#" K<AS<'B0G^T^S " @<1G "kH [A<'K D " 9'; 1 ]
* !L" < M D O@ " G@S E <AG D Kj< E BP@lY N <'G:<'K0OQ9 V " N ! <'G#S ".Mq]
] e9v=?< E " @ !#" G "H 1 H BP@ ! @ !L" = E " [CBP9 D O

9iG "']$ ;?@ !L" G "kH i9 G " 0B OKj< E S " E T E " = " <(@OQ@ " =
F
TL9'@ !L" E H B0O " T Hy
" ! a< [ " ; 9 D G M @ ! <A@{= E " [UB09 D O{O D V E " SiBP9iG ! <'O @ !L" 9i=C@RB2u<'K5K " GLS'@ !^]
]| 9iSy@ !L" O@2< E @=59iB0G@aT " G M =9'B0G@aTC<'G M [A<'K D " 9'; 1; E 9= E " [CBP9 D OO D V E " SiBP9iG ] {" O " @
@ !L" O D V E " S'B09iG>K " GLSA@ ! @\91V " #T<'G M O " @@ !L" O@2< E @=59iB0G@9';@ !L" O D V E " SiB09iG:@R91V "
9iG " Kj< E S " E @ ! <AG@ !L"`" G M =9'B0G@{9';@ !L" = E " [UB09 D OO D V E " SiBP9iG ]

:!

2
CDF of R for Different Distributions
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 normal
uniform
0.2 pareto
lognormal
0.1 exponential
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
R2
4 B0S D#E " ] e+ 4 9'; 1 ; 9 E %L[ " N 9<v9iG M BPOQ@ E B0V D R@ BP9iGLO ;9 E * +e z@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ N ! < E < N
@ " E B.<A@RBP9iGt9iGZO " S " G@ ".M @ E < N " O ];* L! " O\B " 9';d@ !L" %?K " B0O; 0/ dUY @ " O ] @ !#" E I 9 H OQB " O
O ! 9 H OQ2B vB0Kj< EE " O D KP@RO ]
!] 3 9@R9vOQ@ " =)-v<'G M E " = " <A@<AV9g[ " = E 9 N ." M LD E " T D G@RBPK
<AK0K M <(@2<u=59iBPGf@\O{B0G@ !L"M <A@R<'O " @RO
< E "s1" < uBPG ".M^]

" O " S " Gf@ ".M <'G M v9 ML" K %L@Q@ ".Mz" < N ! =?<(@ ! I 9 H O\B " @ E < N " B0G B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG " @
D O\BPGLS@ ! BPO7<'KPSi9 E B,@ ! ] " @ !L" G N 9iGLOQB ML" E "kM @ !L" 1 M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG;9 E " < N ! 9'; I 9 H OQB " <'G M
<'G?<'K,YU@\B N <'K M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG ]* !#" e+ 4 O9A;L@ !L" ['<AK D " O
9'; 1 ;9 E " < N !I 9 H O\B " <'G M <'GL<'KPYf@RB N <'K
M B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG< E " O ! 9 H GXB0G 4 B0S DLE " ] ] @yB0O N K " < E @ ! <A@;9 E @ !L" %L[ "uM B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG#O H"
N 9 v=?< E ".M T@ !L" GL9 E u<'K M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iGV " OQ@<%L@RO@ !L" * e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M <A@2< ] 9 H" [ " E T
5 005 3
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @sB0O 3 3 $ ) 35$ T5O\9<uSiBP[ " G>GL9 E u<'K M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG ! 9iK M O;9 E 9iGLKPY:< = " E B09 M
9'; @R2B " V " ;9 E " B,@ N ! <'GLS " O @R9<'G#9'@ !L" E 9iG "A]* ! B0OG#9iGLOQ@R<A@RBP9iG?< E Y V ".! <g[UBP9 E B0O E " u< E 7 <AVLKPY
( =
O\2B vB0K0< E @R9`@ !L" " =9 N ! <'K?V ".! <a[UB09 E `=?<A@Q@ " E Gu9A;qK09i< M 9iG ! 9iOQ@\O7@ ! <A@ H" 9'VLO " E [ "kM BPG " < E KPB " E
H 9 E7 ]D! H

G#

)

<'O "kM i9 Gx9 DLE O@ D M Yx<AG M = E " [UBP9 D O E " O " < E\N ! T H":! <g[ ":M#" [ " K09i= ".M <'G Mx" [A<'K D <A@ "kM D
<'K
<A@ROkT`<= E 9'@R9'@lYU= " E " <'Ks@\B2 ">* e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ = E "kM B N @RBP9iGoO " E [CB N " ;9 E M B0O@ E BPV D @ ".M
<'=L=LKPB N <(@RB09'GLO ] D <'K2<A@\Om< N @\BP[ " KPYO " G M O9 D @ M D <'K
< N 7'" @RO@R9V " G N ! u< E 7 <=?<A@ !^]D @
< D @R9 <A@\B N <'K0K,Yv< M D O@RO{BP@\O E <A@ " @\9 N <'=#@ DLE " @ !L" 5 9iGm@ !#" =L<A@ ! <'G M @ !L" E " ;9 E " @R9vB0G
B2vB " B0G@ E\D OQBP[ " G " OQO H BP@ ! 9 D @K09iOQB0GLSuOR<v=LK0BPGLSu< N.NkDLE < N Y ] * !L" V " G N ! < E 7 B0GLS1@ " N ! G#B @ D "
B0O ML" O N.E B0V ".M B0G " N @RBP9iG ] - ]
D <'K
<A@ROBPO M B " E " Gf@s; E
9 <'K0K @ !#" = E " [CBP9 D Os<a[A<'BPKj<'VLK " VL<'G M#H B M @ !t" OQ@RB <(@RB09'G:@R9U9iKPO
O DLN ! <' D H
O <(@ !?| 9< M 9 ! ] 4 B E OQ@.T7B0GLO@ " < M 9A; " OQ@\2B u<A@RBPGLS NkDLE\E " G@u<g[A<'BPKj<'V#K " V?<'G M#H B M @ ! T
D <'K
<A@RO= E ".M B N @\O * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ B0Gn@ !L" G " @:O ! 9 E @>= " E B09 M 9';@RB "A] " N 9'G M KPY'T
D <'K
<A@RO u9'GLBP@\9 E Od@ !L" =?<(@ ! O <AG M @ ! D O N <AG E " @ DLE G<W= E ".M B N @\B09iGmB ".M Bj<A@ " KPY ] @ @2< 7A" O
D <'K
<A@RO7K " OQO@ ! <'0 G uO7@R9`SiB,[ " <s= E "kM B N @RBP9iG9iGv< " G@RB D u< N ! BPG " T H{! BPK " B,@7@2< 7A" O
<A@ !?| 9< M @ " G#O
9';CO " N 9iG M O
@\9 M 99iG "" OQ@RB <(@RB09'G;9 E <=L<A@ !q] D <'2K <A@\O M 9iGqb @O " G M = E 9iV " O
D =9'G%<m= E ".M B N @RBP9iG E " @ D " O@aTBPGLOQ@ " < M B,@ u9iG#BP@R9 E O@ !L" =?<A@ ! <'G M O " G M O9 D @ M D <'K
< N 7'" @RO
< N.N 9 E M BPGLS @R9 @ !#"M YCGL< uB N OR< v=LKPB0GLS E <A@ " < M D OQ@ " Gf@<'KPSi9 E BP@ ! <AO M#" O NkE BPV "kM V " K09 H`]
$# $>(+- & (

(
D '< K
<A@RO N 9iGLOQB0OQ@\O{9';
@ H 9 N 9v=9'G " G@ROkT < G " @ H 9 E 7 O " GLOQ9 E <'G M < * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "
M B N @R9 E ]
4 B0S DLE " ] - B0KPK D O@ E <(@ " O5@ !L" @ H 9 N 9v=9iG " G@RO <'G M @ !L" B EqE " Kj<A@\B09iGLO ! B0= H BP@ ! <'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO
<'G M @ !L" D G M#" E K,YUB0GLS9i= " E <A@RBPGLS OQYUOQ@ " ]* !L"H{! 9iK " OYCO@ " H 9 E 7 O<A@<'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iG1K " [ " K ]
* !#" G " @ H 9 E 7 O " GLO\9 E O " G M O9 D @ M D <AK < N 7'" @\O<A@W< O " KP; < M D OQ@\B0GLS E <(@ " <AO ML" O N.E B0V ".M
B0= G " N @\B09i= G ] ] ] @ E " N 9 E M O@ !L" O\B " O`<'G M @ E <'GLO; " E @\B2 " O9A; " < N ! = E 9iV " B0G " < N !ZM D <'K
< N 7A" @ ] n!#" " G v9iGLB,@R9 E B0GLS
M B " E " Gf@ * e+ N 9'GLG " N @RBP9iGLO.T
O " E B " Oy9';= E 9'V " E " N 9 E M O
< E " u<'B0G@2<AB0G "kMq]

#! "'* e+p@ ! E 9 D S
* ! = D @= E ".M B N @\9 E B0G@ " E ;8< N " O H ,B @ ! V9'@ ! @ !L" G " @ H 9 E 7 O " G#O\9 E '< G M <'=
=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO ]$n!L" G " [ " E <'G <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGuG ".".M O <W= E ".M B N @RBP9iGqTfBP@O " G M O < @ D " E v
Y @R9@ !L" * +
e
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "kM B N @R9 E T?<'G M @ !L" = E ".M B N @\9 E "C" NkD @ " O@ !L" ;9iK0KP9 H BPGLS5
] < E O " @ !#"<@ D " E Y>; E 9 @ !L" <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGt<'G M S " @`=?< E < " @ " E OsB0G N K D M B0GLS1@ !L" ML" OQ@RB
G?<A@\B09iG<'G M %?K " O\B "']
] 4?" @ N ! @ !#" M D <'K2< N 7A" @ M <A@2<mO " E B " Os;9 E @ !L" LM " O@RBPG?<A@RBP9iGt; E 9 D G ML" E K,YCBPGLSmG " @ H 9 E 7
O " GLO\9 E ]
; GL9vO " E B " O " B0O @RO.T < = E 9iVLBPGLS= E 9 N " \O O{;9 E @ !L"`ML" OQ@\B0G?<A@\B09iGBPO OQ@2< E @ "kMq]
- ]
=L=#KPYZ<m= E ".M B N @RBP9iG=u9 ML" K TqO DLN ! <'O v9g[CBPGLS<a[ " E <'S " 9 E /
qT @\9:= E ." M B N @`@ !L"
N.DLEQE " Gf@@ E <'GLO; " E @RB " O;9 E " < N ! 9';@ !L" @ H 9u= E 9iV " O{B0Gm@ !L"`M D '< K2< N 7A" @ ]
F] 4BP@d<`K0BPG " < E7N.DLE [ " <'O ML" O NkE B0V ".M B0G @ D <(@RB09'G ] <'G M N <'K NkD Kj<(@ " @ !L" * + e %@ ! E 9 D S !
= D @
;9 E @ !L" SiB,[ " G %?K " O\B " D O\B0G#S @ D <A@RBP9iG; ] ] =#@RBP9iG?<'KPKPY'T N 9v= D @ " < N 9'G % ML" G N "
B0G@ " E [A<'K D O\B0G#SvG#9 E u<'K0B,@lY1<AO\O D u=#@\B09iG#O ]
] " @ DLE Gv@ !L"" OQ@\B2u<A@ "kM e %@

* + ! E 9 D S ! = D @;9 E @ !L" @ E <AGLOQ; " E @\B2 " @R9`@ !L" <'=L=#K0B N <A@RBP9iG ]
" @ " OQ@ "kM O " [ " E <AKd= E ".M B N @\B09iG)v9 ML" KPO;9 E OQ@ " =!-#TB0G N K D M B0GLS B0G@ " E [A<'K l< H < E " v9 [UBPGLS
<g[ " E <'S "
/
T "1 =9iG " G@RB0<'K H" B0S ! @ ".M u9g[UB0GLS<a[ " E <AS " /
<'G M OQB2v=LKPY D O\BPGLS
@ !L" K0<'OQ@u[A<'K D "A]
G
/
B0OuO\BuBPKj< E @\9<"u9g[UB0G#S<a[ " E <'S ">"1 N " =C@@ ! <A@u@ !L"
/
N 9v= D @ " OBP@RO<a[ " E <'S " 9g[ " E 9iGLK,Ys= E " [UB09 D O
= E 9iV " [A<'K D " O H BP@ ! @ !L" O\< " O\<u=#K0B0G#S B0G@ " E [A<'K ]

/
H BP@ !H BPG M 9 H O\B " H 9 E 7 O
V " O@9'GW<a[ " E <'S " B0G`9 D#E "1 = " E B2 " G@\O ]$ " V " K0B " [ " @ ! <A@
@ ! BPOB0OO\9 V " N < D O "M DLE BPGLS " < N ! 5 TU@ !L"" G M @\9? " G M* e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ B0OV " OQ@ v9 M#" K "kM
H BP@ ! < GL9 E <AK M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RB09'G ] 4 9 E < GL9 E <AK M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RB09'G H BP@ ! GL9O " E B0<'K N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'GqTC@ !L"
" <'GB0O@ !#" V " O@= E "kM B N @R9 E =59iO\OQB0VLK " T?<'G 0 M
/
" OQ@\B2u<A@ " O@ ! BPO ]

-
Applications
TCP throughput predictor

Network Sensor
OS kernel NIC
4 B0S D#E " ] - EUYUO@ " < E\N ! ,B @ " N @ DLE " 9'; D <'K
<A@RO ]

* - - 7$* 0 ( $ -/(+*J , M>&-
* !L" E " < E " @ H 9 H <aYCO@R9 ML" N.E " <'O " @ !L" 9g[ " E !#" < M N < D O "kM VfY@ !#"M D <'K2< N 7A" @`= E 9iV " O ML"
N.E " <'O " @ !#" O\<v=LK0BPGLS E <(@ " 9 E ML" N.E " <'O " @ !#" OQB " 9A;
@ !L"`M D <'K2< N 7A" @ ]
F

O H" M BPO NkD O\O ".M BPGC " N @\B09iG" ] T " < N !C G@ " E G " @=?<A@ ! O ! 9 H OOQ@R<A@RBPOQ@\B N <AK7OQ@2<AVLB0KPBP@lY>BPG
* + e %@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] 9 H" [ " E T " < N ! =L<A@ ! B0O M B " E " G@B0G @ !L" K " GLS'@ ! 9';5BP@ROE ]* !#" E " ;9 E " T
B0GLO@ " < M 9'; D O\BPGLSv@ !L" = " E B09 M B N OR<v=LK0BPGLSv<'K0S'9 E B,@ ! D O "kM VY= E " [CBP9 D O * e+p@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @
u9iG#BP@R9 E B0G#S1; E < "kH 9 E 7 OO DLN ! <AO D H
?- T H" ML" O\BPSiG ".M <:OQB2v=LK " <'KPSi9 E BP@ ! @R9 M Y
G?< vB N <AK0KPYm< M D O@@ !#" OR< v=LKPB0GLS E <A@ " @R9u@ !L" =L<A@ ! bcO 5 ]:4 9 E OQ@R<'VLK " =?<A@ ! O H B,@ ! KP9iGLS " E
5 T H" O " G M ; "H" E = E 9iV " O.T H{! BPK " ;9 ED GLOQ@R<'VLK " =?<(@ ! O H BP@ ! O ! 9 E @ " E T H" < M <'=#@@R9
BP@RO M YCGL< uB N O VYOR?< u=LKPB0GLSy@ !L" =?<A@ ! v9 E " ; E " @ D " G@RKPY
] * !L" <AK0Si9 E BP@ ! B0O
] " @y<'G D L= = " E V59 D G M <'G M m < K09 H" E 5V 9 D G

M ; 9 E @ !L" OR<v=LK0BPGLS1BPGf@ " E ['<AK ];* !L" Y
H" E " O " @A< O ?v<AG M O " N 9iG M OBPGm9 DLE @ " OQR@ O ]
] " @<'GL9'@ !L" E @ H 9 E " K0<A@RB,[ " N ! <'G#SiB0GLSV9 D G M O.T iT''CT'BPG D G#BP@RO
9';?= " EQN " G@R<'S "']6
;+@ " E
O " G M B0G#S " < N !%M D <'K
< N 7'" @aT " OQ@\B2u<A@ " @ !#" NkDLE\E " G@O@ " < M YlO@2<A@ " * e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ]
;dBP@ ! <'O N ! <'GLS ".M K " OQO@ ! <'G iTqBPG N.E " <'O " O@ !#" OR<v=LK0BPGLS BPG@ " E [A<'KVYt<1O@ " =9A;
O " N 9iG M O ?BP;B,@ N ! <'G#S " O V " @ H"." G `<'G M ;CT 7A"." =@ !#" N.DLEQE " Gf@BPGf@ " E ['<AK U9'@ !L" E H BPO "
ML" NkE " <'O " @ !L" B0G@ " E [A<'K ] G GLK0BPG " [A<'K D <A@\B09iG " @.T iT ; H" E " O " @@\9V " @? <'G M

-
@? ]
- ] * !L" B0G@ " E [A<'K D OQ@{V " V " @ H"." G <'G M y]
" '< K0OQ9 H <'G@@R90uBPGLB2vB " @ !#" OQB " 9'; M D <'K2< N 7A" @y9iGZ@ !L" N 9iG M BP@\B09iGt@ ! <A@GL9iG " 9';

@ !L" H B0K0Kq;8<AK0KqBPGf@\9v@ !L" GL9iB0O " < E " <v<'OO ! 9 H G>BPG 4 B0S DLE " ] ] 9 H" [ " E T5@ !L" GL9iBPO " < E " <vBPO F
M B " E " G@s;9 E " < N ! ! G@ " E G " @y=?<A@ ! T <'O M B0O N.D OQO "kM BPG" " N @\B09iG= ] - ] @`B0O`< ; D G N @RBP9iGZ9';dK09iOQO
E <A@ " <AG M D G ML" E KPYUBPGLSV?<'G M#H B M @ !^] DLE <AK0Si9 E BP@ ! ;9 E ML" @ " E vB0G#B0GLS B,@ B0O
] " @< LM " ;8< D KP@BPGLBP@\Bj<'KUO\B " ;9 E @ !L"{M D '< K
< N 7'" @RO ] G LG K0BPG " ['<AK D <A@\B09iG< " @aT H" D O ".M
F
_ n' #
< G M _ ]5
KPO\9O " @<'G D =L= " E V9 D G M OQB " ; 9 E @ !L"`M D <'K
< N 7'" @ ]
] ; N i9 G@RBPG D 9 D O = E ".M B N \@ B09iG C
" EQE 9 E O< E " LV B0SiS " E @ ! A< G1<@ ! E " O ! 9'K M {T#<'G MuH BP@ ! @ !L"
OR< " O\PB SiGqT H" B0G NkE " <AO " @ !L" = E 9iV " OQB " V Y) _ " < N !q]
- ] * !L" O\B " 9'; M D <'K2< N A7 " @ D OQ@V " ]
"! 0 ,.*

sD#E = E B2u< E Y " @ E B N B0O@ !#" E " K0<A@RB,[ "s" EQE 9 E

]-

D <'K
<A@RO E <'G " F
1= E "kM B N @RB09'GLO`9iG 0v9iGLB,@R9 E ".Mt" G M @\9? " G M =?<A@ ! O M DLE BPGLS<'V9 D @
M <aYUO > # F
] *
" OQ@ N <'O " Ov< E " E <'G M 9uK,Y N ! 9iO " G / T / T
9 E / %?K " O ] " @2<AB0K0O9';
@ !L"Z" [A<'K D <A@\B09iG " = " E B2 " G@RO N <AGoV " ;9 D G M B0Gz@ !L" " N @\B09iG ] M B0O NkD O\OQB09iGo9'; G#K0B0G "
[A<'K D <A@\B09i0G " @ ]
DLE ML" @R<'B0K ".M E " O D KP@\Oy;9 E " < N ! =?<A@ ! < E " <a['<AB0Kj<AVLK " " K0O "H{!L" E " 9
] * 9 O D < < E B " DF H
@ !L" ;9 E @ ! B0O N ! <'=C@ " E T H" D O " @ !L" ;9iK0KP9 H B0GLS= " @ E B N O ] / " <'G " E\E 9 E BPO N <'K NkD Kj<A@ ".M VY
<g[ " E <'SiB0G#S<'K0K9';s@ !#" E " K0<A@RB,[ ":" E\E 9 E O ] 4 9 E <'G D GfVLB0<'O "kM = E "kM B N @R9 E T{@ ! B0Ou['<AK D " O ! 9 D K M

-
V " N KP9iO " @R9 " E 9SiBP[ " G " GL9 D S ! @ " O@ N <'O " O ] " N <'GO "." @ ! <A@vB0Gx9 DLE " [A<'K D <A@RBP9iGBP@BPO
@ D BP@ " O u<'K0K7BPG"v9iOQ@ N <AO " OkT<'G M%H" O "." <'G E 9 D S ! KPY " @ D <'K= E 9i=59 E @\B09iG9';{=59iO\B,@RB,[ " <'G M
G " S<(@RBP[ " " <'G " E\E 9 E O ] * !L" " <'G

B0O@ !#" <a[ " E <AS " 9';
@ !L" <'VLOQ9iK D @ " [A<'K D " 9A;
@ !L"
E " K0<A@RB,[ "" EQE 9 E ] " N 9iGLOQB ML" E B,@ @ !L" u9'OQ@B2v=9 E @2<AGf@ " @ E B N B0G " [A<'K D <A@RBPGLS@ !L" = E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO ]
/ " <'GmO@ ML" E\E BPO@ !L" OQ@R<'G M < E M1ML" [UBj<A@\B09iG19A; E " Kj<A@\BP[ "" EQE 9 E H{! B0K " " <'G

BPO@ !L"
OQ@2<AG M < E M:ML" [UBj<A@\B09iGm9';

@ !L" <'V#O\9iK D @ " [A<'K D " 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ "s" E\E 9 E ]
) ; 1); 9 7 % 7; P ) = ; 9
4 B0S DLE " ] Ò ! 9 H O@ !L" e+ 4 9A;^@ !#" " <'G " EQE 9 E <'G M " <'G
!

9';9 DLE E " O D KP@RO "] 4 B0S DLE " ] O ! 9 H O @ !L" +e 4 9';{@ !#" OQ@2<AG M < E MxM#" [UBj<A@\B09iG ;9 E
! D
E " K0<A@RB,[ "y" E\E 9 E O ] [ " E @? 9';@ !L" = E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO ! <a[ " " <'G " E\E 9 E H BP@ ! B0G 8 ] iT: ] Tq<'G M H
D H
<'K0K9';@ !L" < E "`H BP@ ! B0G 8 ] 'T ] ]
V9 D @
@?J9';@ !#" = E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO ! <a[ " " <'G O@ ML" E\E
O u<'K0K " E @ ! <'G ] $]
V59 D B @ - ?9A;^@ !#" = E ".M B N @\B09iGLO ! <a[ " " <'G

H BP@ ! B0< G ] iT H{! B0K "
9 [ " E
?9A;@ !L" = E ".M B N @\B09iG#O ! <' O " <'G

V " KP9 H ] CTU<'G M <'V59 D @
@?9A;@ !L" < E "
V " K09 H ] ] [ " E
? 9';
@ !L" = E "kM B N @RBP9iGLO ! <a[ " " <' G

O <AK0K " E @ ! <'G ] - ]
" OQ@ D M B ".M @ !#" N 9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09iG < u9'GLS @ !#" = E "kM B N @RBP9iG " EQE 9 E Os<'G M O " [ " E <AK 7 G#9 H GZ=?<(@ !
= E 9i= " E @RB " O ) ] * !#" E " O D K,@RO < E " O ! 9 H GBPG 4 B0S DLE " ]
] "1ML" %LG " F- <'OV " BPGLS
H" < 7 KPY N 9 E\E " Kj<(@ ".M ' #
T F- V " BPGL& S "kM B D N 9 E\E " Kj<(@ ".M T<'G M #
V " B0GLSOQ@ E 9iGLS'KPY N 9 E\E " Kj<A@ ".Mq] eK " < E KPY'T@ !L" " <'G " E\E 9 E BPOGL9'@ E " K0<A@ "kM @\9W<'GYv9'@ !L" E O.T H{! B N !
; DLE @ !L" E O D SiS " OQ@\OW@ ! <A@W@ !L" = E ".M B N @\B09iGLOySiBP[ " GXV" Y D <'2K <A@\OW< E " D GfVLB0<'O "kMq] 9 H" [ " E TBP;
@ !L" =?<A@ ! B0O`[ " E Y M YUG?< vB N BP@B0O ! < E M @\9 = E ".M B N @ 0 ] 4 BPS DLE " ]
O ! 9 H OW@ ! <A@ JV " @ H"." G
@ !L" " <'G:<'VLO\9'K D @ "y" E\E 9 E <AG M @ !L" O\< v=LK0BPGLSB0G@ " E [A<'KK " GLS'@ ! 8<'G M T B0G M B E " N @\KPY'TL@ !L" 5
B0OG " S<A@\BP[ " KPY <'G M [ " E Y H" < 7 KPY N 9 EQE " K0<A@ "kMq] * ! BPO2B v=LK0B " O{@ ! <(@9 DLE <'K0Si9 E BP@ ! N <A=#@ DLE ".M
@ !L" =?<A@ ! M YUG?< vB N OW<'G M%" " N @RB,[ " K,Y < M D O@ ".M @R9 B,@RO N ! <'G#S " O ] * !L" " <'G%BPG@ " E [A<'Kd<'G M
" <'G O@2<'G M < E MmML" [UBj<A@\B09iGv9'; " EQE 9 E O ! 9 H @ !L" O@ E 9'GLS " O@ N 9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iGvB0G 4 B0S DLE " ]
] * ! BPO
B0OV " N < D O " V59'@ ! KP9iGLS " E " <'GZB0G@ " E [A<'K<'G M O u<'K0K " E " <'GZOQ@2<AG M < E MM#" [UBj<A@\B09iGt9A; " E\E 9 E
2B v=LKPYv<O@2<'VLK " =?<A@ !q]
KPO\9LT H" N <'GmO "k" @ ! <A@G D V " E 9'; ! 9i=LO BPO H" < 7 K,Y N 9 E\E " Kj<A@ ".M1H B,@ !
" <'G 6* *s]

--

! " # !$ %&' () %&* # () +,- ./
0 12 33 4526 22-78 26 00 26 29: 26 08 9;06 :-7
1 0< 92 26 02 26 07 26 07 26 0< 1:6 ;;
8 07 88 4,26 1=0 26 18 26 13 26 3=0 08-1=6 1
; 00 17=6 3 4,26 28 26 0: 26 08 26 13 7=06 39
3 08 80 4,26 2; 26 12 26 09 26 1< ;<6 79
9 09 08< 4526 2-7: 26 0: 26 0; 26 1: 3<6 0<
7 09 012 26 2;< 26 8-33 26 1< 26 ;-1 1=06 <-7
< 0; 3=0 26 2-1=0 26 01 26 2:-3 26 09< 3=01=6 9;
: 0< 12-7 4,26 0; 26 07 26 0< 26 89 3=06 32
02 0; 1: 4,26 00 26 0: 26 0; 26 80 0<26 07
00 0: 002 4526 289 26 0< 26 00 26 1; 1<6 37
01 03 89 4526 28< 26 0; 26 2-7< 26 0< 13<6 09
08 07 3: 26 28-3 26 12< 26 09 26 1; 8-1=6 18
0; 01 186 3 4526 201 26 292 26 2;-1 26 2<-1 8-126 :-7
03 08 1< 4526 2:-3 26 0<9 26 0; 26 80 3=006 88
09 0< 022 4526 2-1< 26 09 26 00 26 1=0 3;86 73
07 0: 72 4526 2<8 26 282 26 2<8 26 07 3;86 98
0< 0; <0 4526 2-79 26 2-13 26 2-79 26 03; 311=6 12
0: 0: 71 26 1=0 26 8< 26 1: 26 8: ;<6 8:
12 07 32 26 00 26 01 26 0; 26 01 :-7=6 13
1=0 08 80 4526 29< 26 2<-1 26 2<-1 26 07 1;96 38
11 09 08-3 26 2-11 26 0< 26 0; 26 1=0 186 :8
18 0; 89 4,26 01 26 09 26 08 26 1: 0:;6 2;
1; 0; 3=0 4,26 03 26 0; 26 03 26 88 3;-1=6 8;
13 01 1; 4,26 02 26 02 26 01 26 1; 3:6 ;0
19 0< 0;< 26 22-18 26 0< 26 08 26 11 196 7;
17 01 ;< 4526 29< 26 00 26 2:-1 26 0: 09-3=6 <9
1< 03 008 4526 2-12 26 02 26 2<: 26 03 33=6 <-3
1: : 0<0 4526 2-79 26 292 26 2-7: 26 07 9-31=6 38
82 0< 12< 4526 29-1 26 2:-3 26 2<< 26 0< ;26 32
80 7 1 4526 20< 26 01 26 2:; 26 07 1:6 2:
8-1 02 13 4526 290 26 28; 26 290 26 08 31=06 09
88 08 88 26 11 26 13 26 13 26 13 ;-186 73
8; 09 0;0 4526 2;0 26 01 26 00 26 0: 196 22
8-3 0; 3=0 4,26 0; 26 07 26 03 26 8; 9226 9-3
89 09 1; 4526 2;: 26 0; 26 02 26 12 ;<06 37
8-7 0; 8-3 26 2-13 26 01 26 2<: 26 0; ;-3=6 <-3
8< 0: 007 4526 2-3: 26 2;-1 26 290 26 08 77=6 2<
8: 08 8; 4526 2-37 26 2;-3 26 2-3< 26 01 9;86 <;
;2 08 3< 4,26 08 26 203 26 01 26 17 786 88
;0 0< 12< 4526 2-73 26 00 26 2:: 26 1=0 17=6 :-7
;-1 00 3=0 4526 298 26 28; 26 29; 26 08 <026 38
;8 00 073 4526 2-31 26 2<-1 26 2-78 26 03 13=6 7=0
;; 0< 92 4526 2:-3 26 2-7< 26 2:-3 26 1=0 373=6 <0
;-3 03 3< 26 0; 26 12 26 0< 26 1=0 17=6 9;
;9 00 32 4526 2-73 26 28< 26 2-73 26 09 <;<6 8:
;-7 0; 89 26 08 26 07 26 02 26 1< 0;<6 <9
;< 03 1; 4526 2:: 26 1; 26 0: 26 8< 1;6 :-1
;: 1=0 <9 4526 2<-7 26 03 26 00 26 13 826 1<
32 0: ;-7 4526 2;-1 26 07 26 01 26 18 1;6 <2
4 F
B0S D#E " ] E ".M B N @RBP9iG " EQE 9 E O@2<A@\B0OQ@\B N O;9 E GLK0BPG " [A<'K D <(@RB09'G. " @ ] 6* * BPO@ !L" E 9 D G M
@ E BP=@RB2 " V " @ H"." G@ !L" @ H 9%O\B,@ " OvBPG(uBPK0K0BPO " N 9iG M O.Td<'G M / " <AG G@ " E [A<'K{B0O @ !L" <g[ " E <'S "
B0G@ " E [A<'K @RB " V " @ H"." G M D <'K
< N 7'" @RO1BPGO " N 9iG M O ] / " <'G " E\E 9 E BPOv@ !L" <a[ " E <'S " E " Kj<A@\BP[ "
" E\E 9 E H{! B0K " " <AGp<'VLO " E\E 9 E B0O@ !L" <a[ " E <'S " 9';@ !#" <'VLOQ9iK D @ " [A<'K D " 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ "" EQE 9 E ]
/ " <'GO@ ML" E\E B0O@ !L" OQ@R<'G M < E MML" [UB0<A@RBP9iGm9'; E " Kj<A@\BP[ "" E\E 9 E H{! BPK " " <AG:<AVLO OQ@ M#" E\E B0O@ !L"
OQ@2<AG M < E M:ML" [UBj<A@\B09iGm9';
@ !L" <'V#O\9iK D @ " [A<'K D " 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ "s" E\E 9 E ]

- F
1
mean error
0.9
mean abs(error) 0.8
P[mean err < X]

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Relative error
4 BPS DLE " ] de+ 4 9A; E " Kj<(@RBP[ s

" " QE E 9 E O ]
1
0.9
0.8
P[mean err < X]
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 mean error
0.1 mean stderr
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Mean error
4 BPS DLE " ] d

e+ 4 9';6 " <AG:<AG M O@2<'G M < E MML" [CB0<A@RBP9iGm9'; E " K0<A@RB,[
" " \E E 9 E ]
1
0.9
0.8
P[mean abs error < X]
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 mean stderr
0.2 mean abs(stderr)
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Standard deviation of relative error
4 BPS DLE " ] d

e+ ! 4 9';
OQ@2<AG M < E M:ML" [UBj<A@\B09iG9'; E " Kj<A@\BP[ s
" " \E E 9 E O ]

-
1
0.9
0.8
P[mean abs error < X]

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
mean abs(err)
0.3
0.2 mean
0.1 abs(stderr)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
&#
Mean absolute error
4 B0S D#E " ] d

e+ 4 9';6 " <'G<'G M OQ@R<'G M < E MML" U[ Bj<(@RB09'G9A;<'V#O\9iK D @ " E " Kj<(@RBP[ "s" EQE 9 E ]
9 D @ " E 9i=LO / " <'G 6* * / " <'G Gf@ " E ['<AK
" <AG <'V#O " E\E ] F
8 ] F
] -
&# I#
/
<" AG <'V#O 8O@ ML" E\E ]
8 ] ]
:#
/
" <AG " E\E ] 8 ] ] ?
FGF
/
" <AG:O@ ML" E\E ] - 8 ] - ]
F G!
/
9 D @ " E 9i=LO ] ]- ]
" <AG 6* * ]- F ] ]
:!
/
/ <" AG G@ " E [A<'K ] 8 ] ]
4 B0S D#E " ]
de9 \E E " Kj<A@\B09iG N 9 " N B " G@
<v9iGLS = E ".M B N @RBP9iG " EQE 9 E <'G M =?<(@ ! = E 9'= " E @RB " O ]
{" N <'K0K; E 9 " N @RBP9iG ] @ ! <AA D

@ D M#! < E O ! <'GqT " @<'K UT: O ! 9 H".M @ ! <A@ H <'O H
&
= E "kM B N @RB0G#SuK " O\O{@ ! <'G! 9';@ !L" < N @ D <'K * e+z@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @< N ! B " [ ".M VY 3 E B M 46* H B,@ !
Kj< E S " %?K " @ E <'GLO; " E O ] DLE " [A<'K D <A@\B09iGLOuO ! 9 H @ ! <(@. D <'K2<A@\O M 9 " Om<AG " " N @\BP[ " Q9iVp9';
= E "kM B N @RB0G#S * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ;9 E K0< E S " @ E <'GLOQ; " E O ]E
K0OQ9 E " N <'K0K5@ ! <A@{KP9iS? V?<'O "kM = E "kM B N @RBP9iG
$D
@ " N ! GLB @ D " O
U H
T H 9 E 7 9iGLK,Y ;9 E @ !L"1! 9iOQ@=?<AB E O@ ! <(@ ! <a[ " E " N " Gf@ M <A@2< "1 N ! <'GLS "
! B0O@R9 E YiTf<'G M @ !L" M <A@R<@R9sV " O " G@dB0O79A;OQ2B vB0K0< E O\B " Od<'O7BPG@ !L" KP9iS ] sD#E7N 9iG N K D OQB09iG BPO@ ! <A@
D <'K
<A@RO< N ! B " [ " O N 9 u=L< E <'V#K " 9 E " [ " G V " @Q@ " E = " E ;9 E u<'G N "H BP@ ! 9 D @ O DLN ! N 9iGLO@ E <'B0G@RO ]
)+= P + ; 1 ) ; 9%43 % 7 @ 3 7 ==+>;69%(+
w'BPGqT " @<'KÔ ! 9 H".M @ ! <A@ " G M lOYUOQ@ " N <'=?<AVLB0KPBP@lY
N <'G ! <g[ " OQB0SiGLB % N <AGf@ " " N @RO9'G @ !#" G " @ H 9 E 7 VL<'G M#H B M @ ! " OQ@\2B u<A@RBP9iG <'K0Si9 E BP@ ! vO ] D G# H
* !L" YO ! 9 H"kM @ ! <A@ E " O\9iK D @RBP9iG9';@ !L" @RB " E T@ !L" @R2B " @\9= " E ;9 E <tOQYUOQ@ " N <AK0K T7@ !L"

-

B0G@ " E\E\D =#@ ML" K0<aY<'G M @ !#" OYUOQ@ " VL<'G M#H B M @ ! <'KPK N <AG < " N @G " @ H 9 E 7 V?<'G M#H B M @ !v" O@RB
<A@\B09iG ]6* !L" Y N 9v=?< E ".M =?< N 7'" @{=L<'B E M B0OQ= " E O\BP9iG<'S<AB0GLO@=?< N 7A" @{@ E <'B0G V?<'O "kM <'K0Si9 E BP@ !
<'G M N 9iG N K D ML".M @ ! <A@ =?< N 7A" @{@ E <'B0GmVL<'O "kM <AK0Si9 E BP@ ! uO< E " K " OQO O " GLO\B,@RBP[ " @R9@ !L" E " O\9iK D @RBP9iG

9';@ !L" OQYUOQ@ " @RB2 " E <'G M K " OQO< " N @ "kM VfY B0G@ " E\EQD =#@ ML" K0<gYUO ] * ! B0OB2v=LK0B " O7@ ! <(@ ! BPS !
OQYUOQ@ " K09< Mm! <'O{G " Si<A@RB,[ "`" " N @RO9iGV?<'G M#H B M @ !" O@RB <A@\B09iG1<'K0Si9 E BP@ ! vO ]
" E <'GW@ !#"" = " E B " G@RO9'; GLKPB0G " ['<AK D <A@\B09iG " @79iG7Kj<'G " @ | <'V^T H{! B N ! B0O
@lYU=LB N <'KPKPY

!L" <a[fYK09< M#".Mq] O\BPGLS M <A@2<v<a['<AB0Kj<AVLK " ; E 9J@ !L" e9 "." = E 9 " N @ H" V>OQBP@ " - T H" ;9 D G M DH
@ ! <A@+ e K09< M <a[ " E <'S " O H" E " [ " E Y ! B0S ! 9iG`@ !L" u< N ! B0G " O H" D O "kMq] @?o9';U@ !L" < N ! B0G " O

! < M GLB KP9< M <a[ " E <'S " Os@ ! <A@ 1" N "."kML".M ] ] {" N <AK0K
@ ! <A@`BP> G " N @RB09'!F
G ] H" N 9v=?< E ".M
D G# H
9 DLE " <'O DLE ".M e H BP@ ! @ ! <A@uO ! 9 H GzVY ^! <'GLSLT " @ <'K - T<'G M ;9 D G M @ ! <A@ * + e
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @9i G 7Kj<'G " @ | <'V BPO v9 E "M YUG?< vB N @ ! <'G ^! <'G#S;9 D G Mq6] * ! B0OO D SiS " OQ@\O@ ! <A@79 DLE
= E "kM B N @RB09'G H 9 D K M = E 9'V?<'VLK,Y M 9V " @Q@ " E BPGZ < u9 E " @lYU=LB N <'K T^K0B0S ! @\KPYK09i< ML".MZ" Gf[UB E 9i5G " G@.T
<'G M @ ! <A@ D <'K
<A@ROB0O E 9iV D OQ@B0Gy@ !L" ;8< N " 9'; ! B0S ! K09< M N 9'G M BP@\B09iG#O ] %" O\= " N.D Kj<A@ " @ ! <A@@ !L"
E 9iV D OQ@RG " O\O9'; D <AK <(@ROBPO E " Kj<A@ ".M @R9s@ !L " * + e V " G N ! < E 7 B0GLS<'=L= E 9< N ! V " BPGLS D O ".M H"
< E " " <'O DLE BPGLS1@ !#" <A=L=LK0B N <A@\B09iG @R9 <'=L=#K0B N <A@RB,9iG1@ E <'GLO; " E @RB " T<'G M @ ! D O9 DLE = E "kM B N @RBP9iG
D OQ@G " N " O\OR< E B0K,YmB0G N 9 E =9 E <A@ " @ !L"`" G M lOYCO@ " V ".! <g[UBP9 E <'O H" K0K ]

* 9sS " @<O " GLO " 9';?@ !L" + e K09i< M <a[ " E <'S " 9iG@ !L" K0<'G " @ | <'V GL9 ML" OkT H" @R9U9 7 @ !L" + e
DH
K09< M <a[ " E <AS " O@2<A@\B0O@RB N O M <A@R<m; E 9 @ !L" e9 "." = E .9 " N @ H" V%OQBP@ " - <'G M O D u< E B "kM
@ !L"M <A@R<1B0G 4 BPS DLE " ] ?m<'O`<+ e 4] * !L"M <A@R<mB0Os<mO\GL<'=LO ! 9'@`;9 E H{!L" G9 DLE " [A<'K D <(@RB09'G
" = " E B " Gf@\O GLK0BPG " [A<'K D <A@RBP9i< G " @
H" E " EQD GLGLBPGLS ] * !L" + e 4 O ! 9 H Od@ !L" K09< M <g[ " E <'S "
# 9'; G#9 ML" O ] %" N <'GO "." @ ! <A@ u9 E " @ ! <AG
? 9';@ !L" GL9 ML" O ! < M < KP9< M <a[ " E <'S " <'V59g[ "
iT<'V9 D @ @? 9';@ !L" GL9 ML" O ! < M K09i< M <g[ " E <'S " <'V9g[ " CT
<'G M <'V59 D < @ @? 9';@ !L" GL9 M#" O
! < M K09< M <a[ " E <AS " <AV9g[ " ]
) ; 1); 9 7 3 + = - ;0/ % 7 1 3 5 * !L" 9g[ " E !L" < M 9'; D <'2K <A@\ O <'BPGLKPY N 9 " O1; E 9
@ !L">M D <'K
< N 7'" @ROO " G@ ] Gz9 DLE1NkDLE\E " G@2B v=LK " " G@2<A@\B09iGqT H" D O " @ !#"tML" ;8< D KP@ _ #
= E 9iV " O " G@d<A@7@ !L" E <A@ " N 9iG@ E 9iK0K ".M VY9 DLE M YUG?< vB N OR< v=LK0BPGLS E <A@ " < M D OQ@ " G@d<'K0Si9 E BP@ !

- !
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
P[load<X]
P[load<X]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 340.1
36

CPU load average
4 BPS DLE " de+ 4

]? 9';7e+ K09< M <g[ " E <'S " 9iG<O D VLO " @9'; 7
Kj<AG " @ | <AVG#9 ML" O ]
#
E " O D KP@\B0GLS B0G<'G%9 [ " E !L" < M 9iG%@ !L" G " @ H 9 E 7 9'; _ & " <AG G@ " E [A<'K ]) G< ! B0S ! KPY
M YUG?<vB N @ " OQ@\V "kM KPB 7A" 7Kj<'G " @ | <'VqT N KP9iO " @\9(- ? 9';`@ !L" " <'GzBPGf@ " E ['<AK0Om< N ! B " [ ".M VY
#
D <'K
<A@RO< E " K09'GLS " E @ ! <'G sO " N 9'G M O _ " N ' ] _ " N T N KP9iO " @\9 ? ?< E "
&# # ># FF
K09iGLS " E @ ! <'G O " N 9iG M O+ _ " N ] _ " N T(<'G M <'V59 D @$
?o< E " K09iG#S " E @ ! <'G
-O " N 9iG M A # !
O _ - " N ] _ " N ] * !L" B0G@ " E [A<'K B0OV59 D G M#".M VYv9 DLE = E 9'@R9 N 9'KL@R9
K02B vBP@d@ !#" u< 2B D 9g[ " E !#" < M 9iG@ !L" G " @ H 9 E 75]

O D <'2K <A@\OBPO ML" O\B0S'G ".M u<'B0GLK,Y1;9 E @R9 M <aYbcO ! BPS ! OQ= "k".M G " @ H 9 E 7 OkT H" V " KPB " [ " @ !L"
9 [ " E !L" < M 9'; D <'K

<A@ROuB0O E " <'OQ9iG?<'VLK,YxO u<'K0K ] 4 9 E K " OQO M YUG?<vB N =?<A@ ! O.T @ !L" 9 [ " E !L" < M
9' ; D <'2K <A@\O H BPK0KV " ; DLE @ !L" EE "kM DLN ".M V " N < D O " @ !L"WM YUG??< uB N O\<u=#K0B0G#S E <A@ " < M D O@ " G@
<'K0Si9 E BP@ ! H BPK0K < D @R9 u<A@RB N <'KPKPYuB0G NkE " <'O " @ !L" OR< v=LKPB0GLSvB0G@ " E [A<'K +
] G N 9'Gf@ E <'O@aT:U@ E < D OQO.T " @
D :# H<'K ? E " =9 E @ "kM @ ! <A@ <A@ ! K09i< M S " G " E <A@ " OV " @ H"." . G ] <AG M / x9';q= E 9iV " @ E <A N = " E
" <'O DLE " " G@aT H{! B N ! BPB O D#N ! Kj< E S " E @ ! <AG1@ ! <A@9'; D <'2K <A@\O ] * !#" < v9 D G@9'; M <A@2<WO " G@
Vf Y D <'K
<A@RO BPO N 9 v=?< E <'VLK " 9 E O u<'K0K " E @ ! <'G N.D#E\E " G@<a[A<'B0K0<'VLK " V?<'G M#H B M @ !:" OQ@\2B u<A@R9 E O ]

-:#

%"1! g< [ " N ! < E < N @ " E B "kM @ !L" V ".! <g[UBP9 E 9'; * e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @BPG%@ !L"uH B ML" < E " < " G[UB E 9'G
" Gf@.T
= E 9g[UB M BPGLS< MLM B,@RB09'G?<'K "1 =LKj<'GL<A@RBP9iGLO;9 E @ !#" N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGt9';@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @W<AG MI 9 H
O\B " <AG M1ML" u9iG#OQ@ E <A@RBPGLS ! 9 H @ ! BPO N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G N < D O " O " E\E 9'G " 9 D O= E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO@R9yV " < ML"
H{!L" G D OQB0GLSuO\Bu=LK " * e+nV " G N ! u< E 7 BPGLSu@\9 N ! < E < N @ " E B " < =?<A@ !q] G E " O\=59iGLO " T H" = E 9
=9iO ".M <'G MX" [A<'K D <A@ "kM < G "kH V " G N ! u< E 7 BPGLSt<'=L= E 9< N ! T M D <'K2< N 7A" @.T; E 9 H{! B N !&* e+
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @s;9 E M B " E " Gf@ I 9 H O\B " O N <'GZV "ML" E BP[ ".Mq] %" ML" O NkE B0V ".M <'G Mt" [A<'K D <(@ ".M @ !L"
= " E ;9 E <'G N " 9'; <G "H * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ v9iGLB,@R9 E B0GLS1<'G M = E "kM B N @RB09'G; E < "H 9 E 7 T6 D
<'K
<A@ROkT{<'G M 2B v=LK " " G@ "kM @ ! B0O <'=L= E 9< N !q] ">! <a[ " E " N " G@RK,Y "1 @ " G ML".M 9 DLE H 9 E 7 @R9
O D =L=59 E @@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E ".M B N @\B09iG1;9 E =?< E <AK0K " K * + D H
e 9 ]
| B 7'" <'K0KV " G N ! < E 7 B0GLS lV?<'O ".M OQYUOQ@ " vO.T 9 DLE <'=#= E 9< N !! <'OvO N <'Kj<AVLB0KPBP@lY K0B2vBP@\O ]C "
! <a[ " < MLM E " O\O ".M @ ! B0O @\9 OQ9 "1" @ " G@ H B,@ ! 9 DLE M YUG??< uB N O\< v=LK " E <A@ " < M D OQ@ " G@ <'K
Si9 E B,@ ! ] 9 H" [ " E T H" < E " <'K0OQ9 N 9iG#O\B M#" E BPGLS N 9 VLBPGLB0GLS 9 DLE @ " N ! G#B @ D " O H B,@ ! =?<'OQO\B,[ "
D H
u9iG#BP@R9 E B0G#Su<AOB0G E " G - Tq<'G Mt! B " E < EQN ! B N <'K ML" N 9 u=59iOQBP@RBP9iG><AOB0G " u9iO DF H <'G M
D H
1eKPB @ D " - ] DLE " [A<'K D <A@\B09iGv9' ; D <'2K <A@\O H <'OB0G1< N 9iGLO " E ['<(@RBP[ " T !L" <a[UB0K,YuKP9< ML"kM
" G[UB E 9'5G " G@aT5V D @B,@RO= " E ;9 E <AG N " <'G M E 9iV D O@RG " O\OBPG:@ !L" G 1" @S " G " E <A@RBP9iG ! BPS ! OQ= "k".M
Gf@ " E G " @< E " Y " @@R9V "1" =LK09 E ".Mq]
D <'K
<A@RO N <'G:V " D O ".M VY +3 1O " E [ " E O@R 9 v9iGLBP@\9 E @ !L" * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @V " @ H"." G
@ !L" O " E [ " E O ]

* ! 0B O N ! <'=#@ " E ML" O N.E B0V " Os9 LD E @ " N ! GLB @ D " PB G u9 ML" K0B0G#S <'G M = E "kM B N @RB0G#S @ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @s9';
=?< E <AK0K " K * e+ I 9 H O<'G M @ !#" B E B0G I D " G N " i9 Gu@ !L" V?< N 7 S E 9 D G M @ E <A N ]
< E <'KPK " K * e+ I 9 H O
N <'GV " D O ".M @R9:@ D G " @ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ V " @ H"." G@ !L"
3 O " E [ " E O H ,B @ ! 9 D @ M BPOQ@ EQD VLBPGLS
9'@ !L" E M <A@2<@ E <A N ]

s<A@2<vB0G@ " GLO\B,[ " N 9 u= D @RBPGLS <A=L=LK0B N <A@\B09iG#O E "@ D B E "W" N B " G@ <AG?<'S " " Gf@<'G M @ E <AGLOQ; " E 9';
@ " E <'VYf@ " Om9A; M <A@R<%9g[ " E H B ML" < E " <%G " @ H 9 E 7 O ] 4 9 E "1 <u=#K " T@ !L">| < E S " < M E 9iGne9iK

K0B M#" E |$ e <A@@ !L" D#E 9i= " <'GZ= ! YUO\B N O N " G@ " E e BPOs= E "kM B N @ "kM @\9S " G " E <A@ " O " [ " E <'K
= " @2<'VYf@ " O 9'; E < H <'G MmML" E B,[ ".MmM <A@2<W= " E Y " < E ;9 E <'=#= E 9 B2u<A@ " KPY. `Y " < E O OQ@R< E @\B0GLS; E 9

] s<A@2<S E B M O<'B @R9= E 9g[CB ML" @ !L"" O\O " G@RBj<AK#B0GC; E <'O@ E\D#N @ D#E " <'G M O " E [UB N " O;9 E @ !L" O "
<'=L=LKPB N <(@RB09'GLO.T
<'G M < E " KPBj<'V#K " T ! BPS ! lOQ= "k".MXM <A@2<:@ E <'G#OQ; " E O " E [UB N " B0OW<:; D G M <? " Gf@R<'K<'G M
N.E B,@RB N <'K N 9 v=9'G " G@ ]
-

% !"" # %$
struct ParallelTCPChar {
int num_flows ;
double max_nondisruptive_thru ;
double cross_traffic_impact ;
};
ParallelTCPChar *
TameParallelTCP(Address dest,
double maximpact );
4'&)(+*,.-0/21 *435- *
6 - 76 ,86:9)9;-%9*=< ?>@*A5BDC8&)E+AF1
G -%BD-%AHCI,.-DJ.-%6:,.BK3L3M67JN- E+AJOC8,.67C8-DNPC83M6QCC835-R6:BDC.*M6:9*=< C.3,.E:*(+3S*TCI6:BK3&)-DU+-DNLVHW

6:SS9)&;BX6QC8&;E:AJ&;JDYHSZ-D,.J[&;J[C.-%AHC89\W+Y]J.&)(+A& % BX6:AHC.9)WJ 679;9;-D,
C.3M6:A^C83-S3HW2J.&)BX6:9_VM6:A5N5`&;N5C.3ba[6U76:&)9
6:V9;-Dcd67B%B%E:,.N&)A(eC.EeC.3-f-%AN C8E -%ANgJ[C.,.*BhC8*,.6:9i67ANg9)EH6:NBK3M6:,.6:BDC.-%,.&)J[C.&;B%JjE:>kC83-fA-DC

`#E+, 7 1 -%,[-:Y`l-mN- % A-n?o
prq@s2t8uQv:wQsx!vTq#6:JiC835-y,86QC8&;EE:>- -%BhC8&\U+-mNM6QCK6PEU+-D,&)C.J

C8,867AJ[>@-D,C.& -:Y56:9;J[EzB%6:9;9)-%Njw2uu%{hx!v2q X|- 1
6:,8679;9;-D9 *=< ~} E`J3M6XU+-V!-%-DAP`&;N5-%9)Wm*J.-DNC8Ey&)AB%,[-X6:J[-0C.3,.E:*(+3S*TCX1 4ME+,- 56 S9;-7Y

3I,[&;N 46* YS6:,[CkE:>4C835
- 39;E+V*5JkS,[E -%BhC
Y'J[*SS!E+,[C.JSM6:,.6:9;9)-%9NM67C86jC.,86:AJO>@-%,i6:AN
3M6:JVZ-D-%A`&;N-D9)Wy*J.-DNP&;ABDE S5*5CK67C.&;E+A6:9(+,[&;NJ 1

7:-hWIBK3M6:9)9;-%A5(+-&;AI*J.&)A(=SM6:,8679;9;-D 9 *=< &;JN5-DC8-D, &;A&)A(4C83-A]* V!-%,E:> } E`J
C.E=*5J.->@E+,
6kSM6:,OC8&)B%*9;6:,C8,867AJ[>@-D,%1 *43&)J#A]* V!-%,#6 -DBDC.JVZE7C83C.3-C.3,.E:*(+3S*TC#C8367C#C.3-C.,86:AJO>@-%,?`&;9;9
6:BK3&;-hU+-6:ANzC83-=& SM6:BhCC83M6QC#&\C`&;9;953M6XU+-=E+AyE:C.3-%,C.,867zB=J.3M6:,[&;A(I9)&;5A 7]J`&)C.3zC.3-%J[-NM6QCK6
} E`J%61 ~3&)9;-C835-%,.-l3M6:JVZ-D-%AJ[&;(+A5& % B%6:AHC'S,[-DU2&;E:*J
`lE+, 7IE+A0C83-?*AN5-%,.JOCK6:A5N&;A(E:>MSM6:,.6:9;9)-%9
*=< S!-%,[>@E:, 6:AB%-7Y5AEiS,86:BhC8&)BX6:9!SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 *=< C.3,.E+*5(+3S*5CS,.-DN&;BhC8&;E:AC8-DBK3A& @2*5-%J- T&;JOC
6:ANC835-%,.-^&)JAEj6:AM679)W2J.&)J`lE+, 7E:,J[W2J[C.- C.3M67CB%6:AJ.*S5SZE+,OCC83-k>@E+9;9)E`&)A (

B%6:9;9'6:J
J.3EÀP&)0 A 4'&;(+*5,.-/21 1
=-%,[-:YC835-*J.-D,=B%6:9;9)Jl5QM+5+TT2+TQTHh^`&)C83C.3-N-%JOC8&)AM67C8&)E+AmE:>
3-D,C8,867AJ[>@-D,6:AN
C83- 6 T& * S!-%,[B%-%AHC86:(+-& SM67BDCzJ.3-&;J^`&;9)9;&;A5(C.E3M6XU:-E+AdBD,.E+J[JyC8,.67zB:1 *43-B%6:9;9
-DU76:9;*67C8-DJ?C.3-S67C836:AN,.-DC.*,.A5JlC835-A]* V!-%,?E:>SM6:,8679;9;-D9 } E`J#J[3-=J.3E+*59;Ny*5J.-C.Ei67BK3&;-hU+-
C83- 6 5& * S!E+J[J.&;V59;-4C83,[E+*(+35S*5CXY]`3&)9;-BX6:*5J.&;A5(iAE E:,.-& SM6:BhC?C.3M6:AzC83-=J.S!-%BD& % -DNF1

!"" # %$5
-I,.-h>@-%,4C8ERC.3&;J6:J4C.3- Rv u

!{ ht vx!q q@s2t8uQv:wQsx!vTqnQ1

*435-0>@E+9)9;E`&;A5(J.-DBDC8&)E+AJ6:NN,[-%J[J=C.3-k& 5S 9;- %- AHC867C8&)E+AyE:>'J.*BK3P6^>@*5ABDC.&;E+AF1 ~

&\C83C83&)J
&;A &)ANFY2`#-09;E2E7^>@E+,6:AJO`#-D,.JC.ERC83->@E+9)9;E`&;A( @25* -%J[C.&;E+A5J
E` NE2-%J"SM67,86:9)9;-%9?*=< 6 -DBDC"C835-?C.3,.E+*5(+3S*5CE:>2C835-l*J[-%, JC8,867AJ[>@-D,%YC83-C835,.E+*(:3
S*5C=E:>
B%,[E+J.J4C8,.67zB:Y_6:A5NjC.3-06:(+(+,[-%(H67C.-C83,[E+*(+35S*5CXYM&)AN& -%,[-%AHCJ.BD-%AM6:,[&;E+J
E` XB 6:AC.3-%J[-C83,[E+*(+35S*5C8JVZ-S5,.-%N5&;BDC.-%NFYE+A9;&)A-67ANP`&)C.36yJ 6:9)9J[-DCIE:> -X6
J.*,[- %- AHC8JDY!6:J4>@*ABDC.&;E+A5J4E:>
C.3-IA]* V!-%,E:>
SM6:,8679;9;-D9:*=< d} E`J
E`B%6:ARC83-DJ.-=S,.-DN&;BhC8&)E+AJV!-4*J.-DNC8EI& S9)- %- AHC'C.3-457M:5+5T]+T7T+hk>@*AB
C8&)E+A
*EC83-#VZ-DJ[CE:>!E+*,672A5E`9)-%N(:-:Y+`l-6:,.-C.3- % [, J[CC8ES5,.E+S!E+J.-6S,86:BhC8&)BX6:9 -DBK3M6:A&)J C8E

S,.-DN&;BhCC83-4C835,.E+*(:3S*5CE:>ZSM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 *=< } E`J#67ANRC8E06:AJO`#-D,?5QM+5+TT2+TQTHh 9)&27:-
@2*5-%J[C.&;E+A5JVHW-DJ[C8& 6QC8&;A5(iC83-I& SM67BDCE+AC835-0BD,.E+J[J=C.,867zB71
*435,.E+*(:3E+*5C^C835&;J^BK3M6:S5C.-%,DYl`l-j*5J.-da[SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9;&)J 9;-hU+-D9;c&;AHC8-D,.BK3M67A(+-X67V9)W `&)C83raOC.3-
A2* VZ-D,
E7>5SM67,86:9)9;-%9*=< P} E`J.c1$
U:-%,[J.&;E:AiE:>5E+*,57M:5+5T]+T7T+h& S9)- -%AHCK67C.&;E+A
&;J6XU76:&;9;6:V9;-=>@,.E
3]C[C8S S59 6:VF1 B%JD1 A5E+,[C.3]`l-%JOC8-D,.AF1 -%N* <#9 6:&),[U:EW+6:ABD- *
6 -:1 3]C 9
!

*43-y6XU76:&)9 :6 V9)-iVM67AN5`&;NTC83fE:>6SM6QC83f&;JN- % A-%N6:JaOC835- 6 T& * ,.67C8-C.3M67CIC83-^SM6QC83
BX6:AS5,.EU2&;N-PC.E 6 } EÌY4`&\C83E+*TCm,.-DN*BD&;A(C.3-,.67C8-E:>C83-,.-DJ[CE:>C.3-C.,867zB71 c 9 /2Y

1
=U:67&;9 67V9;-V6:AN5`&)N5C83 3M6:J0VZ-D-%Ab6jB%-DA]C.,86:9C.E+S&;BÊ:>#,.-DJ.-X67,.BK3 &;AfSM6:B 77-DCiA-DC `lE+, 7]J
EU:-%,RC835-yW+-%6:,.JDC 1 *
E -X67J.*,[-&)C^6:BDB%*,.67C8-D9)W:E
Y @]*&)B 7]9)W+Y?6:A5N AE+A &;AHC8,[*J.&\U+-%9\W+Y,.-DJ.-%6:,.BK3-D,.J
3M6XU+-^N-DU:-%9)E+SZ-DNf6yU:67,.&;-hC WPE7>#679;(+E+,[&)C.3 J6:ANJOWTJOC8- JD1 *ETE+9)JC.3M67C -X6:J[*,.--D&)C.3-%,C.3-

!"" # %$

VZE:C[C89)-%A-DB 79)&;A57BX67SM6:B%&\C WPE:,C835-R6XU:67&;9 67V9;-IVM6:A5N5`&;N5C.3L&;ABD9;*N5- 3 9 / YFG=- E+J %$5 Y

-DC[C8& -D, -7$ 6:ANzSM67C.39;EH67N 9 Y26 E+A(IE:C.3-%,[J%1 / E:J[C?E:>C.3-%J[-=C.ETE:9;J*J[-SM67B 7:-DC#SM6:&),
E+,iSM67B 7:-DCRC.,86:&)A C.-%BK3A&@]*-%JC.EB%E+A5N*BDCRC.3- -X67J.*,[- -%AHC8J^6:A5NC W2S&;B%6:9;9\WLCK677-6P9;E:A(
C8& -C.EzBDE+AHU+-D,.(+-71

,[-DU2&;E+*5J=,[-%J[-X6:,[BK3 9 -:$ 3M6:J4J[3EÀC8367CXYT&;A E+J[CB%6:J.-DJ%YC835-C83,[E+*(+3S5*5C4C83M6QC *=<
6:BK3&;-hU+-DJ&)JRB%E+AJ[&;N-D,86:V59)Wb9)E`#-D,^C.3M6:A C835-6XU76:&)9 6:V9)-yVM67AN5`&;NTC83F1 6:,86:9)9;-DB 9 *=< &;JRE:A-

,.-%J[SZE:AJ.-fC8E C83&)JjE:VJ.-D,[U767C8&)E+AF1 &)U76 7]* 6:,-DCP6:9 1 S,.-DJ.-DA]C E ETB 77-DC.J%Yk6e9)&;V,.6:,[W
C83M67CzJOC8,.&)SZ-DJ^NM67CK6LEU+-D,J[-DU:-%,8679J[ETB 77-DC8Jy6:AN -DU76:9)*M67C.-j&\C8JRS!-%,O>@E+, 6:ABD-C.3,.E:*(+3 `&;N-
6:,.-%6- TS!-%,[& -%AHCK67C.&;E+A+
1 *43-67*5C83E:,.JBDE+ABD9;*N-DNC.3M67C=C83&)J6:S5S,.EH67BK3BX6:A-%A36:AB%- *=<
C83,[E+*(+3S5*5C6:ANY+&;ABD-%,OCK6:&)AJ.&\C8*M67C.&;E+A5J%Y:V!- E+,.-l- -%BhC8&)U:-#C836:AC8*A5&;A(C.3+ - *=< `&;ANE`
J.& D-:
1
9)9;BDETB 7z-DC=6:9 1 -hU76:9;*M6QC8-C835-SZ-D,[>@E+, 6:A5B%-E:>
SM6:,.6:9;9)-%:9 3I,[&;N 46* NM67C86C8,867AJ[>@-D,.J
E+ARC83-4`&;N5- 67,.-X6TYH6:AN6:SS9)&;-D< N 3I,[&;N 46* C8EC.3-4NM67C86 6:AM67(+- -%AHC6:A5N^C.,86:A5J[>@-%,J[-%,[U2&)B%-
&;A 3I,[&;N-DA]U2&),.E+A -%AHC.J%1
<#E:AJ.&)N-%,.6:V9;-- E+,[Ci3M6:JkVZ-D-%A J.S!-%AHCRE:Ab*AN-D,.JOCK6:AN5&;A(PC.3-m67(+(+,.-D(H67C.-yV!-%3M6XU2&;E+,0E:>

SM6:,8679;9;-D9 *=< } E`JÊ+Ab`&;N-m6:,.-%6A-DC `lE+, 7]JD1 3-D5A 7:-D,-hC^6:9 `l-%,.- % ,[J[CRC.ELSZE+&)AHC
E+*5CRC8367Cz6LJ 6:9;9lA2* VZ-D,Ê:> *=< B%E+AA5-%BDC.&;E+A5J^`&\C83 C835-J86 -6G * * 67AN VZE:C[C89)-%A-DB 7

BX6:Am(:-DC#C.3-%&),lBDE+A(+-DJ[C.&;E+Ay`&)ANE`~J[W2ABK35,.E+A& %-DNF1 &)*y-hC46:9 1 9|- JOC8*N5&;-%NC83-67(+(+,.-D(H67C.-
*=< C83,[E+*(+3S5*5CXY?(+E2ETNS5*5C^6:ANe9;E:J.JRS,[E+VM6:V&)9;&\C WE+Ae6LV!E:C.C.9;-%A5-%B 7b9)&;5 A 7U2& 6L- 2C8-DAJ.&\U+-
AJ VM6:J[-%NJ.& *9 6QC8&;E:AJ%1 *43-DWy>@E+*ANmC.3M67C469;6:,.(:-A]* V!-%,E7> *=< e} E`J`&)C.3mC83-J86 -
,.E+*A5N C8,[&;SfC8& - $G * * 0BX67Ab6:9)J.EjVZ-DB%E -yJOWTA5BK3,.E+A5& %-DN E+A C.3-zVZE:C[C89)-%A-DB 7f9)&;5A 7`3-%A
C83-6XU+-%,.6:(+-J.& D-E7>-X6:BK3 *=< BDE+A(+-DJ[C.&;E+A `&;AN5E` &)J^9 6:,[(+-%,RC836:A C.3,.-D-SM67B 7:-DC.J%1

N-DC86:&;9)-%N - TS9;6:AM67C.&;E+A >@E+,mC.3&;JJOW2ABK3,.E:A& %67C8&)E+A `6:Jj(+&\U+-%A~&)A 9|- 1 *-C8E (+9)E+VM6:9
J[W2ABK3,[E+A& %67C8&)E+AFY679;9C.3- } E`JJ[3M6:,[-C.3-,.-DJ.E+*,[B%-> 6:&;,[9)W &)A~C.3-J[C.-X6:N5W~JOCK67C.-LC83-hW
- TSZ-D,.&)-%ABD-0C.3-IJ86 -9;E+J[J,867C.-:YM6 G * * 6:ANC83]*JC83-IJ.6 -V6:AN5`&)N5C83F1
<#E:AJ.&)N-%,.6:V9;-- E+,[Ci3M6:JkVZ-D-%A J.S!-%AHCRE:Ab*AN-D,.JOCK6:AN5&;A(PC.3-m67(+(+,.-D(H67C.-yV!-%3M6XU2&;E+,0E:>

SM6:,8679;9;-D9 *=< } E`JÊ+Ab`&;N-m6:,.-%6A-DC `lE+, 7]JD1 3-D5A 7:-D,-hC^6:9 `l-%,.- % ,[J[CRC.ELSZE+&)AHC

!"" # %$-
E+*5CRC8367Cz6LJ 6:9;9lA2* VZ-D,Ê:> *=< B%E+AA5-%BDC.&;E+A5J^`&\C83 C835-J86 -G6* * 67AN VZE:C[C89)-%A-DB 7

BX6:Am(:-DC#C.3-%&),lBDE+A(+-DJ[C.&;E+Ay`&)ANE`~J[W2ABK35,.E+A&%-DNF1 &)*y-hC46:9 1 9|- JOC8*N5&;-%NC83-67(+(+,.-D(H67C.-
*=< C83,[E+*(+3S5*5CXY?(+E2ETNS5*5C^6:ANe9;E:J.JRS,[E+VM6:V&)9;&\C WE+Ae6LV!E:C.C.9;-%A5-%B 7b9)&;A57U2& 6L-2C8-DAJ.&\U+-
AJ VM6:J[-%NbJ[& *9;67C8&)E+AJD1 *43-y6:*5C.3E+,.J0>@E+*ANfC83M6QCi6j9 6:,[(+-Â]* V!-%,0E:> *=< } E`Jk`&\C83

C83-4J.6 -#,.E+*A5N^C.,.&)SC8& - 6G * * 'BX67A^6:9;J[EVZ-DB%E -J[W2ABK35,.E+A& %-DNyE+AC.3-4VZE7C.C89)-%A-DB 7i9)&;5A 7
`3-%AC.3-R6XU+-D,86:(+-iJ.& D-iE:>-X6:BK) 3 *=< B%E+A5(+-%JOC8&;E:AP`&;AN5E` &)J9;6:,.(+-D,=C.3M6:APC.3,.-D-SM6:B 77-DC.J%1
*43-k,[-X6:J[E+A>@E+,4C83-IJ[W2ABK35,.E+A& X67C.&;E+Aj&;J4C.3M67CXY_6QC=C.3-I-%ANE:>
-X6:BK3-%S!ETBK3FYMC.3-IVZE:C[C89)-%A-DB 7
V* -%,VZ-DB%E -%J>@*9)96:AN-X67BK3 } E` &)AB%*,[J=6^9)E+J.J&)AC.3-IJ86 -06G * *g`35-%AP&\C&;ABD,.- -DA]C.J

&)C8JB%E+A(:-%J[C.&;E+A`&;ANEÌ1 &;A5B%- E+J[C } E`JI3M6XU+- E+,.-0C83M6:ALC.3,.-D-E+*5C.J[CK67AN&;A5(SM6:B 7:-hC8J
VZ-h>@E+,.-C.3-9;E+J[J%Y5C.3-DWmBX6:A,.-DB%EU+-D,=>@,[E C83-9)E+J.J4VHWm> 6:JOC,.-hC8,867AJ &;J[J.&;E:A6:AN,.-DN*BD-0C.3-
`&;ANE` VHW03M6:9\>Y79)-X6:N&)A(C8E(+9)E+VM6:9HJOW2ABK3,.E:A& %67C8&)E+AF1 *5-?C.EC83-l(+9;E:VM6:9HJ[W2ABK35,.E+A& X67C.&;E+AY
6:9;9C835- } E`JJ.36:,.-0C83-,[-%J[E+*,.BD-i> 6:&),.9)W &)AC.3-J[C.-X6:NTWPJOCK67C.-kC835-DW- TSZ-D,.&)-%ABD-C83-kJ86 -
9;E+J[Jk,.67C8-7Y'6G * * 67AN C.32*5JkJ.6 -zVM6:A5N5`&;N5C.3F 1 *43-D&;, % AN&)A(+Jk6:,.-z3&;(:39)WPJ.&;(:A& % B%6:AHCI>@E+,
E+*,l`lE+, 7!Y6:JlC.3-DWJ.*S5SZE+,OCE+*5,6:J[J.* S5C8&)E+AyC.3M67CS6:,86:9)9;-D9 *=< } E`J4E+AC83-VZE:C[C89)-%A-DB 7
9;&;A 7J[3M6:,.-IC835-0J.6 -9;E+J[J4,867C.-:1

*435-`lE+, 7 E+J[Cl,.-D9;-DU76:AHC?C8EkE+*,.J?&;JC8367C#E7> 6:B 77-%,l-DC4679 9 +| 1 *435-6:*5C.3E+,[JlE+V5J.-%,OU+-
C83M67CSM6:,8679;9;-D 9 *=< &;A5B%,.-%6:J.-DJR6:(+(:,.-%(+67C8-yC.3,.E:*(+3S*TCRVHW,[-%B%EU:-%,.&)A(L> 6:J[C.-%,i>@,[E 6P9;E+J[J

-DU+-DAHC#`3-DAyC83-=A-hC `#E+, 7^&;JAE:ClB%E+A5(+-%JOC8-%N1 *43-6:*TC83E+,[J(+EkE:AC8E0S,[E+SZE:J.-6IC.3-%E+,[-DC.&;BX679
E2N-%9l>@E+,C83-j*SS!-%,^V!E+*ANeE:>SM6:,.6:9;9)-%B 9 *=< C.3,.E:*(+3S*TCz>@E:,67Ae*5AB%E+A5(+-%JOC8-%NdSM67C831
*43- ETN-D9ZS5,.E2N*B%-DJ46kC.&;(+3HCl*SS!-%,V!E+*ANyE+A9)Wz&\>C835-A-DC `lE+, 7y&;J?AE:C#B%E+A5(+-%JOC8-%NV!-D>@E+,[-
6:ANf67> C8-D,6:NN5&;A(mC.3-RSM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 *=< g} E`J C835-^6:(+(+,[-%(H67C.-%NC.3,.E+*5(+3S*5CC.3-%A&)AB%,[-X6:J[-%J

9;&;A5-X6:,[9)WP`&\C83C83-A]* V!-%,0E:>SM67,86:9)9;-%69 *=< } E`JD1<#9;-X67,.9)WPC83&)Jk,[-%N*BD-%J0C83-z*5C8&)9;&\C WE:>
C83- ETN-D96:JA-hC `#E+, 7]J6:,[-IE:> C8-DABDE+A(+-DJ[C8-DNF1
6:B 7:-D,-DC=6:96:9;J[EB%E+A5B%9;*5N-%NC8367CXYT&;AyC.3-I6:VJ[-%ABD-0E7>
BDE+A(+-DJ[C.&;E+AFY2C83-*5J.-E:>SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9
*=< } E`Jl&)J?- @]*&)U76:9)-%AHCC8E0*J.&)A(0609;6:,.(+- / 5 E+A6IJ.&;A5(+9;- } EÌY]`&)C.3zC.3-=6:NN-DNyV!-%A- % C
E:>,[-%N*BD&;A(eC83-fA-D(H67C8&\U+-f- -%BhC8JPE7>,867ANE SM67B 7:-DCP9;E+J[J%1 *43-DW 6:N5U2&;J[-67SS9;&)BX67C.&;E+A

!"" # %$+$
N -DU:-%9;E:SZ-D,.JAE:CC.E^*J.-I6:Aj6:,[V&)C.,86:,OWy9;6:,.(:-A]* V!-%,4E:>
SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 *=< e} E`JDY!V5*5C4B%E:AB%9)*N-
C83M67C&)Cl&;J#N5&)zB%*9\CXYT&)>AE7C4& SZE:J.J.&)V9;-7YHC8EN-hC8-D, &;A-C.3-S!E+&;AHC#E:>"B%E+A5(+-%JOC8&;E:A&;AyC.3--%A5N
C8E -%ANSM67C836S,[&;E+,[& Y_6:ANjC83-D,.-h>@E+,.-0C8EyN5-%B%&)N-iE:AC835-iS,[E+SZ-D,A]* VZ-D,E:>S6:,86:9)9;-D9 *=<
} E`J%1
/ E+J[6C *=< C.3,.E+*5(+3S*5C ETN-D9;J"3M6XU+-#9;& &)C.-%NS,.6:BDC.&;B%6:9]*5C8&)9;&)C WN*-?C8EC.3-?N&)zB%*59)C WIE:>
E+V5CK67&;A&)A(i67B%B%*5,867C.- E2N-D9!S6:,86 -DC.-%,[J#J.*5BK36:B J *=< 9;E+J[J#,.67C8-6:AN 1 4ME+,?- 56 S9;-7Y

3IEWH679-DCk6:9 9 B%E+A5B%9;*5N-%NC83M6QCI&)C&)J3M6:,[NfC.EjE:V5CK6:&)A6:B%BD*,86QC8-^-%JOC8& 67C.-%JE:>?A-hC `#E+, 7
9;E+J[J,867C.-%J467JE+VJ[-%,[U:-%NjVHW *=< e} E`J4*5J.&;A5(RS,.E+V5&;A( -DC.3E2NJ%Y56:ANmC8367C4S!E+9;9)&;A( /
/ #JiE:AC83-,.E+*TC8-%,[JiB%6:ANE *BK3bV!-DC[C8-%,D1 E`#-hU+-D,%YC835- / rJOCK67C.&;JOC8&;BDJi67,.->@E:,0C.3-
6:(+(+,[-%(H67C.-kC.,867zBBD,.E+J[J.&;A5(6m&;AHC8-D,[> 6:BD-E+AC835-,.E+*TC8-%,`3&;9)-i&)C&;J=`#-D9;9 7]AEÀC83M67A C *=<

3M6:J6=V& 6:J'6:(H6:&)AJ[C
9;E:A(,[E+*ANC.,.&;S0C8& -?B%E+A5A-%BhC8&;E:AJ 9|- C835-6:SS5,.EH6:BK3R&)J
C.32*5J9;& &\C8-%N
C8ERC83E:J.-ISM67C.3J4`3-%,[-IC.3-IVZE7C.C89)-%A-DB 7m,.E:*5C8-D,=&)J*J[&;A(z G 1 C&)J6:9;J[ERA-%BD-%J[J86:,OW&)AmC83&)J
6:ANyJ[& &;9;6:,6:SS5,.EH6:BK35-%JlC.EkN5-DC8-D, &;A-C835-V!E:C.C.9;-DA-%B 7R,[E+*5C8-D,lE:AC835--DAN C.E -DANyS67C83 6
N&)zB%*59)CS,[E+V9;- 46:A5N3M6XU:- / 6:B%BD-%J[JC8Ez&)C ,86:,[-%9)Wm6XU:67&;9 67V9;-C.ETN6W
1 U+-DA&)>C83&)J
&;JS!E+J.J[&;V9)-:Y+`&\C83^B%*,[,.-DA]C ETN5-%9;J>@E+,SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 *=< `l-`lE+*9)N^3M6XU+-4C8E 7]AE`dC.3-49;E+J[J,867C.-
q ht67NN&;A5(0&)A SM67,86:9)9;-%9 *=< b} E`J%1E`l-DU:-%,%YT-DU:-%Ay`&\C83^C83-4C8E2E+9)J9;2& 77-4`#-DV
Y
`#-0BX6:A5AE:CE+V5C86:&;AC.3&;J4,.67C8-IVHWJ.& S59)W -%6:J.*,[&;A(RC.3-IA-DC `lE+, 7_1
*,4`lE+, 7 6 77-%J4C835-I>@E:9;9;E`&)A(A-h` B%E+AHC.,.&;V5*5C8&)E+AJC8ERC.3-IJ[CK6QC8-IE:>C83-06:,OC
-S,.-DN&;BhClC.3,.E:*(+3S*TC#>@E+,
huQq@s0BDE+A(+-DJ[C.-%N6:A5Nm*ABDE+A(+-DJ[C8-DNSM67C.3J6:J#60>@*A5BDC8&)E+A
E:>C83-I9;-hU+-D9E:>'S6:,86:9)9;-D9;&;J 1
--%JOC8& 76 C.-zC.3-y& SM67BDCkE:>4SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =

* < E+AbBD,.E+J[JiC8,.67zBm6:Ji6>@*ABhC8&;E:AE:>4C.3-
9;-hU+-%9E7>'SM67,86:9)9;-%9)&;J 1
-INE^J[E*J[&;A(Ê+A59)W6^J 6:9)9A]* V!-%,E:>

S,.E:VZ-DJ67ANA5E67NN&)C.&;E+A6:9ZC.ETE+9)J%1
C &;J#`&)N-%9\WV!-%9)&;-hU+-%NmC.3M67C%Y5*AN5-%,4B%E:A(+-%JOC8-DNjJ[&)C.*M67C8&)E+AJDY5SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 *=< e} E`J67BK3&;-hU+-

VZ-hC.C8-D,iS!-%,O>@E+, 6:ABD-VHWf- -%BhC8&)U:-%9\W V!-%36U2&)A(*A5> 67&;,.9\W+Y"J[C.-X6:9)&;A(jVM6:A5N5`&;N5C.3>@,.E B%,.E:J.J

!"" # %$
N1 N5
L1 L4
L3
N3 N4
Bottleneck Link
L2 L5
N2 N6
4'&;(+*5,.-/T1 & *9;67C8&)E+A *E+SZE:9;E+(:W:1 <#,.E:J.JC8,.67zBf(:ET-DJm>@,.E A5ETN-

C.E Y=`3&;9)-

MS 6:,8679;9;-D9 *=< } E`Ji(+Ej>@,.E AE2N- C8E 1j<#,.E:J.JkC.,867zBy6:ANS6:,86:9)9;-D9 *=< JJ.3M67,.-
C83-J86 -V!E:C.C.9;-DA-%B 7^9;&)A57 1 6:BK3mJ[& *9;67C8&)E+A^9 6:JOC8J J.-%BDE+ANJl`&)C83y&;AN&\U2&;N*M679 *=<
B%,.E:J.J#C.,867zB } E`JJ[C86:,[C.&;A(k,86:AN5E 9\WRN*,[&;A(0C83- % ,.JOC | J.-%BDE+ANJDYM6:ANm6:9;9MSM67,86:9)9;-%9 *=< J
J[CK67,[C8&)A(^J.& *9)C86:A-DE+*J.9\Wm6QC4C8& - J[-%B:1
C8,86QB71 *43&)Jm3M6:JS,.E S5C.-%NJ[E -P,.-%J[-X6:,[BK3-%,[JmC8EbS5,.E+S!E+J.- E2N&)> W2&)A(!*=< &;AdE+,.N-D,

C8E 6 77-&)CV!-DC.C.-%,J.*5&)C8-DN>@E:,jS6:,86:9)9;-D9C8,.6:AJO>@-%,.JjVHW B%E:AJ.&)N-%,[&;A(eVZE7C83~-DzB%&)-%ABhWg6:AN

> 6:&;,[A-%J[J 9
Y 1 - V!-%9)&;-DU:- &\C`&;9;9VZ-fN&)zBD*9)CC8EeS!-%,.J[*M6:N- SZ-DE+S9)-C.E ETN5&)> W
C83-D&;, *=< & S59;- -%AHC867C8&)E+AJ *5J[CC8E *5J.-SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 *=< E:,.-> 6:&),.9)W:1 lW,[-%9)W2&)A( E+A
E+*,=S,.-DN&;BhC8&;E:AC8E2E+9)J%Y!6*J[-%,E:,6:N &)A&;JOC8,86QC8E+,4J[3E+*9)NVZ-k6:V9)-0C.EyC8,.6:N-0E 6zC8,.6:AJO>@-%, J
C83,[E+*(+3S5*5Ck6:AN&)C.JN-%(+,[-%-zE:>l& SM6:BDCE+A BD,.E+J[JC8,86QB7Y6:BK3&;-hU2&;A(`3M67CI`l-,[-D>@-D,IC.Ej6:J
C83- Rv
u !{ ht vx!q q s2t8uQv+wQsx!v2q yn QE 1
9)9C83-DJ.-L67,.-67Cm67SS9;&)BX67C.&;E+A 9)-DU+-D9
`&)C835E+*5C,.- @]*&;,[&;A( ETN& % BX6QC8&;E:AJlC.EzS5,.- - T&;JOC8&)A
( *=< & S9;- -DA]C867C8&)E+AJD1

AC.3&;J4J[-%BhC8&;E:AFY5`l-0*5J.-IJ.&*9 6QC8&;E:AyC8ER*A5N-%,[J[CK67ANC.3-VZ-D3M6XU2&;E+,4E:>
SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9=<d*AN5-%,
N&Z-%,[-%AHCJ.BD-%AM6:,[&;E+JD1ME+,6:9)9E+*,J[&*59 67C.&;E+A VM6:J[-%NdJOC8*N5&;-%J`l- y6"!7-L*J.-E:>0C835-fA5J$#

A-DC `lE+,%!J[&*59 67C.E+, '& 1

!"" # %$

A 6LJ[&*9;67C8&)E+AJOC8*NTW E+Ae6:(+(+,[-%(H6QC8- =< C.3,.E+*5(+3S*5CÊ:A 6LV!E:C.C.9;-DA-%B$! 9;&;A !!Y&;* -hC

6:9 1 !|#" N5-DU+-D9;E+S!-%N6J.&S59;-W+-hC,.-%6:9;&)J[C.&;BC8E:SZE+9)E+(:W E2N-%9>@E+,4`&)N- 6:,.-%6 AHC8-D,.A-hCB%E:A
A-%BhC8&;E:AJVM6:J[-%NE+AyC.3- AHC8-D,.A-hC3&;-D,86:,[BK3&;B%6:9,[E+*5C.&;A(kJ[C8,[*BDC.*,.-%$ '&;(:*,.-/T1 #'&h1( -6:NE:S5C
C83&)JkJ.6"-^C8E:SZE+9)E+(:W>@E:,kE+*5,kJ[&*9;67C8&)E+AJD1 6:BK3bJ.&*9;67C8&)E+A&;J *)#) J.-%BDE+ANJi9;E+A(5Y`&\C83
B%,.E:J.JC.,867zBi,.6:ANE"9\WJ[C86:,[C.&;A(N*,.&)A(C.3, - +,.J[C | J[-%B%E:ANJI6:ANSM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =< } E`J6:9;9
J[CK67,[C8&)A(67C -) J.-%BDE+ANJ0&;AHC.EmC83-RJ[&*9;67C8&)E+AF10<#,[E+J.JC.,867zBR(+E2-%J>@,[E
C8E & YF`3&;9)-

SM6:,8679;9;-D9 =< } E`J(+Em>@,.E" #C8E 1 43-RV!E:C[C89;-DA-%B$!9;&)A !&; J . " 1 ( -R- zS9;EW =<
G=-DAE | / >@E+,kV!E:C.3bB%,[E+J.JiC.,867zBy6:ANbSM67,86:9)9;-%9=< } E`J%Y67JkC835&;Ji&)JkC.3- zE+J[C0`&;N5-%9)W
N-%S9)EW+-%N =<LBDE+A(+-DJ[C8&)E+ABDE+AHC8,.E:956:9)(+E+,[&)C83 1 A6:NN&\C8&;E:AFY7BDE zSM6:,867V9;-,.-DJ.*9\C8J`#-D,.-E+V
CK6:&)A-%N*5J.&;A5( =<
6:3E2-:1 #E:C.0 3 /,.E:S '67&;9
6:ANG=6:ANE 6:,[9)1 W /-DC8-DBDC.&;E+2
A $ G 3/4& 65 #
7 *5-%*- 6:AM6:(:- z-%AHCS!E+9;&)B%&)-%J=6:,.-iJ[C8*5N&;-DN6:JC.3-DW6:,.-0C83- zE+JOCB%E" zE+A9\W*J.-DN 7 *5-%*-
y6:A6:(+- z-%AHCSZE:9;&;BD&;-DJE+AC83- A]C.-%,[A-DC%4 1 /,.E+S
6:&)9
67ANL G 8/ 36U:-J.&&)9 6:,4S!-%,O>@E+,%6:ABD-
&;A E:J[C=E+*,J.&*9;67C8&)E+AJ%1435-k:- 95BD-%S5C.&;E+A&;J&;< A ;TBD-%AM67,.&;E 1 =-D,.-:YM`3-DAPC835-%,.-06:,[- zE+,[-
C83M6:A -) B%,[E+J.JC.,867zB } E`JDYC83-B%,.E:J.J#C.,867zBNE"&)AM67C8-DJlC.3- 7 *-%*5-I6:ANJ[C86:,[U:-%JC.3-SM6:,
6:9;9)-%9 =< } E`J*5AN-%,=C83, - /,.E:S '67&;9S!E+9;&)BDW+ 1 >A59;-%J[JE:C.3-%,O`&;J[-kAE7C8-%NY!`l-iJ[3E` ,.-%J[*9)C.J
>@E+,C83? - /,[E+S
6:&;9ZSZE+9)&;BhW+1
( -*J.- =< } E`Jz6:J^BD,.E+J[J^C.,867zBV!-%B%6:*J.-E:> =< JzNE z&;A6:AB%-y&;AbC835-jBD*,.,[-%AHC
A]C.-%,[A-DC%Y_6:J,.-%S!E+,OC8-%N&)AmC83-C.3-`#E:,%!mVH@
W ;z&)C.3-DC=6:9 1 # )#" Y&)Am`3&;BK3 =< 6:BDB%E+*5A]C.-%N
>@E+, 5#) 5ACB E7>TC.3-SM6:B$!:-hC8J'6:ANk6:VZE:*5C 5#) 5#B E7>TC.3-V]W]C.-%J"C8,867AJ[>@-D,.,.-DNi&)AIC.,86:BD-%J"B%E:9;9;-DBDC.-%N
&;A *5#5#5 # )#)') >@,.E 6z-DN*B%67C8&)E+AM6:9F&)AJ[C.&)C.*5C8&)E+D A $E> < &46:AN6R,.-DJ.-X67,.BK39;6:F
V $ .HG G &h1
( -k6:AM6:9\W D-
6:,8679;9;-D9 =<C83,[E+*(+35S*5C=*AN-D,6RU76:,.&)-DC WE:>',.-DS,.-DJ.-%AHC867C8&\U+-J[B%-%A6:,.&)E+J
&;ABD9;*N&)A(6C W2S&;B%6:9#J[9;E` B%E+A5A-%BhC8&;E:AbJ.*BK3e6:JkBX6:V59;-yE:I , /4;A.J$;2B%-%A6:,.&)E & Y6PB%E+6:J[C C8E
B%EH6:JOC3&)(+3 J.S!-%-%N AHC8-%,[A-DCB%E+AA5-%BDC.&;E+K A $;TBD-%AM6:,[&;E ## &67ANR6BD*,.,[-%AH C $E;TB%-DAM6:,.&)E " &"6:ANiAL- 92C
(+-%A-D,867C.&;E+AL(:9;E+VM679 J[BX6:9)- A]C.-%,[A-DC0B%E:AA-%BhC8&)E+A%J $;2B%-%A6:,.&)E $ &h1 `#Ej6:N5N&)C.&;E+AM679
J[B%-%A6:,.&)E+J

!"" # %$ /

! "$#&%('*),+
- .
/1032
- 46537 '8 2 -/17 '8 2 -/17 '8 2 9 :;<=>;@?BADC "E"
. .
/1032 -/:/F7 '8 2 -/:/:/G7 '*8 2 -/:/:/17 '8 2 9 :;<=>;@?BADC " "
E
H 5
/1032 -/:/F7 '8 2 -/:/:/G7 '*8 2 -/:/:/17 '8 2 9 :;<=>;@?BADC " "
E
I 5
/1032 -/:/:/G7 '*8 2 -/:/:/:/17 '8 2 -/:/:/:/J7 '*8 2 9 :;<=>;@?BADC " "
E
5 5
/1032 -/:/:/G7 '*8 2 -/:/:/:/17 '8 2 -/:/:/:/J7 '*8 2 K
/3L
K .
/1032 -/:/F7 '8 2 -/:/:/G7 '*8 2 -/:/:/17 '8 2 K
/3L
' &;(+*5,.-/T1 "NM 67AN5`&;NTC83m67ANy9;67C8-DABDWRBDE+AA+M(:*,867C.&;E+A^>@E+,?N&Z-%,[-%AHC?J.BD-%AM6:,[&;E+JD143-9;67C8-DABDW

>@E+,O 67ANPO &)J +A9T-%N67C $ z&;9;9)&;J[-%B%E:ANJ%YH`3&)9;-C.3-9 6QC8-%A5BDWy>@E:,O 6:A5NPO ! &;J+A9T-%N67C &
&)9;9;&)J.-DB%E+AN5J%1 43-V* Z-%,#J.&D-E+Ay-X6:BK3AE2N-&;J3+A9T-%N67C # & SM6:B$!7-DC.J%1 #E:C.3K/,.E+S '6:&)9!6:AN
G 3/ 7 *5-%*- y67AM6:(+- -DA]CS!E+9)&;B%&)-%J467,.-J.&*9;67C8-DNF1
$;TBD-%AM6:,[&;E+J & 6:AN &6:,[-i*J[-%NLC8Em,[-%S,[-%J[-%AHCIBX6:J[-%J`3-D,.-iC.3- =<~V* Z-%,36:JAE:CVZ-D-%A

6:SS,[E+S,.&;67C8-D9)WC8*A-DN # / 1 '&)(+*,.-0/21 " J.* 6:,.&%-%JC.3-IN&Z-%,[-%AHC=J.&*9 6QC8&;E:AmJ.BD-%AM6:,[&;E+JD1
_E:,#-X67BK3J.B%-DAM6:,[&;EY2`#-J[&*59 67C.-=>@,[E C8E "A SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =< } E`J#`&\C83 & Y *) Y & Y # ) Y # &
6:AN "#) ,86:AN5E =<BD,.E+J[J=C.,867zB } E`J%1
RQ

TS UA NU
' &;(+*5,.-%J/T1 $ C8E /T1 5 S9)E:CC.3-67(+(+,.-D(H67C.-%NPC.3,.E+*5(+3S*5CE:>SM67,86:9)9;-%9 =<g6:J6^>@*ABhC8&;E:APE:>

C83-RA]* V!-%,E7> } E`JI*J[-%N>@E+,C.3-RN&Z-%,[-%AHCJ[B%-%A6:,.&)E+J%19)E:C8JI67,.-J[3EÀ V!E:C83`&\C83E:*5C
$ 9;-h> C(:,86:S3 &=6:A5NP`&)C.3 $ ,[&;(+3HC(+,867S3 &4B%,.E:J.JC.,867zB:1 APC.3-i9;67C.C.-%,BX6:J[-:Y`l-679;J.ES9;E7CC.3-
B%,.E:J.J4C8,.67zB J67ANjC.E:CK679ZC835,.E+*(:3S*5C%YM& 1 -:1C835-J.* E7>'V!E:C83C.3-ISM6:,8679;9;-D9 =< 67ANB%,.E:J.J
C8,86QBkC83,[E+*(+3S5*5C8JD4 1 ( -J[* 6:,[& %-0E+*,,.-%J[*9)C.J&;AC83&)JJ.-DBDC.&;E+AFF 1 Vj*BK3 E+,[-iN-hCK6:&)9
&)J

6U76:&)9 6:V59;-&)AE+*,C8-DBK3A&)BX6:9,[-%S!E+,[C !X$H| 1
;2B%-%A6:,.&)E &;J*J.-DNLC8Em,[-%S,[-%J.-DAHC06C W2S&;B%6:9'J[9;E` B%E+A5A-%BhC8&;E:AF3 1 W*,J[&*9;67C8&)E+AJJ.35E`
C83M67CyC83M67CyC83-LS,[&6:,[WeV!-%AL- +C>@,.E" SM67,86:9)9;-%9 =< BDE z-%Jm>@,.E" V!-%&)A( 6:V9)-C8E JOC8-%6:9
VM6:AN5`&)N5C83>@,.E" C835-0:- 9T&;J[C.&;A(^BD,.E+J[J=C.,867zB:1
;2B%-%A6:,.&)E #P,.-%S5,.-%J[-%AHC8Jz6BD*,.,[-%AHC^B%EH67J[C C8E B%EH67J[CBDE+AA-DBDC.&;E+A `&)C.3b9;E` 9 6QC8-%A5BDW6:AN
-DN&;* V6:AN5`&)N5C83F= 1 W*,?J.&*9;67C8&)E+AJJ.3E` C.3M67C#C.3-%,[-6:,[-J[E -=9;&&\C8-DNzV!-%A5- +C.J#>@,.E

!"" # %$H|
200000
250000 Parallel TCP
180000 Cross traffic
Overall throughput
Throughput (Bytes/second)
160000
200000
140000
120000
150000
100000
80000
100000
60000
40000
parallel TCP 50000
20000
0
0 10 20 30 0
EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
number of parallel TCP flows
$ 6 & $V & & B%,[E+J.JC8,.67zB

number of parallel TCP flow s
'&;(+*5,.-^/T1 $BM ;2&*9;67C8&)E+AP,[-%J[*9)C.JI>@E:,J.BD-%AM6:,[&;E ,M 9;67C8-DABDWPE:> O 0&;J# ) J V6:AN5`&)N5C83E:>

&
O =&;J 1 VVSJ =<V* Z-%,&;J4S5,.E+S!-%,[9)WmC.*A-%N1lG-D>@-D,4C8E'&;(:*,.-I/21 @> E+,4N-hCK6:&)9;J%1
"

12000000
12000000
10000000
Throughput (Bytes/seconds)
10000000
8000000
8000000
6000000 6000000
4000000
4000000
parallel TCP Parallel TCP

2000000
Overall throughput
0
0
0 10 20 30
0 10 20 30
$ 6 & EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
$ V & *)
B%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
'&;(+*5,.-^/T1 & M ;2&*9;67C8&)E+AP,[-%J[*9)C.JI>@E:,J.BD-%AM6:,[&;E # M 9;67C8-DABDWPE:> O 0&;J# ) J V6:AN5`&)N5C83E:>
O =&;J -)#) VVSJ =<V5* -D,&;J4S,[E+SZ-D,.9\WyC8*5A-%NF1lG-D>@-%,C.E
&;(+*,[-I/T1 " >@E+,4N-DC86:&;9)J%1

!"" # %$5
12000000
Parallel TCP
parallel 12000000 Parallel TCP
Oveall throughput
Throughput (Bytes/seconds)
(Bytes/second)
10000000
8000000
8000000
6000000
6000000
Throughput
4000000 4000000
2000000 2000000
0
0
0 10 20 30
0 10 10 20 20 30 3040
$ 6 & $ V & *) B%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB

num ber of
number of parallel TCPflow
parallel TCP flow
ss
'&;(+*5,.-^/T1 NM ;2&*9;67C8&)E+AP,[-%J[*9)C.JI>@E:,J.BD-%AM6:,[&;E "NM 9;67C8-DABDWPE:> O 0&;J '& ) J V6:AN5`&)N5C83E:>

O =&;J -)#) VVSJ =<V5* -D,&;J4S,[E+SZ-D,.9\WyC8*5A-%NF1lG-D>@-%,C.E
&;(+*,[-I/T1 " >@E+,4N-DC86:&;9)J%1

50000000
60000000
45000000
parallel TCP
40000000

35000000 Overall throughput

30000000 40000000
25000000
30000000
20000000
15000000 20000000
10000000
10000000
5000000 parallel TCP
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
$ 6 & EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
$ V & *)
B%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
'&;(+*5,.-^/T1 / M ;2&*9;67C8&)E+AP,[-%J[*9)C.JI>@E:,J.BD-%AM6:,[&;E B$ M 9;67C8-DABDWPE:> O 0&;J '& ) J V6:AN5`&)N5C83E:>
O =&;J -)#)#) VV S J =<V* Z-%,&;J4S,[E+S!-%,.9\WyC.*A-%N1lG-D>@-D,4C8E'&;(:*,.-0/T1 " >@E+,4N-hCK6:&)9;J%1

!"" # &')
18000000 25000000
parallel TCP
16000000
14000000
Overall throughput
12000000
15000000
10000000
8000000
10000000
6000000
4000000 5000000
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
$ 6 & $ V & *) B%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
'&;(+*5,.-^/T1 |NM ;2&*9;67C8&)E+AP,[-%J[*9)C.JI>@E:,J.BD-%AM6:,[&;E & M 9;67C8-DABDWPE:> O 0&;J '& ) J V6:AN5`&)N5C83E:>
O =&;J -)#)#) VVSJ =<V* Z-%,&;J4AE7CS,.E+S!-%,[9)WmC.*A-DNF1?G=-h>@-%,4C8E'&)(+*,.-/T1 " >@E+,4N-hCK6:&)9;JD1

12000000
14000000
10000000 Parallel TCP
Corss traffic
12000000 Overall throughput
8000000
10000000
6000000 8000000
4000000 6000000
4000000
2000000
parallel TCP
2000000
0
0 10 20 30 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
$ 6 & EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
$V &
& B%,[E+J.JC8,.67zB
'&;(+*5,.-^/T1 5NM ;2&*9;67C8&)E+AP,[-%J[*9)C.JI>@E:,J.BD-%AM6:,[&;E NM 9;67C8-DABDWPE:> O 0&;J# ) J V 6:AN5`&)N5C83E:>
O =&;J -)#) VVSJ =<V5* -D,&;J4AE:C=S,[E+S!-%,.9\WyC.*A-%N1lG-D>@-D,4C8E'&;(:*,.-0/T1 " @> E+,4N-hCK6:&)9;J%1

!"" # &
* J.&)A(LSM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =< `&)C.3E+*5CB%E zSZ-hC8&\C8&;E:A&;AbC.3&;JiJ.B%-DAM6:,[&;E1 A C83-S5,.-%J[-%ABD-E:>=B%,.E:J.J

C8,86QB7Y"3E`#-hU+-%,DY
S6:,86:9)9;-D9 =< &)JI6:A-DU+-DAJOC8,.E:A(+-%,BDE zSZ-hC8&)C.E+,%1'6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =< 6:9;9)E`J
*J4C8E^&;ABD,.-%6:J.-IEU+-D,86:9)9FC83,[E+*(+3S5*5CXY_6:9)VZ-D&)C 6:,[(+&;AM679;9)W:1
;2B%-%A6:,.&)E " &)J63&)(+3k9;67C8-DABDW:Y"z-%N&)* VM67AN5`&;NTC83i9)&;A !,.-%S5,.-%J[-%AHC8&)A(6=B%*,[,.-%AHC'(+9;E+V6:9
J.BX679;-> 6:J[C AHC8-%,[A-DCB%E+AA5-%BDC.&;E+A1
AyC835&;J?BX6:J[-C835-%,.-6:,.-=J.&)(+A& +MBX6:AHC?V!-%AL- +C8J#C.Ei*J[&;A(kSM6:,
6:9;9)-%9 =<f-hU+-DAz&)AiC835-6:VJ[-%ABD-4E:>_B%,[E+J.JC.,867zB71 43-S!-%,O>@E+,%6:ABD-#E:>_S6:,86:9)9;-D9 =<*AN5-%,
J.B%-DAM6:,[&;E+J #67AN " YT`&\C83E:*5CBD,.E+J[JC8,86QB7Y5B%6:AVZ-L- 9TS9 67&;A-DN*J.&)A( =67B$!:-%, J4C.3-%E+,OW !*)+|
C83M67C0SM67,86:9)9;-%9 =< ,[-%BDEU:-%,[Ji> 6:J[C.-%,IC83M67AJ.&)A(+9)- =< `35-%AC.3-%,[-&)Ji6C8&-RE+*TCX1 43&)J
- Z-%BDC0&)J E:,.-&S!E+,[C86:AHC6:JC.3-^G &;ABD,.-X67J.-%JDY"VZ-DBX6:*J[-RC83-C.&z-E+*5C`&)9;9
VZ-R9)E+A(+-D,
6:AN6^J[&;A(:9;- =<B%6:AAE:C=,[-%B%EU:-%,> 6:J[C=-%A5E+*(+3F1
435-VZ-DA- +5CE:>*5J.&;A5(ySM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =<Y!`&\C8367ANP`&)C.3E+*5C=BD,.E+J[JC8,.67zB:YZ6:,.- 7 *&)C.-i3&)(+3
&;D A ;TBD-%AM67,.&;E $ ? 1 GNN&\C8&;E:AM6:9"C83,[E+*(+3S5*5C&;AC83-RS,[-%J[-%ABD-zE7>lBD,.E+J[JC8,.67zB:Y&;J y67&;A9\WN*-
C8Ez6:Aj&;ABD,.-X67J.-I&;AEU+-D,86:9)9C83,[E+*(+35S*5CX1
435- 6:N5U76:AHCK6:(:-E:>^SM67,86:9)9;-%9 =< &;J-DU+-DA E+,[-J[&;(+A& +MBX67A]C`&)C.3 &)J[C.*A-%N =<
V* Z-%,.JD, 1 ;TB%-DAM6:,.&)E & ,[-%S,[-%J.-DAHC8Jk6y3&;(:3VM6:ANT`&;N5C.36:AN3&)(+39;67C8-DABDW9;&)A !`&)C836yJ%6:9;9
J.E2B$!:-DCmV* Z-%,yJ[& D-:1 43-VZ-DA- +C.JmE:>S6:,86:9)9;-D9=< 6:,.- 7 *5&)C8-j3&)(+3FY#,[-%(H67,.N9)-%J.JE:>C.3-
6"E:*AHCÊ:>=B%,.E:J.J^C8,86QB71 43-%J[-(+6:&;AJiB%E z-67CÂEB%E:J[C^C8ELC835-j:- 9T&;J[C.&;A(LBD,.E+J[JzC.,867zB71
'6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =<g(H67&;AJSZ-D,[>@E+, y6:A5B%-AE7CE+A9\WPVHW,.-DB%EU+-D,.&;A5(> 67J[C8-D,67> C.-%,6yC.&z-kE:*5CXYFV5*5C
6:9;J[EmVHWLS,.EU2&;N5&;A(67Af- -DBDC.&)U+-D9)WP9 6:,[(+-%,V* Z-%,J.& %-71 43-D,.-z6:,[-N&z&;A5&;J.35&;A(z,.-hC8*,[AJ06:J
C83-IA]* V!-%,E:> } E`J&)J4&;ABD,.-%6:J.-DNF 1 ;TB%-DAM6:,.&)E &)J4J.&z&;9;6:,%1
U S U
43-IN,86"67C.&;BX679;9)W^N5&Z-%,.-DAHCVZ-D3M6XUT&)E+,.J4E7>
C.3-S,.-hU2&;E+*JJ[-%BDC.&;E+A&)9;9;*5J[C8,.67C8-=C83-BK36:9;9)-%A(+-DJ
&;AbS,[EUT&)N&;A5(6J.E:*ANb5Q_:5+T5]+TQ5+h 9;&!:-jBX6:9)9 1'6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =< 6:A5N B%,.E:J.JC8,.67zB
6:J>@*ABhC8&;E:AJE:>C835-A]* V!-%,E:> } E`JI6:NE:S5C06y`&;N-i,86:A(:-E:>>@E+,%zJ%YN-%S!-%AN5&;A(E+ALC.3-

!"" # &#
C8E+S!E+9;E:(:W E:>C.3-PA-hC `#E:,%!67ANdC835-PB%E:AA+M(+*,.67C8&)E+AdE7>-%AN5SZE+&)AHC8J%1 A 6:NN5&)C8&)E+AFY-hU+-DA &)>

E+A-`l-%,[-C8EN&)J.,[-%(H6:,[NyC835-6:9zE+JOC#S,[E+3&)V&)C.&)U+-D9)WR35&;(+3mBDE+J[C.JE:>"N&),.-DBDC89\W-%6:J.*,[&;A(kC83-DJ.-
B%*,OU+-%JDY2C.3-B%,[E+J.JC8,.67zB4&zSM6:BhC`#E:*9;N^V!-U+-%,OW^N&)zBD*9)CC.EN-DC.-%, &)A-:1 (~&\C83E:*5C6S,.&)E+,.&
!2A5E`9)-%N(:-RE:>C83-RS6:,86:9)9;-D9 =<9;E+J[J,86QC8-:Y!C83- zE2N-%9S,.E:SZE+J[-%NLVH0
W =6:B$!:-D,%Y"-DC6:9 !*)+|
, ;TB%-DAM6:,.&)E & 1
E+A9)W`#E:,%!]J&)A*AB%E:A(+-%JOC8-DNPA-hC `#E+, !]J9;&!:-E+*5

AC.3&;J4J[-%BhC8&;E:A`l-0B%E V5&;A-E:*,4J.&*9 6QC8&;E:Ay`#E:,%!y`&\C83E+*,67AM6:9)W]C.&;BC.,.-X6QC z-%AHCE:> =<

SZ-D,[>@E+, y6:A5B%-C8EN-DU:-%9;E:S6 zE2N-%9+C.3M67C
BX6:AkVZ-?*J.-DNiC8E=S,[-%N&)BDCC83-C83,[E+*(+35S*5C
E:>MSM6:,.6:9;9)-%9
=< } E`J&;AeS,867BDC8&)B%-71 W*5,67SS,.E+6:BK3E+A9\W A-D-%NJyC.E J[-%AN C `#EbS5,.E+V!-%J67CN&Z-%,[-%AHC
SM6:,8679;9;-D9;&)J%9;-hU+-D9;JI6:AN,[-%B%E:,.NLC83-D&;,C.3,.E:*(+3S*TCX1 ( -RNE+A CIA-D-%N 6:AHWL6:NN5&)C8&)E+AM6:9"C8E2E+9)J
C8Ez-X67J.*,[-C835 - 6:AN 9;E+J[Jk,.67C8-7Y
`3&)BK3bBX67AbVZ-z3M6:,[NC8EE+V5C86:&;Af&;AfS,867BDC8&)B%-6:Jk`l-
N&;J[B%*J[J.-%N&;<A ;T-DBDC8&)E+AP/T1 1

=S
VP67C835&;J-hC?6:9 1 -#) N-DU:-%9;E:SZ-DNy6J[&zS9;- E2N-D9T>@E+,J[&;A(:9;- } E` =<G-%A5EIC.3,.E:*(+3S*TCE+A
C83-i6:J.J[* STC8&;E:AC8367C =< JSZ-D,[>@E+, y67AB%-0&;J=N-DC.-%, &)A-%NV]WjC835-iB%E:A(+-%JOC8&)E+A6XU+E:&;NM6:A5B%-
6:9;(+E:,.&)C.3 6:ANC83M6QC,.-DC.,86:A5J%z&;J.J[&;E+AC.&z-%E+*5C.J6:,.-I6XU:E+&;N-DN M
!#" $ %'&(& + *-, $ /T1 &

#)
=-%,[-:Y/.f&;JC835-z9)E+J.J,.67C8-Ê+,9)E+J.JS5,.E+VM67V&;9)&)C W+YF6:AN10i&;JC.3-Â2* VZ-D,IE:>#S6:B$!:-hC8JkC.3M67C06:,[-
6:B$!]AE`9;-%N5(+-%NV]WR6I,[-%BD-%&)U:-%N -DJ.J867(+-:1
%'&(& 6:AN2 6:,[-C83- 6 9T&* J.-D( z-%AHC?J.& D-
6:ANj,.E+*A5NC.,.&)SC.&z-,.-DJ.S!-%BhC8&)U:-%9\W+1

! &'"

6:N3HW+-f-DC6:9 1 -#5 N5-DU+-D9;E+S!-%N6:A &S5,.EU+-DN J.&;A5(+9;- } E` =< G=-DAE C83,[E+*(+3S5*5C
E2N-%9ZC83M67CBDE+AJ[&;N-D,.JC8&z-%E:*5C4- Z-%BhC8JD1
lE+9;9)&;A(+-D,-DCi6:9 $ " J.35E` C.3M67C0C83-DJ.-zC `#E E2N-%9)J06:,.-z-%J[J.-%AHC.& 6:9)9)W- 7 *&\U76:9;-DA]CI`&\C83
SM6:B$!:-hCy9)E+J.J^,.67C8-DJz9)-%J[J^C.3M6:A *)') Y`3&;BK3 `67JzU76:9)&;NM67C.-%N E+A C835-jBD*,.,[-%AHC A]C.-%,[A-DCVHW
"3M6:A(-hC46:9 # "#5 1 =67B$!:-%,4-hC46:9 1 *)+| YTVM6:J[-%NE+A lE+9;9)&;A(+-D, J +MAN&)A(+J%YTS,.-DJ.-DA]C=6 E2N-%9
>@E+,?C.3-*S5SZ-D,#V!E+*ANmE7>C83-=C83,[E+*(+3S5*5C4E:>#SM6:,.6:9;9)-%9 =< } E`JD143-6:*TC83E+,[J6:J[J.* z-
C83M67C#VZE7C83 6:A
N 6:,[-J[C86:V9)-:3 1 =67B$!:-%, J4*5SSZ-D,V!E+*AN zETN5-%9!BX6:AmV!-JOCK67C.-%N6:J M
% &&
!#"%$'& '
% &(& $
( . *) ( . ),+++) ( . $
& $ /T1 ##&
`3-%,[- .-&)JC83-^SM67B$!:-DCk9;E:J.J,86QC8->@E+, } E`/..1 =E`l-DU:-%,%YC83-z6:*TC83E+,[JNE+A C0S,.EU2&;N5-^6:AHW

-DBK3M6:A&)J%C8E-%J[C.&67C8-IC835-i9;E:J.J,.67C8-i67CE:C83-D,SM67,86:9)9;-%99)-DU:-%9;J=>@E+,=S,.-DN&;BhC8&;E:APS*,[SZE:J.-%JD1
43-%,[-D>@E+,[-:Y#C.3-P67*5C83E:,.J6:B$!]AE`9;-%N5(+-C.3M67C^C83-j*SS!-%,zV!E+*AN &;JRC8&)(+3HCE:A9)Wb`35-%AdC.3-
A-DC `lE+,%!j&;J=AE:CB%E:A(+-%JOC8-DN6:ANC.3-i9)E+J.J=,86QC8-0NET-DJ.A C&)AB%,[-X6:J[-k`&\C83zE+,[-0S6:,86:9)9;-D9 =<
} E`J%1 43- E2N-%9E+A9)Wy3M6:J9;&&\C8-DNm*5C8&)9;&\C WE7C83-D,[`&;J[-:1
AE+*, zETN-D9 Y:`l-&)AHC8,.E2N*BD-4C83-=AE:C.&;E+AÊ:>!C83-=A]* V!-%,?E:>ZB%,.E:J.JlC.,867zB } E`J%Y10LYT6:AN
6:J.J[* -C83M67C20 NET-DJiAE7CBK3M6:A5(+-N,86 y67C.&;B%6:9;9\WEU+-D,J.&)(+A& +BX6:AHC89\W9 6:,[(+-C.&z-^SZ-D,.&;E2NJD1
3E:C.-IC.3M67C=E+*, zETN5-%9FNE2-%J[A C,[- 7 *&;,[- !2A5E`9)-%N(:-kE:>40L1 lE:C83jS,.-hU2&;E+*J4`lE+,%! # $ ) 6:AN
E+*,4EÀj`lE+, !E+ABK3M6:,867BDC8-D,.& %&;A5(Y zETN-D9;&)A(YT6:ANS,.-DN&;BhC8&)A(^J.&;A5(+9;- } E` =< C835,.E+*(:3
S*5C & 3M6XU:-kJ[3EÀC835&;J6:J[J.* zS5C8&)E+AC8E^V!-k6U76:9)&;NE+A-71
C&;J'`&)N-%9\WiV!-%9)&;-DU:-%NC.3M67CC.3-=< C.3,.E+*5(+3S*5CJ.3E`JJ[C867C8&)J[C8&)BX6:92J[C86:V&)9;&)C WIEU:-%,B%E:A
J.&;N5-%,867V9;-4S!-%,[&;E2NJE:>ZC.&z-:1 6:9 6 !2,[&;J[3AM6:A^-DCl6:9>@E:*AN^C83M67C-DAN C8E -%AN =<C83,[E+*(+3S5*5C
C8EI3E+JOC8JE:> C.-%ARU76:,.&)-%N^VHW9;-DJ.JC836:Az6> 6:BDC.E+,E:>_C `#E0EU+-D,C.&z-%J[BX6:9)-%JE+ARC.3-4E+,.N5-%,E:> y67A]W
C8-%A5JiE:> z&;A]*5C.-%JDY6:ANfC83M6QCkC.3-zC.3,.E:*(+3S*TCi`#6:JiS&)-%BD-D`&;J[-yJOCK67C.&;E+AM67,[WEU+-D,kC8&-DJ.B%6:9;-DJ
E:>?J.&z&;9;6:, y67(+A&)C.*N- '# | G 1 VjW:-%,.JI-hC06:9':- 96 &)A-%NLS!-%,O>@E+,%6:ABD-i>@,.E 6y`&;N5-,86:A5(+-E:>
B%9;&)-%AHC8JC8Ek60`&)N-=,86:A(:-E:>J.-D,[U+-D,.J467AN>@E+*5ANC.3M67ClVM6:AN5`&)N5C83zC8E0C83-=J.-D,[U+-D,.J467ANyJ[-%,[U:-%,

! &
!
J E" C h` "! ! #%$'&()#* + " , -- /.
"0 # ) 1 & 2 * * W3 4 &56$87 9 $ W 4:7 &
; 1 * ,3 < = >$ * 2 ? 2 4 1 1 . @ W 4:7 &A
*B 9C2 ! < 9 # >! D 9C 1 2 , 1 E #& ;2 4
1 1 &F &5&" GH &() ; FI . @ $ J 1 2 LK #)B W 4:7M&L
1 N! HI $ # 2PORQ )B 9 W 4:7M& L9 ; 2 " 1 <&:! HI $ *)C.
@* < 2 &;S * ! ; ;S 2 $T , %$L 1 &N ! , & 1 U &
&<&<5$V! W 4 1 1 &X& + =%$H ;2 . @ 3Y >! !@(G *
;C C '# "') 2 %$ # &Y >! ! &< , 4 1 1 .
&5 2 S 1 U&5$&5 2 $T U =99$D & U &B W Z W 4:7 & [. / $T U
U * &# $ 2 &< \ & ' 2] &^ 22 &5& 2_ ` P ; 9 1 &
X 2^ 1 & [.
(a & &5& 1 , N *b < 4 8cT !M&& & , &5&< 2U
&! &<& 1 U &
# 2* 2 9$ +T 2 Q " S3& 2 &5 1 &5& 2P ;C ; -C. # . (aL2* !
.$ &<&MZ Y 22 #a 9 4 * 6 & S 2 ! $ 1 2
9 , @ &
.
G * 2 3 & Se 1 L
% && = ($'< " f2; 1 9 & "#
#
$
&g 1 < 1 & $J J : 9 U & 1 5 5')#)#) #
$
< 3h 1 # X 
2 &5 + 5$k ; &5)# & , , * 1 & 26 1 % &'- #$
^ Z
V > .
& ;2G 7 1 Z -C. 2 &5& 1 , 9 & 2 &< 1 &<& ;2 # + Sl! ,26 2

! &&
J ! 9 4 1 * 1 ,C2 0 &<& %$ & 1 & # 4 cT !M& M
!#" $ $ %'&(& $ ( # . $ +* $ -C. " &

)
@ 4 Tc !M&L& & , 7 2 &5& < 2 1 &L &< , 1 1 .
N .$ 2 $ 6 1 99$ 1 ; *& # 2 0 . % k ! &<& 1 ,0
&,&5)# ^2 1 G 2 U S! , * & 1 ; *& # . &,
&() * $ )- @! 1 & ; & X " 0 ;& 4 U; 1 <& .
J 9 ! *S! &<& 1 , &&()#* J " j+ Z" &5F& 5 2 & S0&
1 U2 & 7 1 9 L 2* $ & U2 ! , 1 & 92 < 9 & -#5 /.
@ &&5& 1 , & + 9$a& 1 3 5 ;2 #
$G & 5 D &5 &5 =
&5)# >$ 4 1 1 :& 2* &< 1 &<& 2 # + . 3X
! # = 2 U
J ! 2 % Z & S ; J 1 ,C2 2 &5 Y 7 1 ! !M ;2 .
? ! 2 ,C2* Z 1 2 , 1 * *& 9 # >! . $ S $ 2
W 9 & ; # #T& ;2` `G& M& , & 1 U & S@! 1 2 1 &
7 1 Z -C. " 2 ;X 1 1 J
$ < & ; . @ & & &<&
! Y! 2 . (a 2; 3;2 & 6 < U ,C2 & J @ * &M & #T& 2V
U & 1 , & .
VH < & * & 2 1 S L Q " S Q 2;3 2
<9$ J 1 2 F &<& , &
( TC & 7 1 X 1 # 4 ; *& , # 5 !
! S+ U 9$ $ 0 ) #& . @ 1 ! 2* : 9C3 , <& S = ! S l *) Q S *)#5 & * ! 2
, 9 & &()# 2 =,# 2 & &5 . ;C U 59$S ! &
&<& 1 U &Xf &5 2 1 ,,& ( 3 2^ , . @ ; J ! F
.$ $
$ 2$ 0 )
#&
)
0 $ -C. &

! &'
! 0 &B &() . 9 W 0 &9& B &()=S 7 1 -C. & 7 1 9
1 2 # 9$ "U M
.$ $
$ #
)
0 # ) $ -C. & &
! 0 $ # 0 2 $ 0 ) 0 . l 1 & 7 1 9 -C. & S! ; 2 & 2 ; # &
2 0 9 & 6 &: L2 , 1 b S 0 2 . 4N 59$S &
F< 2 >" # >! & &( = U2 T 2 1 # , & 1 U &
;2 2 + . 7 ; &:< 2* > S! & U + 2 * 1 2 #f %$C U

( 2* # 9$ "U A&Y& !M 7 1 -C. *. @ & ,C2* A 7 1 & 9$
>! , # &M U2* , F ! U
# &.
.$ $
$ #
)
0 $ -C. - &
(a, & 1 ;2 3 J & 9 5T % & F:! 2* N &(# 2 S
2^ J 1 2

!"#$%&('*)+%,
-./0
-1232
456,798:7)); %7&<>=@?")A27'B

-);'27&)DCE
F GDBH-.$I7KJL*
-0)AM"#*<%,
-N,7
?
$%
)O&/4;?")A27'B
-)PCQ/0
-R2 GS
-L*
-L&L*
K
-))KAT"(=+O$67(TK%U&KV0K>A
%!%
-'?7)7IW*%OXL&
-$Y2A'D
-))0#>=+%Z![L\%
%K *X]^7-%,7&_?7%)K*'`=a%,%,768:7))O&
>=+? )KA27 'B
-)b'*)b6%,
(K(B$*$KV;%,7cLO,7 L&!-8d? !?
%
)K)&)'
e756,7R8:7)K)+O*f4'&)Y K%*!%,7%&R?7%"*K>%*

g86,7H>=.7**Yh8:,7<)K7*

-

! &-
?
$%
)b? )KA27 '
)b'*)*
G &b & 1 %=S! 1 & 7 1 -C. J 1 M&5$&5 2 F2 &< 1 &<& &5
&@ S 1 * &5& 5! & 2 .
2 1 & U2 6 Sl! U 6 % %$ # F>!
2 3 & 6 & . @ 2 1 F & 2 9 2 & J !M& .
(af2 7 1 -C. " & . 3Y 2 9g &5&
( %
& &
1 2 1 Y&<& 1 U & . (aF2 + f ! # .
$ M
. $ $ . $
$ $ #
0 $ -C. Q&
)

% &&
4 " # 7 1 & C- . " 2 C- . Q *S ! C# ) M
#
!#" $ $ ( . $ $ -C. 5 &
& ;2a 7 1 -. 5 S3! 1 2 1 & 4 1 1 >! ^

2 3
& ; 9&Y B 2 ;Y 4 1 1 b * b ; & . . # 2# #
>! , < & 6 &@ ZY F # ;2 M
# #
!#" $
$ .

$

$ ( #

0 $ -. *) &
)
2
# #
!#" $
$ .

$

$ ( #

0 $ -. # &
)
! * ! = 2 U M

$ $

$

# #

$ -. #'&

! & Q
2
0 $ ! #"% $
#

$ -. *" &

$ & 1 #&( 1 2 0 3 7 1 9 -. Q ! L9C &<& & 7 1 9 & -C. #
^
2 -. *" Sd! ! ;2 6U 4 1 1 J ; & 9 &
1 & 37 1 Z -C. 5*.
3Y V ! 1 2 ; R 7 1 & 9$ 4 1 1 # & S H J
8 * >! W2 3 & ; 9& $ # 2 # & . N U # V 2
=9 1 9 &5&@ & U 2 1 < @+ 2 S +h >$# ; L
1 = &5 >! U # & .
RQ 3

(G 6 1 2F 1 U2 Z 1 F * gL9C , ) . # SZ 5$
&<= &(# 2 . (G 2 9$ & 2 &( *; 2 ? 2V &X! ' 2 2 &X
= 2 3X 5 2G U *S G & *S 1 3 2 G 1 &5< . T S ! 2 1 ;
*) 1 2 & ML9C3 U
<& 1 & > W #* 1 , & 1 U & . G 1 28
L9C3 U
Y&()(&M! >! B # & J 2* ; 1 & & S U;2 %$ J 9 ! 2 #$
4 <& J 5&M! 1 "#) < 4 cT !M& .
(a 2
& 1 3 J * U . 7 Z 9U < &
2 + 2 & M
. % . . # # 0 '&( ) 0 #*
. !"#$ $ $ -. = &
0 '&!( 0 #*
)
VV Z 9N < , f &g @
Z 9N 2 ; < <& f
. VV H 9 5 J : 9 ^ 1 # l < 4 cT !M& &N < "
Z 9 2 ; 9 5 5& ":9C3 , <& J N Z@ 1 # < 4
cT !M& .

! &'5
planetlab7.nbgisp.com to planet2.cs.ucsb.edu
65
Measurement
60
Linear
55 Partial Order−2 Polynomial
Full Order−2 Polynomial
50
Throughput (Mbps)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
$ & 9 U ,M
# & . 1 &<# . ;2 1
Number of Parallel TCP Flows
planetlab4.cs.berkekey.edu to planet02.csc.ncsu.edu
350
Measurement
300 Linear
Partial Order−2 Polynomial
Full Order−2 Polynomial
250
Throughput (Mbps)
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
$# & U # M # ! $ . 2 1 ;& 1e. 2 1

Number of Parallel TCP Flows
9
g 1 -. *) M @ 1 1 2 ; L 9 , & .

! -#)
0.8 Standard Deviation

Mean
Mean and STD of relative errors

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
ID of the End-to-End paths
g 1 -C. #,M 2 ; 9 < Y&5)Z &( & . & / 2 ;2 #$ &5) 2 2'26C
9 .
1 -C. *) & !M&M>! L9 , & l 2 ; 9 1 & 1 ,C2 . @ &@& * !
; 1 2 2 ; ;2 1 1 $ #& ;2 U & 1 , &g # $ 22# $ *) & .
L G# & a S J 9 , S ;2 6 & 2* #T& 2G a U 5 2 #
2V 1 2 #f3 %$ , 9&@ " ( 1 9$ 2 2V & , : 1 6$S !
U ;2 6 8 1 2* %;2 1 & ' * ,C2* 2; && + =%$
U & 1 , 1 . 1 F& 28L 9 , SA , 2 ; 9 2 1 & H , 5
2 #F3 %$ , * 2 U2 X 5 1 %$ 2* = 2U 7 1 99$,; 1 < .
@' 2 ; 1 2 #$D V 1 9 2* #j 9$ " U [S ! ; S 26 &
& + %$ * , & 1 , Y 1 .
1 -C. # & !M& *\ J P 1 9 4 1 1 2 ;
1 & >! H # & Z & 6 & # $ 2 # $ *) J F9 * . #
5& . W %$^ 5 2 #,3 %$ , ,C2* & 1 & 2j . N , W 2
&5) 2 2B26C 9 %M 5 5& $ &<& 2 0 < & 6 & & & & !MeS
! < 2* ;2 #
$L &() 2 226C 9 . @ & 1 %& 7 1 N 1 M
U &(Y=& & S 1 2 ; 9 & ,& 9 U V 2 &() 2 2V2; 9 9
;2 6 < <& .

! -A

! " ! # $ ! $ % ! " ! #& $ "'( ! $ " $
') $ " * $ *+ * $ ,-
! " ! # $ $ $
$ ! " ! # $ ./ $ . * $ * * $- * ,
! " ! # $ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! # $
$ "% $ " * $ *2 * * $ 3
! " ! #& $ $ $ ! " $ " $ "# $
* $ * * $ 3 22
& ! $ "4 $ $ ! ! " ! % $
$
$
&5* $ * -63 * $ *+ -
! " ! #& $ " $
$
! " ! #2 $
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " * $ *67* - 2 * $ 3 7 -
! " ! # $ 8 9 $ 4 $
! " $ " $ "# $
&5* $ *+ * $ 3 +
! " ! # $ 4 $ 6 " $ ! & ! # $ % ! " ! # 3$ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " * $* * $* 3 2 -
! " ! # $ : . : $ 6 "9 $ ! & ! # $ % ! " $ " $ % $ ! $ % $ &5* $ , 7 , * $ ++67
! " ! # $ #% $ $ ! ! " ! # $ $ $
$ &5* $ * 3 * $ ,-
! " ! # $
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! % $
$
$
&5* $ * + * $ *
! " $ " ! %1 $ " -$ / " $ ! & ! # $ % ! " ! # $ ; $ "</ 9 $ ! "& ! # $ % &5* $ *++ * $
! " ! # $
&5 ,$ !
$ $ . ! " ! # -$
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " &5* $ * 3 + * $ 3 -
! " ! # $
$ "% $ " ! "* $ " $ " $ " &5* $ * 3 * $ *+2 3
! " ! # $ ! $ % ! " ! # $ $ $
$ &5* $ *+ * $ + 3
! " ! # $ 8 9 $ 4 $
! " ! # $ 4 $ 6 " $ ! & ! # $ % * $ 3 * $- -
! " ! # $ : . : $ 6 "9 $ ! & ! # $ % ! " ! # $ #% $ $ ! &5* $ *2 3, * $
! " ! #2 $ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! # $
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " &5* $ **67* * $*
! " ! # $
&5 ,$ !
$ $ . ! " ! # $
$ "% $ " &5* $ 3 + * $ + +
! " ! #& $ $ $ ! " ! # $ ; $ "</ 9 $ ! "& ! # $ % * $ * ,,- * $ *+ - +
! & & $ 4 ! $ 4 $ "' ! " ! #=7 $ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " * $ * - ** * $ 3-
! " ! # $
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! #* $ "4> $ 4 &5* $ 3-, * $ 2 7
! " ! # $
$ "% $ " ! " ! #* $
$ ? 4 % $ " &5* $ -, * $ * , +
! " ! #=7 $ #% $
' ! " $ " $ "# $
* $ ** * $* 2 -
! " ! % $
$
$
! " ! #2 $
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " &5* $ 7 3 * * $ 7 -
! " $ " $ "# $
! " ! # 3$ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " * $ *67 - * $ +
! " $ " $ % $ ! $ % $ ! " ! # $ $ $
$ &5* $ 7 3 * $ 2 ,-
! " ! # -$ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! % $
$
$
3$ - + &5* - * $ ** +
! " ! # -$
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! "* $ " $ " $ " &5* $ * , * $ *++
! " ! # $ ! $ % ! " ! # $
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " * $ ** 2 * $ * 3
! " ! #& $ "'( ! $ " $
') $ " ! " ! # $
$ "% $ " * $ * 3 + * $ * ,,-
! " ! # $ 8 9 $ 4 $
! " ! # $ ; $ "</ 9 $ ! "& ! # $ % * $ 7 - * $ - 2
! " ! # $ : . : $ 6 "9 $ ! & ! # $ % ! " ! # $ $ $ ! * $ * ++ , * $ ,63 *
! " ! #2 $ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! # $ 8 9 $ 4 $
* $ *2 * $ - *
! " ! # $
&5 ,$ !
$ $ . ! " ! #=7 $ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " &5* $ ,- * $ -63
! " ! #& $ $ $ ! " ! # $
! $ " ! %1 $ " &5* $ , * - * $ +
+* $ $
4. $
$ 4. ! " ! #* $ "4> $ 4 &5* $ * 7 3 * $3 2
! " $ #%4 $ / ! &
"4 $ ! " ! #* $
$ ? 4 % $ " * $ 2* * $ - **
! " ! # $ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! # $ $ $
$ &5* $ 7 , 2 * $ , 2 3
! " ! # $
$ #0
. ! 1 $ " ! " ! % $
$
$
* $ * ** * $ *2
! " ! #=7 $ #% $
' ! " ! # 3$ '( ! !
' $ #0
. ! 1 $ " * $ **2 * $ *67 - 7
g 1 -C. # M 7 9 2* ; < ; ) Z &( & J 9 4 @ 1 1 .
1
probe1-8
0.8
probe1-10
0.6
probe1-15
mean prediction error
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
ID of the End-to-End pathes
1 -C. *"NM ;2 6 9 ^& *& 9 >$B & ; # & .

! - #
0.1
0.08
mean relative prediction error

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
1 -. =NM 7 9 ;2 6 9 5 J 9 4 1 * 1 "&" 1 6 9
g
1 # g 9 4 cT !M& .
W 1 ;2 6 &B % %$ & & 9 W 5 1 , ; F < & J
# & . g 1 -. *" & !M&Y U H %F 5 J 1 2 ; 1 & * $ Q& S
$ --) & F 2 $ & &d 9 # & . (G & ; ZN! " #*) B& , 3 J
=& & . Wb 1 5& S & U 5" " 1 & < & ; & ; &
$ & 1 & $ #'& & S && 1 D # & U 5$G& & 9 & c 1 ; 1 9 &
>! ! : * : 9C &5 ; &5&Y< , .
G & N=# & g 1 -C. S , B %X < J NL % 1 #
4 _c !M& & F Z 2 1 # < 4 icT !M& . @* + 1 S
^&5=5 , P Z 9 5 $ &<&F A & &X <& 1 & 1 #
4 RcT !M& S& !M& ; M< 2 . @ 5 9 ^ , 9 # >! ; W
U ^ %" 2 ; 5 M 2 1 # 4 c !M& & ) .
W 1 L 9C , ) & 1 9& & !M * !FS 1 & ^ U2 2 9;28 j * &F&
eS 0 ; % 9$ ;2 6b 1 1 9 4 J X,! 92 <
& 9$ *9$ B>! ; 9 # &@ 2* 3 : 6 & 9 & .
J ! @! ($ b &5 Z 3 ; T < 4 j L 9C &( b; &5& < , J
9 6 & S= &5 &<&<5$f !

=9 3 &<& # .

! -#"

@ f 1 # & 2 #* 9 &:! * ^5$ f &( F 0 ;
&<&MU! &($&5 1 * 2'
<& M
. @ # #T 2 ! 9 2 H ^ # < < ! ! $ & &N & 1 ! !M .
# . @
1 # &<&F<, cT !M& 2 * F &<&FZ & 2 #T 2 ! 2 & a

# < ! ! $ & &$ * 0 2 2 & 1 ! !M .
"*. V !
* 1 & : L 22 T >! !, & 1 U g $ & 1 & 2 # # &
2* , 1 5 2L L N L & # & : =) ! b
U < . 2*2 eS= U & 1 , g 1 ;$F= l# 1
;2 .
W ! 1 2 ! 92 $ 2*2 T + * 2 # $ 2 7 1 ;2 >! 6 9
# &Y &<&<5$^ 2 ;M * 1 1 g 9 4 cT !M& .
P! Z J !M&;S3! ! & U 9 $ &5& 1 , &# 1 * &<&<, & C 9 !
& 2 ! & *Y , 2* F 92 &5 Z @ 0 , ; , &<&
U * & , >! # & ! ! 2 % 2 1 1 @ 1 F B
6C 9 1 &M& ; .

=S
(G &<& 1 , 4 ; &;S 1 2 1 < 4 8cT !M& 2 &<&
US
& & U &<& < M ,"# < ! ! . @ & &<& 1 , 9 & 92 &
& F >! , J 9 ! * 2 &N=H# &< & +T;2 M
. @ &<&<, &Fj7 & U @ 1 9 4 Tc M! & . W " & S
g ; *&L f ($\ ! %$W H ; F &( 9 \! 2 ! &($C* ;2 S

! -
2 1 & & & , &5& < . @ & ; & # ; 2;3 2 <9$ +T 2
#$ * M & < 1 & # )A S Q " S Q /.
# . @
1 # < ! !L & 1 & *L7Y 2" d<9$ / ; $ 7 /4& 5 #
& &87 1 1 , 3 6$S
& "U &# , ; & 9$
U . 7 & < L & 2 , &(Z 2 A! 7 / S 2 0 cT !M&l 1 9$ L9C
&< U &5& ?$ 7 / Z S! * 2 2 & f 7 1 1 M ; 1 ;$ &
1 2 M&5 2 $^&() 5 # S Q /.
W 1 B2 , L 3 ; < 4 i ' &<&b<, &b#T& 2
1 L9 V &( B 9 4 1 1 $E;C 6 -C. & . @* ! $
2 &F ' &5 .$ $ & 1 ; 1 # M 4 c !M& .
& ;2^ &<& 1 U B Z@ &<&:<,& &: &< , &5&N< & < 4
cT !M& SC! U 1 & & U 4 1 * 1 U2 $ 37 1 Z -C. & &(
9 &<&@<,F 1 1 .
7 ;C 6 9 -C. d! ,2 .$ $ ! ( 2 # %$C U
1 ; # ) 0?$ 37 1 Z -C. & . GX #*) *F >! &<&<5$ U & 1 , &;S
! ==9 1 1 2 0 2 ! # f &( &<&N &M
1 ; * 1 # g 9 4 cT !M& .
7 %$ 1 g&<& 1 U & S! @ & #* ;2 * &5&g< &<& < ,
&F 1 6 1 # d 4 cT !M& # 9 W * 0 &<&"< ,
cT !M& $ 3 0 &@ Z 9 %$B&()# ST& ;C 6 -. & .

! - &
@ 1 &;S#T& 2 37 1 Z -C. S

! ! &5 Z %
F 2 9 2 1 4 1 1 &@! 1 ! ! * 0 1 & f " J 9 ! 7 1 M
, ,
) $

,
$ -. & &

$ .$ $ -. * &
.$
$ #
)
0 -. -
#
)
0 $ &
=X S ) &N % 1 1 M b J cT ! . 37 1 Z -C. - & !M&:
*cT !M& & & , Z 9 1 1 * . %'&(& 2 i &()& &
2 &5 # ;2 ;C 6 -. SZ 2 $@ &A&()#* &A!N& & !ML#$ = ! S l *) Q [. ) ,,
= # &5 Z 2 1 & 7 1 -. *. N 20 =# b #C) 2 ! >! # &
& ! ,2 &5 1 &5& 2D ; ; -C. . 3Y # 2 # =G# $ 9 & ; & .
; S ! 6 S ! U &5 &( ;2D &5 H % 1 1
M 2*2 # < 4 cT !M& " U & ! 22 *9$
4 cT !FS ; J # 7 1 9& &Y & .
; S! 2*2 &(< ,

G 1 6 9 D
2 2* , & V 1 <& P # ! , U < 4 cT !M&
# 9$ 5 Tg# L + & . ( *

' 1 *; 9 eSA! = &(
1 1
$ 9 & 6 . (a L ! & 1
3 J * & + bP 2 U &(Z >2 U 2 & 2 X 22
j 22 9 T 4 cT ! . ? J &X# ! & 2 S0! 2
22 , YcT !M& ; H! * " U ; &<&:< , &N! , 1 & &@ , . @ &
& U 5# 1 & ! =k 2 &($&5 + 2 2 >! !8+ * 2 #$
2* 1 * &<&<5$ 4 cT !M& .

! -#
%
2@0 @
" ? ) ? 8*) 7 '8 2 2 @ 0
;
0 8 :
- 4 /
. 4 :5 /,4 I
H 4 /,46K:K:K
g 1 -. &*M l J P F 4 *)#) V # .HG3 ! 7 &
($W& 9 $ # 1 )C. # )*. & & . W 4 ]Tc ! b& V & =& . W 1 b C
1 %$ &( 2^ .

RQ 3

(GU 2 ^ 1 & # #T& 2D6 1 : 1 L; &5& <, &5 . @
& 1 d !M& 1 &d T9$ ;b 1 &( #$U < 9 * & 5 *& 1 2 * # <<
! #T 2 ! 2 2 &<&@<, 6 &( & .
W 1 & 1 Z " + 1 Z !N&
< 2 1 2 ;C ; 9 -. "*. (G & 92 l & ,
& &< T & & ;2 . G & ;C ; 9 -C. " S0! , U $ 1 & Q "
& 1 U $ $ g 1 -. ##& .
1 -. * & !M&:>! fL 9 , & S J ; T 9 & 2 S b J b A 1
&5 . W & =& &"! =\; 1 < 9$ ;2 6 L , ; P; &5&U&"
1 ; , & ; 1 & 9$'>! V # &;S &< U # & ! 1 &
;2 6Y 1 * 1 F < cT !M&b&X 1 *; 9 & 6 .
(a & 1 1 2 ; 9 & 1 %&M&:U4 /8 9 5 ;2 6
U ; ; &5&N< ,"; &5&@ e 1 N&5 T 9 & g 1 -C. -C. (a & ;
5#)B b ;2 6 9 & 9 2* ; 5 &<&f )C. # &. @* &<&< ,
&5 &M&< %$ # & ;2 . b & 9 9$ 2 ;<&b, U ; V &<&
U H .
lP 1 5 6 1 1 f; &5&f U &5 9 D9 S ! ^2 & 2 ,
, : 9 3 $U! >! 1 & &<&M< , . @ $ 2 & 1
+ 1 Z & & !M g 1 -C. Q . & 1 Z & *)') & 2 &N ! &<&

! --
50000000
45000000
40000000
35000000
30000000
20000000 cross traffic
15000000 estimated cross traffic
10000000
5000000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
$ &; T ! & &<&@<,

45000000
parallel TCP
40000000 cross traffic
throughput (Bytes/sec)
estimated cross traffic

35000000
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
9 ! & &<&@<,

$ # &;
g 1 -C. *NM 4N &<&M<, &5 9 :9 U & .

! - Q
1
0.9
0.8
probability (error < x)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
relative prediction error
g 1 C- . +- M 4 1 1 9U2 &( # 1 1 6 9 %, ;2 6 5 J &<&
U &5 Z J M 90 & 1 9 &d! <& T &X& *2 <& ; # ;2' 1 -C. "*.
U^&()( *P 2* %$G# >! ) 2 Q & 2 &U 2 9 *H 9 4 cT !M&
&5)5 \ *) & 2 & . . 2 . 6$ " &;S . # 2 . & 6$
&;S . @ 2 . - 6$ *) & . . " &@ ;$ &') &Y 2 # << ! #T 2 ! 2
*)#)#) V # & . 3 " & 1 & * * 7 / 7 1 1 T , 3 6$ . 4 kc !M&
3 # ' 3 *. 4N &<&@< , 1 & 3 - '3XQ . 4N &5&:<," 1 # C &
3 ' 3 &C. (a 2 1 &( & &5 T 9 & S* & 1 9
g 1 -C. *5*.
(a & &( ;2 * ; &5&l< , &( J &5 9 & "! 2 0 4 'cT !M&
@2 0 7 & S
2 ! 7 /R & 1 & 2 L 1 <& . W 1 &( & !M&
Y 2W ; &5&b< , 1 1 b SA% 1 1 ;2 6 9
= # 1 2 & cT !M&F! F7 2 ^ , " &<&"<
4 acT !M& 2 N <&< . &5& * S L& 1 & ! &<& < ,@7
2 &5&@ & 1 ! !MeS 1 &5 &@ &<&Y 1 Z .

! -#5
N1 N5
L1 L4
L3
N2 N3 N4 N6
L2 Bottleneck Link L5
L6
L7
N7 N8
g 1 -C. Q M VV ,
:9 3 $ J 1 ( ; 1 9 &<& <, &5 9 .
12000000
parallel TCP
10000000
throughput (Bytes/second)
cross traffic g1
estimation of g1
8000000
cross traffic g2
estimation of g2
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1 -C. -5NM &5 9 H & 1 9<&X! 4 `cT !M& V &<&X<, 1
g $ & 2
= 4 cT !M& <& &MUF 1 # $ #'& .

! +-')

(G, 2* , &5< 2 , J & # >$ @ 2* ; ^ *B , 6 G; &5& <,
4 <& J l&l 1 ; *d2* d * 9 & . > 2 A &<& 1 , 9
@ cT !M&M& &< , &5&:Z SC! H 1 %$ 2 ;: 9X , 6
1 & Y & , >! U & 1 , # & 1 & ;2 M 2 ; 1 1 d <
4 & J X&M 1 *; 9 F2 ; < & .
4 " # M & >! " 2 ; 9 &;S! = , U l

G
=9 M
. 9* 1 >! B # &Y 2 0
9 & ; & .
# . > & H , # & 1 9<& S &5 B 9 4 1 1 L&L 1 *; 9
1 # 9 4 cT !M& # 1 & j 7 1 & *H ; 9 1 &
& ; 9 .
"*. > & # & 1 9<& S &5 Z 9b , 6 ; &5&:<,F&@ 1
9
# 1 & * 7 1 & * &@& ; .
. 4 2 1 ;f^# T5$W& < 8 \ &<&F<, U ; 1 *; 9 eSl !
J
2 b A < & S >S
&d < &5 , 6d &5& B U < 2B
4 G =9 .
&C. 7 1 5 >S 2 F , 6Y 2 1 * 1 ;2 6 9 &M 9 & .
@ &5 * & , , ) & 2"U T ;2 #
$ L 9C 1 , >! U # & .

2
(G@ & !M * ! " 2* ; # 4 1 * 1 d 2 & U ; f
&<&
UU&L 1 6 9 U2 U : 9 & 1 & %$W>! ' # L& 2 3

! +-
& ; 9& . N _ 2* ; *&V U =9$ * ! _ 9 &
; 9& . =Y S3

1 ; H=V# , , ;2 1 & * & ,
# T5$ & < . l # &( 1 ! !M ;2 S 1 ! ! &B 0+ <&( D +C 92
6 = 9 4 1 1 2 ; 9 2 &5 Y , 6 U
&<&M U .
(af 2 J ! & , 9 $ U&5& 1 , 9 &"# 1 ; &5&<, 2 X
;2 6 U ; ! C b ! !M ;2 d * 6 1 ; &5& <, . ( &
&<& 1 U & & T# :
$ =& &;S! ! ! ! ! 9 * .
G , U ) 5& 9 1

1 ; & #
? 8 8* ' 4 24 : @@? < 2 4 ; ):#& : : : " 0 4 ? 0 4
G 9 1 < & & ! &5)Z &( =&()# >$S+ <& g&5)# >$b!
2U+ F . * 2 M & U L& 3( ;'# "#) d 2 $T U
& , "Z 2 h 1 &( , : 1 ! ! & ,# ;2, J
U .
(aP & !M 9 4 cT !M&H `# 1 & ;2] 8 < 9 2 * ;S
2 > 2 1 1 ,! 1 B& + c 1 H #T ! 1 2
U;& . @* 6 J S 1 ,2 7 1 V# 1 & ;2W ^ Z 2 J @
2 ) 9 ^ , * 7
; & <& .

! " $#&%'
@ 4 / &( # 1 3X >! ! $ 4 /3 &g 7

;L & #T& 2 f *@ 1 # & & 1 #*&< #
U2 Y& 2 &5 # 2R `4 # . U# 5 U&< # >$S ! ;2 8 *
1 5 >$ 9 & 1 =&5 F2 9 1 2 & & 1 #&<; # 5& . 4: *S
F &Z & ! ;2 1 2 $V < 1 &() & 1 # & Z& 1 #&5 # &5$&5 &F=P#
# 1 %:! ^ 2 &5$&5 1 % =&(: 7 1 & J @# < M&<= # >$ 2H , ;$ .
@* & 2 &5 # & ! P 4 /3 7
; 1 & 3Y , S
\ + ; #T& ;2R 2 &($C&( 1 9 =&5 2* & ;2 #$ N 5 .
3X ( ! &5 < > % 5& >$ . # 1 2 F2 & 3Y ,, .
( *) + 2
G &"!:& 2 &<; # 2a a4 # Sl7
; & 5& 2 F !V2 ;<9$V! \ G ;S
# 1 2 ;%$ \j 2 % ($k >! ! $ 4 /3 & S ! &#T& 2R k *V 1 #
& & 1 #&<; # ,C2
2 & 1 & 2 & 9$b X 1 2 &l M 2 %$"7
; & 5& .
-#

1 1
! /

4 +-'"
, 1 5 , U ) eSZ 4 /3 1 & & 1 &5 & 2 1 2 & & 1 #*&< # 5& .
@ &@! ! & + ! f& 9 , 2 1 & ; 7
; &5$&( ST# 1 =$ &< # >$
&<& 1 & .
4: CS & & ! ;2 1 # & & 1 #&5 # &5$&( &g L# # 1 %A! L 2
&5$&5 1 9 &5 7 1 & J # 5 &< # >$f 2B , *;$ . V 1 9 =&( 2 1 &
& % & U 1
&() ! BZ,$D& C2* 2
3 %$U 2 &Y 2 1 2 X 1 = >! ! .
@* 3X U =\# 2 2j J b 1 # & & 1 #*&< # U2 g! a
1 V 9 2 %$7
; & <&& 1 #&<; # , V * & 1 32 & . V& 1 &< T &;S
7
; & 5 & U2 &( # 1 2 7
; &5$&5 2G , <&
1 32 & 1 & X 2 &5$&5 1 % &5 , & . @ 2* Y * &
&B# 5 B&< # >$ . @ &B + <&( 2 &< # &B 3X ,\ X 2
2 &5 1 &5& ! M=H# 1 & ;2 , * &< # >$ 4 /3 H7
; .
@* 2 &5$&( 1 % &5 S # S 5- S '- S & Q S "#) S &- S Q - S # S +-') S # Q !N&
2; 3;2 & 0 ; 9 9 5T % 1 % &5 Se! G &F F! 2* 9$ 2* $ 2
' * 1 < 5 '- ) S - 5 [. P 2 &5$&( 1 % &5X * P 5
3; <& 5 * & &
+ <=$P $ J 2 ) 2 9 ($ . d G 2 U
& $8 < & 2 &, 1 &5 # >! R>! a 2 &5$&5 & <&
1 2 59$ < . G 1 9 =&( ;2a 1 *; 9 T >$ & U , 2 f
3; <& &( 2B N 1 <&;S 2 * * 1 % =&( & &( 1 ;: 2
) , 9 5 =$ J 2 Z)f& , &5& .
G U 8 ' 2 &5$&5 1 9 =&5 & & 2 SM #T& 2 &5$&5 &
+ \ # f 9$^&< # 2P , 9 V & d $C& ! &5< &5& SA&() 2
+ 2 S 2^ 2 > 2 6$ . =Y ! ; ;S 3< ; &( 1 ; 1 & >!

# & .
@ $R '* %$ 2 2 # >$ C 2* & . 7

1 1
! /

4 +-
& b & ( 1 <9$, 6 Y 9 =$ : S &@ ; &
,3 & 2j 1 U 1 & S 1 ;2 6)#* 2 &5$&5 & . @*,* W2* f
<& 9 6$ Y &5<& &d# ;
2U 1 & Y , & J
& < * ; 1 & "- /.
7
;D & 2 & 2k J 2 &;S ! *& &( 5 &5= S 2 $T , U 1
& 1 5 & . (a ; J & 1 Z b7
; & <&b! & * ! & ,L2 ;L
<& 9 6$S 2V & U 5: 2 & ' %$ & .

@ $j ! 9$^ # #T 2 ! 2 *&5< 2 &"#T 2
! 2 # >$ , =99$ 2 ; & & & 2 &< 2 & < ; . @
#T 2 ! 2 , 9 & < &( 1 ; 1 & & ( 1 <%$ #* J
1 % & 1 < Se#T 2 ! 2 a *& 9 =Z & . T ^& 2* %$ 2
& 1 < & ',< S X ; & $ * & & Y & ! 9A# ,
# < ! 2 2 D2 , TZ & 3 *& U & . W & ! &B# ,
%$ 2;2H 5 2* 2 S ! <&X! 0&()(M # # 1 0 2V 2 2 .
7
; & 2* & ;2_ J ^ 5 &< 2 &5$&5 &V H= 3 99$R&5=
& H < . & 1 1 '2* &5< # 1 ;2 &($&5 &U 1 2 #
1 & 2 & 7
; & 5& S" 2 ! & 1 Z 1 2 && V U
! 1 2 7 1 & + #T 2 ! 92 . W 1 &<& 1 U &f& 1 ( 2 #$
;, # ) S! 2 &< + ;2 * ! ! 2, f * < ;2
;
& Q . Q Z & & 2 S 2 * h >$ * Z &N 1 32 Z &
& . @ & 6d ! *Y *< &5= @ 7
; &($&5
2* =Z 4 /3 & # #T 2 ! 2 \ , ; 1 9$ 2
Y
7%&'&0W$7KY^8U=*)KA*.
?7?7)L*
%K )B
A* ?*&Q% ?*&6$A$*'W,
V T*? $%*'
7
*%$<'*O
-I7I8:%'
- ,776%R
'2
7 4"!
# 56,7
L*L#*%T)KZh8(
- &@$A$*' "*L&'*aO
=B2, "-)&7YLOZ$S ,2c=+HL*
- '&),7

-=B2%,L*
-?
L#K>AH

?7%?"&>AD-8X,T& A2$*'

1 1
! /

4 +- &
1 2 & .
< X 2 1 5&

22 &5& ;2 & * &<& 1 L #T& 2 &5$&( &
6 1 &^! ! ) 1 j C2 1 ; ' 2 P

" "
$ 3 G 4 "& & . @ 3Y ," T 2*2 &<& &
#T 2 ! 92 U ) *& 0 F+ < =$& .
3X U &, = * ) ; & .A & <& &,& U T:! !G Z < ; & -"- /.
< <& .A & 5& eSb W & ! D Y ;P R & #< &^# ,
! f & f =S 1 & + < , j ( # < !a P 1
; . g 1 FQ . & * !M&Xf&< Z : 9 U " ,# T($ . Z 3X Uf < &
5 2 &5$&5 & a < & 9$W & # & .A & 5& #$ 2 $
T , =9$ * 2* 2 & $ 2 &N! :#T 2 ! 2 = >$ & ; &
C Y 2V & 1 &5 M& &Y& &< 2 &M < .
( 2
1 # & & 1 #&5 # 1 = &# "U , 2 1 * J b *,2* &
2j2; , C & %$ 1 ;2 Se U #& ;2 S 2* &5< # 1 ;2 &5$&5 & . Gb
= &b L " , 5 L 
J Z & *,&($&5 & $ . . S 1 9 & U 5$, 2 2 $J . . S
> ;KGb T 5 &
<< & J & * *& .
1 #* & & 1 #&<; # " 1 9 & ; 2 #$ & 2 <& 2
% 5&F " 7 1 2 ! !M 2 f j . @cT !
J 9 & 2 5& ; 9 <& & 2 U 2 #$ & 3 + &(&
% @< * : #$ L 9C 2 &( 9 ^ 22 &5&M&<& ;2 #
$U & 2* . (
&Y 1 = Z< <eS ; 9 <&X& 1 #*&< # U J B & g &5Y
! * 1 2 $f& 3 + X& 1 5 S
! & 2 <&N& , 9$ 1 # & , J

1 1
! /

4 +-'
Cap. 30 Kbps
Bottleneck node G
Cap. 10 Kbps E F Cap. 20 Kbps
A B C D
$ &*3Y ;

Cap. 5 Kbps Cap. 5 Kbps Cap. 25 Kbps Cap. 5 Kbps
Cap. 30 Kbps
Cap. 25 Kbps C F Cap. 20 Kbps
A B E D
$# ;
&
Cap. 5 Kbps Cap. 5 Kbps Cap. 10 Kbps Cap. 5 Kbps
g 1 Q . ,M ! # T($V< ; &! 2 & 2 ! && 1 < &;S 1 # & & "# &
. $ & & !M& # T5$F< ! * C2 # , & # << ! S & 1 %
2 1 2 $J2 & *& 1 < *L&5< 7 1 >$ . 3YC2 &N J 5!N 2 &5<
C2 ! 2 2 S &@! &X&( ! 2 2 2 S 1 & M ; 2 &
1 < *#T 2 ! 2 = >$ # ) "# & . =X ! ; S & 9$ *) "# &@ # S
!
B# << !' ' * ; . $ # & & !M& < ! P* b >$V C2* &
2^ .

1 1
! /

4 +--
! * 1 22 &5& " $P& 3 + 2 &5 T . G 1 # & & 1 #*&< # 1 =
\& C , &F & & # J H& 1 #&5 & 2a2 % ;
1 # =Z &N & 1 #&<; # <& .
@* 1 , 1 &V! ! 2 , 5 C2 1 ;& i \ 1 # & & 1 #*&< #
U2 & S Q S
- S # * S *5 /. @ U &5H 2 ! ! &^#$i4: & S!
; 1 2* 2 1 2* $a 5 1 &5 & 1 9 &5L =D# 2 2
J @&5=# >$U 2H , *;$ .
@* , 2L2* $ , V 1 9 =&5 '- ) S -'5 & 2 *& 2* # @
&5
9 < * &M b U , 2 M 9 =$ S 1 & %$ 2
&5$&5 & S # S 5- S - S & Q S "#) S &- S Q - S # S +-') S # Q /. W + 5&5 2 &($&5
1 9 &5 !N& 3 < 2 #" S 1 % & 1 5 1 % =&( &($&5 2* & ;2L J &
, 2* 1 & ; 2 1 % &5Y 1 & . l 5& 3 < 2 < ; 2W
U & !
+A9C 2H 1 ?2 S! H6 5$ , L * <&@ ,2* ; 2 &($C&( 1 &
2 >! !j ( & . @U3 & 1 5 1 9 &5"< , &F# 1 9 \ G & U &
; <& & ( &( # >! 9 M 2 & 1 < . ;C *
&( 1 ; ' 2*C &X b 1 J M &<&Y< ,S ! 1 l !B &X ! 9$U
# 1 & ;2 #$ $ 1 9 &5 ! & S , Y Y , 9 6$ 1 9 &5 &($C&( .
3X , 1 & &X; ! U # <&: & J (!: 2 *, 2 SC 1 &M 9C * # 1 2
L& M # 2 ! 92 Z . Wb < &5 # < & 2* 2 = 2 & <& & *
& 1 5 S#T 2 ! 2 , ;2 S 1 % =&(< .
<&(=S Z 3X U & 2 &($&5
5 =$B @ &5< 1 6&M #T , ; 2U Z < ;X J 1 9 & 1 < 1 % =&( .
h . "') 2 1 3X 2P2 , &(< f 3 6 % &<& d+ <+$ 1 % &5
&<&:< &5= >! ! & . @ 1 <&N& & @ + <&(@ ! # 1 &( &<&
% 5T 9^+ <+$ 1 9 =&( & 1 2 U 1 U # <& * & .
3X , 2* & &< ,b , d S* 2 & 2* & 2 <+!M& ^L 1 # 2 &
3Y & 1 & & 9 << =g $ . Z 3X U^
< 2 1 &F 2 5&

1 1
! /

4 +- Q
f , * & * "+ 5 =$ 2 2 <&M 3 9C2 #T# &5 X
;2 1 92 &( , # 5& 9^3 *& .
G ! & h ;<& &55 2 2*2 &<&" & * d+ <+$ 1 % &5
& " # S &' S # Q S ) S +-') S # "#" [. "0 " # Q S& * & 1 < [S :9* &
92 & < ^ * < N 2D2 2 9 5$\)& ! # >! ; k>! P <&
; /S !
*# & 3 & # f J " <& 1 2 1 & . ( 7 V " # h
L . 3 & 1 & , N ## &( J 5!N 2 V 2 3 G 4 #T& ;2 <& , &5& 9
, & . 2 2 1 * , ; ;S ^ 2 T # "#"
1 L J ; 9 9$Se 2P 1 &;S0& ; " U & . 4 3Y '- )
, + & & * #$k# 1 2 *P& ; < 2 & h f & j < ;2 < Z
d 28 U $ V 1 % % / &5 9 9 D4 2 $ V1/ 4 &F J 2 V 2 1 2 6$ .
3X , ) 2 3Y , # 1 2 2 1 2 6$ f+ <+$H 1 2* <& 2 %

J * 6 1 &59$ 2 &< # 2D & S $ ! ! U # <& &
J 5!N 2* H & & # &! * 9 1 &5 , # <& , a < B
& . @ & & , U & 1 & T# 1 < 1 ;2 & 2 !M&5< E <&
& 99$ 2 1 f + 5$ 9& .
GX , G# 1 ! 2 ) 2 &( # 1 eS &U& 1 & ;C <&5< &' S <
& 2 1 9 *" # 3 & 2 & 1 9) 1 & 2 Z)U&( , + 2 3
&X # < Y& J (!: 2 B 2 2' & 2W2* !M* 2* ,= >$ . @
U 2 & 2 3 !8 $F % 5T &( , <& . L " U & eS 3Y ,
L 9C &M9 <TZ " & J @ & 2 2 #T .
(
2

@ " 1 9 >! !R < 1 &(& 1 3 5 #TM ; 9
1 = Z & L! &<& <& ( Z *"' [. @ & M3 *&

1 1
! /

4 +-'5
f! 92 * S 1 2 *f 2 1 ; H 2 # 2 &5M & S 2 # L9 .
G 9 3 <& T ;2 1 9 # & S ! ' ' &5& Y& 2 & 1 7 1
U &<& H; 5$ &<& S & ! $P $j & . l & 1 ( & 1 8
Z &"! [S * >! ! & 1 2a 0$ & U g 2 &5=# f2 , ;Sg 2 $ ##&
9C e 2 &5=# # & ; V#T 2 ! 92 . @ & 9&Y F 5$H& U N &
1 % & 1 5 1 9 =&( 5 =$S
! =B# 1 & + 2*
$ $
3 <& T ;2 1 = eSC& 1 #& 9 3 <& T ;2 1 = .
& & U T ! !j Z < ; & *"- S .A & 5& 2 1 2 1 % 5&d 1
>! !H J < 6 B *L &<& <& < A& 1 3 ! 1 92 ; 6
! j G <&" 2 . 4 *& &( ^# 1 2 S 2 1 #
! & \V * &F= ;2j & . @ = >$ * 9& ;
!M&:& & 1 X * &;S* 1 &N ! L 5 , 5 C
# 5 ! ^ 1 b . ; ;
< 2 1 6 eS & # ; \& 1 ; &5&
1 %$^ ;2' &<& 9 9$ < A&($C&( & *" Q S '* &Y! & V J
1 &5 M , 1 # ) /.
3X UM 5 & *d 2 &5$&5 & ( 1 9 =&( 1 S + <=$
; V & 9$` & # &W .A & 5& ; . i , `! .A & 5& eS"
&F , , U a 2 &() 2 2a2; 9 :
2 1 =Z
3 J * ! 1 9 b e& 1 < & .
1 ; & 5 =$ ) &: 1 # &N& 1 & 2
U 6 & 9 6$ N 2 &5$&( 3 1 Z & 2 22 &<& ' 2*
>$ . G &(< J 5!N 2 !N=$ * - 9C ;" & &

1 1
! /

4 Q )
external interface
switch
node
channels
processor
g 1 F Q . # M .A; & <& & 5 < " H,& 1 3 $ & " . ;C * 9 2 &
;2H , &5 C2 1 = &: * $ &( %$ c 1 "+ 9
2 ? 2a2 =$\ 2 G& C G# "U # < ! && , ; & & * 1 #
& 1 5 & . 1 BQ . & !M&V&5 :9 U , # H 1 # T($P ; !
>! & F# &N& 1 < & $ ] 2 ! & 2 F# << ! 2,$ I& 1 T# !; 1 !
1 # & * f< F 2 & 2* !M*&5 .
GY # # 2 ! 92 2 0 X& + 9$ #T 2 ! 2 = >$ Y , S
2 1 >$ =99$ U < ,S3 2 $' b< , &Y , 1 F
; & V + <+$^ 2 &X ) ! 1 & 1 P2 $T U & . G 9& S > Z
&( ;& 1 &(X# ) ! & 92 < 9 . ;C F 2 > 2 ;$ &M ,3 5)

; H L J 6 % = *& S* ;$ g ! V
5 =$SN H &<& a , 2 S@ 2 1 # , 2* C2* &
& 1 2 # & 92 2 = ; 1 99$ . ( U& ; , &<& # @ &;SC"; & 2
=$,# L# < : 2 92 S % A &N# & 1 *3 (: * 2 S
% 5T 9 2
" 0 * d #* #T 2 ! 2 . g T99$S U , F 1 @ e 2 &($C&( &

56,7'D
'7' I 7I9
-=B2%, %,
, 27 BL&
?
-7) -8 _%,7.L&
-?
L#K>A -8^,7 )K7Z
-$O
LO,77I,7T27W%,7T#>=+%Z"

1 1
! /

4 Q
&M& + =%$ ! @ J M 1 <&;S &5& #*9$ & 1 9 H
5 1 *&M
2 )f&( &@ " 1 & 2 &5 + ;2 2 * 2* &5< # 1 9 ; 2 .
G 9 1 B 5 =$ Z < ; &: # # 1 %:# + U &(N< #T& 2 1 9 =&5&5$&5 & S
Z 3X U !N& , U 2 1 & 3Y , S & S* ;$ > U 2+ <=$
1 9 &5 d!:& 2; 3;2 #$ N 5 2 1 &() #) [. @b J 9 !
& 6 9 92 & & , #T ! 1 2 + 5 =$ 1 9 &5 a N 28
@ < 9 T 2 ) & 3Y , S# ; J :2 &< # * Z 3X Ub2 & ;C 6 Q . &.
( 2
G > f * = =$ 1 9 =&5 & < ; * 5
3; <&
$ & D
< X $ J 1 L# <& * 2 )& ! & S" 2$ ##&
2 9 5$^ L J 2 Z) J (!: 2 . GX # F &Y=W# &<& +T;2 2* ,
& 7 1 2* ;2, J ; &5< 1 6 # 5 S '" [. B + 5&5 5- S # S
'- S 3; 5& 2* ;<9$V &( 1 ;F *,2 ) 2 % ($'< #$P& ; * &
! !M <& . GX22 T ! &: @ 22* 2 f2L+ S # 9 U!
^2 2 9 5$G ; S N $ . (
& + <&5U * ' #" S & Q S
3; <&U# 1 2 ^2 & 9$ * 6 2 $ & &+ U! * $ ; 5& *& & ( &5
& *\< & S: C 2 U$ 3; ;S:= # &5< 1 6 ;2 . &, 2
L "#) S &- S Q - S # S # Q 9$GW
< $a
f 5 9 <& . 2 ) 2* % 5$' $ & %$ 2 2 #$W
2 + 2 & ! [ J 5!N 2 , 1 & .
3X # 1 2 & 3Y 1 Z < ; 1 & S <&: < &
&<= # >$k 2 & 9 . R ' J 9 ! << &;SM! P 92 G& 1 U ;2

2 &5 9 9 3X J L2 ) &M! 2* ;X 2 b * ! ! #$
N 5 X . ) [.

1 1
! /

4 Q#
Leader
Co−leader
Ordinary member
g 1 YQ . "NM 3X & = < 9 . & 3X 9 1 &(Z & *9$f * M 3;
! * ; 1 &( M 2 1 &5 @@ 9 =$ @=^;M&: 2 ;S* 2 S
2 T($ # MM L9 @+$ .

3X ) J !M&d # 1 2 + < =$ J 1 9 =&5 .
& 1 9 3; <& < ; 2' ; 1 &( <&b#& ;2P W >! !V -9C >$S
! \6 5$ & # 8 1 &5 ^ ! &(V=$ . 4N 1 &5 5& 5$
& ; # >! ; B 2 " S*! &@f &() ! !MW&: . H &
% % % '
1 &5 <& & ;&d Z # &d # @ ;2 Z %$F& 1 =$ .
'
5 2 M2 2* 6$ U"& 2 S 6 ($ 1 &5 2 ; 1 & F 1 #
2 <&M U J U& 1 5 , ! . L &5& &M 2 ! +$ ;S
! 9 5& P =$ ,# j 1 3;2 1 &5 <&;SN; ! # <&& ; 2 SN 2
2 5& 2 f 5 9 b * L9 * :+$ . =Y F3; <&M ^ 2
1 &5 j& 1 &<& 9 =$ <& &F * << $ . g 1 Q . " 9 1 &(Z &
< Z 3Y .
G ! 3; h *& 1 % &5 1 #$ 7 1 ($ k! 9 ! !Mi& 2
&5$&5 HSX * 2 6 1 & S J B P 92 +T * 2 . ; 5 a
2G G < % B* ;Sl B * 3; L 1 & M $ . & 7 1 &5 H &5
# <&, * 1 < B=$ 1 &5 &, 2 ;S $ . . & & ;
! );F : 9 F#& ;2\ j & 1 9 E 9 j &( 1 6 eSA 2 $ . . . &

1 1
! /

4 Q "
+ :9 F=$ . ( P * ! + 2 & * 2 X! Ue &5
@ # < =$ ;S gh &: * &<& ;2 1 &5 .
VH # <& D 3X W D'< 6 1 U $J . .P1 & 2 &< 6& &L
R 1 ; 1 B $ 1 T 1 ;2 S . . ! ' 2 &5$&5 ;& & & .
; 1 2; ( 1 & Sg& * H
# & & & # & !: 2 &
3; <&;S N & 9$f 1 J &d 1 &5 &: 2* . W U X
2 Sl 2 1 &5 + <&5 6F ; 2 5& J F9g 1 &5 5& !M& # 6 J f
&M & &<& .
2 6 1 1 ;2V2; ( 1 & S 3Y & (# <& L9 * 2
; 1 &( & 3; <& . > 5 2 # 5&: 9 ^ + 9*;2 b 3# ; J #
& 2 ;2 2 2 Sf! P & 2 . 2G3;
& # ' 2 Sg ! ! S ; 5$ 3; 2 %$
! & 2 <& : 9 =$ <& 2 &5! < & ; 1 &( 5& 9 2 &
U ! Y &( $J . . ! X ;$ & H 1 < . Gb22* 9 T99$S ', 1 1 &
&<& + =S 6 ($^ 2 @ * ! & & &5 !M 2 1 &5 J @# 5 M& 1 2
2 5&X 2 & J <&Y 2 5& 9H % & 1 : 9C &5<& .
3Y 22 &<& & & * &5& 1 d #T& 2 &($&5 U&l 1 *d 2 1 6 9
2 <& . 4 2 5& + * & 9 , * 1 9 =&(" 1 #$\ 2
2 2* & G& * C2* &f 2D + 2 P% <T 9B & J 2 J 5!N 2* .
W 22* 9 eS; ! # <&Y& 2 &5& J (!: 2 S 1 & + *
&<= # >$ .

1 1
! /

4 Q
g 1 YQ . BM 3X & $ . + 1 X 1 &5< & R
! * < & Z< !
+ !: 2 . * &@ F &Yf 1 &5 2
# .
( 2
# 1 2 5 =$ ; S Z 3X 9 & L 1 (& & M $ &l #T 2 ! 2
2 2 &:& 1 2 # ;2 1 B < S $ ##& 9 <& 1 &5@& &:; !
# <& 2 f B 9* 2 #T S 2 $ " & & ; 1 &( 5&& 1 2
; & YL9C3 %$& &5 2 &N * < . M J ! << & + 2*
9 &# ; 2H ' & 1 &5 & .
*"3 C2 #T 2 ! 92 &( &N = J N# 2 ! 92 ?2 U 2* f =
&@ 2 V# &5 ;2 &: 1 # 1 9 &5< U&M &M# & 1 5 S
. . & . $ 5 * 3; 5&d#& ;2B f * 1 ?2 & # # & S #" S 3Y
' '
2 & 2 1 # 2 ! 92 &(< & ! & 1 . ;C

&5& e &( B #* # 2 ! 92 , & & 1 S <& %$Nh
#T& ;2j *9C >$ . W f H < ; S 6 ($P 2 b ! & & * &5 !M ;2 1 &5
J M# < X& 1 2 2 5& H U& #T 2 ! 92 # >$S 2 <& J <&Y 2 <& *
9 & 1 : 9* &5<& . & &<&U&<& 1 &, 1 ?2 ^ 5&,! : 2 1
%$^&< 2 B* X=$ 5& S 1 &X<*& J , < ;
,#T 2 ! 92 ' ;2
; .

1 1
! /

4 Q&
2 T & * 1 # ! & ; & & & &< 2 &g < ; . 4
& 2* , + 5 =$ 1 =&(M * 6 '&Y (! SC 1 # ! & 3Y
; & &Y * X! ! & & + &X !: 2 C B 9* 1
3 &5& # 1 # ! & & 1 & 9; 2 #$& < " ; !`& M 7 1 T 1 &5
& ; . & B; 1 &( bX =$ .N 3Y , &b# >! - 2 # - ) # S3 2
% %
-
!M& L9C 99$ $ -($ & &F! + 1 * +$ 5& . ) =$ F ) &
% %
C2* &f 28 &f 2 " $ &< & 3Y 2 3X & . & 2
%
1 # ! & &F 2P b ; ! & # B # << !'
&5$&5 H S &f% 5T B && 2 2 2 1 U J 5!N 2 & 3 *& # >$
H3; .
$ 2f ; & b * 1 # ! &;S 5 ! & ; &g& b 2 1 *N2;
@ ; $ ! ;2 ! L & &5 1 &5 & & 7 1 %
& . G &B9 2 &
&@ ! : )3 1 # 2 &5$&5 & ST 2 & 1 2 <&5 2 1 ; 9
F 2 > 2V2* =$ .
1 FQ . 1 &5< & ! Z 3X &( 1 ;&X . ^ * &@& :9
% $ # Sl& ; 1 &( 5&L&5= 1 #$G ; # &< 2 ' < ; . 3X &
! & Z! &F f 2* 2 $ % - # % - ) #'& $ % - # % - ) ##& 9 & Se& ; 5$j; !
# : 9 * " =$ ! 9 ) ! ; ! # <& ;2 Z %$
! X=$ . Y; >$ H S &Y& ! & &X & 2P V #$
% - & .
# < 1 2* <&() 2 P3 & 9W 3 6 Z 3X & * 1 &5 ;& SX! & * !
&() 9 * _! 1 # ) )#)#) <& 1 .
# eS & < ; ' ' . *: 1 >2 ;@ 3; ;S %
?S
& 7 1 9 ) J 5!N 2 ' & 3 *& # >$ ' 2 Sg 28 8# &() 2
56,727'f*cL#%%*? 7% ,7D
L#V? ?77)B
%K ;-8?)
A &O^ d
7)K7$L*L#&
I0
-'

1 1
! /

4 Q
#* Q . ,M N4 1 &( 2 4N ! ;C & 1 *; 9 1 &5 2 ; TS J b # ) S )')#)
3; 1 . # j &X 2 J M 1 &5 2L9 &()( *B )
%
J : ! &(Y =$ .

4N 1 &5 ;C $ & 4N ! ;C ; $ &
3Y " $ " M " Q
$ " M " Q
% % %
3Y " "
$ " $ FM 5 # )
% % %
3X #
# $ &
% %
) %
& 1 ; 1 # =$ <& O_ W! * C2 5 9 & Se 1 &5
& ; $ & 2 * !_& ; $ & @+$ $ 7 1 $ Q . & & . # "Q . 1 5& < &
1 & J 3X 2 >! 9 <TZ 9" 9& .

$ &

$ $ Q. &
%

$ &
3Y 2 3X , S :9* 6) 0S & & C2* & 3 X; 1 &( b ; 5$V =$ . > &
& 1 &N^ -9* BZ J d 1 &5 N& SL< 2 9 T< X J & 3 1
U& ! 9T# # 1 - =$ <& 2 . 3Y S B Y 2 S &: #
L9C3 ; 2 1 L# 2 & @; 1 &( ;S 2H <& L9C3 ; 2 < F2; H & +$ 5& .
& ;2 N: 9C3 ; ;2f2 2 3 l ; & J A & :9 1 eS+
1 ?2 7 1 <& ; C C2* & =# =9 1 ;2 . G 2* "
; 2^ 1 >2 ;F 7 1 < 2 1 ;2V F ; 1 & $ 37 1 Z $ Q . & & S
3X 7 1 &Ua C 1 ?2 H " & S U &(f & ! &
;2 2' 3Y &X C $ *) & & ! U; ! & ; "*. Y! 2 & S
H< 2 T < ;U J # ) S )#)#) 3; 1 1 &5 & 1 ( "A & &" & 1 5
' 1 + 9 & J 5!N 2 W & & # >$ $ 1 W Z < ; G + <+$S
Z 3X 2 &@ & 5 C M# 5 ! 7 1 f C 1 ?2 F %$ " -C.

1 1
! /

4 Q-
(
2

J U " 3X f & 6 1 Z 2 1 & 1 eSC 2 * J U
&M

2

? 22* =$ 1 2 *X <& &<& 9 L e * & 1 <

; 9 <&;S& & ; #$f = . * & ; 1 2 & & "
+ 5 =$ &;Se&M! & 1 1 2 =$H 2W &5& + 2 3; <&b
. ! & & 2* =Z &g &($C&( & & 9 &5& S
2 8& U9 U&5 2 2 2; Z 9 &,# < &5$ ] 8
% <& .
3 1 # 3 <&N& 1 &<& 1 %$ 2 9 ;2 9& 1 # &<; # 5&d!

2 ! 2 ! . 2 ;%$ & 1 & *P & # >$k 2

# <
& F2 9 ($ .
7Y 9f & 1 #&5 # <&M Z % 2 b! ^ ;2
! 2* ! . &# 2 ; 9 <&X Y 1 ;2V J .
3 1 L# 2 1 =Z & 3 g& 1 1 # S J T# 2
% <& S@ ;cT ; a 1 &5&($ # 1 2 k >! . <&< 9 2
1 <& 2*d *2 % ($"! 2* !D ; 1 2L J l& 2 1 = & SZ& * ; 9
2 $&5& 1 2 &@ &5 .
! " ) <, V 5& $&5 HS # <& X& 2
#
%$V# & '& ( &5$&5 & + 2 .( >! g< <& J 1 A 1 <&
1 2 * * & 1 5 2H2* &5 TZ 2 ! 3 1 Y&N ; & <& S

" J 6 ($^ 1 @! V &@ f J 5!N 2V .

1 1
! /

4 QQ
1 @ Q . ; & 1 &5 T 9 & A !

S$ 2 1
2 X
2 ! 9 2 . 2
g
! 2 H & &<& 2P "# & .

"
1 "'( ./
!
6&# #&# &# &
? &
3 * 3 *** - * - * *& , *** ***&5+*** - * **& **** ****& ****
" ' & , *** 7 * +**&5+*** - * **& **** , ***& 3 *** 3 ***& ****
%4& , 3 7 3 ** ,-63 * ***& 3 *** ****& **** ****& 3 **** 3 ****& *****
!#"%$&('*),+.-0/12)435
& 1 *& ! M2 1 & " @

; [S ;
#T& ;2 & 1 /. 76
98
60:
<;>=
1 & ! 1 1 & 2 S &!

6 S :
<?@= ABC; 2 Q 2 &;S
?ED,GF*HEI EGJI
2 1 9 9 &( 1 j

HEI H
L # <& . 2 6 & <& LK
H
NMAO
EP FA>?
O OQK O
H
M K O :
Q S BR=
M
I
O
H
H
'
5 >! a&5 1 ; 1 S # J 9 &
LS4O LK OTS4K O
H
O US4K
H I
O LO O
RP
O K
H
K
H ! f ! J 5 O
H I P
O VK
I
M
H
9 &: 5 e&( 1 ; 1 .
M OQK QS LS
H
WO
H
K
I
QS S4K O
H
O US4K
H
LO O
$ # 5&B! 2* U%$ &5& 2 ! 9 2 &5$&5 ,& S 2 2 2 $

O O O
HEI H
VK
H
K QS
I HEI H
O
H>I H EP
# >! ; *. 2kQ ,& ! & &<& 2 P6 5$D .

& 1 & 2
1 1 &
IX; YH>I ; H H
%KM
I
O YK
I
S YK
I
O
H
K
! 9 # 1 3 %>$ *. & . 2 ! & 1 ;2 1 & U2 0 # 2 ! 2

K LS
H
O
H H
VK
EP ; Z
OQK
H I
[M O K O
I H>I
K LS
2 &( 9# 1 & J 2 3 W>$ &

K LOQK
[. &5& 1 & B
QK
I P
O K O
I
YK
I
:
CD<FC=
S
H
QK
I
K QS
H
LS O
EP
QS
\I & O
f# 2 ! 2 k 9 &L H;2 S &f& !
I
]S
H . Q . C.
^S4KYMAS O
HEI
K LS
H H
K LK QS
HEI
LS M
H
%S
I
K
I
KM
\I
H
&5 & Se # 2 ! 2 & 1 J 2 9&5 # 1 ! %
LS4O
&"& ! I4H
OQK QS
HEI
K QS_S
H H 4I
K
P
O K QOQK LK
I
K LS_O
H>I
M %S
I
K
I
. Q . C.KM

j& 1 " &( ;2 J

H
US & . J& 1 . 9 <&dh
%K
H
LK
I
OQK
I H `P
O
>;A;
QK
H
QK
I
LK O K
I
1 9 &5 1 #$ ; a 2 ; 1 & 1 J U%$ 2 9&5 # 1 2 S

LS QK
H
MAO
I H
LK
I
M QS O
I
K
I H 4I
K
P
O K LO%K
O
HEI2* &d! 9 5&5 & . & 1 e. !
1 Y
QK &. K LS,K
I
QS [O
C;E; EP
LS QK
H
LK
I H
O LK
EP FE;E;
K & 9< 2 1 & . 1 #* & 5& h >! 2 &5 5 1 #* &
]K
P
OX LS [M O K %S O K
I
LS
I
O
HEI H
O K %S4K
I
M
H
QS
# MAK
& 1 e.
(
I4I
& . 2 &( J # 1 & . S
K
I
M
>P
QS QK
H
LK
I
6
H
O LK
I
M
H FE;A; JH>I H
LK
I
M
P
O
H DE;A; H
US
QK & 1 & & ! 9 # 5&

H
QK
& . 1 & & S
I
S
H H
S
H
K QS O QS4K US
HEI
M O%K
I
M LS,K S
H H
US O
! & 5 & 2 ! % 2 ! 9 1 &( 9 1 & . 1 & & # & 2D &
H
O VK K LS
H>I
K QS TS
P H
K O
H
K O O
H H
O
H I
LS
#* ;2 1 #* & 2 ;3 ( 2 9 1 & J >! 2 &5$&( ,&

H
K
I P
O
[. C2* & H
K %S O O
EP P H
K O
P
O
I
O 5:
FED<FG= 78
P H
2 2 %$ & ;2
K 7K
I 2 9&5 # 1 ! 9

I I H H
QK
H aP
O
HEI I I
LK
H
K QOQK LK
I
K QS

Q

"! %$ # 1 %$&(' *) 2 # h ' ,+ ' &($.- & # & # + 0/ $ #;2 '
[H 5?A;
]K
I HEI
O K
I
S O
H P
O K
QH P
O
HEI # 1/ ' # 2& %$ 2 +3& .465 & ' 87 &

$ 7 # 95 %$&(' *) ) #
AI I
K
H
K OQK K
AI
K S
H C;
]K
I
S
&:7' # 6 + 7 # #<; ' + # %+=- # & ; >$?$.-@&(' %$?$.'A7 S ' CB # # S D ' %$?$ # ,4 # +&E'
HEI
O S
I H
O%K
H H AI H
O
H
M
? P H
O
4 # 56/@F5 & + / >+ # ) # $ 5 ## B # 9&G+ # 95 # ;H# 7 %+ # # >& # F / ' I4 %+ # F '
4OQK
I
M S4K 4S
H
S
9P H
K ,O
I I *H
M
I
O
H H
4OQK OQK
H AI
& # 4 'AB # F +3& ?465 & '

S FJ5 + # F ' %$.$ / '%&E' ; ' $.+ F %$.$ (5 +H)
H
4K O%K K
AIH>I P
O
H
4O
HEI H
O
I
>$?$ # 1/ # # 9&(+ S K5 $.&

+=' 5 ;H# ,5 $.& ; %+=&
+=& # +7 # # ' F # $ # F &E' ' 5/ ) ;
\I^H
OQK
I
K 4O K
H
O
H
O
5H
MAO
H
S
+(' 5 ;H# + # F + ; ' 6+3& 2& 4 & >& # /4 7 &

4O
; ' -9& # / C-$?' F L&
I >& # ' AI UHEI
4K O
H
O
H P ;A;A; H AH H ]H
O
H P C;
/ ; # &E+ / # + #H; ' F ) # 465 I# + H# 7 %+M+ # &M&('

H
/ ; # &E+ S 7 ; ; ' # + / ' F +N&E' O
AI
S O K
H C? H
S4K S OQO
AI
& # 5 + # 'S
)
+ #H; ' FO465 P# S # %$ +=& ; + ;Q#
LH ' ' // $ ; >& ' 6+R+ 5 ; %+SB ?F # '
M
P H ? AI
O
H
O
H
K K
I[H
OQK
P
O
H
K
H
K
AI
S
H
K
; ' T# # ; ) AI P
O
I
K
I
M
(VU XWJY[Z]\^ Z
Z]_ ` a
+]+ #H; & ' / # + # 2&E+ # $.- # B %$ 5 >& ' # + 5 $.&E+]' >& # ' F ; ' 0/ # +& # 7 &
S4K K
AI
4O
I H
O
>H H
K
AI
O
P H L8 HEI H
O S K S
& ' + # ' & #H# %$b& # >& B # / '%&E' ; ' $.+H) # # / ' & # F # + 5 $.&E+ # ' B # (5 6+ / # / '
S
P
S4O
H
O
I[H
K 4O S O O O
*H
O
9P
O O
I
O 4O
&E' ; ' $c' 4 & # F 7 & & # F P# # 9&ed ?F dX&E' / ' $.' # + F & # 'f7
:g F 7 ?F & + ;Q#
UH
K
') I
K S S 4K O
I
OQK MAK
.HEI
S
W HEI
K S
I[H
OQK
$ # + 5 $.&(+h7 # # ' 4 & # F 7 & & # $ .F

F
6BK ]K
H
OJO

:g F 7 .F & + ;H# ' +H) O
UH
K
I
K S S K
HEI
KYMAS
HEI
K S
I[H
OQK
5 #Gi ) 8+ 'A7h+j& # AB # # 5 K4 # ' F # $ B # # Fk/ ; # &(+e' %$.$ (5 6+7 & ' ' +3&
KM 4O
?
S S
H
O
H
M
I
O
P
K O
H P H
O
I
K S
I
S
P H $ 5 # +H) # / '%&E' ; ' $mln+ F L& F # $ B # -@&E' / ' $.' - ; ' $.$ / + # + %+h&E'' 2- /6564 $ + # + #
K 4O S 4O
H UH
K O M
H WH HEI
K S O
H
O
H
F6F # F ) + /6/ # 6+ +3& ' F 1op7 ; + 5 4 $ # &E' F $ # & # 5 $?$ /654 $ +
S4K S
H I
[O
P
O
8H
O
H H
S,K S K
I4H
S
HEI
S
P
K S4K
I
M
O
>& # ' ' # /564 $ + # ) ;H# F
H P ;Q# q $
O F $# ; # %+ 5 ,4 # ' /654
AI
K S O
8
K
H>I 8
K S
H>I HEI
K
I
O
H
K
I
M
I
O
P
$ + # + 4 # &=& # & 'A7 # B # o6& # - F # $ B # + 564 +3& 2& %$?$b- T# 7 # / ; # &E+7 # ; ' 0/ # F 7 &
K S O O S O S K O
UHEI
K
H P
O
H
S
I H
O K S
L& # ') L& # ' + 4 # +=& >& CB%' ?F r4 '%&=&E$ # #H; + s& # F # $ B # -t& #H# o F # $ B #
H U8 H U8
K
H H
K 4K
I
M
I
K
I
S K O O K OQK
I
M
& # ' +=& / ; # &(+7 # V& # # &:7' +'AB # $?' F # F %++ #H# J7 & i /654 $ + # + )
S
H
S
I
S
I
O 0K O
<H H I
K S K S O
# / # ' ;H# ' ,5 $.&

+=' 5 ;Q# ,5 $.& ; %+=&8+=-+3& # ; 4 # # %+ 5 # F s& # +
S O
P
O
H>I P H
K 4O K
H HEI H
4O K
I
O
' # P
F +3& F (FuF # B >& ' u' & # # + / ' 6+ # & # ) 4 $ #vi ) w+ 'A7h+N& # + # &:7'
H>IXH>I UHEI H
O K
H
K
AI P
S O
AI
K
H F
S S

;
7M
FatNemo
6M Nice
Nice PRM(3,0.02)
5M Narada
infinite bandwidth case
Delivered Packets
4M
3M
2M
1M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
# Publishers
KYM 5 #Ri ) # $ B # # v
4O F / ; # (& + ?
K O
H FAE? # F I
`S
' +3&E+Qo 'A7
:g HEI
F 7 .F & + ;Q# K S
I[H
OQK
')
H
4 $ #Ri ) q # + / ' 6+ # ZF AI # 564 $ + # o FAE? # F ' +3&E+Qo 'A7
:g
I HEI
F 7 .F & + ;Q# I[H ')
'%&E' ; ' $
K K S O 0S K S OQK
O $ # &F HEI
6
>& # ' H L8 ; ) i ) D YC ; ; D
8 ;Q# ; ) i ) i Y D ; ; F
;Q#
q $ 1o )
K
8
K
D ; ;<F ; ) ) i Y ; ; ?
8WH
F O
H H ; ) D%D ) ; ; <?
# & ; + ' & #S# B %$ 5 >& # Fr/ '%&E' ; '%$?+7 & ' # /6564 $ + # ) L& # '0' 5 & / # ' + ;H# o
OQK
P
O S
>H H
4O K S
AI
K S O
H U8
O
P
O
W8
K
8 ;Q# jq $
K F F & # +R' # F +3& F (F F # B >& ' t' # + / ' + # & # )
HEI 8H
O
H H
K
I
O
P H>I HEI UHEI H
O K
H
K
AI P
O
AI
K
& ; # %+ # F 5 ,4 # ' /6564 $ + # +0& # # $ >& B # 5 ,4 # ' F # $ B # # F / ; # &E+

K S
HEI
K
I
O
H I
O
P
K S O S O
H
K
I
O
P
K O
H
P ' ;H# o ;H# q $

O F 8
F F #H; # %+ # + ; ' 0/ # F &E' L& # 'o7 ; # + &
K
.8
K
HEI 8WH
O
H H
O
H H
O
H U8
S4K S
H
K
K 0/ ' +=+ .4 $ # &(' $b- ; ' N/ # & # # + / ' 6+ # & # ' ' # & S' # /6564 $ + # 4 %+ # F ' 6$.-
K
P H
KO
H
O S O
AI
K
P
O O S
HEI AI
K S O
H AI
' w' # 5 ,4 # ) # / ' 4 $ # +3& # + ' & L& ; && >&Co 7 # $.'f7 #
AI AI I &E+ F # $ B # - O S 4O
P
O S
H P H
S
H
S
I
O%K
I
M K K O
O
>& ' / '%&E' ; ' $7 $?$ F ' / & ' + # / ; # &E+<7 &
H
K
_H
4O
# + / ' 6+ # & # ' # $ # $b-s& K 4O S
H
K S S,KMAS O
AI
K O K S
HEI
'%& # +Q) 95 +Qo ; ' N/

S
# + / ' + # & # + ; ' +(+ / '>&E' ; ' $.+G7 & +
O S ; 2&E$.- F I# # 2& H
OQK
I
M]O
AI
K
1H
O 4O K S KM
I
K
HEI
4K O
I
F # $ B # - >& ' + 5 F # +=& # +=+G7 $?$ B # $ # +=+ # + $ # 2& / '%&E' ; '%$?+

K O O
H
5 F B 2& # )
K
I
O O K MAK O K K
I
4O
HEI I P H
KO
H >HEI LH
M

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
P[t<X]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
# /654 $ + #
0.01 0.1 1 10
Response Time [s]
H I
K S O
0.01 0.1 1 10
4 ' 5 /564 $ + #
Response Time [s]
4O K S O
FatNemo
Nice
Nice PRM(3,0.02)
Narada
0.01 0.1 1 10
Response Time [s]
KM 5
,O
# i ) D q # + / ' 6+ #
AI #
K
7 & K S
o H>I
F i /6564 $ + # + 5 #
+ ' (F # # F (& ' /
F 'f7
K S O [M ,O O O
I &
FAE? # F ' +3&E+Qo A' 7
g
I
0S
HEI 7F .F & + Q; #
K S
I[H
OQK
')

F
H
4 $ #Ri ) # $ B # -@q >& ' 564 $ + # o # F ' +3&E+Qo D 1H FAE? I 'A7
g F 7 .F & + ;Q# HEI I[H ')
'%&E' ; '%$
K O K K S O 0S K S OQK
G' $ 5 # + & O
8 H
K 4O

K S
$5 # + H
K ,O
L& # ' ) i D H U8 ; )
; ?A?
;Q# ) D 8 ; D )
; E?
j
;Q#
$ q o 1 ) ) i 8
K
D ; ;<F ; ) D
; ;
F ) i 8H
O
H H ; ? ) i
; ?
5 e # i ) D ) + 'A7h+& # 5 ,5 $ >& B # +3& .465 & ' 5 ; & ' ' & # # + / ' + #
KM 4O
H
S S
H
K K OQK K
AI I
K
AI P
S O
AI
& # / # / ; # & ' ' # /6564 $ + # ) #

+ + 6' %$ # F &E'R& # & # 4 F 7 ?F &
K O
H P
O
AI
K S O S
H
BK K
7I
O
H
K S K
I I
K
H>I
K S
; %+ # o ) # ) 7 # %$.$ #H;H# B # + #H;H# B # %$?$ / '%+(+ .4 $ # / ; # &E+Q) >& # '6o ;H# F

H
K
;Q# S
I H
O K O O K
H
K
H H U8 78
K
HEI 8
K
jq $ / # ' 7 # $?$ o 465 & >& # '6l + >&(& # & #H# # + 5 $.&(+ 0/ 'AB # F # + / ' 6+ # & # )
O
P
O
H L8 [H
O O O K
IH>I
K 4O O
AI
K
8H
F +' $.- 4 $ # &E' F # $ B #
O
H ; & ' k' %$.$ / ' +=+ .4 $ # / ; # &E+Qo F ' $.-<& # k7 &
H
K
AI H
K O
H P
O
H
K
EI P H
K
H #HEI AI
S
I
K S
H
+ 564 +3& 2& %$.$.- F # $ C-%) & ; # >+

UHEI
5 ,4 # ' /6564 $ + # +Qo*& # / '%&(' ; ' $?++3& &K
H
S4KMAS
H
K S K
I
O
H
K
I
M
I
O
P
K S O S ,O
UH
O
O (5 2&(' 4 '%&=&E$ # #H; +Q) # + / & # & # (F # ; ' F & ' 6+Qo L& # ' + 4 $ # &E't' 5 &
I4I
K
I
M K
I I
4K S S
H
O O
AI
4K K
AI H U8
K
^H
/ # ' +e& # %$.& # >& B # / '%&E' ; ' $.+ @& # +h' / ; # & F # $ B # -M& # + %+ $.$ 5 +3& L& # F
O
P
O S
H
O
I4H
K 4O K
I
O
P H
K O K
H
K O
H
K
I
) i ) D ) T4 F ) i ) D ) ; )
KM
HEI
KYM
4 $ #wi ) s+ 'A7h+M& # F # $ B # - >& ' 5 + ' # /564 $ + # 7 & F 7 & ' 5 & # F
H D
S S K O O
H
K K
I
M
AI
K S O K S
H>I
K S
I
+=-+=& # + $ 5 # +H) & ; 4 # + #H# J& >& >& # ' / # ' + %+h7 # $?$ >+ ;H# q $5 F # P H
K 4O
HEI I
S
H H L8
O
P
O
1H !H 8
K
I
O
H t$.'A7
$ 5 # >& # + ;H# 't7 & ' 6$b- F ' / ' 1) P H
F # $ B # - >& '6) K
;Q# %+ 4O O
H I4H
OQK K S
AI H
4O
P F Y
K
I
K O O
H
K
8
K S
H ^H
+($ &E$b-r$.'f7 # ]F # $ B # - >& '6oP7 $ #

KYMAS F M+ 5 I# + %$ # F - ' ; ' $?$ / + # FtF # $ B # - O K O O
H
K S4K
8WH
O
H H
O
H
O
H P
O
H H
K O
& #Q# 7 & ' $.- 4 ' 5 & D F # $ B # - >& '6) # # %$ op& # F # $ B # - >& 'N7 $.$ F #H; # %+ #
O K S
AI 0H ;
K O O
H
K
\I
M
I
O
H
S K O O
H
K K O
H
H %+"& # 5 ,4 # ' /564 $ + # + ; # %+ # +Ho %+"& # / '%&E' ; ' $mln+ F >& F # $ B # -K&E' / ' $?' -K+=$?'A7h$.-
S
I
O
P
K S O K
I
O
H BH
S 4O
H UH
K O M
; ' $.$ / + # +Q) H
# 'AB # # F ' / '%&E' ; '%$ ; 4 # # %+ 5 # F @& # +' F656/ $ ; >& # / ; # &E+H) +

S OQS
H P H
4O
HEI H
,O K
I
O
P
K
H H
S4K
# & ; +]+ 'A7 & # + #Q; ' F ; ' $ 5 ' 4 $ #& '6o S
I
K
I
S
AI I P H
4K K S4KYMAS K O O
H
K
L& # ' ; 5 +Ho CB # # o' 6$.- ) DF656/ $ ; >& # / ; # &E+ / # + # 5 # ;Q# 5 ,4 # o27 $ #
H U8
K
I
,O K
I^H
O
H
M
EI ; DA?
K
H H
O
I I
O S4K

D

H
4 $ #Ri ) B # # F 5 4 $ + # o # F ' +=&(+Ho f' 7
:g F 7 ?F & + ;H#
H FAE? I HEI I[H ')
'>&E' ; ' $ 65 / $ ; L& # / ; # &(+ ' 2& ' $ ; $J4 / +
OQS K S O S K S OQK
H H AI H %=
O K O O :
>& # ' ) D H
D ) L8 ; DE?
;H# ) 8 ) ; ;E;A; FBA

;H#'
$ q o ) 1 ) i
8 ) i K
D ; ;<F Y ? A
F ) 8WH
D ) O
H H ; ;E;A? G D
8 ;Q#
jq $ + 5 I# + ' 1) i F656/ $ ; >& # / ; # &E+ / # + # 95 # ;Q# 5 K4 # # #
K O
P
O
C?
K
H H
O
I I
O7M
I
O
>& # 0
H
F 4 - &(+ K
/ ' 4 4 $ +3& ; ' 7 (F

4O
%$ ' & ) ;H# F H
4K F T# >& 5 # %$ ' +3& 6'
K K
TP
O
H
O ,K
I
M
H
M OQK S
]8
K
HEI 8H
O
H H P H
4O
H NI
F56/ $ ; >& # +Qo K
H
465 & L& ; ' +3& N& # ' F # $ B # - L& ' %++ 'A7 4 $ #i ) ) >& #
H *H
S4KMAS K
I
O
P
K O O
H
K
TH
S
I
K
I H D H U8 '6l + ; ' 2& '%$ AI
O
O
# $ >& # F & ; + # &
H ' ;Q# F ;H#'
q $ o # + 5 $b&<' &(+,$ O
H
K S4KYMAS O S
HEI P
O
8
K
HEI 8
K
7H
O
P
K
H
O%M
# ; $ 5 +=& #
O O
; =F >$ &:- H # & # & #H# ) #@; ' 2& ' $e& ; + ;H; ' 5 2& # F ' >&
O 4K
I[H
K S4KYMAS O K
I
S O S
AI
O O
H
K
^H I P
O
H
O
' 5 & # $ # B # $mo O
& 95 +& #; ' ;Q# ' / #Q# ln+ # 4 ' + >& # ' >$?+(' F6F + F6F & ' %$c'AB #
S S S K
P H
O
*I
KMES O K
I H U8 H H H
4K K
AI[H
OQS
# F o %+ &H ,H
K
' / &E+ 6'>& ' & #R; $?' + # +=&Ho 465 & ' & # / #Q# 7 &
I # +=& 4 F 7 ?F & ) P
O S
P
O S O K S S4KYMAS
HEI
K S
(VU ( \

` ^
^ h _ \"Z ^C\"Z
L& # ' F # '

H U8 "7 # # ' >$?$.- F # + # F ' # %$& # ,5 $b& # F o F &(+
H>I 8
:
<;@=
O OQKYMAK
I[H
KYM
I P
O5O
H
K K 4K
H HEI
K
& # # F # >& B # ; 6'A7h$ # F # # 2& >+(+ 5 # + ; ' 2& 5 ' 5 + F >& c'A7R) $
OQKYMAM O
I
M
H
K
H I
4M
I 8 H AI
K
I H UH
& '5 S / '%& # 9& %$.$.- 95 # ?F +3-1+3& # o6& #

,MASK
+e$ # $.-<&(' AB #R; ' 2& 5 ' 5 + F L&
IH I
K
H
S 4M MAO%K S
58
K K S
H AI
K
I H UH
& ; o7 # #H# F &E'

O
H
F $ # + & 5 >& ' 6+7 # #N; ' 2& 5 ' 5 + F >& 6'f7 F ' # + *l & # +3&C) s# I
S
HEI
K
H
K
AI
S O
AI
K
I H LH QI
BK

I #H# F &E' # & # F + 4 $ # & # T# >& 5 # ' 5 + # %$.& # >& B # #H; + +H)
K S O 4K
LH
S
8 P H
4O O
H
O
I4H
K S
HEI
K
0/ $.- F + 4 $ & # ; ' 5 $ F +=' $.B # & + / ' 4 $ # >&& #e# 1/ # 6+ # ' / '>& # 2& %$.$.-
6 K 4K
LH
K
I
M S
8
S4K 4O
H
S
I P I
K
H
F #H; # >+ & # # + $ # ;Q# ' & # >& # ' / '%&E' ; ' $m) ' & 5 L& # $b- oPqd ' 6$.- # 95 # +
O
H
K
I
M S O K K
I P
S
H U8
4O O
I[H
6
EI
O 4KO
$?'' + #G; ' + +3& # ; - ' & # + # B # +Qo67 ; F ; >& # +j& >& F + 4 $ C- 4 #
AI
K
I H EI
M S O O S4K S K
I
4K
H
S
H
4K
QH
K
I
M
8 H H
P T# %+ ?4 $ # +(' $ 5 & ' *)

H
K K
AI

$.& # O
>& B # b$ - o ' /
&E'
' / Q# ;
I4H + ; +=' .$ B # & + / ' 4 $ # 7 & ' 5 &
K
H
S S S
HEI
K
HEI
S,K 4O K S
5H P
T#H; &
P
K
I
M
& # # + $ # ;H# o 64 5 &h& # A' B # # F ' & + 6/ / ' ; # 9 5 # + ' # 2B # +=& >& ' *)
S O K K
I
S OQS
H P
S4K
H
4O
AH
SO 4KYO O K
I
KYM
H
K
AI
(VU _ ^ _ ` _ \ Z\ \
+ ; / & # +=& F # + ; ?4 # F >& # '6o 6'AB # $ + ; %$ 4 $ #e# F

+=-+3& # ,5 $.& ; %+3& / '%&E' ; '%$
S4K S
H
O [O O%K
H U8 <H5I H H I
K
H
4O
& >& # ,5 $ >& # + >&

& #H# ' w& # 7 ?F # # # &:7' &(' 465 $ FwF >& F # $ B # -J&(' / ' $?' # +
S
H H 5H P H
O
AI
S K
H
O
H I
O 4K
H UH
K O MEK
7 & #F # K S F +=& F (F[F # B >& ' ' & # # + / ' 6+ # & # o& # F + ; 5 +=+ # F
]K
I
K K
H>I HEI LHEI H
O K
H
K
AI P
S O
EI
K S
I
4K
S
'A7a&(' # ;H# & # qd 5 + >& # '6) >& # ' + 4 >+ # F '
I
S
# '6o HEI
S 6
58
K
I
M
H L8 H L8
K
H AI 8 1H
O
# + $ # 2& # F
+=-+=& # K5 $.& ; >+=& / '%&(' ; ' $
K K
I ) ,5 $ >& ' # + 5 $.&(++ 'A7 & L& >& # '
I
K
H
4O :
<;@=
6BK
H
K
AI
O S S
H H U8
; ; #B# +
HEI]H
; 2&E$.- # F # $ B # - >& ' +
& S4K
%$b& # >& B # / '%&E' ; ' $.+ ; # >+ # KM
I
K
HEI
S4KYMAS O K O O
H
K S
HEI]H
O
I[H
K 4O
H>I
K
I
O
H
' 56/ &E' 5 F #

P $?' F oA7 $ # # F65 ; & # # T4 - 56/ &(' i F +=& F (F
WDA?A; I
O S4KYMAS
<H
S4K O K
I
M S
HEI ; HEI LHEI H
O
F # B L& ' 4 - 56/ &(' i ' & # # + / ' 6+ # & # J& # 6'
'AB # $?' F # F ; %+ # ) F #
K
H
K
EI P
S O
AI
K K
I
S
I AI
O
AH H 1I
O
H
S
# CB9- $?' F F
H # %$ +3& ; ' +=& $ 5 # >& # o
& # # + 5 $.& V/ '%&E' ; ' $ + 4 $ # &(' >&=&
<H HEI H
O
H
K K S
P H
K 4O O
H
S O K
I
M 4O K
H `H UH
K
I
S4KMAS VF # $ B # - >& ' +e7 & # $ .4 $ #; ' +3& V& # +h' "; ' 2& '%$
# $ >& # F & ; ) ' F ' / &
K O O
H
K K S
I
M KMAK K
I
O
P AI
O O
H
O
H H
& # L& # ' / '%&E' ; ' $ ' & #

S
H wqd op& # T# L& 5 # + ' 5 $ Fr4 # F + 4 $ # F
U8
4O
P
O S
58
K
I
6 S
8 P H
4O S 4K
QH
' 7 #8; 5 + # %$.& # >& B # #H;

O
+ ++ 5 ; %+ ' /
&E'
' / )
H>I H
O
I4H
K S
HEI
K S
H
S S

VU !#" ` \%$
'd & s465 $.&R' s& # # $ >& '
>$ F >& N' F # $ F 0' F # # $ >& ' %$ F >& 4 %+ # +=-+3& # 0+ AI H AI[H H UH )( .HEI ( I H AI4H H LH H (
*( *(
6 4K S O K O O K
%$?$.'f7h+8& # /6/ $ ; >& ' &E' %+ ; ' / $ #

H
F +=' / +=& ; L& # F 95 # +=& ' 6+ 4 ' 5 & ; ' / '%+
H H AI H HEI H AI ^H
+&
S K K 4S4K K K K
& ' 6+R' # +(' 5 ;H# +H) [# CB # F # + ; .4 # F & # ; & #H; & 5 # ' ' 5 qd
EI P # $ >& ' >$ .F H H P H AI[H
( ( *(
K O ,O S OQK S O S4K 4O 4O 6 O K MAOQK
I ' L& ' r+ # B ;Q# +=-+=& # Vo ' $?$.'f7 # F 4 -w& # F # + ; ?/ & ' ' & # 465 $ F
P H ; ' / ' # 2&E+
EI P AI P I AI I
+& (
K O K O K S O%K K S 4K 4K M
' & # qd P +=-+3& # ; $ 56F 5 # - # 7 & o&(' / ' $?' - # # >& ' *o6+ ; # F65 $ 7 & I I I I H AI I
', ( - /. 0(
S 6 K 4K M O O O%K K M M M O K S K M K S
I[H;Q; 5 >& # ' 4 + # ' L& ' *o

+ # %$ FO/ %$.$ # $ & ' 5 /65 & 0' F # $
H
F I P H EI H JHEI H H I HEI
( (1(
K 4O K K O K O%K O S4O 4MAS K M
N' &E' o F # F
+=-+=& #
AI
5 $b& ; %+3&C) I ,H>I I H
-
K OQK M K
# F +(+ # & >& ' v+=& & # F 7 & d .F d<o1' 5 +=- 2& # & ; ?F +e&E' / ' $?' - # # >&('
S 4K FO
LH
K
AI LH
O K S OQK 4O
I
S K MEOQK M M
I
O
H
O
HEI
HEI4I6'%& >&E' )d .F d ; # # >& # # &:7' &(' / ' $?' # +& >& ' $.$?'A7 & # / 'A7 #
$ C7h+' & #
LH HEI I H I H P H P
& &
O OQK M O O MEK S S O S
\I 9& # # &&E' / ' $.' -8- # & >$?+(' #H# / I& #G; $ # # ; - ' & # 2& # # &C)jd .F d ; %$?+=' H I H H P \I I HEI]H
*(
O M 4K M S O S4K O O S S O OQK
+ # + ?4 $.- 6'%& >& # & # &E' / ' $?' - ' & # # &:7' &('K& # ' +=&(+$ # B # $mo ; ' 6+ ?F # ,4 '>&
I
K
HEI4I LH
S M
P
O S
I
O S S
AI
K OQK
I
M S
2& '
F 2& #
' +=&(+ ; ' # $ >& ' 6+H)
I HEI I H AI
-
K O 0K O S OQO K
# F +(+ # & >& ' & # F # + ; ?4 # F ' 5 95 # - # 7 & & #H; 95 # + ' %+=& 5 + # #'
LH AI I I I P P H
( 32 ( (
S 4K O K S OQK 4O O O OQK K M S K O O O
+ / ' 6+ # & # o*7 ; & F # ' 4 # &:7 #H# [& # =5

AI & # ' K 5 # - F & # 5 4 # S4K S O
H I
S O
I4I
K
I
M K
P H
O
H>I
S
I
O

9 K1 v
e
G ?
' P # + 5 $b&E+ & # & 5 6+H) [# + 'A7 & >&N& F # '3I2 +k'AB # ( 2- ' (F # +N' & 56F # # I H H HEI P (
H I H
(
O K O 4O S S O O O O M K O
/ ' +=+ .4 $ # o F & # & #H; 95 # + ; >$?+(' 4 # 5 + # F &E' #H# /"95 # - / ' ;H# +(+ HEI & # $ # $.- I HEI_H I H
*( ( *(
K S S K O 4O K M K OQM
I
F # / # F # 9&S' 9 5 # - ; ' / $ # &:- o %$ 4 # & # & 5
I T# 7 # # + 5 $.&E+]7 & N' ,
I # ; ' / $# P 2H I I P
'& (
K O BK K O 4O K M OTO K S O
5 # # +Q)Oqd O5 + # + & # & #H; 9 5 # + F 7 >& ; 6F ' &E' 4 ' 5 F & # (5
OQK
& # ' 6 S S
I
K
H>I H H
S M
I
S O
I4I
K
I
M K
P
5 # # +Q)
(
OQK
5 7' ' & # + #'

4 >+ # F + ; # F65 $ / ' $ ; # + +=&M+ 'A7h+k& # / # ' ;H# ' AI H I P HEI P
.- . /, ( (
4O O S K S K M K K [O S S O O
q F 7 & ;Q; 5 >& # ' 4 + # ' >& '

HEI
F & # // $ # F & # &('N7 # 4 I[H H I P H AIHEI I_H
. .
6 6 K S0K 4O K K O K S K S
+ # B # + ; # F65 $ F + # B # + ?F # + ; # F65 $ ) 5 7' %+<+ 'A7 & >& & + I HEI F I H I H
'&
O O S K M O O K S K M ,O O S S S K K
/ ' +=+ .4 $ # &(' /6/ $.-k+ #

4 %+ # F + ; # F5 $ # +G' V& # qd + # B # +H)
H H AI
( ( - /.
K K S O S 6 O O
5 7' ' ,& # 0' F # $ F 0' &(' ' + # 5 # 2& %$ / %$.$ # $ & ' 5 6/5 & AI I HEI AI I P I H H H
( (
4O O S K M K OQK M K O S4O 4MAS
+ / ' & 2& ' F +=& ?465 & # F +=-+3& # 0+ F # B # $?' / # LHEI
F # + # ; # +H)$.+('6oA& # + # & #H; 95 # + P H>I H I
+&
K K O O 4K O%K O TO O S O S S K
; 4 # /6/ $ # F & # 465 $ F

HEI ' & # ' ]7 ; & # qed + # B # + # $.-&(' / ' / >& #
H
K 5K
I
S 4K 4K
I
M
P
S
58 AI
S4K S S 6 O O O 4O
H
M
H
&E+ 5/IF L& # +Q) H
( ( (
K
5 7' ' 5 $b& ; %+=& / ' / ' + # F F # B >$ 5 >& # F 6'AB # $ # F

+=-+=& # 5 $b& ; %+=& AI H HEI EH H H I I H
- '&
4O O K ,O K
/ '%&(' ; ' $ 4 %+ # F ' & # ?F # s' >&

& #Q# +Q) #w; 5 # 2& 7 & H qd + 4 %+ # F AI H P5P H I 58 I H
( (
4O S K O S 4OQO K S4K 6XK
AI ' u+ 564 + ; ?4 # /654 $ + N' F # $ o7 ; ; 5 + #v# & # 5 ; %+3&<' 5 $.& ; %+3& %+ &E+ F L& HEI I H H ^H H UH
( ( (
O%K K S S4K S K S O K O K K
& 6+ T# H>I #H; + J) 5 L&

& #Q# 4 %+ # F 5 $b& ; %+=& / '%&E' ; ' $ ; 4 # F ' / & # FO4 -
P I H>I P H H H H>I H
+& (
O OQOQK M S K 4O O K 4O
& # ' qed >+ & %+S+ 58

; 2&E$b- # 8/ # ' ;H# F 4 # &=& # + ; %$ 4 $ &:-
P H H I HEI P H>I HEI H H
#(
S 6 K S KYM K S4KMES O O O O 4K K
& 5 ; %+3& 0' +=& ; %+ # +H)

HEI I H I H
( (
S K K
+ ; ' ; $ 5 + ' *o"' 5 7' [F # N' +=& >& # + ' & # +=& & # & L& & + T# %+ .4 $ # &E'
^H AI EI AI H P H P H
( '&
K 4O O O O S [O K S K K K
/ 'AB ?F # & # # ?4 $ &:- F / 'A7 # ' # $ >& ' %$ F L& 0' F # $ F +3& ?465 & # F d HEI P H H AI[H H UH I H
( ( , *(
4O K S BK ,K K O O K K 4K O%K 6
+=-+=& # 7 $ #8; ' 2& ' $?$ & #S; ' +=&(+ %+=+(' ; >& # F 7 & &C) # B # %$ ' ; ' / ' # 2&E+ ' AI I 9H H H H AI I P
(
S4K O K M S K K S`K 6 O O O
& # +=-+3& #
S
# %$?+=' F # + ; .4 # F F # & $m) H
O
H
OQK K
I LH
K

9 K1 v
e
G D
VU _ Z 0\ ` ^ 0_ Z ! $ Z

5 I # &e+3& # / <& # F # B # $.' / ( # 2&' & # qed+& +=-+=& # ( +"&E' 2& # >& # %$.$6& # CB $
I I P I H H H >H H
4 $#
; ; '*( / ' # 2&E+ F +(' &:7 # 0 ( ' F5 $ # + 2&E' & #R; 5 # 2& / '>&E'%&:- / # F +=-+=& # (V)
,O K S S 6 K K MAO S K
O
#+# H
O S
AI I 1HEI P H
O K
I
S 4O%O
I
4O
VU )" % "

\"Z 0\
!#"$ / ' & 2& ; ' / ' # 2&S' ; ' /5 & >& ' %$ ?F +Q)$.& ' 5 '5 +
NHEI ( UHEI *( AI I P *( UH AI4H
( ( '& ( 3(
K K O K MAO%K S 4MES 4O
; 5 # 2& / $ # # 2& >& ' N' & # qd I +3-+=& # %+ ; ' 6+ .F # # FVF - ;]; ' 9& # 2&E+ @& # I UH AI P H EI I[H EI I I
( (
4O%O K K S 6 S K O K K S
+; # F # + Po67 # # '%& # 2& # $b- ; $ # H 'A7 &E' F $ # & # # ; # 9&($.- <+ ; %$ 4 $ # I H I I H HEI I I0H H H
( *( 3( /.
S KM O KYO O S S S K K
# ) ' # F -
HEI,I ;; ' 2& # 2&(+ + 5 ; %+ $?' F # & + # 2& 4 - >& 5 # o17 ; I[H AI I H <H H HEI I I[H
( '&
O 6 K S O O K ,O S4K S
# +e& # 'AB # # F ' #H# /

H %$?$p& # # $ # B 2&hqd + # B # ; ' + +3& # 9&&('1' ) 5 H P I H >HEI AI I
( .
S OQS 4K M S O 6 O O K S4KMAS 4O
+=& >& # - +M&E' 5 & $ # '%& # 0' &E'

H &('1'%$?+M+ 5 ; %+Vq # $ ' o]q Di F AI I H 4R= = HEI
. 3( *(
O M K K K S O K O%K M S 6 : 6 :
5 %$ >&E+ H&E' # $ / ; $ # 2&E+ # & F - H ; F >& 8' N& #; ' /65 & # +=' 5 ;Q# + GAFG= # >$ I I[H H UH AI I I H H
( (
: S K M K S K MO 4O K O
& # # ) $ ' # 7' + #H# F # F &(' # 1/ $?' # & + 2& # # +=&
HEI4I &E' / ; ) I I I
'&
K O O O K O S4K K O K M ,K
% '&()*,+-/. & # 95 # # + F<56/ F >& # +"' ,& # qd + # B # + ' 105 %$ &:-8' # B ;H# + S OQK
.HEI H AI
S 6 O O
P
O
H
K
P
6 O K K
6'%& # 2& # # +=&

HEI # + # ; &E' / ; )$b& ' 5 & +& # + + %+ F6F # +=+ # F & # + ; # F65 $ I I H H JH I
( ( *(
S O K O K M O O S 4K S 4MAS S4K S K S 4O S S K M
4O / ' 4 $ # ' 4 # &(& # h/ # ' ;H# o6& # + ; # F65 $ ; ' / ' # 2& + 6'%&& # & # F L& 0 ' )
P
O O O
P
O
HEI
S S K
I
M
AI I
K
I LH
OQM
H
6

:
+-
= # / ; # +=' &:7 # ' 5
S
H H
S
P *H
O
NP I
F L& ' *) (& &
/ L777R) / ; # )n' 1)
H
K
EI
S
H H
S O%M

:
F@= g ' # o 5 $ # +=- +=& #
AI4I
K
#H I
K
( 4 # ; ) &=&
/ L777R) & # & 5 %$ &:- ) ; '
I
S
( H
O S
H
K
3( 4 ' AI4I
K
# )
:
D>=
S

&(& / ; ' F #H# *) ; +H) / H; # &E' I
4OQK
I AI P) # F65 )
:
E=
S

&(& / F %+=&H) $ ) # & / ' =#Q; &(+ ./ # 1) H I HEI
O
I , 4O K O
P

:
=
S
&(& / f7
7 7R) + ) # F 5 6+ 6+ ) K K
3(
>I %I[H >I
:
?>=
S

&(& / f777R) / $ # &:$ 4 ) ' ) HEI H
OQM
: D+- =
S
# 2& # K
I
O
I # &G&
; B # ) &(& / & 1) #Q# ) $ 4 m$ ) 'AB 1) O

H ; H
O S4K S
K
UH
M

:
i +- =
S
# KO
; ; # / ' =#H; &C) &(& / f777R) ; ; # ) # & 1)
H
S 4O
, S
KYO
H
S
I
:
= NH
HAH S
3(
' # / # ) &=& /
L777R) ) ; ' V) H
M S
H HEH *(

:
;>= +-
# + 5 ?F 7 # r
4 / ' - ; ; # / ' =#H; &C) &(& /
L777R)n+ 5 ?F ; ; # ) ' )
S 4K ,O
H
S 4O
, S
4K
H
S OQM

g &=&E' # 9& ' # / # o
:
=
K
) &(& / 4 & ; ' 5 # )n' g & ' # 2&H)
O%O
I
S
*( H
M
FE;A;
S
4K
AI ,,O O OQM
- K O%O
I
# ' # - ' # / # o

:
F@= ) &(& / f777R) # F ' # -
AI 1) ; ' J) S
*( H
M
FE;A;
S
AI ,FE;A;A; *(
Sd 5 & # $.$ ' # / # o
:
D>= NI 6) =& &
/ L777R) 5 & # $?$ ) ; ' V) H
S
*( H
M
F>;A;
S
M
I H *(

:
E= ' #/ #o NH 6) &=& /
L777R) ) ; ' V)
HAH
S
3( H
M
FE;A;
S
H HEH *(
5 & # $?$ ' # / # o
:
= 6) &(& /
5 & # $.$ ) +(' 5 ;H# ' # ) # &H)
H
S
*( H
M
#FE;E;
S
( H
,O
RP
OQM
I
$.$ ! F # 6'%&('6o#""$.$ '>& ; 7 & o%$ ( g >$ + ,

*o F'& # # K-)( $?$ # - ) (
- ( ( 3( ( &
?>= H I H H H H I4HEI 4H>I
: K K K K K 6 S O OQK OQK S O K
# F #+ F / $ # # 2 & > & ' ' 2 & # 2 & ' % $ =

+
- +3& # V) +*-,/.02121346587:9
(
ITHEI I UH AI P HEI I I AI[H AI4H I \I
S KM K K K K K M
. !<;>= 1@?BA ;6=DCFEHGJILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5TS O 1Q,U ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M *-V, 4650Q4 O%W 129o #H;Q# 4 #YX % )
i

1o - "!$#&% o$'() *o,+- .*/ %0#21 1o+3)+ Y 4 #&576 o 8& '()
49 %:6 (;& . X !$1 X (; 8 5<"= > # */? 1 8 ( 1 > !$1 X %:5762 # >8&4@8AB4> 1C > 5"1 (;D # /?E824
%:FG% / (HJIQ5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U WLK .:R8,V5%U W .NMPO 47 = * 1Q,QM.:, M U5021 E . MPO R ; 46587 C O O%W 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9o
SRUT9V oSW*XXX&
i >E>Y (!) >> 1 oGZ3*8 6G# 8246oS 82'([8 FG# 8'( # X 82 1 (\4 X D 6 ( 1 > !$1 X (; %
% = 4 X D 62% &]8 CFEHG ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5_^ = 12.:, K .NM E . MPO R ; 46587%oSW XXX`

* q + > C3 X /a 82) > C3 X /b>Y % > 1 g X C % cd+e/7*/0 % /0 5 > ( <576 82 5"%f1 !g5<1 (;D2> Q 8 /

h 1 X e% ai 1kj 4 1kl 9F.NM M .Y381Q,V5 O =8K 9Q4 029o 6oSW X X9W`
W*X . # > )> C E/ 82 X 25 @
/ ([ # nm)o I U5%3@pqI?om l q E>> F *82 %0%:1`5 Y*/ <% o &]8 5 bo
+ <C % / 1 D 1 > o >E !$1 X 82Y1 o W`
W <
)>E> 5"1`25 o & g <% / X o & g X <% 8 6 P8 o X = 8 oH(d
([ (824 or 8&s+- - #2<52*
d X Z - . . X 1 / 1G5<1 > Q / 8 % 1 8 % / 1H! /0D !$1 X / 62 4 X Et0 - <576 82 5 > X D 1 X H/ oH X 4 1 8&8

()*/0 1 82 > (u C31 X */ 1 X F o# # 4 #2% /vW X X

W W )>> 5<1G25 o & g "% / X o & g X "% 8 6 *8 oH 62 X = 8 o%&7gZ 1% / X o <%0%: > (w P8 o
+-- X oqxP
( k!$ 1= o 0#2"% 8 > ob 82y+- - #2"25 */7 (; 8 4 ( 89/; 82

/ X 8 %:!$ X 8 6 E4 6 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"P5<1 (D # /?*/? 1 8 >g4 X 8 = X 1 8 ( 89/ % D * U,U W6W 1 W E . Mz
O R ; 46587%o3W i oW XX9W`
W*T X 8 1 > - >> 8t *-,/. 2{ U9Y{ 4 W 4 ; K| 9 ; U ; 4 9 ; 4 029 | U5%3~Y} R 1QRL1Q46587 ;6= 12.:, K l 4 ;>= 02. MPO R ; 1Q,
90Q4 1Q5021U O O%W 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9k 5 ( 5 D X <%:% o &]8 5 . o X&
W % )>> 8 82r q, > / - > 8 82.D2>Y 8 D X > ( +G/ 2 E8/7
( 1= ( 89/ 1 8'/ 6&q5"1 1 (;% D # /7*/0 621 82 > = 4 X F t &]8 I R O 1Q,/02.C-MP"25 O R ; 46581 7C & 9* % o ( 1#= ( "C3% X W XXT&

W & )> ( 1 o C2# o ' . 82 e# /0/ F o 82 . 1 . X 1= 2E8242 2 X 89/0Y*/
# >/ F 1 ! %0 X = 5< E8 h "C621 % /?E824 %0 X = 5"<% &]8 * ,/.0< ?:9 ; I I *o i
W* "dE/7*8 >E/ (w P8 oP 1 8 % /7 89/08 = X 576& 8 *1= o, 82 6 & g X /! / /?
( 1 > 1 ! - /. & . h E/ 6% /7*/0 1 82 X F X 82 1 ( &]8 CFEHG I I* E S G'G o[D% 4 1`"57% 6 W %T k 5
W eW1oW XXX&
W $) X g > X %06 8**8 o~x 8 */?(, . (; 8 C26 *8 o+ X 8& = % *8+ <%:6 *8 o . X
+G/ ( (VoG 82k q 8& F $'8 */ - /. C-"6 = 1 X 1 ! C2#2%:F 89/ X 8 / %0 X = X )82 > FG% %
82H (D X 1= ( 89/ % &]8I?o S E S G ?kL o2D 4 "% W W W*91W o i

W i $) X g *>Y X %06 82 *8 o&+ X E82 = % 8J+ "%06 P8 oL. X +G/ ( (Jo` 82v q 82 F $'# */ H 8
> F 824+G/7 C >EE/ F E8 E X ( / h 1 X . X !$1 X (; 8 5< &]8 CFEHG I I G ^tifI EI o

& # 8 9

N W*XX
W * + # (; 8 g 8 X , " 82 g 1C2C9F g 6 */0/? 576 X , < 5<1 (D X */? =q% / # F1*! *D2D2> 5 */0 1 8
>Y F X ( # >E/0 5 % /aD X 1 / 1`5"1 > % oSW XX9WG
+ #2C (E/:/ !$1 X X "= h
T X + # (; 8 g 8 X , " o g 1C2C9F g 6 */0/? 576 X , < og 8& 6 X % / 1 D 62 X 1 ( (w X 2 F + 5 >
C > D2D2>E 5 /? 1 8B>Y F X ( # >E/0 5 % /<%&]8 *-,/.0< .NM CFEHGJI I* E S G'G o# # 4 #&% /W XX9W`
T < + # (; 8 g 8 X , < o,+ <# 824 , 1G1 8 ( < o g 1C2C9F g 6 /0/7 576 X , " o 8& X = 82 + X E82
= % 8r q <% >E 89/ ( # >E/0 5 % / 1= X > FG% &]8 I 47 M 1 ; ,V4 029&9* o2W XXT`
TW + # (; 8 g 8 X , < o,+ <# 824 , 1G1 8 ( < o g 1C2C9F g 6 /0/7 576 X , " o 8& X = 82 + X E82
= % 8r q <% >E 890 / ( # >E/0 5 % / #2% 824 1= X >Y FG% &]8 * ,/.0<<.NM CFEHG I I G ^tifI EI o
& # 8 W XXT`
T T ( G6 > g 8 % >u 8& 1 X $ X 57621 > g >E/ X 8 > F`% %1 ! +q . - %:5762 # >E824 8 ="% /?
49*/0824 # 8 ! X 8 <%:% &]8 * ,/.02121346587:9D.NM I I* GH ^tifI EI * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021orD2 4 <% W *
W X oW XX
T ( G6 > g *8 % >u*82 1 X $) X 57621 > g >/ X 8 > FG% %a1 ! + q . - %05762 # >E824 &]8 ="% /0
49*/0824 # 8 ! X 8 <%:% &]8 *-,/.0< CFEHGJI I* GH ^tifI EI oW XX
T (d g X C % 82S q, )> C- X / "( X 4 8 5<
1 !`%05 >E824a8 X *82 1 ( 8 / h 1 X e% I 0Q4 1Q5021o
D 4 "% X # 8 1W o
T . # > g X !$1 X n 82D . X X 1= >E>Y&% %:# X E824 h "C D X !$1 X (; 8 5" 8P/ 62 h X `
* 1Q,$M .:, M U5021 :j U W R#U ; 4 .:5Hi 1kj 4 1k"l oW RcW V T i o
T . F 8 g h 1 o $ X %06 "%06 "%06 D*82 ou*82 $ "5 / 1 X d, X 5 : 1 >E8& - X 8 % 8 5<
1 ! D " X % % / X 3 (824 ( 2&% &]8 *-,2.0< .NM O . ;
o 1 ; 9 z I o 5 / 1C3 X W XXW`
T i 82 >G+- g X 8 % / *8 o 62 824 <6e# Z 824 o g X Y 8,( > ( k= E8 o 82+ 6 > 1 ( 1 rE> C3 X % / 8t
)*D&/? = D " X %0 > "5 /? 1 8t &]8 *-,2.0< 5%32I *,
^ * I oSW XXT`

T * . g X 8 % / 8B*82w(, d 1G1 (w*8t - 62! > # X *82 X <5"1= X F D X 1C > ( !$1 X X D&> 5 */
2 % / X C2# / */? C %:<% CFEHG B^ ,U5#9YU80 ; 4 .:5#9 .:5 m U ; U92{ U:91 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9o "5< ( C- X
i &
X +G/ k! 8 g XX X 82.ZS C *
8 "a g #2% /73 (; 89/ a( ( 1 X "% >E 8e/D < X c/ 1 D " X ( # >E/0
5 % / h / 621# /L/ 62b5"1% /< &]D 8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM ;6= 1 ? ;6=<C 5 5 R#U W G R W; 4 M 134 U E . MPO R ; 46587
U5%3 o 1 ; l .:, :46587 E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021 G'G E o k
< +G/ k! 8 g XX X o 1 824 ( # o[ZS C 8 g #&% /7 (w 89/ o 0 Y 1 ot 82 . / X< 8&&vZS*/
8 ( B1 g # >E2824' X <% E> 89/ ( # >E/0 %01 # X 5" ( # >E/? 5 % / ! / / X " &]8 *-,2.02121346587:9.NM ;>= 1
;>=y 1<{ E .:5 ; 1Q5 ;PE U80 = 46587DU5%3n< m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 4 .:5 .:,9 = . O E L o 5 / 1C- X W XX 2

N W*X
9W & # X 4 g 1 >>E4 X o - 621 (; % d X 1%0% od 82 X % $ 824 X /08 X g 8& h &/ 6 ( 1 >E824 !$1 X
8 / h 1 X ] h X D&D2> 5 */0 1 8 % &]8.I7o S E S G "Lo2D2 4 <%< T XX % T X o
T & # X 4 g 1 >>E4 X o - 621 (; % d X 1%0% od 82 X % $ 824 X /08 X g 8& h &/ 6 ( 1 >E824 !$1 X
8 / h 1 X ] h X D&D2> 5 */0 1 8 % &]8.I7o S E S G "Lo2D2 4 <%< T XX % T X o
& g 1 (w' 82 & 162 8t $ =eF / X 5 8 > F`% %
!$1 X / 62 d d #2"#2 h / 6

62 =eF /? > J2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 % R 1QRL1Q46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9oTT W X 6o

+ X 4 "F g X E8~ 82 (g h X 8 5" . 4 - 62 8/ 1 ( Fs1 ! >Y X 4 %05 *> 6eF D X / Q / # >

"C %0 X 576A 824E8 E . MPO R ; 1Q,vo1 ; l .:, 9FU5%3I I mo ILK 9 ; 1 M 9orTX2R k& V X % o
i
ZS C *
8 " g #2% /?3 (; 89/ 82 v 0 1 Z X 82 %06 D % / 6 */>Y % / . " X > !$"% D*8 82
E/ % X 1 > 8 . W . D X 1 / 1G5<1 > % % &]8 *-,/.0< .NMI E o 5 / 1C3 X W XX T&
ZS C Y*8 "a g #2% /73 (; 89/ o . */ X 25 8 X o 82) X % / 8+ 576 h *8tq+ 5 > C > 2 X <5
/ 1 X F%: X = 5<<%#2% 824 D X 1 5 /0 = E/ F &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9< .NM I R O 1Q,/02. MPO R ; 46587 &9 I E

&9<L oSW XXW`

i X 8 Xhg # 8 > FG% %b1*! P> 1`5 > ] X C&#2%a%:FG% / ( h / 6@5"1 89/ X 1 >> @ 5"5<<%:%
I

^ ,U5#9YU80 ; 4 .:5#9F.:5 E . MPO R ; 1Q,/9oT9W2R i V X ` T o i T&

* q, g #&FeF v*82 # X %:62 t d X E % ( / 1G1 > / !$1 X / 6& ( 1 >8&4) 8& % ( # >Y*/0 1 8
1 ! 2 % / X C&# / X "%01# X 5< (w*8 4 ( 8e/ 82 %05762 # >E824 !$1 X 4 X 5<1 (;D # /?8&42y^ = 1
K .:R ,V5%U W .NM E .:50QR ,V,/1Q50 K U5%3 E . MPO R ; U ; 4 .:5 *-,U80 ; 4 021 U5%3 O 1Q,Q4 1Q5021 2 E E * L o
. F W XX9W@RQ/ 1 D2D X Vk
X 828 / 6 (d > = X C/ o */0/ 62 h g 1 X o* 82F "d>E> 8 4 # X & 1 >E82489/ X 8 /

/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 F dI

E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9 G U7 UY 4651oT RU9V X L i o & # 8 +
8< 828 / 6 (d > = X C/ o */0/ 62 h g 1 X o* 82F "d>E> 8 4 # X & 1 >E82489/ X 8 /

/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 F dI

E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9 G U7 UY 4651oT RU9V X L T o & # 8 +
W . X 8 X 1 82 g XX F (
G( > %:1 8tu( # ( X 5 %> / 621 % !$1 X ZE/:/?8&4'*82@+` (+
# >Y/?8&4 # / 1 X 4 X "%0% = / 1 8 F / 6 824 . X 1G5<"%0%0"% uI?o Sqi G IwK .:R8,V5%U W .:5 E . MPO R ;z
46587%o XR V W i o i
T q 1 C- X / X / X *82 X X 1= >>Y` %0# X 824 C-1 /0/?> 8 "25 >E8 % D < E8HD2 25 /
% h / 5762 .8 / h 1 X e% * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021 :j U W R#U ; 4 .:5cogRW i V W 9 T i o &
)89/ 1 82 1 X 824 o = E +-I q 1%0 8 C > # (Vo3 82 > V *82 X (d 1 > ! <% 48. 82

"= > # */? 1 8 1 ! h N X "= 89/8 1 /? 5 /? 1 8 %0 X = 5< CFEHG B^ ,U5#9YU80 ; 4 .:5#9 .:5
E . MPO R ; 1Q, ILK 9 ; 1 M 9o RT9V oSW XX

N W*X9W
' $ *8 `v+` (;4 X / > E/ X / ( >Y*/0 8 *D2D2> */0 8 >E824&
&]8 ;>= 1,% 46,/19 = ; I

#CFEH G IQ5 1`; 1Q1 ,V5%U ; 4!$.:1 5%U W 62ILPK:% MPO #.9Q46R M 1 .:15 ! E W R 9 ; 1Q5 , E 1 . MP%0O 57R 6&; 4658#7'U5%3
;>= 1; ,V4 3 2E E ,V4 3w&9?kLoW*XX
4 #2 > % / X 1 o . / X X #2%:5762 >mo )828 . X X (w XX "5 o 82 ( <%:6 ()*822 o
)89/ 1 8 F q 1 h % / X 1 8*o 82 f/ # >)+`824 6 +`D2>/ % / X 3( $E4 6 C 82 h E&/ 6 ( # >/? 5 % /
8 5<1G1 D X */? =v 8 = X 1 8 ( 89/ % &]8 *-,/.0< .NM ;>= 1@? ;6=DCFEHGJI S I *o 5 / 1 C- X W*XXT&
4 #2 > % / X 1 o )89/ 1 8 F q 1 h % / X 1 *8 o )8&8 . X X (; XX <5 o`*82 . / X- X #2%:5762 >
+ q & g " > X 4 %:5 > 8& <5< 89/ X *> %: ; D2D2>E 5 */? 1 8 ]> "= > ( # >/? 5 % / 8 ! X % / X #25
/ # X qI

K .:R ,V5%U W .:5 I 1 W 120 ; 13 C ,/1U:9465 E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5co2W XR i VoSW X X9W`
i q*/?E8 6 h */ 6& I 0U ; ; 1Q,/0U:9 ; U5U,/0 = 4 ; 120 ; R8,/1rM .:, QI 5 ; 1Q,Q51 ; Y{ ,2.YU 380U:9 ; 34 9 ; ,V4U{YR ; 4 .:5
U:9U5 465VM ,U:9 ; ,VRL0 ; R ,/1 91Q, j 4 021k . 6 - 6&<% % o , 1 ! >E !$1 X 82Y o g X * > kF o SoSZS >>
W XXX`
* * 62 X = 8 o9xPx >> 8 o* 82 N # X (w % . X 1 / "5 /0824 > %:FG% / ( Y% %0# X =kFP1 !
C 25 e# D@/ "576 82 #&<% &]8 * ,/.02121346587:9.NM ;6= 1 K .:465 ; o C I C U5%3I
G U:929 IL; .:,U781
E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021o i
X g >E> 62"% h 25 o $ > g # X 576 o 8&+G/ "= g X 824 8t . D2D2E824 82 = %0# *> 824@/ 62
89/ X 8 / &]8 * ,/.02121346587:9'.NM ;6= 1 I2 oI C 5 5 R#U W %^ 120 = 5 4 0U W E .:5M 1Q,21Q5021o & # 8

W XXX`
< g > > 6 8 1F F 8 (; 5<%f1 ! 89/ X 8 / X 1# /?8&48 !$1 X (w/? 1 8t &]8 I I E S G G o2D 4 <%
# 1W o T&
W q 82N4 $ # 6G# o
)2/ F @ d 8 , (Jo -v[+3 " # 4 8 (4 ot+&*8 , F dP q 1 o # 8 h * <
+ X ED 82E e# > 576 o & C E8 6 *8 oe*82+ $ # 6 8242L "
X > F'Q D X 8 5" h E/ 6 *8 &]89/ X 8 /
XC 1 5 % / %:FG% / ( C %0 1 8 1= X > F ( # >/? 5 % /< &]8 *-,/.0< .N M I2 oI C ^ E o & # 8
W XX &
T q 82N4 $ # 6e# oa+` 8 , F dn q 1 of+ X 82 = % 8 + "%06 **8 oa 82 $ # 6 8242T 5 %0
!$1 X 82 %:FG% / (( # >E/? 5 % /I

K .:R ,V5%U W .:5 I 1 W 120 ; 13 C ,21U:9 465 E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5co
W XR i V o 5 / 1C3 X W XXW`
q 82N4 $ # 6e# o[+` 8 , F dnp q 1 oS*82 $ # 6 8242 5 %0!$1 X 82 %:FG% / (( # >E/0
5 % / &]8 * ,/.0< .NM CFEHGJI I* GH ^tifI EI o & # 8 W*XXX&
g X ( 162 8r g E/ - 1 XX 8e/< C / 5<1 8 , # X X 1 X 4 g E/ - 1 XX 89/ 1oGW X X tZL> & % / X C2# /? 1 8t
. X X 1= >> ofq 1 C- X /uZ X *824 1 %01 o 8&@ 1 X $) X 57621 > g *>E/ X 1 828 <5 /0 1 8 %:5762 # >
824nE8 h <CH%0 X = X % &]8 *-,2.0< I2 oI I Ie^ I o

N W*XT
, *1 h % o
+-uZLE/ 4 X >Po &7uZ 1 % / X oL 82 "%0%: > (; 8tNd X EsE8 !$1 X (w*/0 1 8
%0 X = 5"<% !$1 X & % / X C2# / X "%01# X 5<a%:6 X 8242 &]8 *-,2.02121346587:9 .NMbO *
m E &9?%oN # 4 #&% /

W XX
i & rB+`> = 82 Pd # ( # 8& %0%:1 8t - 62 (w 8&;8 / h 1 X .C 52e# D %:FG% / ( (w 88
4 X &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9.NM ;>= 1 I2 oaI ILK 9 ; 1 M 9 C 3 M 465 4 9 ; ,U ; 4 .:5 02.:5M1Q,/1Q5021o T&
* & ,+È> = o d # ( # 82 %:%01 8Po`*82 1%:%0 . X !$1 X (w*8 5<a1 ! D X >E> >G8 / h 1 X
C 25 e# D (w 82 4 X &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9@.NM I2 oI8oD2 4 <%< W o W`
X +G/ D 62 8 "a < X 824&+ >/? / X /0824J8 E8e/ X 8 / X 82 / 82 ( ( %
&]8 *-,/.0< .NM CFEHGJI I* E S # G'G5 o% # 14 # #2% / i i h 1 e% Q
8 < ( X % o d X < 8 o $ #2%: X o & X %06 o & (u X %:1 *8 o +-+ 62 8 X o-$'+G/ # X
4 % o r+ h E8 <6 X C/ or 82 - XX F "dD2E ( 5 >E4 1 X / 6 ( %a!$1 X X D&> 5 */ */? C %:

(w*89/ 8 8 5" &]8 I 4 ;>= ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5 *-,V4650Q4 O%W 129 SrM@<m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587%o
i
W + 6e# 824 8&42 "(;D2 X 5 > ( 1 > 1 ! 1G5<# ( 8e/ X = > % */ 5"5<"%0% >8 G% % &]8
I

QI 5 ; 1Q,Q5%U ; 4 .:5%U W E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021@.:5 E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5co & # 8 + &
T . 82 82 l $ >> X 1 8r 8 "= > # */? 1 8 1 ! >E8 X ( 1 > %!$1 X 621% /@> 1
D X 2 5 /? 1 8t &]8 ;6= I
VI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5PO 47 = * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021'< m 49 z
; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 O *
m E z L o

. 82w 82 g . >Y > P # 82 2 X >Y*/0 1 82 >u D2D X 1 576 / 1 4 X E.8 !$1 X (;*/? 1 8 %0 X

= 5<"% , ,V4 3H .:,VR M QI 5M .:, M U ; 4 .:5%U W < m ,U:M ; m z

I ISz ? z ?%oZ <C X # X F W XX
. / X ' E82& - 62f% /7*/0 % /? 5 >9D X 1 D X /0 <%L1 !S621% / > 1 t I 0Q4 1Q5 ; 4 0 *-,/.7,U M M 46587%o
R1T o eV o = X % 1 8 1 ! / 6 % D2 D X % > %:1 = *>Y C > % - <576 82 5 > q D 1 X /

+ -hq i ( #2576B X > X = X % 1 8w D2D X % D 8 ( q l i 82w %

+ -hq i T&
. / X E82& 82>E8 D X 2 5 /? 1 8 1*! / 62 X # 828&824/? ( v1*! /? % e% E W R 9 ; 1Q, E . Mz
O R ; 46587%o RUT9V oSW*XX9W`
. / X E82A 8& 1 8&4 ( # ( 1 82 / X (82 % /0 5 #2 X "% E8 X >*/? 1 8 > 4 X E
8 !$1 X (;*/? 1 8 %: X = 5< &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM CFEHG I

I E &9* I R O 1Q,/02. MPO R ; 46587
&9*"L oSW XX T&% - 1 D2D X gR &]8H/ 6 %f= 1 > # ( V
i . / X 8&*82 = [ q, l $) >E>Y X 1 8t )8 Q / 8 % C > / 1G1 > / !$1 XX <%:1# X 5<
D X 2 5 /? 1 8 E82 % / X C&# / %:FG% / ( % ) - <576 82 5 > q D 1 X / + T i o + 57621`1 >
1 ! 1 # 5 5< (
; D / X + 8 o X 8 >> 1 8 8& = X % E/ F o & # > F

4

N W*X
* * 6 X % / 1 D 62 X+ 1 /Ho g X 8 ('( "= 8 o g X F 8 ( F > <% o $ %0% 8 , %0%0 (Jo 8& 1 # 4
g > 8 % "!$ 8t D2> 1F ( 89/ %0%:#2<%v!$1 X / 62 & . ( # >E/0 5 % / %: X = 5< 82s X 576 E/ <5 / # X
I

o1 ; l .:, Lo SR Vo & 8 # X F Z <C X # X F W XXX`
i X .*/:/ 62 h g 1 X C- /0/ X ( 1 > !$1 X 4 8 X */0824/ "% /d8 / h 1 X e% 3I
Sqp qz
E S G o &
i < .*/:/ 62 h g 1 X C3 /:/ X ( 1 > !$1 X 4 8 X */0824J/ "% /8 / h 1 X e% )&]8 * ,/.0< .NM
W . Q{ 1202. M o( 1= ( C3 X `
i W 576 > 1 X - C- /0/ X ( 1 > !$1 X 4 8 X */?E824n/ <% /)8 / h 1 X e% &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9F.NM
Sqp P E S G o( 1= ( C- X &
i T g 8 1 E/ 1 828 H/ o . 6 >ED2D q 1# >EC/ o-a ( # X Z X (; *8 od*82 . X X 1= >E>Y& "
5 89/v >E4 1 X E/ 6 ( %b!$1 X > X 4 %:5 > / 1 D 1 > 1 4 F 2 %:5<1= X F &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM ;>= 1&9
CFEHG I I* GH ^tifI EI E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021D.:5 G 1U:9QR8,/1 M 1Q5 ; U5%3 G .Y381 W 46587 .NM E . MPO R ; 1Q,
ILK 9 ; 1 M 9 I I* GH ^tifI EI L o & # 8 W*XX % - 1 )D2D X
i 1 8 % /7 89/?E8 1% 1= X 1 > % o . X 3 ( <% h X w 8 q3 (; 8*/ 6 *8 o3 8& = 1`1 X 6 */
1 D 25 /f2 % D X % 1 8n/ <576 8& #2<% ( %0# X &]8wI7o S E S G o D2 4 <%q X `# 6o9W XX

i )>E> 8 g 1 h 8 "F % 824;D*/ 62576 X / 1w"% /0 (;*/ 89/ X 8 />E8 B576 X 5 / X % /? 5<% &]8
G 1U:9QR8,/1 M 1Q5 ; U5%3 G .Y381 W 46587).NM E . MPO R ; 1Q, ILK 9 ; 1 M 9o2D 4 "% WWW W W T o
i & 16 8 # 82 49 *8 of( 576&1 >Y % & $ X = "F oPH 576 > g & 1 8 "% o , *8 1% /0 5 o 82
. X = E8 - 62 ( X 82 > "5 1 > (; 8t,Z #2%0N ([4 6 / h 4 6 /4 # X 89/ < 2 % / X C2# /
! > # X 8 1 /0 5 */? 1 8t &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM ;6= 1 I 4 ;6= ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5 S O 1Q,U ; 46587 ILK 9 z

; 1 M 9v@ m 129Q475 U5%3PI MPO%W 1 M 1Q5 ; U ; 4 .:5 S I mI L oW XX 2
i "= 8wZ3*>> 8&@+& >E> F Z> 1F t[+G ( # >*/? 1 8 C %0 5<1 (D X %:1 8 %
1 ! -L 621G oq 8 1 82
+ - /. E . MPO R ; 1Q, E . M M R 5 4 0U ; 4 .:5Hi 1kj 4 1k"l oSW 2RT9V W o & # > F &
i%i 576 > % ZS > 1# / %01 % o . / X 1% ZS > 1# / %01 % o
82 6 X % / 1% ZS > 1# / %:1% 8 D 1 h X ]>Y h
X >Y*/0 1 8 %:6 D %f1 ! / 62 89/ X 8 /a/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 F &]8 * ,/.02121346587:9.NM I I* E S G'G o
i * 576 > % ZS > 1# / %01 % o . / X 1% ZS > 1# / %01 % o
82 6 X % / 1% ZS > 1# / %:1% 8 D 1 h X ]>Y h
X >Y*/0 1 8 %:6 D %f1 ! / 62 89/ X 8 /a/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 F &]8 I I E S G G o2D 4 <% W k W*91W o
X q 8*/ 1 ZL4 #2 X 1 o . / X 821 o 82 & 1%: Z 1 X / "% L 5 %0a!$1 X 4 X 5"1 (;D # /?E824
1 8 = X / # *> (; 576 E8 <% &]8 * ,/.02121346587:9 .NM ;6= 1we ,3JQI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021.:5
m 4 9 ; ,Q4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9 I E m EI &9*"L oL F W XXT& - 1 )D2D X
<

N W*X
< +G/ k= Z %:62 X q >Y/? 1 8 > ( 1 > !$1 X 8 !$1 X (;*/? 1 8_*82 ( 1 82/ 1 X 824& - <576 82 5 >
q D 1 X / &]8 !$1 X (w*/0 1 82 > X ! /Gd 3d . o6d X EHZ 1 X # (VoW X X

W +& >E> F Z> 1F ' 82x 8 & 5<1C&%01 8tq 82 1 ( X > F / "5 /? 1 84*/ h FG%L!$1 X 5"1 824 "% /? 1 8
=1 E 8 5" qI

#CFEHG ^#,U5#9YU80 ; 4 .:5#9@.:5Ho1 ; l .:, :46587%o R eV T 9 To T&
T &7tZ 1% / X o
"%0%0 > (; *8 o & r( 25 ot 82s+- - #2"52 ,d X E %0 X = 5"<%!$1 X 2 % / X C2# /
%:FG% / ( 89/ 4 X */? 1 8t E . MPO R ; 1Q, oT R9V oSW XXW`
&7Z 1% / X o H <%0%: > (w P8 o 82~+- - #2"25 - 62 82*/ 1 ( F 1 ! / 62 4 X E "d8 C >E824
%05 >Y C > = X / # *> 1 X 49 82 */0 1 8 % ,QI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U WuK .:R ,V5%U W .NM I R O 1Q,/02. MPO R ; 1Q, C O O%W 4 z

0U ; 4 .:5#9o oSW X X
&N 8 Z 1% / X d> 1C2#2% h <C D 4 - <576 82 5 > q D 1 X /
6 /0/?D hahah ( 5<% 8&>c 4 1= 4> 1C&#2% oL X 4 1 8 (*/? 1 8
> (g C-1 X */ 1 X F
&N 8Z 1 % / X 82 X
> "%0%: > (; *8 o 2/ 1 X % P^ = 1 ,V4 3 p W R 1 O ,V465 ; M .:,Un o 1kl E . Mz
O R ; 46587QI 5VM ,U:9 ; ,VRL0 ; R ,/1k- 1 X 49 ' 8 #&! (; 82*8 o
. # > Z X 8 5 % 1 E " / 8228&4 / 62 &]89/ X 8 / ( # >/? 5 % / X 576 E/ <5 / # X
6 /0/?D hahah 5 X c 1 X 4 F1 E* oB)D X >[W XXX&
i " X 5 & Z X (w 8' 82+ 6 8 dnN $ 82 X %01 8tZS X 8 <%:% 8& 5 8 5kF E8 h <C%: X = X
D X 1 / 1G5<1 > % &]8 * ,/.02121346587:9.NM I I* GH ^tifI EI * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021o&W XXT&
* xP
Z # >E> X o%-v ([ o & # o 8& x X 6 *8tR X !$5 V > %0% > "%0% &]89/ X 1 (; E8
q 1 # /?E824AR & q)V 8A*2 X "%0% %0% E48 ( 89/ 8&A 44 X 49/? 1 8 % / X */ 4 F o[+ D&/ ( C3 X
T` 6 /:/?D hahah ! % 1 X 4 X !$5"% X !$5 8 / /
X X Z F1 1 X q ( 1 / A1 % / "5 /? 1 8 = / 5 D D % /7 25 824 X D X E89/?8&42 R h <C D*4 V
6 /0/?D hahah E8 %0"5<# X 1 X 4 8 (w*D *8 (; D 824 X D X 89/?E82N4 N X /? 5 > 6 / (;>
X < +` ( %01 r 8 d X 8 >c *)- * *-,21 ; ; K ..Y3 *-,V4Q:j U80 K lnq >> F *82) %0%:1`5 */ "% o &
XW d> 1C *> d X HZ 1 X # ( dv> 1 C >r4 X !$1 X # ( h <CH% / 6 /:/?D hahah 4 X E !$1 X # ( 1 X 42
X T 8&4 h 0 d 1 824 82 X "F E>>3 ( %01 8t 0v# 89/? !QF E824y/ 6& D X 1 D X /? <%A1 !% X D&/
%05762 # 8242 &]8 *-,2.02121346587:9.NMI

G)C I E S^ I oSW XX T&

E
>

X 8&4 h G d 1 824s 82 X kF >E>Y ( %:1 8t+` ( # >Y*/0 1 8 "= > # */? 1 8 1 !6eFGC X % X D&/
%05762 # >E824D 1 > 5 "% % &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9F.NMI

G)C I E S^ I o3W XX 2

X d 1F m> oqe d #2 X *8 of 82 q q , 8r . X 2 5 /?E824/ 5 Dy/ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / ! X 1 ( 8 1 8
8 = % = 8 / h 1 X @% 3 (D2>E8242 &]8 I
I?o S E S G o2W XX9WG

N W*X
X . ((
X %:6 8 Gd # w*2 oGq 576 X & # 828*o+e/ "! *8 +& X 1 # o+e/ "= 8 hd X C2C > o
$ ,
8 X F sB( "=eF oS*82 & 16 8 t 621 X 8t %0# X 89/Co ( ( 1 >E824 28 J 8*> FG% %b1 !
D &
" X / 1 ]D < X > %06 X 824 h 1 X > 1 t ]8 *-,/.0< .NM CFEHG I S I *o "5< ( C- X W XXT&
X X %:6 8 . Gd # ( (w*2 oGq 576 X & # 828*o+e/ "! *8 +& X 1 # o+e/ "= 8 hd X C2C > o
$ 8 X F
( "=eF ou 82 & 16 8 t 621 X , 8t< %0# X ( 89/Ho ( 1 >E824 o-*82A 8*> FG% %)1 !
D < X c/ 1 D " X > %:6 X 824 h 1 X > 1 t&]8 *-,2.0< ? ;6=DCFEHGJI S I *oSW XXT`
X i -v $ 52 X o g f/ 6&"F o*82 g ( 1 C > - 62. 82 / 1 82yD X !$1 X (; 8 5" 2 "5 / %w1 !
D X >> >u/ 5 D %:1`52* / %,1 8sB> 1 %0%:F h N X B8 / h 1 X 0 &]8 ? ;>= I

#CFEHG VI 5 ; 1Q, z
5%U ; 4 .:5%U W * U,U W6W 1 W U5%3nm 4 9 ; ,V4U{YR ; 13 *-,/.0212929Q46587 ILK:MPO .9Q46R M /I *
m * I L oW XXW`
X * - 621 (; %-& $) 52 X o g-X Y*8 ( 1C > oe 8& g-X Y*8 f/ 6&"F - 62 2 <5 / % 1 !r% FG% / (; 5
D 52* /> 1%:%1 8*44 X 49*/ / 5 D 1 h % &]8.I

#CFEHG I R O 1Q,/02. MPO R ; 46587%oSW XXW`

X - 621 (; %-& 8$) 52* X o g X Y 8 9( 1 C > o`*82 g-X Y*8 f/ 6&"F & (;D X 1= E824/ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # /
82) (w*89/7 E828&4 ! X 8 "%0%#2% E824nD X >> > - /. &]8I

VI 5M .02. M oW X X 2

< 1 X $ X 57621 > g >E/ X o. X "a X 1= >E>Y ot 82s+ # 8&4e+` ( . X - 625 %0P!$1 X % X D&/
%05762 # >E824 E8 h <C~%: X = X % ) - 82 > q D X F / & - ( q -hq o & - > C !$1 X
(5<1 D # / X %05 8 5< o 5 / 1C3 X " 57i 6 5 1
W 1 X $ X 576&1 > g >E/ X o g 8 5 + 576 X 1G X o ( e6 > g 8 % m> od 82T #B "%06 )4 X h >
+` " C %0 %:5762 # >8&4 / 1 (D X 1= h "C D X !$1 X (w*8 5< CFEHG B^ ,U5#9YU80 ; 4 .:5#9 .:5
E . MPO R ; 1Q, ILK 9 ; 1 M 9 ^ S EI L oSW RcWV oL. F W X XT&
T 1 X $) X 57621 > g >/ X o X > +È*4 (; *8 og 82 )3 ( X (w 8r % F (;D&/ 1 /? 5;5"1 8 = X
4 8 5<f1 !2%05762 # >E824D 1 > 5 <% h E/ 6 X "% D <5 // 1)% > 1 h 1 h 8t * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021 :j U W R#U ; 4 .:5co
R eV oSW XX9WG
q, $E82 8r R X !$5 V D2D2> 5 C >/ F % /?*/ ( 89/ !$1 X / 62 (D2> ( 8
/7*/0 1 8 1*! > %0%:<% &]8e/ X 1 (; 8 q 1# /?8&4 R & qV o + D&/ ( C- X T&
6 /0/?D hahah ! % 1 X 4 X !$5<% X !$5 / /
+ #2% 8 $E8 X 5762% o 1 X kF 1 % o = l $ >> X 1 *8 o - 621 (; % +e/ X 25 X o*82, q 576 X 1
- 8H X 576 / "5 / # X v!$1 X 1 D`/? ( (; >S >E> c/ 1 ] >>2D X %01 82 > < 5"1 ( ( # 82 5 */0 1 8t &]8

*-,2.02121346587:9+.NM ;>= 1 ;>= CFEHG ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5 * U,U W6W 1 W CPW 78.:,V4 ;>=8M 9 U5%3 C ,/0 = 4 ; 120 z
; R8,/129 I * C C L o2D*4 <% T X T o &
. X $ 1 ( h 1`1 *82 1 X F 5 (u X 8t' *1 + NWHE8e/ X 5<1 828 <5 / > 8 >EE/
<% 48r &]8.I

O . ; QI 5 ; 1Q,/02.:5 5120 ; 9 ILKNMPO .9Q46R M o# # 4 #2% / T&

N W*X
(E82482E824 $ # 8& . / X +G/ < 8 % / '" = *> # */0 1 8s 8& 576 X 5 / X /? 1 8 1 ! = *>
C > C 82 h &/ 6 D X 1C E824P/ "576 82 #&<% qI
K I CFE I O 120Q4 U W I2929QR 1 465JIV5 ; 1Q,V51 ; U5%3
G 1U:9QR8,21 M 1Q5 ;Q| G U O O 46587 | U5%3 G .Y381 W 46587%oSW RU9VoB # 4 #2% /)W XXT&
i g $ # 2t X o 82 > . > # ( ( X o = E 1`1 X ot 82 > 2 F +- 1 D 1 > 1 4 F 2 %:5<1=
X F CeF 5 /? = D X 1 C 824& &]8T*-,2.02121346587:9 .NM ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5 C O O%W 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9 U5%3 ;>= 1
QI 5 ; 1Q,V51 ; o & 8 # X F W X X9W`
* & g &]89/ X 8*/0 1 82 >+- "576 82 5 >+ # D2D 1 X / X 49 82 */0 1 8r 5%381Q,/9 ; U5%346587 um C *q
& g 1 X D 1 X /? 1 *8 o i
W*X &]8 82 g 82 - X * %:%01G5 */? 1 8t &]8 82 C 82 X 576 E/ <5 / # X ~% D <5 5 /? 1 8 R X& 9Vk
hahah E8 82 C 82`/7& 5<1 (Vo & # 8 W X X
W < &]89/ X 8*/0 1 8*> - > <5"1 ( ( # 82 5 */? 1 8 82 1 8t# &]8 !$1 X (w/? 1 8 / <576 8 1 > 1 4 F. 1 D 8 % FG%
/ ( % E8e/ X 5<1 828 <5 /0 1 8 / 6& 2 X <5 / 1 X %F = X = h 1*!q5"1 8 5" D&/ % o ( 1 > % o[*82 %0 X
= 5<"% oL # 4 #2% / 9
W W & 8 8& 1= X 1 >E % "d82 / 1 82 = E>Y C > C 82 h E&/
6 %0# X ( 89/
( / 621 1 > 1 F o F 8 (; 5<% o, 8& X >Y*/0 1 8 h / 6 / 5 D / 6 X 1 # 4 6 D # /1 &]8 CFEHG I I* z
E S G G o3W XXW`
W*T & 8 82 1= X 1 > % . */ 6 > 1 ( %:# X ( 89// 1`1 > !$1 X 82 c/ 1 82 = *>
C > vC 82 h E&/ 6 &]8 * U:929Q4Qj 1U5%3 C 0 ; 4Qj 1 G 1U:9QR8,21 M 1Q5 ; .:,9 = . O oW XX9W`
W & 16 8 & 8&8 1 /0/0 o = E dv 2 1 X P o v X (
& 16 8 %01 *8 o s Z X 8 % %:621` o
82
& 3 ( <% l - 1G1 > & X = X 5 % / q > C > ( # >/? 5 % /0824 h E/ 6 *82 1= X > F 8 /
h 1 X &]8 *-,/.0< .NM ;>= 1 ;6= I2 oI S I mI o 5 / 1C- X W XXX&

W 62 8&4 & *8 o 0 Y*8 62 *8 o *82~+ # 4 6 & 3 (8t &]8 / &]89/ X 8 // 1 D 1 > 1 4 F 4 8 X / 1 X

- "576 82 5 > q D 1 X / #+ " -hq 9T NXX o D X / ( 89/ 1*! " " I+ o 82 = X % / F1 ! 576 4 8
)82' 8 X C-1 X o3W XX X&
W* dn & E8 82 g -a X 8 kF ( / <% / / 1G1 >t/ 1 ( %0# X (; ( # ( C2# X % / % " o- = *>
C > HC 82 h E&/ 6 82_ 576 k= C > / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # /< &]8VI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021 .:5

QI 5M .:, M U ; 4 .:5y^ 120 = 5. W .7 K oW X XT&

W dn & *8 o2dn q 8264 o g X 1 h > kF oG 82 N )49 X h >c( / h 1 X 576 X 5 / X */0 1 8 %: X = 5<
RU8 5"% V % &]8 ?G ;>= I

ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5JO 47 = * 1Q,$M .:, M U5021<

m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 |
C R 79&9 ?9? oW XX

N W*X i
W i d &# 1 , # 8 & E8. &8 g X 8 (
-a X 8 kF + FG% / ( 5 D2 C >EE/ F@ 2 "5 / %1 8 *>4 1 X E/ 6 ( %q!$1 X
8 /h 1 Xw C 8& h &/ 6 ( %:# X ( 8e/<&]8 CFEHG I I* E S G'G 02.:5M1Q,21Q5021<.:5wIQ5 ; 1Q,V51 ;
M 1U:9QR ,/1 M 1Q5 ; oSW XX T&
W * +- <%:6 = 5<1 89/ X 1 >c/ 62"1 X /? 5 D2D X 1 576 / 1 1 h 5<1 89/ X 1 > *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM ;>= 1

02.:5M 1Q,/1Q5021F.:5 E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9<U,20 = 4 ; 120 ; R ,/1@U5%3 O ,/. ; .02. W 9o&D 4 "% T % o T&
T X & & v % /?> X 82 +&*/ F 8 X F 8 8r %05"1 828 "5 / 1 D X */? 1 8 8 / 62s5<1
> '%:FG% / (H &]8 ^ = 46, ; 121Q5 ;>= CFEHG ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5 S O 1Q,U ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9*-,Q4650Q4 O%W 129o
=1 > # ( W oD 4 "% W T WW oH % E> 1 (; X 1 8 !$ X 8 5< 8e/ X o . 5 5 d X 1= o' +-bo
# B . X "%0%
T < & 1 8 v> 8 C3 X 4 o"q = # (; X o . X C26 X q 4 6 = **8 o + X E 6 X q , *4 1 D > 8*o
82 )82 X h +- - 1 ( E8 % - 6& h <C % 4 X D 6 %0# X ( 89/ % o ( 1 > % 82
( / 621 % 120 ; R ,/1vo . ; 129465 E . MPO R ; 1Q, I 0Q4 1Q5021o 9W 8 kL i o
TW , D 8 1% /0 5
o ) 1 > !$1 q 1 X 4 #2 28 & 8&82 )> C X "576 C/ oG 82 (8x 6 2*/ g # >
> / $4 6C 82 h &/ 6 */?'2 %0%0 (;E8*/0 1 8 #2% 824 8 1= X >Y F ( <%06 &])

8 *-,2.0< .NM ;>= 1
? ;>= CFEHGJI S I *o 5 / 1C- X W XXT&
T T g X %:6 83 ( # X / 6eF *82 & j q Q G!$1 X r 1<' { *-,/. ; .02. W 9 U5%3 * ,U80 ; 4 021 Owâ
^ * ?96 ? |
o 1 ; l .:, :46587 *-,/. ; .02. W 9 | E U80 = 46587 | U5%3 ^ ,U 0 G 1U:9QR ,/1 M 1Q5 ; 9kT
)22 %01 88 <% > "F o

W XX
T "= 8 (u q 82 . X F g * X A( /0/? ( X / 1G1 > !$1 X ( %0# X 824 C-1 /:/?> 8 "25 >E8
C 82 h &/ 6 &]8 I2 oaI ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5yQI 5 ; 1Q,V51 ; %^ 120 = 5. W .74 129 U5%3 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9o
D 4 "%< W T % T 6oW*XX

T g # /0> X 8 (u3 (D %01 8r <% 482E824,,4 > 1C *>283 ( %: X = 5< &]8 ;6=+CFEHGILKNMPO .9Q46R M

.:5 *-,Q4650Q4 O%W 129@.NM)< m 4 9 ; ,Q4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587%oB # 4 #2% / i &

T - 621 (; % ( 4 6 / 1 8tQI 5 ; ,2.Y3R 0 ; 4 .:5 ; .D* U,U W6W 1 W CPW 78.:,V4 ;>=8M 9FU5%3 C ,/0 = 4 ; 120 ; R ,/129 C , z
,U K 9 | #^ ,212129 | O K2O 1Q,/0QR2Q{ 129k 1 X 49 8 #&! (; 82*8 o WG
T 6 X > <% "a ( %0 X %:1 8tPZS*/ / X <"Y% 82 = X % >8 / h 1 X e%!$1 X 6 X h X 5 8e/ %:#
D X 5"1 (;D # /?E8242 I
#^ ,U5#9YU80 ; 4 .:5#9 .:5 E . MPO R ; 1Q,/9o)T SR X9V i W G X o 5 / 1C- X

i
T i 6 X > <% "a: ( %: X %:1 *8 o t 6 G+- C2#&6 3 ( <6 o = E 1# 4>Y % o X 9> q*Z kF 8 (w P8 o
. 62"%06 ('6 d,*8 ( B# e6 m o & 2 X "F xB $>m> o 8& > $E>>E % o g-X 2> "F B #2% (; # > o
/ +G/ . XX o = +- >E> % oP 1 8& 5 1 82N4 6 *8 o+ 6 h 8

. X 49 X '
q 8264 ot 82 q 1 C- X / t - 62 8 / h 1 X X 576 E/ <5 / # X P1 ! / 62 1 828 <5 /? 1 8 . 576 E8

) K .:R8,V5%U W .NP M * U,U W6W 1 W U5%3< m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587%oTTRWV % i o `

N W*X
T * 6e# 824'([ # 8& &N 8 Z 1% / X 5"1 8 % / X E89/v>Y 8&4 # 4 D2D X 1 576 / 1 4 X E X <%:1# X 5<
%0 > <5 /? 1 8t - "576 82 5 >]q D 1 X / -hq NW XXT NX o D X / ( 89/ 1 ! 1 (D # / X + 5 8 5< o
82 = X % / FJ1 ! 6 5 4 1 oL X 576 W XXT`
X L ([ # 8&'' 6 8tjq > % /0 5 > X 4 %:5 > 1 82>E8 8 / h 1 X @% ( # >*/? 1 8tW XX &
< g X #&5< ( 1 h 3 (;DPo () 8 5kF H>> X o *8 + # / 62 X >Y 82Po - 621 (; % d X 1 %0% o . / X
+G/ " 8 % / oa 82 & % D >+ #&C26 > 1 X <%:1# X 5" ( 1 8&E/ 1 X 8&4 %:FG% / ( !$1 X 8 / h 1 X
h X D2D2>E 5 /? 1 8 % &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM ;>= 1'A ;6= I

IQ5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W ILKNMPO .9Q46R M
.:5P O 47 = * 1Q,$M .:, M U5021'<m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 O * m E LotD 4 "%+ i % & & " " "o
& # F i
>
9W g X #&5< ( 1 h Y 3 (*D o = Er q l $)*>>Y X 1 *8 o2 82 - 6&1 (w % qI d X 1%0% / - 1 D 1 > 1 4 F 2 %
5<1= X F!$1 X >Y X 4 / 6& X 8 /f8 / h 1 X e% &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM I I E S G G &9 ?%o # 4 #&% /
W XX
T 1 824 ( # 82 . / X 8&&J d X 24 d 8 X */0824 X *> % /? 55"1 (D # /7/? 1 8 >d4 X %
* 1Q,$M .:, M U5021 :j U W R#U ; 4 .:5Hi 1kj 4 1k" l o2TXR 9V TT 9X1oW XX T&
1 82<4 ( # 82 . / X ' E82& d X Ep d d 8 X */0824 X >E % /0 5 5<1 (D # /?*/? 1 8 >G4 X %
CFEHG I 47 M 1 ; ,V4 029 * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021 :j U W R#U ; 4 .:5i 1kj 4 1k" l oTXR eV TT o . X 576 W XXT&
1 824 ( # 8& . / X ' 82`+ F 8e/ 62<% 824 X *> % /? 5P5<1 (D # /?*/? 1 8 >L4 X E % &]8
*-,2.02121346587:9@.NM CFEHG I
I E &9* I R O 1Q,/02. MPO R ; 46587kL o2( 1= ( C- X W X XT&

1 824 ( # 8& . / X ' 82`+ F 8e/ 62<% 824 X *> % /? 5P5<1 (D # /?*/? 1 8 >L4 X E % &]8
*-,2.0< .NM I E &9* o&( 1= ( C3 X W XXT&

1 82' 4 ( # o . / X ' 821 ou 82 & %01 8 'u+ 5" h 5 ;+ 5"1 D *82 *D2D X 1 (;*/
#2 X <% 8w X >Y*/0 1 82 >24 X wE8 !$1 X (w*/0 1 8 %: X = 5< &])

8 *-,2.02121346587:9<.NM ;>= 1 ;6= VI 5 ; 1Q, z
5%U ; 4 .:5%U Wa .:, 9 = . O .:5~ ,V4 3 E . MPO R ; 46587 ,V4 3w&9*"L o( 1= ( C- X W X XT&

i 1 824 ( # o 0 Y 1 o . E82 o 82nZb g #2% /?3 ( 89/ % 1 >E824*82P/73 (8&4)D X >> >
/ 5 D 1 8/ 6& h E X ,8 / h 1 X - <576 8& 5 *I> q D 1 X / ( + NX NNT oe( 1 X / 6 h "% / X 8
82 = X % / F o 1 (D # / X + 5 8 5< D X / ( 89C

/ o#)D X >uW X X 2

* 1 824 ( # o 0 Y 1 o . / X 821 oS 82AZS C 8 g #2% /?3 (; 89/ 6 X 5 / X 824w 82
D X 2 5 /?E824/ 5 D@/ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / 1 8@/ 62 h X 8 / h 1 X - <576 82 5 > q D 1 X /(

+ NX NNT o ( 1 X / 6 h <% / X 8 82 = X % / F o 1 (;D # / X + 5 8 5< D X / ( 89C/ oD X E>`W XX 2

X 1 824 ( # o v 0 1 o . / X E82 o 82nZS C 8 g #2% /?3 (w*8e/ B 1 >E824*82P/73 (8&4
D X >> >9/ 5 D 1 8/ 62 h X 8 / h 1 X &]8 *-,2.02121346587:9 .NM ;6= 1 ? ;6= I
VI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U z
; 4 .:5%U W * U,U W6W 1 W U5%3m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13@*-,2.0212929Q46587 ILK:MPO .9Q46R M /I *
m * I kL o8D X E>-W XX

N WX
8< 1 824( # ov 0 Y 1 o . / X ' 822oe 82wZ3 C Y 8 "a g #2% /73(; 89/ 6 X 5 / X E824
82 D X 2 5 /?E824 / 5 D / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / 1 8~/ 62 h X 8 / h 1 X - <576 8& 5 *>hq D 1 X /

( + ]X NNT 6o ( 1 X / 6 h "% / X 8 82 = X % / F o D X / ( 89/ 1 ! 1 (;D # / X + 5 8 5< o

)D X >uW*XX 2

W 1 82 4 ( # ov 0 Y 1 o . / X ' 822oe 82wZ3 C Y 8 "a g #2% /73(; 89/ 6 X 5 / X E824
82HD X 2 5 /?E824/ 5 DJ/ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / 1 8J/ 6& h E X 8 / h 1 X &]8 I E m EI oW*XX

T 1 824 ( # o%$'3+ 6& 8264 oS*82 . 822& "2 <5 / % 82H (D2> 5 */0 1 8 %q1 ! > ,% " %: X = 5<
/? ( 5<1 XX >Y*/0 1 8 1 8 h <C%: X = X %:5762 # >E824D 1 > 5 "% - <576 82 5 >q D 1 X /d( +

X N]TT o( 1 X / 6 h <% / X 8 82 = X % E/ F o 1 (;D # / X + 5 8 5" D X / ( 89/CoBD X E>uW XX &

1 824 ( # o $ # 8 F`# 8 + 62 8264 od 8& . / X@ 822&H+` " C %0 %0576& # >E824.D 1 >E 5 <%
h E/ 6 82 5<5"# X */ n%05762 # >E824.E8 !$1 X (w*/0 1 8r &]T

8 *-,2.02121346587:9 .NM'I

G C I E S^ I o
W XX &
1 82' 4 ( # oH$ # 8 FG# 8+ 62 8264 oL 82 . / X E82&+ "%2 <5 / % 82s (D2> 5 */0 1 8 %1 !
> % < %0 X = 5" /? ( n5"1 XX >Y/? 1 8 1 8 h "C%0 X = X %:5762 # >8&4 D 1 > 5 "% - <576 82 5 >
q D 1 X /.( + NX NNT1T o( 1 X / 6 h <% / X 8 82 = X % / F o D X / ( 89/ 1 ! 1 (D # / X

+ 5 8 5" o-W XX 2

1 82 4 ( # o $ # 8 F`# 8@+ 6& 8264 oG 8& . / X 8&&3+` < C %: %05762 # >E824,D 1 >E 5 <%
h E/ 6 E8 5"5<# /?*/ %:5762 # >8&4HE8 !$1 X (w*/0 1 8r' &]T

8 *-,/.0< ? ;6= C 5 5 R#U W G 121 ; 46587 .NM ;>= 1
I

#CFEHG QI 5 ; 1Q,Q5%U ; 4 .:5%U W ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5 G .Y381 W 46587 | C 5%U WK 9Q4 9)U5%3 I 4 M R W U ; 4 .:5
.NM E . MPO R ; 1Q,U5%3^ 1 W 1202. M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9 G C I E S^ I L oSW XX &
+G/ D 62 ) 8 . 82> "F 8& . X 4 1 + >/ " X <C Z 5 / % *82BZ *8e/? %:F &]'
8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM
;>= P
1 ? A
9 Q
1 5 4 ILK:MPO M

. Q
9 6
4 R :
.
5 I Q 5 ; Q
1 V
,
5 1 ; ^ 2
1 0
5
= W.
.
7 4 2
1 9
U %
5 3 ILK ; M 9 I Ie^ I A:L o
9 1
1 89/ X kF o Ko
i .*/ 6 % *82 s
)>E> (; 8t ! X 3 ( h 1 X H!$1 X 82824 (;D2 X 5 > C2# > / X 8 %:!$ X
5 D2 5 / F ( / X 5<% o X !$5 T i o & # > F W XX
* * N .*/ 6 % o & $ 2-8 X o9 82S quq 2 F <C
XX " / 8& P/ 5 DE8 % / X # ( 89/?*/? 1 8 !$1 X

X "%0 X 576 o #25 */? 1 8 *82 2 48 1 % % CFEHG E . MPO R ; 1Q, E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9i 1kj 4 1k" l o
TTRUT9V o & # > F W X XT&
X .*/:/ 62 h .*/ 6 % o & 2 X kF + ( or 8& & 3 ( %06 E . 6 = c - 62 (w 5 X 1%:5<1 D& 5C-
6 = 1 X 1 ! / 6& / 5 D 5<1 824 <% /? 1 8 =1 E 8 5" >4 1 X E/ 6 (H E . MPO R ; 1Q, E . M M R 5 4 0U ; 4 .:5
i 1kj 4 1k"l oSW RUT9V o 9

N W
< )> C- X / 1 282oB)8 #B*1`1 > (g G6 8o & C X 6 ( */0/?o & 16 8 g F X %! 3( 2E8o& 82
8 #B 1G1 > g X E/ 8J D2D X 1 576 / 1P# 82 = X % >3/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 F 4 8 X */? 1 8t &]8HI

G C ISz
E S^ I ? ^ .. W 9 ; ,U807LoSW*XX
W )> C- X / 1 2E8o & C X 6 ( */0/?o2 8& & 16 8 g F X % 8J/ 621 X 4E8 1 ! D 1 h X >Y h %
8E8e/ X 8 /B/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 <% CFEHG I I E S G G E . MPO R ; 1Q, E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5_i 1kj4 1kl
2 E E i
L oTX i W i oW X XX&
T > 8 6 *> 82 6 X % / 1% . D*2 (E/ X 1 # 8 / 62 4 8 = > #2 D 1 h X > h
I O ,V4658781Q, z 1Q, W U7 120 ; R ,/1v o . ; 129465 E . MPO R ; 1Q, I 0Q4 1Q5021oSW XX9WG
& - 1 4 # > 8&+- < X E8242 ! X ( h 1 X !$1 X 82824 (D2 X 5 > C2# > / X 8 %:!$ X
5 D2 5 / F ( / X 5<% o X !$5 T i o( 1= ( C3 X X&
q,% 1 XX % - /. C-"6 = 1 X h E/ 6 (; 8 F 1 h % &]8.I E o *o2D 4 <% W X W o 9

.*/:/ # / n 82' X 1 8 ([ = 8 F - 62 = > C > 5 D 5 E/ F;1 ! PD X = */ > F1 h 8
h 1 X e% /?*/? 1 8 8 = X 1 8 ( 8e/< * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021 :j U W R#U ; 4 .:5co W2R eV W* W i 6o & # > F #

)82 F F X % o . / X 822 ot 8& $ # 6 8242 . X !$1 X (w*8 5<576 X 5 / X % /? 5"%1 !
(; XX 1 X %0 X = X %1 8@/ 62 E8e/ X 8 /< &]8.I7o S E S G ?kL o2D 4 "% TX T 1W o

i C , <5 / 8 4 ( 89G/ d X 1# Dt - 625<1 ( ( 1 8 1C , "5 / X #2<% / C X 1 * X X 576 / "5 / # X
82 % D <5 5 */? 1 8R = X % 1 8;W` T& Vk - <576 8& 5 *> X D 1 X C/ o C , "5 / . 8*4 ( 89/ d X 1# PD o

* & E/ X). 6eF ox 5 / 1 X Z X 1 # o 1 8 - 1 h % > "F o 82 & ( # X 1%0 1 >E824~/ 5 D
/ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / % (;D2> ( 1 >2 8&/ %d (;D2 X 5 > = >E*/? 1 8t &]8 CFEHG I I* E S G'G o
i
X x 8 */?'(, . * (w*8 C26 **8 o8$ > 8 & 8264 oG 82 . 6 E>D ' 621# * q <% E> 89/dD < X
/ 1 D " X % / X 3 (;E8242% &]8 *-,/.0< .NMI

I E o *oW XXT&

8 < x 89/7/7w(, . (; 8 C26 8. 82 # 8 h " + X D 8& e# > 576 c - 62'5 %:'!$1 X 5"1`1 8D
X */? = 8 / h 1 X E8242 &]8.2I *,
^ * I oSW XX9WG
W 6 X % / 1 D 62 X q, . > ( X 82 & 6 d X 4 1 X F +G/ 2t 8r" d 8 X */0824P8 / h 1 X / 1 D 1 > 1 4 <%
/ 6 / 1 C-kF D 1 h X >Y h % &]8 Sqp P E S G &99L oSW XXX`
T x X 8 . `%01 8r+ "
8& / 1 82 X 1# /?8&4 C-"6 = 1 X 8/ 62 &]89/ X 8 / &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9D.NM
;>= CFEHG I E S G G E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021 .:5 C O O%W 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9 | %^ 120 = 5. W .74 129 | C ,/0 = 4 ; 120 ; R ,/129 |
1
I
U5%3 *-,/. ; .02. W 9rM .:, E . MPO R ; 1Q, E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9o =1 > # ( W 1 o 1*! CFEHGI I* E S G'G
E . MPO R ; 1Q, E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5i 1kj 4 1k" l o D*4 <% W T i o*( h 1 X o # 4 #2% / `N
. X <%:%

N WW
x X 8 . &%:1 8t "d828 / 1 8& X 1 # /?E824 C-"6 = 1 X 8n/ 6& &]89/ X 8 /gI
#CFEHG ^B,U5#9 z
U80 ; 4 .:5#9 .:5Ho1 ; l .:, :46587%o R V X k o 9
x X 8 . &%:1 8P*82P+` >> F Z> 1F t X a/ X 5 / 62d! E> # X d1 ! . 1 %0%01 8 ( 1 >E8242

I

#CFEHG #^ ,U5#9YU80 ; 4 .:5#9@.:5Ho1 ; l .:, :46587%oSTRT9V W W W 6o
(E/ X 1 % . 822 X % o.+ 62 X > + 6 mo 8 "%06 x X (woB 82 . X 5< > >E =1 4 >c
( & )8 *D2D2> 5 */0 1 8> "= > ( # >E/0 5 % /H8 ! X % / X #&5 / # X &]8 * ,/.0<+.NM I2 oI

I I9^ I oL. X 576 W X X

q*8 , E/ . X X & - 62J= X 8 5<@1*! >Y F /0 ( T 8 #2<#2 824 %:FG% / ( %d h / 6
1 D&/0 (; > % / X / 4 F + q . -v C ,/0 = 4QjsVM R8, - W 1 ; ,/.:5 4 R 5%3 1<Q{ 1Q, ; ,U7R8587:9 ; 120 = 5 4 Lo
RWV X L 6o T&
i X E8 . / X %0 P8 oH & S+GD X E/ " X o 1# 4> % g - XX F o%. X = E8 - 62 ( X o2 82
)> 8 & ( X % tZ> Q C > f# D3*/ D X 1 D*49*/? 1 8 !$1 X h > Fn5"1 8 % % / 89/ X D&> 5 */? 1 8t

&]8 * ,/.02121346587:9).NM ;>= 1)? ;>= CFEHG ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5 S O 1Q,U ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 92*-,V4650Q4 O%W 129
I S I * z ? | I U465 ; G U W . | ,U5021o
* * g / 6 . > > o . / X- 8& o9 8&k d X 4 1 X = 1 8 (u % < h % c kF5<1 8 5< D&/ % 82 %0 X = 5"<%
1!
4 X
J

8 !$1 X (
; *
?
/ 1 %: = 5< &]8 * ,/.02121346587:9F.NM ;6= 1@? ;6= QI 5 ; 1Q,Q5%U ; 4 .:5%U W E .:5M 1Q, z
8 X

1Q5021F.:5 * U,U W6W 1 W U5%3n< m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 ILK 9 ; M 129 *
m EI &9<L oSW XX9WG
i X g / 6 . >Y > o X E4 & 5"1C2% o 6 X > 1 * o*q # D*> . X C or 82 . X , /7;x E F `
+ F 89/ 62 /? 5 */? C %:'C3 8 576 (w X h 1 X > 1 * !$1 X 4 X EJ8 !$1 X (w/? 1 8 %0 X = X % &]8 * ,/. z
02121346587:9 .NM ;>= 1 ;6= I
#CFEHG QI 5 ; 1Q,Q5%U ; 4 .:5%U W ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5 E W R 9 ; 1Q, E . MPO R ; 46587
U5%3 ;>= 1n ,Q4 3 2 E E ,V4 3;&9 L oSW*XX 2

4 ( # o&Zb g #2% /?3 (; 89/ o` 82 . 822& ( 1`1 E824P/q/ 62)%: X = X % 1 !

i < v 0 Y 1 o 1 8&@

D " X / 1 ]D < X %:FG% / ( % - <576 8& 5 *
> q D 1 X /( + NX N]T o D X / ( 89/ 1 ! 1 (

D # / X + 5 8 5" o3( 1 X / 6 h <% / X 8 8& = X % E/ F o% X 576 W XX &
i W v 0 1 o 1 824 ( # oeZS C 8 g #2% /73 (; 89/ oe 82 . / X 82` ( 1`1 E824v*/L/ 62a%: X = X
% E P1 ! D < X / 1 ]D < X %:FG% / ( % &]8 A ;>= .:, 9 = . O .:5
U587RBU78129 | E . MPO 4 W 1Q,/9 | U5%3
i R85 z ; 4 M 1 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9 M .:, I 0U W U9{ W 1 E . MPO R ; 1Q,/9 E i &9 L oSW XX &
i T ([> 0 # o v8 6 8264 oe 8&w+ X 8& = % *8 <%06 = 8E822 = E # >` 82 4 4 X 49*/ - /.

D X !$1 X (w*8 5< &]8 I E o *oD 4 <% W XT W 1W o

i ([> 0 # o vE8 6 8&64 o[ 82s+ X 8& = % *8 <%:6 = 8& X % /7*8228&4B/ 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"
1 ! (w 8 F - /. 1 h % E . MPO R ; 1Q,
o 1 ; l .:, 9oT RUT eV W TX1 o2W X X

N WT
i q , <%06 q3(; 8*o H X 1 8!([ = 8 F oJ 82 X = 8 + 1 > 1 ( 1 8t .*/ 576 (w E824 %
/ X C2# / X <%:1# X 5" (w*8 4 ( 8e/ !$1 X 6 4 6 / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / 5<1 (;D # /?8&42 &]8 *-,/.021213 z
46587:9@.NM ;6= 1 I 1kj1Q5 ;6= I
IV5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5HOP47 = * 1Q,QM.:, M U5021m<4 9 z
; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 O *
m E | o&D 4 "% 9X % o & # > F i
i q , <%06 q3 (; *8 o X 1 8 ([ = 8 F o 82 X = 8 + 1 > 1 ( 1 8t q "%01# X 5< (; 8 4 ( 89/

/ 6 X 1# 4 6 ( # >E/0>*/ X > (;*/ 576 (w E8242 &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9.NM ;6= 1)oP465 ;>= I

IV5 ; 1Q,V5%U z
; 4 .:5%U W8ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5nP O 47 = * 1Q,QM.:, M U5021qm<4 9 ; ,V4U{YR ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 O *
m E &997 | o
D 4 "% W X W # o & # > F W X XX&
i + F > = Y q*/?82 % 3 ( F o . X $) 8&2> kF o q 576 X X D*o 82 + 5<1 /0/ + 62 8 X
)D2D&> 5 */? 1 8 > "= > ( # >/? 5 % / #2% E824 5<1 89/ 89/ ] 2 X <%0% C > 8 / h 1 X e% &]8 *-,/.0<F.NM
o E oS( 1= ( C- X W X X
i%i + *t 8 q 62 o 8282 % d " > % o -a ( 1 / 69F q 1%:5<1G ot*82 & 16 8 #2C */ 1 h 5 $) 82&>8&4
576e# 88H $ -v &]8 *-,/.0< .NM I2 oI C ^ E o "5< ( C- X W XX 2

X
i * xP q C- X 1 oqj q 2m oeq g X *82 B# o & ( = X */?E> of*82 (d 1 /0/ X >E>c_D2*/ 62576 X D
" 5 8e/@ = E>Y C > @C 8& h &/ 6_<% /? (w*/0 1 8 !$1 X 8 / h 1 X D/ 62% &]8 * U:929Q4Qj 1 U5%3
C 0 ; 4Qj 1 G 1U:9QR ,/1 M 1Q5 ; .:, 9 = . O oSW X XT&
X xE8 F q C3 X 1 o . X 1 */ <% oq # 1 > ! q 2 o + 6 X X 3 ( +& X =1 / 6 3 (Vo g X 89D / $ 8
X 25 e% o3 82V q 576 X g X 8& B# # >E/? ! X 5 /7 > 5 X 1%0% / X 5'"% /0 (;*/? 1 *8 o&W XXX&
< .*/ qED 8 # 82) &N 8HZ 1 % / X - . D&D2824n48 # / >E>Y8 / h 1 X % . 5 X 1%:5<1 D& 5 D X 1 D
X % "%;1*! > X 4 %:5 > D " X / 1 ]D < X % F`% / ( % &]8 ?:9 ; QI 5 ; 1Q,Q5%U ; 4 .:5%U W .:, 9 = . O .:5
* 121Q, z ; . z * 121Q, ILK 9 ; 1 M 9oSW XXW`
W )89/ 1 8 F q 1 h % / X 1 8 82 . / X X #2%0576& >c . % / X F% + 5 *>Y C > ot <5< 89/ X *> " 1C , "5 /
> 1G5 */0 1 P8 o9 82 X 1# /?8&4 !$1 X >Y X 4 %05 *> D < X / 1 ]D < X %:FG% / ( % &])

8 *-,2.02121346587:9P.NM ;>= 1
I7L/I * #CFEHG QI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W E .:5M 1Q,/1Q5021+.:5 m 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9* W U ; M .:, M 9 G 4 3 z
3 W 1kl U,/1]L oSW XX
T )89/ 1 8 F &7 -v q 1 h % / X 1 8 82 . / XD X #&%05762 >c . % / X F + 5 >Y C > oq "5< 8e/ X >E "
1C , "5 /v> 1`5 */? 1 *8 o3 82 X 1# /0824 !$1 X > X 4 %:5 > D < X c/ 1 D " X % FG% / ( % G 4 3 3 W 1kl U,21o

D 4 "% T9W T X oW*XX

q - & &]8 5 j qq/?[E8 5 h "C.% / 6 /:/?D hahah X /0c 5<1 (H
+G/ k! 8J+& X 1 # o# X %06 8 . 6 d # ( (w & o9q 576 X & # 82*8 o2+G/ k= 8 1 d X C2C > oG 82
$ 8 X F B ( k=eF )8H 8*> FG% %a1 ! E89/ X 8 / 5"1 89/ 8e/ > = X FB%:FG% / ( % &]8 *-,2.0< ;>=
I2 oaI S I mI o2W XX9W`

N W
d( "a[+ 576 X 4 D X 1G1 !d1 ! / 621 D&/? (w >EE/ F@1*! / 62%0621 X / "% / X (; 82E824D X 1G5<"%0% E824
/? ( & %05 D2>E8 S O 1Q,U ; 4 .:5#9)i 1291U,/0 = o i Xo i
(d "aG+ 576 X *4 82 (d >E> X - 62 #2<#& d h / 6 / 62%0621 X / "% / X (w E828&4
D X 1G5<"%0% 824n/? ( & %05 D2>E8 S O 1Q,U ; 4 .:5#9)i 1291U,/0 = o X i 6o &

i ZbG+ 576 X C- X . X 1 D X /0 <% 8&w D&D2> 5 */0 1 8 %L1 ! / 621 D&/0 (; ># #2"#2 E824 % / X */ 4 F% X D&/
q %:# X = "F C ,/0 = 4QjbVM R8, W 1 ; ,/.:5 4 R 5%3 1<{Q1Q, ; ,U7R8587:9 ; 120 = 5 4 Lo T W T i o T&
* g *+ 576 X 1` X 82F $) X 57621 > g >/ X <C'%0 X = X %# 82 X 1= X > 1 * $ 1 h %:5762 # >
824 5 8 62 >EDt - <576 82 5 h> q D 1 X / + ]X9W 9To X 8 4 >E> 1 8~+ 57621G1 > 1 !

1 (D # / X + 5 8 5" o & # 8 W XXW`

W X X + X E82 = % 8w+ <%:6 *8 oB. X +G/ ( (JoG 8&M q 82 F $, */ g+ . ( + 6 X BD %:% =
8 / h 1 X D X !$1 X (; 8 5< 2 %05<1= X F &]8 I2 oI ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5BVI 5 ; 1Q,V51 ; %^ 120 = 5. W . z

74 129@U5%3 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9o 9

W X < +-r+ 62 8 X o (d 6 *8264 o- 82 >Y X v+ 1 ( ,1C2%: X = */0 1 8 %)1 8./ 62 F 823 (; 5<%1 !
5<1 8&4 <% /? 1 8 5"1 89/ X 1 >u >4 1 X E/ 6 (H CFEHG E . MPO R ; 1Q, E . M M R85 4 0U ; 4 .:5i 1kj 4 1k"l o X&
W XW $) X (;*/ 6 +G = e# (; X oS+e/ # X / g > "F o 82J q 1 C- X / (d d X 1%0% (w 8r . + 1G25 / % - 62
5 %:!$1 X *D2D2> 5 */0 1 88 ]> k= >8 / h 1 X ;% / X D&824 !$1 X /7E8e/ 8 % = D2D2>E 5 */? 1 8 %
#2% E824
6 4 6H% D " h X n8 / h 1 X G% &]8 I R O 1Q,202. MPO R ; 46587%oSW XXX`
W X T Zb 1 8 > %01 8_+ (E/ 6 oqZ > $ X 8*82 3 (D 1% o k= E8 & 2t F of 82 = /0/<
6 */ - /. & . D X 1 / 1G5<1 > 62 * X % 5 8 / >E> #2% C-1 # /./ 62 h <C &]8 I I G ^ z

ifI EI * 1Q,QM .:, M U5021o`D 4 "% W W oW*XX

W X XX 8+ (E/ 6 o C # > 62< * o = E+ kF X % oG 82 & XX F q*8tB )8 k= > # /? 1 8
!$1 (;*/? 1 8 %: X = 5< E W R 9 ; 1Q, E . MPO R ; 46587%o W

1! E
> / X 2
8 *
?
/
4
= "% %f!$18 X
4 X E
@

8 X
T oSW*XX
W X $' & t+ 1 824 o (u # o & 1 C2%0 *8 oq, g 6 4 h P8 o 6 8264 o 8 , X 1 - # X ot 82
)82 X h 6 8t - 62 ( 5 X 1 4 X %05 8e/0 5 / 1G1 > !$1 X ( 1 >E824 5<1 (D # /?*/? 1 8 >
4 X E % &]8 I R O 1Q,202. MPO R ; 46587%oSW XXX`
W X ('&+`D X 8264 o1q# 6 , P8 o& 8& / 62 X >E>c %0# X 8&4P % D;/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 <% h E/ 6 X 1G52
/ !$#2 > &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9F.NM CFEHG LI I* E S G'G oB # 4 #2% /)W XX9W`

W X & 1 8w+G/ 1 5 o q 1C3 X -/ 1 XX % o = E , X 4 X oeZ X 8 % , %0621GY oG 82 $ X g *>Y X %06
8 8t 621 X %:5 > C > . < X - 1 . < X > 1G1 e# D %: X = 5<!$1 X E8e/ X 8 / D2D2>E 5 /? 1 8 %
&]8 *-,/.02121346587:9F.NM CFEHGJI I* E S G'G &9 ?%o2D 4 "%< % X oW*XX

N W
W X i & 5<1 C +e/ X #2%0% o E8 */? C o 82 Z X 8 % , %0621GY ( %:# X ( 8e/ % / # F1 !
= *>Y C > @C *82 h `/ 6y"% /0 (;*/? 1 8/ 1G1 > % &]8_IQ5 ; 1Q,Q51 ; G 1U:9QR ,/1 M 1Q5 ;DE .:5M1Q,21Q5021o
W XXT`
W X * . X /?8B+ h 8 F 8&Mq 576 1 > % c # >E/? = X */ X <%01 # X 5" D X !$1 X (; 8 5<!$1 X "5 % /?E824
8w/ 62 8 / h 1 X h / 62 X %0 X = 5< %&]8 CFEHG I

02.:5M1Q,/1Q5021.:5 I R O 1Q,/02. MPO R ; 46587%o

W XX9WG
W X . X /?8A+ h *8 F 82 q 576 1 > % c]q D X <%: 89/?E824@ F 83( 5 D X !$1 X (w 8 5< E8 !$1 X (;:
/? 1 8E84 X 8 = X 1 8 ( 8e/ % h E/ 6 / 6& 8 / h 1 X h */ 62 X %0 X = 5< &]8B 5%3I

#CFEHG

QI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5 E W R 9 ; 1Q, E . MPO R ; 46587 U5%3 ;6= 1H ,V4 3 2E E qifI7m <Lo
W XX9WG
W < q(' - C3 /B 82 - 1#&= */ %:1% 8y/ 62 D2D X 1 (w/? 1 8 1 ! / 62 ( *8 X
% D 1 8 %: /0 ( <%1 ! D X 1 X / F5 >Y %:%0"% 8A % /7 C > d d . q #2"#2 K .:R8,V5%U W .NM ;>= 1
S O 1Q,U ; 4 .:5%U W i 1291U,/0 = I .0Q4 1 ; K o T W W W T o W`
W W +- -L 8 8 C # ( G .Y381Q,V5TS O 1Q,U ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9k . X 89/? 5< $) >E> o
W T $ 1 8&4 %0# 2 -*82*4 ( # 82 X # 8 C/ ohq3 ( <%06 d 1= 8& *8 o 8&+ # 4 6 & (;E8t ( / h 1 X
/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 F 4 8 X */ 1 X % 4 X < C %0 =G% % / X #25 / # X >c &]' 8 *-,/.02121346587:9 .NM I I* E S G'G
2 oSW XXW`
W - 62 D 8 d X 1# DtPm EL ?9G VI 5 ; ,/.Y3R 0 ; 4 .:5 ; . S I m EL ' - 62 D 8 d X 1# PD o
+ D`/ ( C- X 9 6 /0/0D hahah 1 D 824 X 1# Dt 1 X 4 *D #2C2% 5 /7 > 1 4 ! W X 6 / (
W . X = E 8 - 62 ( X *82T 576 > g & 1 8 <% = X > 1G1 L + 5 *>Y C > 823 ( ;%0 X = 5"B1 8
8 1= X >Y F 8 / h 1 X &]8 *-,2.02121346587:9).NM ;>= 1w9 5%3VI 5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U W E .:5M 1Q,21Q5021).:5
m 4 9 ; ,Q4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9 I E m EI &9<L o & # > F W*XX9W`
<
W -a C35<1 &]8 5 -a C-5"1 E8 5 h "C.% / 6 /:/?D hahah /? C-5"1 5<1 (H
W g 3 -a X 8 "F - 5 DP/ # 828&4)4 # E q!$1 X 2 % / X C&# / D2D2>E 5 */? 1 8 1 8 h X )8 / h 1 X e%
I2 oaI U5%3 I C .7465coW R V oSW X X
W i #25 '- X **8 o v 8 H$ # od 82 - 1 &3d Gd 8 5 89/PD < X / 1 ]D < X
%05762 ( !$1 X ( 2 % / X (;E8242 &]8 *-,2.0< .NMI
I?o S E S G oB)D X >uW*XXT&
W * - X 8 % 5 /0 1 8 . X 1G5<<%:% E824 1 # 8 5 E>c% -aD 5C- 8 576 (; X e% 6 /0/0D hahah /?D 5 1 X 42
WW*X (8x 6 2*C/ o# 576 > 6 >P8 o - 621 (; % )82 X %:1 *8 o` 82 (;/ )44 X h >c% 5 /? =
83 ( <% Q C > > 1`5 */? 1 8_*82/ X *8 % D 1 X / 1 ! h N X X "%01# X 5<"% &]8 I2 oI

ILKNMPO .9Q46R M .:5HVI 5 ; 1Q,V51 ; ^ 120 = 5. W .7 K U5%3 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9o 5 / 1C3 X

N W
WW < + # 6 X %:6 8 x "6Be# , 8& & 8282 !$ X + 57621 D ! . X & 5 /0824 % D 1 X 2 5 4 X /7
/ X 8 %:!$ X % &]8 ? ;>= I
IV5 ; 1Q,V5%U ; 4 .:5%U WHILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5 OP47 = * 1Q,QM.:, M U5021Pm<4 9 z

; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . MPO R ; 46587 O *

m E z ? <Lo2W XX9W`
WW W + # 6 X %:6 8wx "6Be# mo & 8282 !$ X + 57621 D ! o&*82 &N*8wZ 1% / X . X 2 5 /?8&4/ 62 D X !$1 X
(w*8 5<1 ! h E X B*/?w/ X 8 %:!$ X % &]8 ^ = 1 ? ;6= IV5 ; W * U,U W6W 1 W U5%3@m 4 9 ; ,V4U{YR ; 13

*-,2.0212929Q46587 ILKNMPO .9Q46R M 2I *

m * I &9< ?oW XX9W`
WW*T & 9x "% o " d # /:/ (; *8 o . X 8 % o2 8&B+-8 D2> 8tr+ X = 5< > 1G5 /? 1 8D X 1 / 1`5"1 >c
&]89/ X 8 / qZ W o & # 8 +

WW & ( > 1 - 62 & E823 X 576 E/ "5 / # X !$1 X 8 / h 1 X 5" 89/ X 55"1 (D # /?E8242 E . M M R85 4 0U z

; 4 .:5#9 .NM ;>= 1 CFEHG o eW2R V i 1W o

WW 62 8&4 824H 82 & 1 8 X 1 h 5 X 1*! / g 82 h &/ 6 ] >Y FAC %0 X 1 # /?E824H >4 1 X E/ 6 ( %
&]8 *-,/.0< .NMI
W . Q{ 1 E . M o( 1= ( C3 X

WW* g (; 8t q 1 # /?E824 1 ! ( # >E/0D 1 89/ 5"1 828 "5 /0 1 8 % aI
K - .NM I 1 W 120 ; 13 C ,/1U:9

465 E . M M R 5 4 0U ; 4 .:5#9o22R V WW % o i i

WW <%0%: > % *82 n >Y 2 F BR X !$5 W i 9V &]89/ X 8 / 5 5762 D X 1 / 1G5<1 >fR & /. V o = X % 1 8 W o
+ D`/ ( C- X 9 6 /0/0D hahah ! % 1 X 4 X !$5<% X !$5 W i ` 6 / (>c

WW i # 8 "%0%: > % 82 > 2 F & /. 82w/ 62 8+ # "CB5 5762 I

_K .:R8,Q5%U W .:5

I 1 W 120 ; 13 C ,21U:9465 E . M M R 5 4 0U ; 4 .:5co RUT9V T T o i

WW * & X 82 25 82'+ # 4 6 & 3 (8r &]8 / ]T& X &]89/ X 8 /u/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 F 4 8 X */ 1 X 3 - <576 82 5 >
q D 1 X / #+ " -hq : ]X91W o D X / ( 89/ 1*! " " I+ o 82 = X % E/ Fy1 ! 576 49 8 )828

X C-1 X o3W XX9WG

W T X q 576 X 1 > % c F 83 ( 5 *>> Fw!$1 X "5 % /?8&4B8 / h 1 X D X !$1 X (; 8 5<#2% E824w/ 6& 8 /

h 1 X h */ 62 X %0 X = 5" E W R 9 ; 1Q, E . MPO R ; 46587%o R V % T91W o i

W T < q 576 X 1 > % oS( >L+`D X 824 oS 82 & ( $) F <% - 6& 8 / h 1 X h */ 62 X %: X = 5<N
2 % / X C2# / X <%:1# X 5< D X !$1 X (; 8 5"!$1 X <5 % /?E824 %: X = 5<!$1 X ( /? 5<1 (;D # /?8&42 K .:R , z

5%U W .NM) R ; R ,/1; 1Q51Q,U ; 4 .:5 E . MPO R ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9o R ]9V & i o
W TW & # 8 # o C E482 h ,*> C X 5 kF oS 8&r q = %06 *8 X & F X b( / h 1 X * E82 1 h %
( - %:FG% / ( >E ! > # X 2*/7n 8*> FG% % &]8 * ,/.0< .NPM *
im E o "5< ( C- X

W T T 8&4 e# 8 q 824~ 8& 1 82*4 (8&4 Z D X 1 5 /? = D2D X 1 576 / 1 X "5<1 8 % / X #25 /0824
1= X >Y F ( # >/? 5 % /f/ X <<% &]8 *-,/.0< .NMI

I7o S E S G o X 576 W XX &

N W
W T -v > 1 8 8t+2+ $ %:<5"# X > 1 48 5<1 828 <5 /? 1 8 %1= X / 62 89/ X 8 / &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9
.NM ;>= 1 ;6= I2 oaI I 120QR8,Q4 ; KDILK:MPO .9Q46R M o&D 4 <% T 9W1o &
W T $) !$ 824 # *82 (8.x 6 */< <% E48 82 k= > # /? 1 8 1 ! 5"1 89/?8 #21 #2%v5<1 8 % %
/ 8 5"F ( 1 > !$1 X X D&> 5 */ %: X = 5<"% &]8nH.:R8, ;>=ILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5'S O 1Q,U ; 46587 ILK 9 ; 1 M 9
mF129Q475 U5%3PI MPO%W 1 M 1Q5 ; U ; 4 .:5 S I mI]Lo&D2 4 <% TX T i oW XX
W T . X 5 Y t 824 X >E> *82 g X #25< g H( 1 h Y 3(Dt 1 (D X 824HD %:% = 8 / h 1 X ( 1 88
E/ 1 X E824 1 ! 4 X s D2D&> 5 */? 1 8 / X 5 h / 6 5 /0 = D X 1C3<% &]8 .:R , ;6= IQ5 ; 1Q,Q5%U ; 4 .:5%U W
.:, 9 = . O .:5~ ,V4 3 E . MPO R ; 46587%oW XXT&
W T #2"6 6 8264 o & 2 X "F (d Z X <%0576 > o9 8& & 828& !$ X + 57621 D ! D X !$1 X (w 8 5<b% / # F
1 ! ( 1 8&E/ 1 X 8&4P 82JE8 !$1 X (;*/0 1 8 %0 X = 5"<%!$1 X 2 % / X C2# / % FG% / ( % &]8 *-,/.02121346587:9
.NM ;>= 1 ? ;6= QI 5 ; 1Q,Q5%U ; 4 .:5%U WILK:MPO .9Q46R M .:5 P
O 47 = * 1Q,$M .:, M U5021Pm 4 9 ; ,V4UY{ R ; 13 E . Mz
O R ; 46587 O * m E L oSW XXT`
W T i 6 8264 o
(, # o . &%:1 *8 oq 82 +- + 62 8 X 8~/ 62 1 8 % /7*8 5"F~1*! &]89/ X 8 /
D*/ 6 D X 1 D X /0 "% &]8 CFEHG I I E S G G QI 5 ; 1Q,V51 ; G 1U:9QR8,21 M 1Q5 ; .:,9 = . O oW XX
W T * vE8 6 8&64 o( " g X <% > # oSx X 8 . `%:1 *8 o[ 8&A+ 5"1 /0/v+ 62 8 X 8./ 62 6 X 5 / X
% /? 5"% 82 X 4 8 %f1*! &]89/ X 8 / 1 h X */ <% &]8 CFEHGJI I* E S G'G oSW*XX9W`

W X vE8 6 *8264 o*( 25 # >* ox X 8 . `%01 *8 o 82P+ 5<1 /:/d+ 62 8 * X 8'/ 62
5<1 8 % /7*8 5"F,1 !
89/ X 8 /gD*/ 6 D X 1 D X /0 "% 3 &]8 CFEHG I I* E S G'G VI 5 ; 1Q,V51 ; G 1U:9QR8,/1 M 1Q5 ;a .:,9 = . O o
( 1= ( C3 X W XX
W < + 62 >> kF 0 6e# 824 o g 8 P 6 1 o )89/ 6&1 8 F & 1%0 D 6 oq 82 F $' */ oq 82
& 16 8 L #&C Y*/ 1 h 5 g F <# 8 X 576 E/ <5 / # X !$1 X %05 >Y C > 82 ! # >/ c/ 1 > X *8e/
h N X */?2 %:%0 (82*/? 1 8t% &]8 *-,2.0< .NMo S I I m C o & # 8 W X X

"

&]8 h "C %: X = X-X #2"% / %5<1 8e/08 #21#&% > F XX = / 1.C-@%: X = 5< r X #2"% / X # X <%
5< X /7 E8 %: X = 5< /? ( / 1C-,5<1 (;D2> / /? ( h 621 %05"1 (D 1 8 89/ % 8 5 > # / 62 . / 62
2 % 82 / 62 8 / h 1 X D/ 6 X #2<% /B % #2"#2 h 62 8_/; XX ="% 82 X (; 8 % E8
/ 62P% FG% / ( # 89/?E>L/ %)5<1 (D2> / / 6& / 1 /? >g/0 ( '! X 1 ( XX = >[/ 1@5<1 (;D2> /0 1 8 C- 824B/ 62
%01 , 1# X 8 /? ( ,1 X X <% D 1 8 %0 /? ( v+ 576& # >E824@D 1 >E 5 <% / X (;E8 h 6 576 X #&<% / % 8./ 62
#&<#2 X ,%0 X = 5" A*/ 8 F D 1 89/8J/? ( 621 h ( #2576 /? ( %% D 89/ 1 8 576 82 h 6 */
6 D2D 8 % h 62 8 8 h X #&<% /v XX ="% b1 ( ( 1 8H4 1 > %a1 ! / 6&'%:5762 # >8&4wD 1 > 5"F X / 1
(;E82 ( / 62 ( 8 %:1 , 1# X 8'/0 ( R X "% D 1 8 %0 /? (
1 ! / 62 X #2"% / V / 62 = X 4 q% > 1 h 1 h 8
R$/ 6& X */? 11 ! E/ % X <% D 1 8 %0 /? ( / 1 / %a% V 8&H/ 1C3<6 = ,! * X > F / 1 >> X #2"% / %
8 F D 1 > 5 "% X D 1%0% C > dZ X % / b1 ( Z X % /a+ X = RZ Zd+&Vq % P8 1 8 ]D X < (;D`/? =
D 1 >E 5kF E8 h 6 576 / 62 X #2<% / % X X # 8 / 1@5"1 (D2> /? 1 8.8 / 621 X X E8 h 6 576 / 62"F h X
X <5" = r ( 1 X )5<1 ( ( 1 8BD 1 > 5"F % . X 1G5<<%:%01 X + 6 X E824JR . +&V h 6 576 % D X < (;D`/? = &]8
W

W
. + * >> X #2"% / % E8./ 6& #&<#2 X 4 = 8 *8 # > %:6 X P1 ! / 62 h "Cs%: X = X % */:/ 8e/0 1 8r
8 X > . X 1G5<<%:%01 X + 6 X 824 R . +2V4 8 X *> <% . + h E/ 6 D X 1 X /? "%
! / 8 Z Zd+
5 8 C-a5"1 ( C E8 h / 6 . + 1 X . + h E/ 6 Z Z +& % D2*/ 576 E824 1 ! X #2"% / %q! X 1 ( / 6& #&<#2
/ 1 HD 1G1 > 1 ! D X 1G5<<%:%0"%P1 X / 6 X % / 6 */ X ;5"1 >> <5 /0 = > F %:5762 # > #2% E824 . + 1 X . +3
- 62<%: D 1 > 5<"% 48 1 X / 6&,%: X = 5< /? ( )1 ! / 62 X #&<% /<
<5" 89/?> F % C %: %0576& # >E824D 1 > 5 <% / 6&1%0 / 6 */
8 5<1 X D 1 X */ / 62a%: X = 5< /0 ( b1 !
/ 62 X #2<% /89/ 1 / 62 X <5 % 1 8 % 6 =C3< 8HD X 1 D 1%0 !$1 X #2%: E8 h "C%: X = X % -$) X 57621 >
>E/ X /H > 6 = D X 1 D 1%0 / 62A#2%:A1 ! / 62 + 621 X / <% / (; E82824 . X 1G5<<%:% E824 -a (
Rc+ . -V %05762 # >E824~D 1 > 5"F E8 h <C %0 X = X % TT W %0621 h 621 h / 1 E8 5<1 X D 1 X */ /
89/ 1 5 / # > (;D&> ( 89/?*/? 1 8 % W *82 D X 1= A/ 6 */)/ 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5" 49 E8 %)1*! + . -
#2%0# *>> F 1 8 1 / 5<1 ( *// 6&Q D 8 %:1 ! >Y X 4 , 1C2% TT &]8 1 / 62 X h 1 X % + . - %! X
h E/ 6@6& =eF c/7 E> , 1C@% 2 % / X C2# /? 1 8 % 1 8&4 / > !$# X / 62 X 8 ="% /049*/ B/ 62! X 8 <%:%
%0%:#2<%1 ! + . - / 6 X 1# 4 6@% ( # >Y/? 1 8 XT 82JD X 1 D 1%: J/ h 1n69FGC X E+ . - %05762 # >E824
D 1 >E 5 <% X / 1 / X '1 2 / 62,! X 8 <%:% h / 6 D X !$1 X (w 8 5< - 62 ZS X + 1 , 1 # X 8 . X 1 / 1G5<1 >
RZd+ . Va % ( 1 2 = X % 1 8 1*! + . - / 6 */ 6 %C-" 8 D X 1= 8 / 1wC3 ( 1 X , 5 89/ 82
! X / 6 8 . +J4 = 8. 8 F XX = > %: #2 8 5< *82 %: X = 5< /? ( & % / X C2# /? 1 8 *
&]8 / 62 4 MPO%W 1 M 1Q5 ; U ; 4 .:5 1 !v% C %: D 1 >E 5"<%n%0#2576 % + . - 82yZd+ . 1 8y h <C
%0 X = X / 62%0 X = 5" /0 ( f1 ! / 62 X #2<% /b % 8 < r - 6&5"1 ( ( 1 8n %0%0# (;D&/0 1 8n % / 6 */
/ 62
%0 X = 5< /? ( % / 62,% 1 ! / 6&< > ,C- 824 %0 X = % / 6 % %= X F %:F / 1 2 %05"1= X h 62 8
/ 62 X #2"% / 8e/ X % / 62%:FG% / (H- 1 X C X 1 2> F / 62 %0%0# (;D&/0 1 8; % / 6 /q/ 62%0 X = 5" /0 (
%% / X 1 824 > F 5<1 XX >Y*/ / 1 / 62+ > n% &]8/ 6 % D2D 8&2 h ;Q 3 (8 / 6&;= >E2E/ F1 !
/ 6 % %0%0# (;D&/0 1 8 82J/ 62 (D 5 /f/ 6 // 62 4 X <,1 ! 5"1 XX >*/? 1 8 C- / h " 8 > v% 82
%0 X = 5< /? ( )6 %1 8@/ 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"v1 ! + . - 8&.Zd+ .
- 1@"= > # */ / 6 % (;D2 5 / h "= > 1 D s % ( # >Y/ 1 X / 6 / 5 *8 %0# D2D 1 X / . + + . -
82Z + . 8 C31 / 6 "! 82# "$ "!A - 62% ( # >*/ 1 X 1 D X */ <%,1 8 J/ X 5<n1 !
X #2"% / XX = *> % h 6 576~5 8 5"1 ( ; / 62 X ! X 1 ( 8 # *4 ( 89/ )D 5762 < h <C~%: X = X

WWX
> 1 4 1 X ! X 1 (\n/ X 5" 4 8 X */ 1 X - 62 / X 5",5"1 89/7 E8 % / 62 X #2<% /v XX = *> % / 62 > v% <%
82./ 62 5 / # > %0 X = 5" /? ( "% E8 ( 5 X 1%:<5<1 82 % #2%0 / X 5"<% / 6 */ h P6 = P5 *D&/ # X
1 8 1# X D2 X / ( 8e/ ]> "= > h "C.%: X = X *82H/ X 5"<%5 *D&/ # X CeFB1 / 62 X %1 8 h "C.5 5762<%
&]8 1# X X > X h 1 X 31 8 % C %0 %0576& # >E824,D 1 > 5 "% h E/ 6 E8 5<5"# X / , 1C%
8 !$1 X (w/? 1 8 h )%:621 h B/ 6 */ !$1 X ( 8 X "% D 1 8 %0 /? ( 82 % > 1 h 1 h 8 / 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"
1 ! + . - NZd+y*82_Zd+ . ]Zd+ % X 3(;*/? 5 >E> F 2 "5 / C9F ! >>E824 C3 > 1 h / 6 */ 1 ! . +
!$1 X > 1 h = > #2<% 82 8 2 "5 /0 = , 1 C % P"% /? (w/ 1 X % 8 < A/ 1B%:#25<5"<%:%:!$# >E> F *D2D2> F
% C %0 %05762 # >E824nD2> 5 <% - 6 % D&D 822 w!$1`5"#2<%a1 8J D2D2> F E824 % C % %05762 # >E824
8 h "C %: X = X % h 62 8/ 6&;5"1 XX >Y/? 1 8 % > 1 h X % / % / # Fs621 h / 6& D X !$1 X (; 8 5"
1 ! / 6& > % 'C %0 .D 1 >E 5 <% R+ . - ]Zd+ Zd+ . NZ +2V& = X 4 "%)! X 1 ( / 62 X > = X % 1 8 %
Rc+ . - Zd+ . V % h E8 5 X %: / 62 > 1 * 1 8/ 62 h "CA%0 X = X / 6& 8 D X 1 D 1%0 1 (; 8
C %0 %:5762 # >8&4;*82 k= > # / E/ = / X 5< X = 8 % ( # >*/? 1 8 %
% / # F $ "! 8 &2E/0 1 8/ 1 "! C-"5 #&%0 D X k= 1#2% X "%0 X 576 W
6 %w%:621 h 8_/ 6 / . 1 %:%01 8_D X 1G5<<%:%0"% X J= >E 1 82> F~!$1 X ( 1 >E824A/ 62 XX = > 1 !v#&%0 X
82/?Y/ - . %:<%0% 1 8 %%0#2576 % / 62 XX = *> 1 ! - " (uP( "- 5<1 8&8 <5 /? 1 8 % 82 Z - . 5<1 8
8 <5 /? 1 8 % $ - - . XX = > % X 8 1 / . 1 %:%01 8t - 6 */ %)C-"5 #2%: $ - - . 1G5<# ( 89/v/ X 8 %
(; %0% 1 8 % X 8 1 / 89/? X > F 8&E/?*/ C9F / 62n#2%0 X / 6& $ - - . 5 >E 8e/ h E>>L # / 1 (w/? 5 >> F
4 8 X */ %0 X <%g1 ! &2E/0 1 8*> X #2<% / % / 1 1 h 82> 1 ( C3 & > "% / 6e#2% X <%:# >E/08248,
( 1 X C2# X % / F D X 1G5<<%:% . X k= 1#2% h 1 X W D 1 E89/ 1# / / 6 / / 62 *44 X 49*/ wE89/ X XX = >
/? ( <%a1*! $ - - . X #2"% / %5 8 C3 ( 1 > h / 6 62 =eF /7*> C2# >E>t2 % / X C2# /? 1 8t
- 6& X '6 %C-" 8 % 48& 5 89/ h 1 X @1 8/ 62 "$ #2<# 824 ( 1 > $ 1 h k= X h X
h X '1 ! 8 1 8*> F /? 5 > X <%:# >E/ %1 8 "$ ! !$1 X + . - 1 X Z + . %0576& # >E8248 X 4 ( "%
h 62 X 89/ X XX = *>t/? ( <% 82 %0 X = 5< /? ( <% X 62 =eF /? > t - 62 X "!$1 X / 62 h 1 X h
<%:5 X C- E8J/ 6 % *D2D 822 %aC %0 1 # 8 ( %0# X ( 89/ 82 % ( # >*/? 1 8t
% E824 1# X E8 ! X % / X #25 / # X *82 ( %:# X 8& %:F 89/ 6&<% / X 5< */7 h & X "%0%
/ 62v!$1 >E> 1 h 82@ 4 #&<% /0 1 8 Y%

WW
6 * /, % / 62 5 / # >d 4 X <1 !b5<1 XX >*/? 1 8 C3 / h < 8 > n% 82 %0 X = 5< /? ( E8
D X 5 /? 5< Rc+ "5 /0 1 8' WV
W` 6 */ % / 62 D X $! 1 X (; 8 5"1 ! + .- Z + . 8& .+ # 28 X / F &D 5 *> X > h 1 X > 1 %
cR + "5 /0 1 8) T9V
T& & % / 62 X % (D2> 82J> 1 h 1 = X 62 * < % /0 (;*/ 1 X !$1 X 0% X = 5< /0 ( / 6 */ h 1# >E (w *
+ . - 82dZ + . 1 8 "! 82 "$ "! D X $! 1 X ( C- /0/ X R+ <5 /? 1 8) eV
& /w % ;( D 1 X /? 89// 1 D 1 E89/ 1# /;/ 6 */ 1# X X <%:# >E/ % E8_ & X "%0% E824 #2"% /? 1 8 % W 82yT X
>Y X 4 > F 82 D 82 89/ 1 !a1# XX <%0# >E/ %,!$1 X #&<% /0 1 8 82s/ 62 >4 1 X / 6 ( h "= > 1 D~E8
X <% D 1 8 %0 / 1 #2<% /? 1 8 D X 1= "%BC- 8 / % / 1 + . - *82Zd+ . 1= X h E X 824 H1 !
D 1%:% C > 8 % h X % / 1 #2<% /? 1 8
# X 82/? 1 8 1 !%0 X = 5" /? ( % / 62 /? ( 8 < / 1A%: 82 >E> 1 ! X #2<% / /7
8/ 6& C2%0 8 5<J1 !1 / 62 X@X #2"% / % E8/ 62@% F`% / ( # X ( %0# X ( 89/ %%:621 h / 6 *// 62
%0%:# (;D`/? 1 8 / 6 */ > % *82 %: X = 5< /? ( X n% / X 1 824 > FA5"1 XX >Y/ %,# 8 h XX 89/
/ 62J5<1 XX >Y*/0 1 8~ % 8 ! 5 / 1 ! / 8 X */ 6& X h JC- > "= / 6 *// 6& X %:1 8 !$1 X / 6 %
D 62 8 1 ( 8 1 8 % O U ;>= 34Qj 1Q,29Q4 ; K / 1 2 2 X 89/ 5 >E 8e/ % " = 8s !d!$1 X "= X F % D <5 5 X #2<% /
/ 62,%0 X = 5" /? (
h 62 X
% / 6& 8 # ( C3 X 1 ! C9F / "% 8J/ 6& / X 8 % !$ X 82
82 X / 6& >*/ 8 5"F 8& C 8& h &/ 6 1 ! / 62 D*/ 6 k= X F D*/ 6 h >E> > > FA6 =
2 2 X 89/ 82 % &]8; 44 X 49*/ / 6 % h >E> ( 8n/ 6 / h E>> C- h > Fn5"1 XX >Y/ h / 6

( 1 /? 5" / 6 */b/ 6 %fV D2>Y 82*/? 1 8w 1G<% 8 1 / X # X / 6 */f/ 6&C-1 /0/?> 8 "25 !$1 X > / X 8 %:!$ X
C- / 6& 8 / h 1 X . */ 6 2 = X % / F %a% (D2> F ! 5 / 1 ! > !$1 ! >Y X 4 8 / h 1 X
# X / X 5< ] X = 8 % ( # >Y*/0 1 8 %a%:621 h / 6 // 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"'1*! > '% C %0 + . -
82 Zd+ . %'% / X 1 824> F 2 "5 / CeF / 62 h 5<1 XX >Y*/0 1 8 C- / h " 8 > ;% 82 %: X = 5<
/? ( X <5 / ~8 1# X h "C%0 X = X / X 5"<% &]8 ! 5 / % 8& < > 1 h 8 1# 4 6 / 6 */ C-1 / 6
> % ,C %: s+ . - *82AZd+ . D X !$1 X ( h 1 X %: / 6 8 . +3 PC3 > "= / 6 */)/ 62 , 1C.%
2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 XX = >
D X 1`5"<%:% 82> 1 <5 / 62 / 6 X <%06&621 > = > #21 ! / 6 /+ - .

W WW

!"#$"%& '
()*
($+
, " -.%$
, %$/10#2!$#/
43
56/(7 8'9%&;:/=<>2?%$
2%' $@+
A>!B -.%$
C$##9A>8D%$ !" 'B9(8'$3
56/(7 8'9%&;:/=<>2?%$
2%' $@+
, "FE , ,
GH5E4I%$# , %$/10#2!$#"
@3
JK
7H5>%&G #L%$956/(G 8'5+
A>!BME , ,
GH5E4I%$#N"$##9A>8D%$ ('F" B> 8'$3
JK
7H5>%&G #L%$956/(G 8'5+
, "FEO 8D%$("E4I%$# , %$P/10#2!$#"
@3
8D%&#Q56/(7 8'9%&) #2%$>56/(7 8'5+
A>!BMEO 8D%$("E4I%$#R$##>A>8D%$ (S!" DB> 8'$3
8D%&#Q56/(7 8'9%&) #2%$>56/(7 8'5+
Z4 # X ' + 75 62 # >8&4D 1 E> 5 <%f#&%0 8@/ 6& *D2D 28 2
82Zd+ . 8 < H/ 1n1# /0D X !$1 X ( . +-
- 6&<%0 X <%0# >E/ % > #&% / 1vC3 >E "= / 6 */d C3 /:/ X <% /0 (;*/ 1 X !$1 X %0 X = 5< /0 ( h % 8 " t
X "!$ X / 1@1# X "% /0 (;*/ 1 X % @ 1 (; 8 <% /? (;*/ 1 X *82 / 62#&%0n1 ! 1# X 1 (w*8 C %0
<% /0 (;*/ 1 X h / 6 % C %: %0576& # >E824D 1 >E 5kFn%0#2576 % + . - 1 X Zd+ . % 38. M U465 z {2U:913
90 = 13R W 46587 %
- 6&vC % 5 % / 1#2%: / 62v6 E4 6B1 X X;T C / %f1*! / 62v%01 # X 5" & . 2 X <%:% / 1
%0% 48A/ 6& X #2"% /,/ 1J1 8 n1 ! WVU 1 (w*8 % PZ 1 X 576 1 (w*8 h n<% /? (;*/ / 62n%: X = 5<
X */ R > % 2 = C9F %0 X = 5" /0 ( V C %0 1 8s >E> D X "= 1#&%v5<1 (D2> / / X 8 %:!$ X % / 1
/ 62 1 (; 8r - 62%0 X = 5" X / % / 62 8 #2%: y/ 1"% /0 (;*/ / 6&%: X = 5< /0 ( @1 ! 8 h
X #2"% / C %0 1 8E/ % > %% %: 1 8 1# X / X 5"<% / 62 X % % / X 1 824 X >Y*/0 1 8 %06 ED
C- / h " 8 / 6&5<1 XX >Y*/0 1 8 1 ! / 62<%:"% /? (w/ <% 82H/ 62 5 / # > %0 X = 5" /? ( h 6 576 4 X 1 h %
h E/ 6 / 62 8 # ( C- X 1 !uC / % T #2%0 t &]8 %0621 X / C9F;57621G1% E824 T D&D X 1 D X Y/ > F h v5 8 5 X /
8 1# 4 6 5"1 XX >*/? 1 8~/ 1 (w + . - 82 Zd+ . D X !$1 X ( h >E>c + # X D X % E824> F WT 5 8 C3
D`/ X >Y*/0 = > F% (w >E> (; 824/ 62 (D2> ( 8e/?*/? 1 8 1 ! 1 (w E8 C %0 %0576& # >E824 !$ % C >
82 ! % /<0 - 6 X 1 # 4 621# /v/ 62 D2D 8&2 h X "!$ X / 1 / 62%:5762 # >8&4D 1 > 5 <% % > % / sE8
Z4 # X *82 X "!$ X / 1 / 62 #2<# 824 ( 1 > %f#2%: . % > % / @8HZ4 # X ' W`

WWT
P Q"

8 #L%&6&%$
* "
5%$
#56" 7 8'G (##I
"
#56$5 C 8D# /G5%&%$5 +
8 5%$
%&6&%$
* " %&5# %$ I

5%$
#56" 7 8'G (##I
#56$5 8 # V G5%&%$5O +
Z4 # X ' W 0v#&<# E824 ( 1 > %q#2%0 HE8B/ 62 2D D 822 1 / 6 . X / 1 28 2C # >E> %: X = 5<
/? ( 2 % / X C&# /? 1 8 % X 5<1 8 % X t
"!$# &%# ' )( ( +*'-, .# 0/ +*# ,+1 #2
+` C %0 B+ . - %:5762 # >8&4 D&D X ;E8&4/7 > 5<1 ( ( # 8& 5 /? 1 8P8 / h 1 X G% X "%0 X 576 E8
T * &]8/ 6 %b5"1 89/ Q / / 6&)%0 X = 5" /0 ( h % /? 8w/ 1'C- # >S/ 1 / 62 / X 8 % ( %:% 1 8
/? ( ,1 ! ( <%0% 4 h 6 576 % D X 1 D 1 X /0 1 8*>u/ 1 / 62 > 8&4 / 6 1*! / 62 ( <%:% 4 P% / 1 X A8./ 62
8 1 @C2# 2 X % h "C %: X = X %0 X = 8&4 % /7*/0 5 X #2<% / % D2D X %%0# D X 5 >> F % (> X E8
/ 6 */;E// X 8 % (E/ % > <% / 1 / 625 >E 89/< $ 1 h "= X / 62 X X & 2 X 8 5<"% Z X % / E8 / 62
24/7 > 5<1 ( ( # 82 5 */0 1 8 8 / h 1 X 5<1 89/ Q / / 6& h 1 X X D X <%0 89/ C9F / 62H%0 X = 5" /0 (
% D #2%:6 824J/ 6&;C / %1 ! / 62 ( "%0% 4 1 89/ 1 / 62 h X h 6 > P!$1 X / 62 h "C %: X = X 5"1 89/ V /
/ 62 h 1 X 8 = 1 > = <%b 82 c/ 1 82 5<1G1 D X */0 1 8 > 1 824, 8 89/? X %06 X 62 / X 1 4 8 "1#2% D*/ 6
)>E/ 621# 4 6 ( 1% // X 8 % !$ X % X >E * > F / 1C- 1 (82*/ C9F / 6&'C31 /0/0> 8 <52@C *82 h `/ 6 E8
/ 62 D/ 6 82A/ 6& >Y*/ 8 5kF 1 ! / 6& D*/ 6 / 62 X X ( # >E/0D2> D 1%0% C > PC31 /0/0> 8 <52e% > 1 824
/ 62 D*/ 6 82./ 62"FH5 8 = X F h / 6 /0 ( #2 / 1 D 25 /> 1%:%0<% 82 5"1 824 "% /0 1 8t+ "5<1 8&
/ 62 & % R % V ( ( 1 X F%:FG% / (.R % V 82 .43 R % V 1*! / 62 h <CJ%0 X = X 82B/ 625 > 89/a X > %:1
D 1 / 89/? > C31 /0/0> 8 <25 e% - 62<%:P5<1 (;D2> Q E/0 "%a%0# 44 <% // 6 // 62%: X = 5< /0 ( 1 ! X #2"% /
(w F 8 1 / C- D X 1 D 1 X /? 1 8 > 1 X "= 8 h >> 5<1 XX >Y*/ h E/ 6 / 62% 1 ! / 62 > E/ %: X = <%
- 6& X X P%:"= X >dD 1%:% C > 82/? 1 8 %)!$1 X %0 X = 5" /? ( 8./ 62 h "C %0 X = X 5"1 89/ V /<
Z 1 X Q 3 (D2> h a5"1# >E !$1G5<#&%d1 8 C-1 /:/?> 8 "25 X "%01# X 5<1 8P/ 62%0 X = X %0#2576 % / 6& .53
82~ Q 8 / 62@%: X = 5< /0 ( % / 62 / 1 /7 > .43 /0 ( 8 " ~/ 1AQ `"5<# / / 62 X #2<% /

W W"
)>E/ X 8*/? = > F h 5"1# >E / X */;/ 62 .43 & % 82y8 / h 1 X >E8 ~1 ! / 62.%: X = X %
% 8&4> X <%:1# X 5" *82 5"1 8 % X / 62 / 1 /7 >t8 1 8 C > 1G52 J/? ( )1 ! X #2<% / 1 8H/ v5<1# >
> %:1 /7 621 >E % /0 5f= h 82 5"1 8 % X E/
/ 62 /0 ( % D 89/ 1 8;/ 62)C31 /:/?> 8 <52 X <%01 # X 5"1 8
/ 62 D*/ 6! X 1 ( %0 X = X / 15 > 89/ /? / 6& D 1% E/0 1 8/ 6 */d/ 62%0 X = 5< /0 ( f1 ! X #2"% /
% / 62 /0 ( / 6 *// 62P5<1 ( C 82*/? 1 8 1*!q%: X = X 5 >E 89/ 82.8 / h 1 X h 1# >./? / 1 82 %06
/ 62 X #&<% /)4 = 8H8 11 / 62 X X #2"% / % 8J/ 62 h 621 > 82 c/ 1 82 %:FG% / ( RU8 1 > 1 1 8 8 F
%0 X = XPX "%01# X 5< Vk &]8H/ 62,!$1 >> 1 h E824 %0"5 /0 1 8 % h ,#2%0 / 6 % 82E/0 1 8H 82 X 4 #2 / 6 / 1 # X
( %0# X ( 89'/ ( / 621 1 > 1 4 F ( %0# X <% / C9F.= X !QF 824B/ 6 */)/ 62 > 1 %)1 8 / 62 X <%:1# X 5"<%
1 ! / 62 828 / 1 8& % F`% / ( / 6 */ h ( %0# X X (82 %05<# >
- 1 ( %:# X 5"1 XX >Y/? 1 8 C3 / h < 8 > % 8& %0 X = 5< /0 ( h #2%: / 625"1 XX >Y/? 1 8
5<1G 5 89/.R . X %01 8 % V W*T - 1 8 % h X / 6& #2"% /0 1 8 D 1%: C9F / 6 %%0<5 /? 1 8 h
Q 3 (8 = > #2<%a!$1 X n>Y X 4 / X 5< 5 # X C9FJ#2%! X 1 ( n/ F D2 5 > h <C %: X = X % h >E>
% XH/ X 5<<%5<1 >E> <5 / ! X 1 ( h <C~5 5762B%: X = X % - 62 (w E8 5"1 8 5 > #2% 1 8 % / 6 */ 5 8
= X FP5"1 8 % X C > F'! X 1 ( %: X = X / 1v%0 X = X 82 5 8 C3 # E/ a% (; >> X !$1 X 1# X h <C
%0 X = X / X 5< h 6 E> / 6& h <CB5 5762<%b6 = "= 82> F 2 % / X C2# / 8/ 62 X *824 X W X <
&]8 %:#2C2%: #2 89/ %0"5 /? 1 8 % h a#2%:1# X h <Cn%0 X = X / X 5< / 1 X =a1# X % ( # >Y/? 1 8t $ 1 h k= X
h > %01P#2%:%:F 89/ 62 /? 5 >> F 4 8 X */ @/ X 5<"% E8 h 6 576 h v5 8 5"1 89/ X 1 > & X "5 /0> F 6 >
(w 8 F h <C'%0 X = X / X 5<"% X = E>Y C > 8 1 8 / 6 */ h b5<1 # > 82 X <5"1 X ,/ 62 5 / # > %: X = 5<
/? ( 1 ! / 6& X #2"% /v*82@/ 6e#2% X 8 1 / #&%0"!$# > !$1 X / 62 D # X D 1 %0<%1 !L1# X % / # F

!#"%$'&)(*,+.-/ 01 2
( 1 2 2 '/ 62b5"1 b1 ! / 62 D 5762 > 1 4 ( 1 # > q%:1 / 6 */ / X <5"1 X % / 62 ,/129 O .:5#91 ; 4 M 1 1 !
576 X #&<% / h / 6 ( 5 X 1%0"5<1 8&@4 X 8 # > X / F R #2% E824P/ 6& & T9W 5"FG5 > v5<1 # 89/ X / 1 ( %0# X
/? ( V 3 82 X Q / X ( > F > 1 h > 1 5<1 8&2E/0 1 8 % % h 1G5<# ( 89/ C- > 1 h / 6 % /? ( %
10}YR 4Q:j U W 1Q5 ; / 1 / 62%0 X = 5" /0 ( 5"5<1 X 2824/ 11 # X 8&E/? 1 8J C31=
D&> 1F / 62 ( 1 # > w1 8 1# X D X / ( 89/ > k= > h <C % / J5"1 >> <5 / ~/7

WW
1
-4.1253x
y = 0.2349e
0.1 2
R = 0.9559
P(Load>x)
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
CPU Load
( D&> ( 89/? X F 2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 1 ! 4. 3 > 1 1 8@/ 62 h "C.%0 X = X
ZE4 # X ' T b 1 ;
! X 1 ( + D`/ ( C- X W XX T/ 1 5 / 1C3 X W XXT` - 6 % / X 5" 8 5 > # <% D&D X 1 (;*/ > F
(;E>>E 1 8 $ - - . X #2"% / % 3( 1 824 h 6 576 > "%0% / 6 8W X F 83( 5 . $ . X #2<% / %
/ 6 */ 5<1 >> "5 /0 = > F / 1G1 > "%0% / 6 8 1 ! / 62 / 1 /? > %0 X = 5< /? ( X <5<1 X t 1 ! 1 # X
X #2"% / % 82 1*! / 6&'%: X = 5< /? ( 8J/ 6& / X 5" X !$1 X % /7/? 5 D*4 <% $ 8 5< 1 # X
h "CP%0 X = X % 1 (82*/ C9F,% /?*/? 5 h <CP5"1 89/ 8e/< 1# X X "%0# >/ % X 5<1 (D X C > / 1 D X "= 1#2%
h 1 X TT W / 6 */ 5 >Y ( %% /?*/? 55"1 89/ 89/ 1 (;E8*/ "% h <C / X 5 +- 62 X #2<% / %
1 X E48/ ! X 1 ( X & . 8 / h 1 X e% WW*X & . 8 / h 1 X G% 8&T W X W
& . 8 / h 1 X G%'% D X 1= X / 6& h 1 X >Et n5 >Y ( / 6 */v/ 6 %%0 X = X % / F D2 5 > $ 1 h k= X
/ 62B5"1 8 5 > #2% 1 8 %1 ! / 6 % D2D 8&2 X > %:1.%0# D2D 1 X / CeF 1 / 6& X ( %:# X / X 5<"% 82
4 8 X */ J/ X 5<"%
- 6&PC-1 /0/?> 8 "25 X <%:1# X 5"P1 ! X #2"% /vE8/ 6 % / X 5< %6 X 2> FH"= X / 6& .43 1 ! / 62
%0 X = X - 62 h <C %0 X = X % B # > D X 1`5"<%0%:1 X+. 89/? # ( & x "1 8 (w 576 8 X # 8282E824
$)*@ / ([8 # T& .43 > 1 s % 8 ~ % / 62Q D 1 8 8e/0Y >E> F = X *4 ~8 # ( C3 X 1 ! , 1 C2%
8A/ 62 X # 8 #&<#21 ! / 62 + X 8 > %:5762 # > X RQ/ 62 3 8& > 1 = X 4 V - 62 (; 576 E8
5 8 %: X = / h 1 .53 89/ 8 % = D&D2> 5 */0 1 8 % h / 6;!$# >> .43 5"FG5 > <% qZL4 # X ' T'D2> 1 / % / 62
5<1 (D2> ( 89/7 X F 2 % / X C2# /? 1 8 1 ! / 62 .43 > 1 # X 8&4/ 62 D X 1 1 ! / 62 / X 5"<% h E/ 6 / 62
= X /? 5 >` % 8,> 1 4 %05 > / 1C- /0/ X %:621 h /? > % - 6 % 2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 5 *8 C3 ( 1 > h / 6

WW
1
y = 0.0723e -0.0001x
0.1 R2 = 0.9855
0.01
P(disk read IO>x)

0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Hard disk read IO in KB/sec
Z4 # X b 1 (D2> ( 89/7 X F 2 % / X C&# /? 1 8 1 !L6 X J2 % X )& 1 8H/ 62 h "C.%: X = X
%&9%$
": %$ 5IA9%$ %&M<9 #
": <9#
+
+ + +

+
Z4 # X ' $ X H2 % / 1 ( ( 1 X FwC *82 h `/ 6 %:<5

Q D 1 8 89/0Y >q2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 h E/ 6 X &.Z4 # X T %06&1 h % / 6 */'/ 62 D X 1C C >EE/ F
W % (;E8 #2%05"# > - 6& ( ( 1 X FJ%:FG% / ( % > %:1w5 > X > F 8 1 /v C-1 /:/?> 8 "52
C %0 1 8@/ 62<%: X <%0# >E/ % %% 482 5 *8e/ 5 5762% /? >> % h 1 # > %06&1 h # D. % E8 5 X %: H> 1 *t
- 6&PC-1 /0/?> 8 "52 X <%:1# X 5<P1 ! X #&<% /8/ 6 % / X 5< %6 X 2> FJk= X / 62 2 %H% FG% / (
1 ! / 62%: X = X - 62 (w 576 8 + % > J% F`% / ( % X <% H1 8 (Zd+ ( 1# 8e/ R 1= X D X = */
449 C E/ " / 6& X 8 /8+ (V & v% / 1 X 4 %0 X = X ZE4 # X ' %0621 h % / 62)5"1 (;D&> ( 89/? X F
2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 1 ! / 6&,% / 1 X 4 v% F`% / ( X % # X E824/ 62 D X 1 1*! / 62 / X 5< - 62= X /0 5 *>
% % > 1 4 %05 *> / 1%:621 h /7*> % - 62 2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 5 *8 C- ( 1 > h E/ 6 V D 1 8 89/?Y*>
2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 h / 6 5 > 1%: / 1 X&
vC3 8 576 (; X J/ 6&% / 1 X 4 v%:FG% / ( #2% 824 1 8282 h 6 576 % h E > F#2%0 # /0>EE/ F
/ 6 */ ( %0# X <% / 6& D X !$1 X (; 8 5"B1 ! 3 82 > B%:FG% / ( 1 D X */0 1 8 % / 6 */*8 *D2D2> 5 */0 1 8
%0<"% W 1 8282 X % 82 h X E/ <% XX > R (w X # 8 5 5762 C > V C9F576 X 5 / X
1 X C9F C > 1G25 1 / 6_%0 #& 89/? > 8& X 82 1 ( 5<5"<%0% X / <% / t 8& 1 ( C > 1G25 82
576 X 5 / X / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # /@4 =.#2%B# D2D X 82> 1 h X C-1# 82 %@1 8y/ 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5".1 ! >

WW
%:FG% / ( & / 6 */ D 5762,%0"<% > %:1 h X 1 / v1# X 1 h 8 C3 8 576 (w X R "C SVb/ 1 4 /
%: 8 %:1 ! / 6& / F D2 5 > X D X !$1 X (w*8 5< / 6 */ )D 5762%:<"% <C % (;D2> F X % / 62
> "% E8 1# X 5"5<<%:% > 1 4 E8 1 X X %v! % /, % D 1%:% C > ( 1 / %:# X D X % 824> F / 62 "C
D X !$1 X (w 8 5< % 8 C3 / h < 8 / 62B576 X 5 / X X 8& C > 1G52 X C3 8 576 (w X 4 = 8 C9F
1 8282 <C * % D X !$1 X (; 8 5" %b%0621 h 8HZ4 # X n % = X /? 5 >->E8 h 6 > >E>-/ 62
X <%:# >E/ % X v%:621 h 8 ZE4 # X ' 5 *8 %:< / 6 /D X 1C C >EE/ F1 ! X *H/ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / C3 E824
>Y X 4 X / 6 *8./ 62 / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # '/ ( %:# X 8/ 62 "C C3 8 576 (; X % X X X h 6 >
8 1 X <5"1 X X / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / h % >Y X 4 X / 6 8 1 8&82 %dC > 1`25 X C3 8 576 (w X d( 1 /? 5"
> %:1 / 6 /d/ 62a6 E4 62"% / / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / %d%0" 8; X > 1 h X / 6 8P/ 62 W % / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # /d>E (E/
1 ! / 62 " / 62 X 8 /v+ )( 62 8 5< / 6& 8+ ( % > %01 8 1 / C31 /0/0> 8 <25
% E/ %P5 > X / 6 *// 62 .43 ( ( 1 X F 82~& % %:FG% / ( % X 8 1 / C-1 /0/?> 8 "25 e% !
/ 62 X % 8 F C-1 /:/?> 8 "25 E/n % E8 / 62 8 / h 1 X 1 X / 6&5 > 89/ %0 1 8 (w 8 F~ X >E X
( %0# X ( 89/ %1 ! > 1 C-"6 = 1 X 1 8 5 >E 8e/ % / 6 /822 5 */ / 62 X X <%01 # X 5"<%,% D 82 ( #2576
1 ! / 62 X /0 ( 2> T / %Q / X ( > FJ# 82> > FB!$1 X 5 > 89// 1;C- / 62,C31 /0/0> 8 <25
& ! / 62 X % *8 FC31 /0/0> 8 <25 /) % E8/ 6& 8 / h 1 X D/ 6 / 1 / 6&5 >E 8e/ h 6 576 4 X <"% h / 6
X > X h 1 X 8 W h 6 576J%06&1 h H/ 6 /a/ 62 8 / h 1 X % / 62C31 /0/0> 8 <25 ;!$1 X / 62 h <C
%0 X = X %%0 X = 8&4 (w E82> F % /7/? 55<1 8e/ 89/ % = 8 / 62 > 1 h X / w1*! X #&<% / % E/' %,6 4 6 > F
> * > F / 6 */J % 824 > X #2<% / h 1# >D X !$1 X ( % (> X > F / 1 / 62 X #2<% / % 8 1 # X / X 5<
$ 8 5< / 62v6 4 6 X <%01 > # /0 1 8 X <% D 1 8 %0 /? ( / 6 */ h X <5"1 X J8@/ 62 )D 5762 > 1 4P % 5 > 1%:
D2D X 1 (w*/0 1 8 1 ! / 6&P%0 X = 5" /? ( % Q 8 C-1= C9= 1 #2% > F / 62 X X P% / # */0 1 8 %
h 62 X .43 1 X 2 % 5 8 C-"5<1 ( C31 /0/0> 8 <25 e% %0#&576 % E8 = X / # > %: X = X 5<1 8 4 # X */? 1 8
8 h 6 5761 8 D 69F`% 5 > %: X = X 621% / %'%:"= X *> h <C% E/ "% 1 X 1 8 h "C%0 X = X / 6 */ 621% / %
*/7 C %0 C %0 F 83 ( 5 h <C5<1 89/ 89/
v = 8 / 62 D X 1= 8 8 5".1 ! / 6& / X 5" h H5 *8 8 1 h #2%0 // 1 8 % h X 1 # X #2<% /? 1 8t
Z4 # X R9V) % H> 1 N4 > 1 4 %05 /0/ X D2> 1 / 1*-! > % = X %0#&%%0 X = 5" /0 ( x) %:# >> F h
5 8 %0",6 X 2> F 8 F@5"1 XX >*/? 1 8 C- / h " 8 > v% 8& %: X = 5< /? ( dZ> / X 8 % !$ X /? ( "%

WW
,
)"H5

+

+

+
Z4 # X ' D 8& %1 8 > %
UR 9V X& R C V X& W

Z4 # X ' 8 + 5 /0/ X D2> 1 / 1 ! > )% x+- %0 X = 5" /? ( aR9V %0621 h % / 6& D2> 1 / 1 ! / 62 h 26 1 >
h "C / X 5" h 6& X / 62 % C31# / X& 2aR C V %:621 h % / 62 / X 5"b1 ! D X /? 5<# > X ) 8 / h 1 X
h 62 X / 62 % C-1 # /X& W
= X F1= X %0k= X > 1 X X %f1 ! (w 4 82E/ # h E/ 6w% ( > % <Sfj1Q, ;6= 11Q5 ; 46,/1<?9 M 4 W6W 4 .:5
,210}YR 129 ; 9 465 ;6= 1 ; ,U8021 | l 1 5%3 ;6= U ; 4 9+UJj1Q, K l 1U . 6? = X <%% >4 6 /0> F h / 6 >

% %5 8 C3v%0" 88HZ4 # X ' &

/ 6 E8 1 (; E8 % >Y X 4 X 8 D X "5 %0 > F h 6 / h ( 8 CeF 1 (; 8P 82
5<1 828 <5 /E/ h E/ 6 & E8P+ "5 /0 1 8 2 $ X % (D2> F5<1 8 % X /L % % E824> 8 / h 1 X / 6 */
(w FHC- X "5<# X % = > F "5<1 (D 1%0 89/ 1;%0#2C 8 / h 1 X e% Z 1 X V (;D2> Z4 # X R C V %
> 1 N4 > 1 4 %:5 */:/ X D2> 1 / 1 ! > b% = X %0#&% %: X = 5< /0 ( !$1 XX #2<% / %d1 X 4E8*/?E824 h E/ 6 % E824>
& . 8 / h 1 X h 62 X / 62 8 / h 1 X & X "%0% % C / % X W '!$1 X / 6 %b% E/ # */0 1 8t
% / 6& 1 (; 8.4 X 1 h %% (w >E> X R 6 %)!$ h X & . 2 X <%:%0<% 1 X ( 1 X PC E/ % X D X "%0 89/0824JE/ %
8 / h 1 X 2 X <%:% V 4 X 1 h % >Y X 4 X AZ 1 X V 3 (;D&> ! h B!$1`5"#2%1 8 D X /0 5"# >Y X W
( )( %0#&C 8 /Rc"W C E/f8 / h 1 X 2 X <%0% V / 6 */a %q5<1 89/? 8 h E/ 6 8/ 62 D X k= 1#2% 8 / h 1 X

WW
X T % D "5<# >*/ / 6 */b/ 62 X %:1 8 !$1 X / 6 %qC-"6 = 1 X % / 6 */f8 / h 1 X BC *82 h `/ 6
62 / X 1 4 8 E/ FJ! X 1 ( / 62%: X = X / 1 / 625 > 89/ %1 ! w 1 (w*8J <5 X %0"% % / 62% ,1 ! / 62
1 (; 8H <5 X %0"% - 6 % D X 1= "% w2 2 X 8e/ C&# / 5"1 (;D2*/? C > Q D2>Y*8*/? 1 8 !$1 X X >E X
822E824 % T T / 6 */ > a% C %0 @+ . - %0576& # >E824 5 *8 <5 X %: ( 8 %:1 , 1# X 8/0 ( fC9F
! 5 / 1 X 1 ! :T 1= X . +JE8J ( )( !$1 X > 1 6 4 62 X / 6 8HX& C2# / 5 8 1 82> F "5 X %: / 62
( 8 %:1 , 1# X 8./? ( C9F W 1 8H/ 62 (, &]8 + <5 /0 1 8 T 1# X % ( # >Y*/0 1 8 %a%0621 h / 6 */
h 62 8 X %v1 8A/ 62V 3 (;D&> ( ( > P% C %: + . - 1# /0D X !$1 X ( % . + C9F
! 5 / 1 X 1*! C31# /aT C2# / h 62 8B/ 62 X W;R X "5 >E>3/ 6 */ 1# X h "C / X 5<)%:621 h X 9V
> B% C %0 y+ . - D X !$1 X ( %P% (> X / 1 . +~ 82 5 *8 D X !$1 X ( h 1 X %: / 6 8 . + !
4 1`"% 1 h 8 !$# X / 62 X h 62 8 > v% <% X 6 X &> F *8 F 822 5 */ 1 X 1 !L%0 X = 5" /0 ( <% /)*>>c
X 5 /? = > F 5 # X 824) 22/? 1 8 >9/ X 5<"% C&# / / 6 % % 2 5<# >/ C3<5 #2%0 h <Cn%: X = X
( 1 2 25 */0 1 8 % X 8 "5<<%:% X F / 1 5 # X - 8 4 X E8 %: X = 5< /? ( "% . 8 F = E>Y C > / X 5<<%
%0#2576 % / 621%:b! X 1 ( / 62 &]89/ X 8 / - X 5 X 576 = 1# X 8 % /?/ # /0 1 8 %u1 / 6& X h <Cn%: X = X %
82 1 / 62 X % D X 1= q1 8&> PF >
% 8 1 / %0 X = 5" /0 ( 82/ 6e#2% X # 8 %:# E/? C > !$1 X 1# X h 1 X
6 = 621 h k= X 5 # X # (; 8 F / X 5<"%a! X 1 ( h "C.5 5762<% <%:5 X C- 8 Q / 8& C&# >/
@/ X 5" 4 8 X / 1 X / 6 */, >> 1 h %#2% / 1J5<1 8e/ X 1 > % h >E>d % / 62 & % / X C2# /? 1 8 %1*!b%: X = 5<
/? ( 8&E8e/ X XX = >-/0 ( <%:5 X C- .>*/ X
-/ 0 (*(
aV (;E8 X % 82/? n 5"5<"%0% > 1 4 %g! X 1 ( + # h <C5 5762<% (; = E>Y C > / 6 X 1 # 4 6
/ 62 X 5 5762% E/ * %- 62<%: / X 5"<%b5"1 89/7 E8 5 / # > 8 4 X *8 %0 X = 5" /0 ( <% RU8 1 / X <% D 1 8 %0
/? ( <% V8*22E/0 1 8A/ 1 > ;% "% #&]89/ X 8 / 1C , "5 / 5 576 E824 % / 1 X <%,! X #2 89/?> F X #2<% /
&]8e/ X 8 / 1C , "5 / % RUc D 4 <% (w*4 <% 82 1 / 62 X */7V 1 8 5 576&<%
5 > 1%0 X / 1 / 62 X #&<% / X
/ 6 8/ 1 / 62%:1# X 5< > 89/ %5 8/ 62 8 #2%0 w> 1G5 *> 5 5762 % *8 $ - - . D X 1GF X #25 E824
5<5"<%0% /? ( % h >>u %C 8& h &/ 65"1 8 %:# (;D`/? 1 8t
8+ # s % 6 4 6 D X !$1 X (w*8 5< D X 1 GF 5 576 E824 %: X = X !$1 X h <C 5 > 89/ % 3 82> / X 2

W*TX
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
P[R>x]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
ZE4 # X # b 1 (D2> ( 8e/? X F 2 % / X C2# 0/ 1 8 1 ! 8 h <C.5 5762 / X <5 "%

Correlation Coefficient betw een file size and service tim e
/? 1 8 > 5 576 E824 %:1 ! / h X + # E 6 822> <% >> X #&<% / % E8 % 824> 8 1 88 C > 1`52 8&4 &
X = 8 D X 1`5"<%:% X (; 824;E/ = X FA % F / 1 / X (8 / 62%: X = 5< /0 ( 1 ! X #2<% /
+ # %% (> X / 1 h "C %: X = X 8/ 6 */n/n > %:1 5<5" D&/ % $ - - . X #2<% / % 82 %0 82 %
C 52 X #2"% / > "% C2# //) % & 2 X 89/8H/ 6 /)/ 6& + # E %0 X = X %!$1 X ( 1= X >Y F 8 /
h 1 X / 6 / #2%0"% / 6& &]89/ X 8 / 5762 . X 1 / 1G5<1 >gR & . V/ 1 D X !$1 X ( %0 X = X %: > <5 /0 1 8 !$1 X h <C
5 > 89/ % 82A> 1 C > 8 5 824@ ( 1 8&4;/ 6&5 5762%: X = X % WW WW < 5 > 89/ %:<<% / 6 */v/
/ F D& 5 *>> F X <5" = <% X D&> FH! X 1 ( / 62 8 X "% / 5 5762P%: X = X h 6 > ,! X 1 ( / 62 + # 5 5762
%0 X = X % D 1 89/ %1 !q= h / 62 &]89/ X 8 /' % 2 = E 89/ 1%:"= X > X 4 1 8 % h E/ 6 576 5 5762
%0 X = X / F D2 5 >E> FB%: X = E824 X #2"% / %!$1 X % D <5 5 X 4 1 8t
<5 #2%0 % E824> + # 5 5762%0 X ="%q5 > 89/ % > X 4 > F! X 1 ( 1 8 X 4 1 8 1*! / 62 &]89/ X 8 /
/ 62C 8& h &/ 6n62 / X 1 4 8 E/ F / 1 / 625 >E 8e/ % % >E > F / 1C3 > <%:% / 6 8n/ 6 */ %0" 8 CeF h <C
%0 X = X h 6 576%0 X = 5"<%5 > 89/ % X 49 X &> <%:%1 ! X 4 1 8t - 6 % h BC- > "= %:621# >E > / 1
>Y X 4 X C3 E824 ( %:# X 1 8s+ # 5 5762<% / 6 8 1 8 h <C %0 X = X % - 62 D X /?/? 1 82824 1 !
/ 62 8 / h 1 X %d%:< 8 ! X 1 ( / 62 h "C;%: X = X 89/ 1 1 (; 8 % / 6 */ h "%05 X C3 8+ "5 /0 1 + 8
C2# >E %a1 8@/ 6 %a1C2%: X = /? 1 8t
6 > h 5 828 1 /ARU 82y 1 8 1 / V #2%0 h "C_5 5762 / X 5"<% % D X 1 <%n!$1 X h <C_%: X = X
/ X 5<<% E/v % E8 % / X #25 /? = / 6 / 1 8 / 625 5762<% % > %:1 X / 62 X h PZE4 # X B%0621 h %

W*T
5"1 (D2> ( 8e/? X F 2 % / X C2# /0 1 8@D&> 1 / 1 ! / 6& = > #&<% 8@/ 6& X/ X 5"<% - 62 / X 5"<% h X
5<1 >E> <5 / ! X 1 ( X % # h "Cw5 5762%0 X = X %b1= X 2 FG% "
576 / X 5"5<1 89/7*8 %d! X 1 ( X& / 1
(;E>> 1 8 X #2<% / % '- 62P% (; >E> <% / X W h 6 > / 6& >Y X 4 <% / X - 6& ( 8

% &X T h E/ 6s% /7 8& X s k= */? 1 8 X& T& v = 8A/ 6 / h nQ D <5 /,/ 6 */ !$1 X h <C%0 X = X %
h >> C3 > 1 h X / 6 8 !$1 X h "CB5 576&<%fC9F / 62 X %01 82824'8n/ 62 D X "= 1#&% D X 4 X D 6 / 6 */
( %0# X %1 8 h "C5 5762<% X > 1 h %:# 44 "% / % / 6 / \1 8 h <C%: X = X % % > > F / 1.C3
> 1 h % h >E>c
&]8 5<1 ( C 8*/0 1 8 h / 6 / 62 > 1 h %:< 8 1 8 1# X h <C %: X = X / X 5" h 'C- > "= / 6 */ h
5 8A8 1 h 8 % h X / 6& #2<% /? 1 8AD 1%: C9F / 6 %)%0"5 /0 1 8 E8./ 6& 8 4*/? = ^ = 1 02.:,V,21 W U ; 4 .:5
Q{ 1 ; l 121Q5 ,/10Y} R 129 ; W 1 9Q4 : 1U5%3+91Q, j4 021 ; 4 M 1 .:5.l 1<{91Q,kj1Q,/9<4 9,l 1U

+ ,
# # 41 ' *# ' #* ,0# ( $ , # # '
* #!&' , 2
@6 = H%:< 8 / 6 */ X #2<% / %0 X = 5< /0 ( w1 8 h <C %0 X = X % 82 5 5762<% % 8 1 / % / X 1 824> F
5<1 XX >*/ h / 6 X #2<% / > v% -$ X h E8 =<% /?E49*/ = Y % ( # >Y/? 1 8 6&1 h / 6 % h
5<1 XX >*/? 1 8sR Va 2 <5 / % / 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5<1 !L% C %: %05762 # >E824wD 1 >E 5 <% R+ . - 82
Zd+ . h 62 X 5 / # > %: X = 5< /0 ( % 8 1 h 8HPD X 1 X 82H+ . - NZd+@ 8&JZd+ . NZd+ h 62 X
/ 62) > J% %n#2%: y % / 62H%0 X = 5< /? ( VP 82 5<1 (D X h / 6 % 1C > = 1#2% D 1 > 5"F
R . +2Vk # X ( / X 5<% X / 62 ( 8 %:1 , 1# X 8H/0 ( 82)( 8 #2"#2 > 824*/ 6 &]8 1# X X >E X
h 1 X h 82;/ 6 */ !$1 X / 6&<%0 ( / X 5<% / 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"1*! + . - ]Zd+;*82BZd+ . ]Zd+
% X 3 (;*/? 5 >E> F 2 "5 / C9F ! >>E824 C3 > 1 h / 6 */ 1*! . + !$1 X > 1 h \= > #2<% $ X !$1 X
/ 62 h "C~%0 X = X 5 %: h 62 X h B6 = #` ~> 1 h h ;% / # F6&1 h / 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"
1 ! / 62 > % 'C %: AD 1 > 5 "% Rc+ . - NZd+ Zd+ . ]Zd+2V 5"1# >E 2 = X 4 8 5"! X 1 ( / 62 X E *>
= X % 1 8 % Rc+ . - Zd+ . Va % h 8 5 X %0 / 62 > 1 1 8H/ 62 h "C.%0 X = X

W*T9W

& '+
(
# X % # >Y*/ 1 X :% # D2D 1 X / %dC-1 / 6 "! 8& "$ ! #2"# 8&4 % FG% / % /
% X = 8 ( &
(
CeF / X 5< 8 h 6 75 6@ 576 X #2"% / 5<1 8e/? 8 % / 62 XX = >/? > )% 8& %0 X = 5< /? (
&]8 22/? 1 8H/ 1 / 62 h "Cs%: X = X / X 5" "%05 X C3 AE8./ 62 D X k= 1#2%%0<5 /? 1 8 1# X % # >*/ 1 X (
( (
5 8@*> %01,%0# D2D 1 X / % F 8e/ 62 /0 5 / X 5<<% 4 8 X / h E/ 6 89/ X XX = *>2/? <%d! X 1 Q D 1 8 89/0Y >
. (
C-1# 82 X / 1 82 C2# >>u2 % / X C&# /? 1 8 % 8& > ,% <%! X 1 C31# 82 X / 1 82 .
( ( .
C2# >E>b2 % / X C&# /? 1 8 % *82 %0 X = 5< /0 <%P! X 1 C31# 82 X / 1 62J5<1 XX >*/? 1 8 -
(
C- / h " 8 > % 8& %0 X = 5" /? 8@ %:F 89/ 62 /? 5 / X 5<5 8@ > %01PC3 2 X "5 /?> F5<1 89/ X 1 >> t
(
X k!$ X X * X % / 1,1# X X >E X h 1 X S!$1 X 1 X /? > % C-1# / / 6 % 4 8 X > D # X D 1%:
(
% # >Y*/ 1 X
& '+ & -& -/ 0 2 (*
$ X h ) ( .- .- .
5"1 8 % E X / 6& D X !$1 X ; 8 5"1 ! + + NZd+ Zd+ Zd+ NZ + 82 + 1 8;/ 62 . .
( %0# X h "C.%0 X = X / X 5" R X 9Vb <%:5 X C- .E8 + "5 /0 1 8) W` 62 *8 %: X = 5< - (
( '( %-
/? % W X 5 X 1%0"5<1 8& % 6&%:5762 # >E824'D 1 >E 5 <% X "%05 X C3 ;8Z4 # X ' d( 1 /
/ 6 */b >/ 621# 4 6;1 # X h "C@%0 X = X / X 5< X D X "%0 89/ %b= X F > 1 h > 1 62 X h = X F / 62 > 1 ;E8
(
/ 62%:FG% / C9F5<1 8e/ X 1 >E>E824v/ 62 XX = >D X 1`5"<%0%b1 ! / 6& X #2<% / % X D X "%0 8e/ J8/ 62 / X 5<
( . .
; *w#2%:B1 ! 1 %:%01 8 XX = *> % X / 1 XX = > % 82 C2# >> XX = *> % 82 5"1 89/ X 1 >
(
/ 62 X 8 X */ E8 1 X X / 1 5"1 89/ X 1 >b/ 62 > 1 t ( 1 5<1 8e/ X 1 >b % ;D 1 X /? 89/ C3<5 #2%: (
% h 2 %05"#2%0%: s8s+ "5 /? 1 8 W` / 6& > 1 5 D&/ # X E8 / 62 / X 5" % X */ 6& X > 1 h 62 -
( (
/? P# 8&E/ % X ; 5 X 1 %0<5"1 82 % / 6 X 1# 4 621# // 62 X <% / 1*! / 62 D2D 822 "
576% # >Y*/0 1 8 (
/ 6 X 1# 4 621 # /a/ 62 X <% / 1 ! / 62 D&D 822 % X D */ W*X/0 <% (

ZL X % / h B5"1 8 % E X ! R & 1C 89/ X XX = > 6 % 62 =eF /? > X / 1 2 % / X .
(
C2# /? 1 8 > .% "% 82 %: X = 5< /0 <% % 8 / 62 / X 5" V Z4 # X ' %0621 h % / 6& 8 (
, ( 2
%01 1# X 8B/? "%b1 ! & X 89/ %05762 # >E824D 1 > 5 <% h E/ 6 8 5 X % 8&4P> 1 * h 6 > Z4 # X X

W*TT
900000
PS
800000 FSP
Mean Sojourn Time in Microseconds

SRPT
700000
FSP-FS
600000 SRPT-FS
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z4 # X # 8 %01 , 1 # X 8H/? ( = X %:#2% > 1 " $ " ! . X/1

Load
X X = > % "C.%: X = X
/ X 5< X = 8 % ( # >*/? 1 8t
6000
PS
FSP
5000
SRPT
FSP-FS
Mean Queue Length
4000
SRPT-FS
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z4 # X X *8 #2<#& > 824 / 6n= X 0% #2% > 1 " $ ! . X/1
Load
X X = > % "Cw%: X = X
/ X 5< X = 8 % ( # >*/? 1 8t
%0621 h % / 62 ( *8 #2"#2 > 824 / 6 1 ! 2 2 X 89/ %:5762 # >E824 D 1 > 5 <% h E/ 6 E8 5 X % 824s> 1
1 8s/ 62 #2<#2 &]8 C-1 / 6 4 # X <% >
+ . - 8& Zd+ . D X !$1 X ( = X F h >E>
82 > ( 1% /
8e/0 5 >> F $ 1 h k= X + . - ]Zd+ 82Zd+ . NZd+ C-1 / 6 D X !$1 X ( # E/ D 1G1 X > F 82 / 62 X
D X !$1 X (w 8 5< 2 = X 4 "% X 3(;*/0 5 *>> Fv! X 1 ( / 62 X E >GD X !$1 X (; 8 5< h E/ 6 E8 5 X % 824v> 1 t
+ . - ]Zd+H*82HZd+ . NZd+BD X !$1 X ( h 1 X %0 / 6 8+ . - 82HZd+ . 8H >E> 1# X % ( # >*/? 1 8 %
Z 1 X #2"#2 h / 6 # 82>E (E/ #2"#2J5 D 5 E/ F / 62 ( 8 %01 , 1 # X 8 /? ( *82T #&<#2
> 8&4 / 6 / 82~/ 1 C- 8 8&E/ F ! / 62 > 1 %'1= X # 82E/ F 82/ 6& X k!$1 X E/P % ( 8&824> <%:%
/ 1 D X "%0 8e/ ( 8 %01 , 1# X 8A/0 ( 82 #2<#2 > 824 / 6 # X % ( # >*/ 1 X #2%0"% 82E/ #&<#2

W*T
5 D 5 E/ F / 1C- /0/ X (;*/ 576 (;D&> ( 89/?*/? 1 8 % - 62v%: X = X h E>> C- 48;/ 1 X , <5 / , 1C2% h 62 8
E/ %n1= X > 1 !$1 X %01 ( D X 1 1 ! /0 ( R h 62 8 #2<#& %!$# >E>QV $ 8 5" C31 / 6 ( 8
%01 , 1# X 8/0 ( 82 ( 8) #2<#2 > 824 / 6 X ( *82824 !$# > / 62kF X D X <%: 89/)/ 62,C-"6 = 1 X 1 !
/ 62%0 X = X # 82 X / X 8 % 8e/ 1= X > 1 t
6 = > %01 E8 =<% /?E49*/ C2# >>L XX = >gD X 1G5<"%0% 82 . 1 %:%01 8s XX = >gD X 1`5"<%0%
h 62 X / 62 E89/ X XX = >/? ( "%q1*! X #2"% / % E8;/ 62 / X 5< X X h 8 ! X 1 ( C2# >E>-2 % / X
C2# /? 1 8@ 8& Q D 1 8 89/? >t2 % / X C&# /? 1 8 X <% D <5 /? = > F - 62 X <%:# >E/ % X % (> X / 1 / 621%0!$1 X
/ 62 . X / 1 XX = >rD X 1`5"<%:%%:621 h 8 X > X
S R8, 9Q4 M R W U ; 4 .:5#9 9 = .l ;6= U ;;6= 1 O 1Q,QM .:, M U5021 .NM I i *,^ z I U5%3, I * z I2|
I i *,^ U5%3
I * l = 1Q,/1 ,/10Y} R 129 ; W 1@9Q4 : 1 4 9FR 913 U:9 ,/10Y} R 129 ; 91Q, j 4 021 ; 4 M 1 | 4 9 W U, 781 WK U 120 ; 13H{ K);>= 1

l 1U F02.:,V,21 W U ; 4 .:5 Q{ 1 ; l 121Q5 W 1 9Q4 : 1 U5%3<91Q, j 4 021 ; 4 M 1< / 6%:#2576 > 1 h 8 1 # X / X 5<
D X !$1 X (w 8 5<v5 *8H 4 X v%01! X / 6 */ . +@ % D X "!$ X C > / 1 E/ 62 X 1 ! / 62<%: D 1 > 5 <% # X

/ X 5<B%:621 h %%0#2576 .> 1 h v8/ 62B1 / 62 X 6 82 1# X X >E X h 1 X q%0621 h % / 6 */
1= X h E X 824 ;1 ! 8 5 > # 2824H/ 62 X 824 w%0" 8 8s/ 62 h "C~5 5762 / X 5"<%PV 3 (;E8
8 5 X % 8&4 \5 8 X 3 (w/? 5 >> F (;D X 1= / 62 D X !$1 X (w 8 5<n!$1 X + . - NZ +- &]8/ 62 8 Q /
+ <5 /? 1 8 h <%05 X C- 82 k= > # / C3 /:/ X <% /? (w*/ 1 X !$1 X %0 X = 5" /? ( / 6 */ #2%0" % >
% / 62 8 / h 1 X : 1 (; E8 A1 ! / 62J5 >E 8e/ *82 D % /D X !$1 X (; 8 5" / 1 / 62 1 (; E8/ 1
D X 1 #25" ( 1 X 5"5<# X */ )%0 X = 5< /0 ( "% /0 (;*/ "% 8w/ 621%: X 4 ( <% h 62 X / 625"1 XX >Y/? 1 8
C- / h " 8 > % 82 %: X = 5< /0 ( % > 1 h C- > "= / 62"%0 X 4 ( "% X 5<1 ( ( 1 82D2>Y 5<

1 ' '.# ( 0* # ( " !
v6 = !$1 # 82B/ 6 */ X #&<% / > % *82 %0 X = 5< /0 ( X h > Fw5<1 XX >*/ H 82B/ 6 */
/ 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5"d1 !G% C %0 %:5762 # >E824D 1 >E 5 <% X d% / X 1 824> F D 82 89/ 1 8v/ 62 4 X <
1 ! / 6 % 5<1 XX >Y*/0 1 8t v = 8P/ 6&<%0 X <%0# >E/ % 8*/ # X > #2<% /? 1 8 % h 62 / 62 X / 62 X % C- /0/ X
%0 X = 5< /? (
<% /? (;*/ 1 X / 6 8 > % 1 8 h 621 %0f"% /? (w/ <% X ( 1 X % / X 1 824> F5<1 XX >Y*/

W*T
h E / 6 5 / # > %0 X = 5< /? ( d+ #2576 8 "% /0 (;*/ 1 X ( #2% /a > %01'C- >E4 6 / h E4 6 / X # X E824>EE/:/?>
h 1 X D X-X #&<% /< Z 1 X / 6 % X %01 8 h v5 828 1 / #2%: 5 /0 = D X 1C 8&4'/ "576 82 #&<% &]8 % / *
h ,Q D2> 1 X / 62 h "C > 1 4 % 82 #2%: D % / h "C X #2<% / % %1# X D X 1C-"%
%
& &)(*,+ ,0'&+ & " *
( &
1 w*8 C 0% %05762 # >E824 X > "%d1 8n/ 62 ]89/ X 8 / C3 8&4 % /7*/0 % /? 5 >> F% /7 C > 1= X D X 1 %
( (
1 ! /? D2 X /0 5<# >Y X > FB! X 1 / 26 D 1 E8e/ 1 !d= h 1 ! / 6& h "CA%0 X = X ,Z 1 X / # 8*/ > F / 62 X %
-
% 4 82 5 89/ k= 8 5< / 6 */q/ 6 % % / 62)5 %0 6 %bk= 8 5<)! *>> % E89/ 1 / h 15 > %0%:<% #X 1 # /?E824
( - .
% /7 C >EE/ F 82 % D*/0Y >r 82J/ ;D 1 X *>t> 1G5 >EE/ F1 !L 828 / 1 8& / 6 X 1 # 4 6 D # /
*" -.
" -+ " . (
&%:1 8 T D X 1 D 1%: n/ h 1 / X 5"% !$1 X X 1# / % /? C >EE/ F D X k= :
.
> 8 5< 82 D X % % / 8 5"F X "= > 8 5" h 6 576 %1 ! D X /? 5<# > X 89/ X "% /,/ 1#2%'6& X % / 62
( &
D X 1C C >EE/ F 1 !1C&%0 X = 824 .4 = 8 X 1# / B1= X /? ! X 1# / % D X "= > 89/ / 62 8~/ 62
.
1C2%0 X = */0 1 8 1 ! /, >> 1 h %v#2% / 1 D X & 5 // 6 */'E/ h >E> C3#&%0 49 E8t X % % / 8 5"F % / 62
- (
! X #2 8 5"F 1*! X 1# / @576 824 "% 6& / h 1 / X 5<% X 8 1 / 5 > 1%0 > F5"1 XX >*/ t `%01 8 % .
& (
5<1 8 5 > #2% 1 8 % X / 6 */ ]89/ X 8 /fD*/ 62% X 62 = > F 1 8/ C9F % 824> X 1# / C2# / / 6 */
(
/ 62 /? D X 1 %
1= X h 6 576 X 1 # / "% D X % % / %0621 hh E a= X Y/? 1 8 X *8248&4 ! X 1 %:<5"1 82 % (
& .
/ 1 FG% $ 1 h k= X W T 1*! / 62 ]89/ X 8 /;D2*/ 62% `%01 8 % / # 2 6 X 1 # / "% / 6 */D X
% % / !$1 X FG% / 1 h <Ye% b6 8 1F!$1# 8&;/ 6 */ X 1# / 576 824 "% / 82w/ 1'5"1 8 5< 89/ X / /q/ 62
(
24 "%'1*! / 6& 8 / h 1 X 8 1 /E8s/ % C 52GC31 8 < X !$1 X /' > %:# X / 6& h <C
(
D X !$1 X w 8 5< E8/ 62 h E X w8 / h 1 X 82 !$1# 82./ 6 */)/ 62 X 1# / "%)! X 1 / 1 / 62P5 > 89/ (
( ((
/ 1 ! X 1 h <C%0 X = X % h % % F / X 5 C2# / = X FJ% /7 C > T
% #" + + +- " " () + + + " () " () " & ! */. & */""
Y> X %:6 8 8 / >g 82 > F % /?*/? % /0 5 *> ( 1 > %a!$1 X / 621 C2%0 X = 828 / 1 8&.8 / h 1 X
(
D X !$1 X w 8 5<C %: 1 8 Q / 8 % = D2 52 /]> "= >d/ X 5<"%,5"1 >> <5 / ! X 1 ( / 6& D X (; X F h <C
% E/ !$1 X / 62 f/0>Y 89/?J+ # ( ( X > F (D2 5 , ( "% 8 & - 6&"F 5"1 8 5 > # A/ 6 */8 X C9F
& ]8e/ X 8 / 621% / %1*! / 8 6 = > ( 1% / 8e/0 5 >[2 % / X C2# /0 1 8 %a1 ! 1C&%0 X = ./ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # /-)>

W*T
/ 621# 4 6 / 6& % 1 ! / 62 5 > #2% / X %w!$1 X h 6 576 / 62 D X !$1 X (; 8 5" % 89/? 5 > = X <% %
!$# 8 5 /0 1 8 1 ! / 62 X > 1`5 */? 1 8 1 8/ 62 &]8e/ X 8 / 5 > #2% / X % <% 8/ 62 X 824 ;1 ! WJ/ 1 6&1 D %
h 1 X h >> !$1 X (w 8 F X 4 1 8 % - 62"F > %01J!$1# 82s/ 6 */ 8& / 1 82/ 6 X 1# 4 6 D # /'/ 1H621% / %
1 ! / 8 = X CeF > <%:% / 6 *8 ! 5 / 1 X 1 ! / h 1J1= X /0 ( <%:5 > <%1 8A/ 621 X X 1 ! (; 8 F / 8 %
1 ! (8 # / "% 82/ 6 /q/ 62 / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / h % D2 <5" h %:% /7*/0 1 82 X Fn1= X /0 ( <%05 > "%
1 ![% (+
>Y X (w*482E/ # W * ;+ <%:6 8 /' >
*D2D2> A/ 6&<%0+ 82&824 % E8A/ 62 "= > 1 D ( 89/ 1 ! / 62
+ 6 X . %0% = ( / h 1 X . X !$1 X (w*8 5< %05"1= X F R+ . )( V %:FG% / ( W X X F X % /a*>
Q 3 (8 D X !$1 X (; 8 5<! X 1 ( h E X 824 ;1 !b5 >E 89/ % / 1 h X 8&4 n1 !a%0 X = X % 82
!$1# 82@/ 6 */ C 8& h &/ 6 / 1 / 6&,%: X = X % *82 %0 X = X X 8 8&4 %b! X 1 ( / 6& D 1 E89/ 1 !u= h 1 !
5 > 89/ h X X (; X C > FP% /7 C > a1= X /0 ( vE8 6 824 /q > W T !$1 # 82/ 6 /d/ 6 X <
&]8e/ X 8 /D*/ 6 D X 1 D X /? "% > 1%0% X */ > F 82# - . / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # / %:621 h = X 1#2% 4 X "<%
1 !f5"1 8 % /? 8 5kF 8& 5<1 8 5 > # s/ 6 / 1 8 ;5 8 4 8 X >> FA5<1 # 89/ 1 8 5<1 8 % /7 8 5"Fs1 8/'> % /
/ 62 /? ( )%05 *> 1 ! (;E8 # / <%
% + & '
)>E/ 621# 4 6 / 62 &]89/ X 8 / h "C%: X = X % *82 5 > 89/ %!$1 X ( 6 E4 6 > F F 8 (; 5%:FG% / ( / 62
% /7 C >EE/ F h D 1 E8e/ 1# /8J/ 62 D X "= 1#&%%:<5 /0 1 8 %0# 4 4 <% / % / 6 */D X k= 1#2% h <C X #2<% / %
R$/ 6& h <C%0 X = X % 5"5<"%0% > 1 4eVf X X 576J6 % / 1 X F h 6 576H5 8 C-#2%: J/ 1C- /0/ X <% /? (;*/
/ 62J%0 X = 5" /? ( B1 ! A8 h X #&<% /< %:%0# ( / 6 */ ! / X D X 1G5<<%:% E824 X #2<% / h
8 1 h R V E/ % > % RWVd/ 62 5 / # > %0 X = 5< /? ( *82ARUT9Vd/ 62 & . & X "%0%f1 ! / 625 > 89/
b1 >> <5 /0824/ 6 % E8 !$1 X (;*/0 1 8n %q% (;D2> *82 5 89/< # X 4 1 >3 % / 1 "= > 1 DJ*8 5 89/
<% /0 (;*/ 1 X / 6 */ #2%:<% 6 % / 1 X F 1*!%:#2576 X #&<% / % 5<1 ( C 8 h E/ 6 / 62 > B% 8&& .
2 X <%0%w1 ! / 62.5"# XX 89/ X #2<% /w/ 1 / X (;E8 / 62 >E * > F%0 X = 5< /? ( J1 ! / 62.5"# XX 89/
X #2"% /< - 6&5"1 XX >*/? 1 8 C3 / h < 8;/ 6&"% /0 (;*/ %: X = 5< /? ( *82/ 62 5 / # > %: X = 5<
/? ( %:621# >E C36 4 6& X / 6 8@/ 625<1 XX >Y*/0 1 8 C3 / h < 8 > v% 82 5 / # > %0 X = 5" /? (
"5 >E>2/ 6 */ ( #2% / Q `5<" @/ 6 X <%:621 >8 1 X X !$1 X + . - / 1 D X !$1 X ( C- /0/ X / 6 8 . +

W*T
82 % E8 5 X %:<% / 62 D X !$1 X (w 8 5<v1 ! + . - 8 5 X %0"%

> %0% > "%0% &]8e/ X 1 (; 8 1# /?8&4wR & V h % D X 1 D 1%0 ;E8 Tv % 0 % / X / 4 F
!$1 X *2 X "%0% %0% E48 ( 89/ 1 ! / 6&Q % /?E824 & . & X "%0%)% D 5" h E/ 6 = h / 1;5<1 8 %0 X = / 62
2 X <%0%,% D2 5< 82 % / ( / 62nQ D2> 1% = 4 X 1 h / 61 ! X 1 # /?E824B/7 C > <% E8 "! # >E/ X 1# / ! X "
X 1# / X % - 62 & % / X */ 4 Fw6 %bC3< 8 h > F D2> 1F % E8 5< T& 8 (; , 1 X 4 1 >
1 ! / 6& & 2 X <%0% 824wD2>Y 8 % / 1 >> 1`5 */ &]89/ X 8 / 2 X <%:%% D2 5< E8 %:#2576 (; 828 X
% / 1 >> 1 h *44 X 49*/0 1 8 1*! X 1# /?E824@8 !$1 X (;*/? 1 8A > 1 824B/ 1 D 1 > 1 4 5 >u>E8 "% b1 8 % E X
38. M U465 H8 E4 6eC-1 X 621G1 s8 / 6& 8 / h 1 X / 1 D 1 > 1 4 F - 62wC X 1 #2%0;1 ! & (D2>E <%
/ 6 */ X 1# / <%v! X 1 ( (; 576 E8 <% E8./ 62 1 (w E8/ 1 %: X = X 1# / % E / 6& 1 (; 8 h E>> %06 X
(w 8 Fn621 D % +` (;E>Y X > F / 62 X 1# / <%q! X 1 ( / 62)%: X = X / 1 & 2 X 89/ (; 576 E8 <% 8n/ 6& 1 (; E8
h >> > %016 =@5<1 8 % E X C > ;1= X >Y Dr - 6 % > %:1 ( 8 % / 6 // 6& X 1# / <% h >> C3 >E > F
/ 1 %:6 X / 6&.% ( C-1 /:/?> 8 "25 8 / h 1 X >E8 82 / 62 X "!$1 X .6 = .% (>Y X / 6 X 1# 4 6 D # /
/ 1 ! X 1 ( / 62%0 X = X - 62,% (; >> X / 62 1 (; 8 / 6& ( 1 X / 62%06 X E8242
- 6& 44 X 49/? 1 8 1*! & % > 1 8&4' 6 X X 5769Fw1 ! 8 5 X % E824> F >Y X 4 X 8 / h 1 X e% 82
% X <5 / ~E 8 & . & X "%0%0"% #
- 62 X % / T C E/ %1 ! 8 & . & X "%0% 4 ="% / 62 8 / h 1 X 1 !
h 6 576 / 6& *2 X "%0% % D2 X / / 62 X % / T C / % 4 = / 62C X 1 X 8 / h 1 X / 6 */ 5"1 89/7 E8 %
/ 62 X % /)8 / h 1 X 82 %01B1 8t 'Q D2> 1 E// 6 %6 X X 576eF E8. 1 (; E8 C %0 %0576& # >E824
/ 62 >E4 1 X / 6 ( 1 ! h 6 576 % 4 = 8 C- > 1 h
3 %: / 626 4 6@1 X X)T C E/ %a1*! / 625 > 89/ &.
*2 X "%0% / 15 >Y %:% !QF / 625 > 89/ % 89/ 1 W U
( (
1 ; 8 % h 6& X / &6 T C / % X / X */ . % / 26 1 ; 8J*2 X "%0%
W` )44 X 4*/ D % / X #2"% / % / 1."% /0 (;*/ / 6&;%: X = 5< X */ R 1 X<X D X <%: 89/7/? = BC 8&
h &/ 6 V !$1 X 576 1 (w*8t- 6 %n5 8 C3 1 8 h E/ 6 %0"= X > <% /0 (;*/ 1 X % C2# / 1 # X
Q D X ( 89/ %,%0621 h / 6 *// 62n"% /? (w/ 1 X
D X !$1 X ( % / 6&C3<% / $ X %
/ 62 X D X <%0 89/7*/0 =%0 X = 5" X */ % / 62%0# ( 1 ! / 62 X #&<% / > a% "%
! X 1 ( / 62
1 (; 8 82 % / 62,%0# ( 1*! / 62,%0 X = 5" /0 ( <%a!$1 X / 62"%0 X #2"% / % )( 1 /? 5< / 6 */

W*T
0.8
R (correlation cofficient between actual service

0.7
time and estimated service time)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Z4 # X b 1 X X >Y*/0 1 8 = X %0#&% 8 # ( 3C X 1 !LC / % #2%0 H/ 1 8 n ( 8 T

Bits used to define a dom ain
1;
# 3D */?E824/ 6 % "% /0 (;*/ ! / X X #2"% / 6 %qC3< 8wD X 1`5"<%0%: @ % / X = > u% (D2> F 2
/ 62 X #2"% / % > b% 82 %: X = 5< /? ( / 1 82 X <% D "5 /? = > F RQ/ h 1 X % / h 1
2 % / h 1 h X / "% VkZ 1 X 576 1 (w*8 h % / 1 X 8& H)8 XX FP1 ! / 62<%: D2 X %
% D&/ E82 Q ` CeF / 62 1 (; E8 & X "%0% - 62 / 1 /7 > % /7*/ B% % W U 1 */?E824
D 1 89/8 # ( C3 X %
T&Z 1 X 576 E8 5<1 (8&4 5 > 89/ X #2<% / / 62 h <CA%: X = X X % / Q / X 5 / % / 62 1 (; E8. 8
X " %0% E82 V&"% / 62 XX F 8& 5<1 (D # / <% !$1 X / 62 1 (; 8r& /d/ 62 8 <% /? (w*/ <% / 62
X #&<% / %,%0 X = 5" /0 ( %

h 62 X % / 62 X #2"% / > % 0- 62
<% /? (;*/ 1 X X # X <% B> 1 4 5 > %06 ! / / h 1 X % B2 = % 1 8 *82s ( # >/?D&> F Z 1 X
X #&<% / ! X 1 ( 62 X / 1*!$1 X # 8 1C&%0 X = 1 (w*8 h 6 5761`5"5<# X %V 5 /?> Fs1 8 5< D X
1 (; 8 h ,% (D2> Fw#2%0 > v% % / 62"% /? (w/
2 )D2D&> F % C %0 %0576& # >E824,D 1 > 5"F%:#2576 % + 2# % E824'/ 62"% /0 ;*/ %: X = 5< .- (
(
/? "% %0# / &6 ,%:5762 # >E824;D 1 >E 5"F h E/ 6 B + Zd+ .- .
% h (4 6 / V D "5 / % 1 (w E8 )% C3<5"1 ( % (; >> X R T 4 / % Y> X 4 X V D X 2 5 /0 = D X
$! 1 X (; 8 5" 8 5 X 0% <% */a/ 6&v5<1% / 1*! ( ( 1 X F / 1n% / 1 X / 62% /?*/ Z 4 # X ' %:621 h % / 62

W*T
X >*/? 1 8 %:6 D C3 / h < 8 T / 62 8 # ( C- X 1 !fC / %#2%: / 1 Q 8 H 1 w ( *8s 82 / 625<1 XX
>Y*/0 1 8 C- / h " 8s/ 62 5 / # > %0 X = 5< /0 ( 82 <% /? (;*/ %0 X = 5" /0 ( - 62 4 # X %
X = ! X 1 ( 1# X h <C %0 X = X / X 5< , # ( D % / 1 X& W* h E/ 6 T .C E/ % C-kF1 8& / 62

/ 6 X <%06&1 > */ h 6 576 + . - C3 4 8 % / 1 D X !$1 X ( C3 /:/ X / 6 *8 . +3d( 1 /0 5" / 6 */P/ 6 % %
( X TW, 1 ;( E8 % R % /?*/ )% )1 ! W C9F / "% h E/ 6 C9F / 1 */ % Vk ! / X7T W" C E/ % / 62 X

( *>>e8 5 X %0"%d1 ! D X 1C C > FC3<5 #2%: */ / 6 % D 1 E8e/ h a6 = 2 = E P/ 62
X f1 82> F= X F% w
]& 8e/ X 8 /89/ 1 ( ( % h 62 X , 576 w ( 576 8 v1 8 ( ( %06 X "% 5<1 ( ( 1 8 X 1 # / / 1nk= X F
1 / 62 X ;( 576 8 8;/ 62 ]& 89/ X 8 / 82B/ 6e#2%a%:6 X <% / 62% ( C31 /:/?> 8 <52e% - 6& w( ( # (
h h X C > / 1 576 k= h % &X X2
% ,(* *2,+ &
- 1'"= > # */ 1 (; 88 C %: %05762 # >E824BRc+ . - 8&@Zd+ . *> %01,%0" ZE4 # X ' V h
#2%0 / 6& ( / 621 1 > 1 4 F,1 ! + <5 /0 1 8 ' T` W` X D2> FP1# X h <C / X 5< h E/ 6 . 1 %0%01 8 . X / 1
82 C2# >E>d XX = > % / 1H5<1 8e/ X 1 >d> 1 t = X F T / 6& 8 # ( C- X 1 !q6 E4 6 1 X X C E/ % h
#2%0 / 1 Q 8 n 1 w ( *8t
ZL4 # X <% ' WB*82 ' T %:621 h / 62 ( 8 %01 , 1 # X 8A/? ( 82 ( 8 #2<#& > 824*/ 6A1 !
>>G/ 62%0576& # >E824,D 1 > 5 "% h / 6n62 =eF /? > . X / 1 XX = *> % % !$# 8 5 /? 1 8 1 ! T ( 1 /? 5"
/ 6 */ . + Zd+ . + . - Z + . NZd+ 82H+ . - NZd+@ X */a>E8 "% . +@48 1 X "%f%0 X = 5" /? (

Zd+ . 82A+ . - 6 = PQ 5 / 8 1 h > 24 1*! / 62'%0 X = 5" /? ( "% R$/ 6&"F X D X "%0 89/v/ 62 E *>
D X !$1 X w ( 8 5<B1 ! / 6&<%0 D 1 > 5 <% V sZd+ . NZd+*82 + . - ]Zd+ #2%0 > B% % AD X 1GF!$1 X
%0 X = 5< /? ( R X D X <%0 89/?8&4 5<# XX 89/vD X 5 /? 5" V ( 1 /? 5" / 6 */ % h 8 5 X %0 / 62 8 # ( C- X
1 !,C E/ % T #2%0 / 1 Q 8 1 ; ( E8 / 62 D X !$1 X ;( 8 5".1 ! + . - 82 Z + . X % /
Q`5<" % / 6 */ 1*! . +H*82 8 >E> FB5"1 8 = X 4 "% / 1 8 X / 6& E *>[D X !$1 X w ( 8 5<
6 > + . - % D X !$1 X ; ( 8 5< 8 5 X %0"%5<1 8e/08 #21#&% > F h E/ 6 2 ;( E82 %:6 8&4 X / # X 8 %
h E/ 6 8 5 X % 8&4 T Z + . % X / 62 X 8 %: 8 % E/0 =# 89/?E> T ,/ 1 W" C E/ % / h 6 576 D 1 E89/

E/ % D X !$1 X ; ( 8 5< , # ( D % X 3;( */0 5 *>> F 82 5<1 ( <%n= X F 5 > 1%0 / 1 + . - % +G8 5"

W 9X
900000
PS
800000 FSP
SRPT
700000 FSP-FS
Mean Sojourn Time

SRPT-FS
600000
FSP-D
500000 SRPT-D
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Z4 # X W 8 0% 1 , 1# X 8 0/ ( P = X %0#2% T !$1 X h "C / X 5< 1 (; E8 C %0 0% 576& # E> 824
Bits Used to define a Dom ain
! . X / 1 X X = > % h / 6 T9W ( 1 h X C-1 # 82 .3 D2D X C31# 8& X
> 1 JX`
`1 "% 8 ( (
/8 5 X %0 #2576 C-kF1 82 T W" C E/ % % h 4 6 / Q D <5 / / 62 D X !$1 X ; 8 5"1 ! (
+ . - . (
82@Zd+ D2>Y/ #2%
+G >Y X 5<1 8 5 > #2% 1 8 %b5 *8 C- X 1 h 8 !$1 X 1 %0%01 8J XX = > % .
82 $ =eF /? > C2# >>t XX = > %
S R8, O 1QQ, M.:, M U5021 1kj:U W R#U ; 4 .:5 .NM I *
iv^ z m U5%3 I * z m 381 M .:5#9 ; ,U ; 129 ;6= U ; {Q1 ; ; 1Q, |
O ,U80 ; 4 0U W 129 ; 4 M U ; .:,/9N. MF91Q, j4 021 ; 4 M 1 U,21 O .929Q4U{ W 1 U5%3 ;>= U ; ;>= 1 K 0U5 3,U M U ; 4 0U W6WK 4 Mz
O ,2.j1 ;>= 1 O 1QQ, M.:, M U5021FN. MP9Q4 :1 z {2U:913+90 = 13R W 46587 O . W 4 0Q4 129@.:5 l 1<{91Q, j1Q,29<

*! ' ( , #
6 % D2D 8&2 B6 % * / 62v!$1 >E> 1 h 824 5<1 89/ X C&# /? 1 8 %Y
)6 = ;1 8 % / X */ B/ 6 /b/ 6& %0%:# D`/? 1 8w/ 6 / > )% % P4 1G1 w8&2 5 */ 1 X 1 !
!$1 X h <CJ%0 X = X % %b# 8 h XX 89/ rqZL> % *82 %0 X = 5" /? X 1 82> F
%0 X = 5" /?
h > F.5<1 XX >*/ t 62 D2>E 5 /? 1 8H % / 6 */ % C %: %0576& # >E824@D 1 >E 5 <%%0#2576
% + 82Zd+ X > > F / 1 D X !$1 X h 1 X %: / 6 8 Q D "5 / t
6 =vk= *> # */ w/ 62 D X !$1 X 8 5")1 ! + NZ +w 82@Z + NZd+ + *82@Zd+
C9F X # 8&82824 % P # >*/? 1 8 % X = 8 C9F 1# X h <Cs%0 X = X / X 5<<% !$1# 82A/ 6 */v/ 62 X

W
3000 PS
FSP
2500 SRPT
FSP-FS
SRPT-FS
Mean Queue Length

2000
FSP-D
SRPT-D
1500
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Bits used to define a dom ain
Z4 # X T *8 #2<#& > 824 / 6 = X %:#2% T $! 1 X h <C / X 5< 1 E8 C %0 0% 576& # E> 824
6 T9W ( 1 h X C-1 # 82 .3 2D D X C31# 8& X
! X / 1 X X = *> % h E /
> 1 JX`
D X !$1 X *8 5< G1 <% E 82 " 4 X X * /? 5 >E> F h E/ 6 / 26 h ~5"1 X X >*/? 1 8 X
<5 / @8;/ 62 / X 5" ]8 0% 1 )5 0% "% + ]Zd; + *82@Zd+ ]Zd+ 5 8@ 5 / # >E> F D X !$1 X
h 1 X %0 / 6 8 +3
6 = D X 1 D 1 %0 D2> 89/ 82 "= > # */ w C3 /0/ X %0 X = 5" /0 a<% /0 */ 1 X
/ 6 / "%P#2%0w1 ! / 62;6 X X 576 5 > 8*/ # X w1*! X 1# /0824 1 8 / 62 ]89/ X 8 /n 82/ 62
6 % / 1 X Fs1 ! D % / X #2"% / % = E>Y C > 1 8 / 6& h "C %0 X = X X "!$ X / 1 + 82
Zd+ # 4 89/ h / 6n1# X 1 *8 C %0 <% /? */ 1 X % + 82Zd+ 62
% /?*/ % 1 !L1# X "% /? / 1 X % D2 X / X
6 = !$1 # 82n/ 6 */ h E/ 6 % >E> % /7*/ a% + 5 8 1# /0D X !$1 X +- E/ 6
;D X 5 /0 5 > % /7/ ,% + 5 *8 Q`6 C E/ 5 > 1%0 / 1 >uD X !$1 X 8 5< Z +
X # X "% % 48& 5 89/?> F >Y X 4 X % /7/ @% / 1 D X !$1 X 5 > 1 %0 / 1 E/ % >c+
X 5 / %= X F # 52 > F / 1 E8 5 X % 824 > F 5<5"# X */ %0 X = 5< /? ;)<% /0 */ "%
ZS X 8 "%0% % 8J D 1 X /? 89/ 5<1 8 5< X 8 E8J/ 62 D&> 1F ; 8e/ 1 ! 1 88 C %: %0576& # >E824&
+`> 1 h 1 h 8 6 %LC-" 8 #&%0 E8D X "= 1 #2% X "%0 X 576 h 1 X TT W 82 1# X X > X h 1 X
% / 6&! X 8 <%:% / X 5 6 =% / # & ! * X 8 <%0%)#2% E824 1# X % P# >Y/ 1 X 82 1 # X 8&E/? >

W eW
X <%:# E> / %%:621 h / 6 */+ 1# /?D X !$1 X % + E8 ! X 8 "%0%'# 82 X ;1 % / 5<1 82&E/? 1 8 %
X h 1 X 8&4n/ 1nQ / 82/ 62<%: X <%0# >E/ %
<5 #2%0 / 62 5<1 828 <5 /0 1 8.R*82w2 % V/ 6 /f X #&<% / #2%0"%b5 8 C > 1G52 D2> 8
/7*/0 1 8 %1*!)% C %0 %0576& # >E824s8 h <C %0 X = X %;1 ! / 8 #2%: h 6 */ h H5 *>>{2U80 z W6W 46587

)8 Q`"5<# /0824 X #2<% /v/ 6 / C3<5<1;"%)C > 1`52* A % D X " D&/ A8 ! = 1 X 1 ! X #2"% / h / 6
w>Y X 4 X 8 #PC3 X 1 !
C9F / "% X E828&4/ 1BC-6 822> E/ % / 62 8 1 8 C > 1G52 X #2"% / 1 !
% >> <% / X 82E824 % / 6 */f % X # 8 8 1 /b/ 62)% *>> "% / X #&<% /< # X % P# >*/? 1 8 % 1 8 1 /
;1 > %:#2576 %:FG% / $ 1 h "= X %d! X % h X h X / 6& X X 8 1 82 > F /? 5 > X <%:# >E/ %
!$1 X % C %: %:5762 # >E824 h E/ 6sC > 1`52 8&4 C-"6 = 1 X / 62 X E824@E/< # / 2 5<# >/v/ 1
= *>2*/ % P# >Y/ 1 X X h 1 X 824/ 1,Q / 82 1 # X % # >Y*/0 1 8 % 82w 8 > F`% % / 15<1= X
/ 6 % 49 Dt

a > %:1w5"1 98 /0 2C # / / 1 / 62 W 0% = % , %05762 # >E824BD 1:"5 / 5"1 28 &# 5 / A*// 62 b 1
D # / + 5 8 5" D2:/ ; 8e/ 1*! ( 1 / 6 h "% / 08 3 28 = % / F 62 8&E/? >dD D h % D #&C
> %:62 JE8 X" " ! W
# % $ & , ( * ,

62 D 1 D # >Y:E/ F 82/ 82 1 #2%u%0#25"5<<%:%1 ! D < / 1' D < R W V %:FG% / %L6 = 1 /? = */
5<1 8 % ? C > <%: 5761 8 8 F 1 ! / 62 D0 2E4 % / "576 82 5 >q % D <5 / % ]8/ 6&w5<1 8e/ )( /
1 ! 2*/7 %06 '0 8&4 %: = 5<"% 8 #C- 1*! D* 1: <5 / %6 =,)( D2> 1 h v= 0 / F@1*! %0%0#&<%
8 5 > # 2E824 1 w%05 >Y C > 1C+: "5 /n> 1G5 /? 1 8 -, #2 F 82. 1 # /?E824 D* 1 / 1G5<1 > % ! /0 <%:1# 5<
%06 : 824 82 6 E4 6B576e# : 8 <% E> 89/ %:FG% / % : #&% /a/ 1 82 ; !$ h 62 : 1 0 / F1 ! / 62"%0
D* 1: "5 / %L6 = %:1! 5<1 8 5" 89/0 */ 1 8 / 62 u / 62 h 621 > W E8 ! ? % / #25 / #
1 [ / 6221)3"465)798
% a1 ! D < " [ E/:/?> */0/ 89/? 1 8 6 %
C3< 84 = 8n/ 1 / 62 D " %;:%5)< j 5)<= % E >/ 621 # 4 6 / 6 */
% / 8 "% P#2576H1 ! / 62"= F FH#2%: %)( D 0 8 5"
> ! / d / 8&824v*>E/ 0 8/? = f%01 # 5"<%
!$1 d v <% / 1C+: "5 / / 62 , #&<% /0824,D < d E82
/?Y/ <% / 62a1C+: "5 / 1 h 82> 1 % ! 1 %0#&C2%0 / 1 ! D 1%0% C > D* 1= %` 576 D: / F@-? <5 /? = > F
W"9T

W
1 D&/0824 1)3"465)798 8& :%5)< j 5)< 1 > "% <5< 89/ % / # 2 "%v%0# 44 <% /)/ 6 */)/ 62P%: = ]% E8./ 6 %
89/ ? 5 /? 1 8 1 ! / 8w/ # 08 1 # /b/ 1C3 D !$1 8 5")C31 /0/0> 8 <5 Z9 1 / 6 8 > Fq1
!"#"#$ !% '& % )( ' * 3+ , .- / / * +0 + 21 #(3 "45 !7698;:
!<= >?* @ A/"#" + ( & CBD )E5 ! : F , G $<= + & "#HI , +0 * A
F .- , (! I $ + + * ! !$J + %#! ?* ;, K >/"#"L%7M + "9%
, ($ F$ $% & !!(N ?* D ( + O ,) P/<Q! .- 1 "R " - + ?*
(S% - M T"9% &9-U* 3 0 )(<V5 ! K9W : * ;MX ?* & F! %7M + "9% +0 +
BN )A! + & ) ( 3!" - "7M MX * 8 K "#" , (! I "# 0 & F$ 3Y ! K)K9Z >[
T +S0 3 ?* + + N% - + % + P " - K T +0 7,) + M'$! 3!<" \
* ! $(" ]!"P " - 0 (SÎ T +0 _$"#)F "#)` ]?* aF ,) .F#%aH<b$
+ % * #H<<= + %S ( $g$"## + <=! !h$< * GF 3#"# .- + <( <b)FGMX * !! *
+ F * !%(S"# +S0 " 0 ?* 3iI M & , ]5 8 bjj =k !;8)87: $"#)F "#)l X?* *
#!/ , ($ $!D + %#! * + -nm + %S +0 * ]M' & ! + ) (
+ %S $ " - /<<"#P & "# 3( < & "# do
* 'p 5)8=1 qrts8ur.vAw%:)8erw7 1 5 & * 7, $"# + /! * G% & ( + /g & F $
<b<("R .- %$!#%S!%" - 7xw8c! + I yx#<SO * <=7M' z"RPMX{5 ! K9W :
,
F ,) ^ d/ +|+ I * a M * )"#E & F$ & ( + ! %}I
(!
+ "- ] "#"b * (+~ YIMX ?*l?* + +0 < >%7M + "#9/%!%E ?* ,) [
+ e /G)( !$ * 7M * ]3)( + %Q ^ (Q"" - F ,!%_#H + F(
+ ?* , (! !%n
* # "M & ,) ~P + ! + & " - F(3I("#"J! + )"]7,) !F)( $!
,) N! + " - ! + m 0 ( $%nMX * , ( N! + F , ,(<S " ?* )( 0 * M' & F ,) / + (S<= # + ! * 0 * "#9% !"# ! ?* - .- <P"" -
+ ;, "#9%S!%c )<("# F , + ?* d ?* * + % >+ A/"#" - ) ";M $)( !JP,/#"# & #" .- + % + P,) 0 "# 0
& F$ !$
* # C * /< &9- * +0 F ,) M "9% * ( 0 * $i!)""#$ + + %
+ " - F#$ * !$D%7M + "#9/% , ($ DM @$)"#"! !%U l ,)
& * + % ! K)K)Z & <G + %aP & " % $ ++ $ # + $ * & ! /C)( + 7MX"#$% 0 )(
# ?* m F < * / +S0 F ,) M' T"#9/%a + - 3!
* #> * < (%S#! * <= I + ! + %ê + $> % ?x + F * !%S("# +0 <b)"#$#!
( +0 )( M T"9% * + + % ! .% , + F {("# + $ * !F(" G * ;M
?* P,) 0 $<= + 3]P + & 3% A #!"#" - !%(S!!% &9- * !%(" +0 F & N + *
,) .F#%@ - 3N(S +S0 <=)"#!! & F!%~ + < $ 3< ,) qQw< 8 5 :)8er
5 v3s4 794 7r
<?%w 1 5 : :)4 7r 4 v 5

# ' *#
!+!$#*,
?* (% - /D ,) M "9% * + + % ?* F( & F , ( + + /" - A
* $%("# +0 <=)"#!!iI ,) ?* H * /< A/!H(JLF / !$G!"#"#$ !%
+ ( !"#"#E5 ! k : ]<=)<("# %Q z * +0 - d
* nM' T"#9/% !$M U$)"#"! !% ( +0 ~ qQw7 5 rQw8 : <=! A'?x +S0
"R 0 + ( & <=)<(S"R m "! * <b$ ' + ?* + ( !""R + M > ! *^* + -
(&?@+=(BAC8:DE(FF5$9GH(64F(H!+I8HG+-F?B+-(>&5+JFG$9KJ+LF(!5+:3,(&$9&!5#%+
&M!(/.%(F.N.0+<;,%$O!$28:NPQ8FR698:(.S$9NTVU%+-U%$2/WB!5#%+-8FX OY=ZV[J\^]

j
/ , (S! !%} + % ,!% %Q d * ( + ` + % + FI m + # *` ]M $! %!%Ì
I( * + /" - !/ * ?* * + - .<= M' & (#" + 32%S m $%N<b + .F)( $ + ( $"#"#
!"# + 5 !;8;:
lP,)#%n<= + #" & R + %Q !"#"#$ # + (" #<" * + - z<b % ?x + G* )
M' 3<"# - $% P * , +0 L7M + $)"#"! # + /x * $%A & F! + %@P/ * ! + m 0 ( !%
MX ?* % ?b + (<<= & )( + %HI ( 0 +0 & + %SMX#% * + % + ( & * !%GF ,2 +0
, ($ ! l + ( ?* G?* & * 7, & (S - F , <=! #GP( 0 *T 3) ?* $
"# 3 M G {( *^* 0 * * + * ! %S$e(" F F +S0 ! + % P/< ( <= + R"
% ?b + $!'%S( & + %SMX#% ?* $"RF$ $!M' /"#N!"#"#$ !%3( +0 D<b$ & * + %^
P & "! +S+ ! # + 1 3 - < 3 / * /!! D( A !%l + 0 ( !
' ++ $ # + ( & / ( & / ( & /
* ,
! K)K9Z & < <= * + K)!K % ! F8 !k k k KK ( K!K) K
- &
! K)K9Z & < * + ! K)K ! 8 kk !;8 K KK)K
! K)K9Z & < * + 8 K 8 K)K )K K)KK
& "#NZd% K ! 8 kk K K)KK
0 ( ! oOB - <Q 3 L/b$)"#"! !% $!L F ,) !
2 v )5)<w p c+q <5s :
* &
# ( /CP,/#"# "G ,
? + &
* !%$
# #0/ # "!$#&% ('*) +# ' ,
1 ,) M T"9%} * .-P # + I 3 ?* & /#{I + - M + * $%("# +0 <b)"
!#$! * >! + %% !F! ?* I)""#7MX +S0 , (! + >I ?* PFN/ %Q z * +0
,) ! * 30/ F &21 + %3/ , (! 41 D(F!%a + * +S0 P & " -
65 * # * D%# & ( # + F & + ,/" 387
> * F & ,/"i + %S!<= + % + 7

W
65 * # * D%# & ( # + F & F -!D + %F & F ,2! 7
65 * # * D"#!" - <= I + $ & " + $ 7
65 * ?* D 3<"#P # + / )( m + % +S0 > + - F * !%(S"# +S0 7
!"$#&%(')+*-,.$/ '1023#4*5*637809";:=<>*6*

* F & + ,/" $@#@ * .-!$% I , & $% + ?* a!"#"#$ !%
/!!$ 0 ( ?G X0 ,! ?* $ <S"# 3 + - !({(S"R ,)% & ( + I( + # + Y $ h L[
F & + ,/" 3L ,) I .- <#!" !/ ! ?* * L,) P"T (S
#L"# 0 ?* 3#A@ * H 0 *9 " + i/ ?* $ h !( ,) +S0 " - + %P ! ?* ?* ,/"
< !$! + & 32%S!"#$% &9- + (S<= + + R/"4 * {"P . , (Q $G$( ,) mS +0 (F +0 +
) (2I( + # + + %#! $% &9-}?* d%Q/ * z"# + a + 0 ( B?G MX * $2DC$# +
% 3 + F + E HG 5K I 6)6 9 k , (Q + m !X)( 0 (3 +
* + %!<= + %S + ${ F & ,/"># $ $% &9- ! 3<( +0 ?* #"g! $"R # +
?* $ + ,/" 3! ' * 7M + + 0 ( J ?G k "#! " - ?* G! $"R # + & M! + + -
M'D$<Q X + ,/" 3!CC@ ?b! ,)!" - + "4 1 + $>P * b)( /!! ( * & L
#"R & * P,# F & + ,/"#I F , ! + & DM'$"#" 32%$"#$%d/H + %!<= + % +
C! * * !"P " - @ 0)+ m P + % ?x + ! ?* DM' & F , PF (2<= + + R"
" - %# & ( !% + %$ ?* D% m + # + /L )F + < !!F!
$,#)(S !FP * 5 ! W 8 W : * * 7M + ?* )F + < !!F$C C,/"##%I %!" +0
?* A ,/"L>(S . + R !% F!F# + {( * / + % $ ++ $ # + $
K ,/" + ?* a ?* * + % * P,) & $ + * 7M +V+ @ & )#F + |h +0
"L5 W : <b) + )( i* >* D 0)0 0 !%l + ,/" $' K , ($ H! + &
L !5#%$'&B(*%* +J/.%$O14N3 M #%+ AC8D &M+-F5G$'K<+ !$2?B+N$9&B.0+J;/%+=. (&7!5#/+O (696 KJ6280KP !5$9?B+S$2!@!(QP:+-&@(E&5+JFG+-FI!58
;,%$9&5#S&5+J,.0$2/W@.%(!(7!58B(7KJ62$9+JV!R8HG+-F !5#/+) V!5+-F5/+<! W$9G+J !5#%+ D 8U%/.%+-.S8U0!W8$9%WID,(/.ROR$'.!# PQ8:F !#%+ AC8D ]
S $2?B$969(F569X3!#%+LF5+=&M* 8,&M+ !5$9?B+L8P(AC8:D$9& !#%+I&MU/? 8P $O!&&5+JFGV$'K<+ !$2?B+I(,. $2!& !8!(6TO ($2!5$9%W@!5$9?@+L$9N!5#%+
TVU%+-U%+ ]

Complementary Cumulative Percentages of Request Interarrival Time

0
10
Interarrival CDF
Exponential Fit
−1
10
Probability[X>x]
Exponential Fit: 0.991*exp(−0.00047*x)

−2
10
−3
10
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Request Interarrival Time (Millisec)
0 ( ?G o $ h O + ,/" / , (! ,

6
Serial Correlation of Job Interarrivals (3.91143 % sig at p=0.05)

2
1.5
1
Serial Correlation
0.5
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Lag
0 (
?G k o 1 R/"c! $ "R # + O + ,/" 3 , ($ F ,

8K
& 32%$"#$% &9- * PP, - /#"#$% 5`! & (""%# & ( # + * & $P(S K %2$(3 +
+ 3#F# + C + + !" - + R !% &9-?* i( @T> >( P"" - 0 + !%
&T-A?* & ;MXF Y , (! +0 & $%%$% m "! [ $(" +0 + & ( .- < 2$!$
> " * )( 0 * ,) 0 , (! "#{M & , (! + )"!" - + R !% &9- *
( ?* E ^F A + ! +0 <=!!(S"#R #$J$"## + <=! ?* A - )(2<"# + *
& ,!% % ?x + !$! )(S3<"# U$"## + P * +0 I 0 ,) + & F! $)"#"! @
/ P + %S#%Q , X M * * "R + R !<Q /"#"#$"%7M + "#9/%! + %%S +
!"# + NP + & + % + YIFMX * [ F ,) ] + ?* %%"3/Xn%7M + "9% / m + % +0 +
" + ,)( $DMX ?*a* 0 * P,/#"# & " & + %SMX#% * 5 !;8 ! k :

# =< * '("< 0 '("< 5
& F -$># + 3% ?x + <=)F & "i% m + # + I F & F -$obp
+3 3bw 5 1)8 :)4 5 <5
95 :)8 5

9s 8zs 1 q
+7 :)4 5 + % :%5)< 5 9s8zs 1 q
+7 :)4 5 5 * "# ?* XI("" & F$ F -$H(S(Q"" - ,) -
"R 0 3) , (! !%|%Q n * ( + T "#" !7, +0 + " - d "#" + *
M * )"#X & F! Zd H <= + " - * G#(F(Q"" - "NJF 0)+ m ! + %S ?b + ! & M! +
?* , (S! !%U%Q @ * ( + E -$ + % * J (Q"g ,!%U%Q 3 * ( + aF -$ 1 D<=)F & "
) (2<"R + + X %#F!(F$%nI ?* #>% ?x + !D +d1 $ + ?G
* $ h * * $ F & . -!!A a%$<# !%V + "# 0 z"# 0 FP"d + 0 ( B ?G
> #H!"#! * 0 < * * * $] + % ?b &9- $, "L %S G A 0+ (%
* #N!"P " - % +0 (S# * ! ,) , (! M & , ($ { + %F(<<= *
0 ( + I T +0 $"#)F "#)A X?* N ,) F#%D - 3! * A + %
?* C<<= + % (JI2$($ A/ + " - + ?* , ($ $%A + %] ,)$%% * ( + -$!L/ ?* $
M' * A/ + % + + >/ F ,) <= I + !/ ""c ?* $! *
%# & ( # + / * !FF -!$DP + & 3%!"!%~D lMX ?*_* 0 * E D,/"#(S!3YuK2 6 6 k
+ %dKS 6 8 I * D) (S 3<"# + 0 ( ?G T[

8!
CCDFs of Served Chunk Size, Requested Chunk Size, and Object Size
0
10
−1
10
Probability[X>x]
−2
10
−3 Served Chunk
10
Requested Chunk
Full Object
−4
10 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10
Chunk Size (KBytes)
0 ( G? o $ h J> ,!% %Q d * ( + ~

.-! , (! !%}%Q d * ( + `
F -! + %I("#"
& F! -$

8

J< %#4:=< #/ < * !"< 02'("<
& F ,! 3NG + ?* <=! * JM "9% ?* MX#"" * !"<n(H( + % + % *
 * PP, - /#"#$%E%# & ( # + $
J< %3< < *5.":=< "#+)+# =' #+7

h!<S ?* ! << +
"R !MX ?* M' & , ?* $)( !( "# -! +
,) !)("% & , ( X% ?b + 5 & F ,) .- <P"" -N -J D , , (! , (# T" -
@<b)F & "#a + % 3 @* / & ! + * ;M + ?* $ & "# + ! $)( !a#@$

3 + " -*
"#
3 !% & + %SMX% ?* ?* a( 0 +0 " + V5 k : F , + * E ?* * + %
+
"" - ( + + * & 0 )( + % {!

+ (S A
/ * + $n + % ?* (3

! + F , ,J + ?* $ (FJ/ !( $!!
* * + - z <b M' + (
+ !% l<b 2%P"" - Ye$, - ?* !]F!! + % [ !$ %
% b? + 3
!( * / + %3
3
- (S? 0 / * $!H * 7M ?* ,) + M * +
?* E , (<S<b K)KU! + !( + %7M + "#)%3 + %|(a(< Z ? -T $/ F!! + %
& + %SMX% ?* ( #"#.-P # + #{"M' - & M! + ! + % K + %!3
3
- ( 0
#{$ + + " - & $"#7M K~Z ? -T $! * ( ( + "#/ ?* ^M & , PF + ! ?* "

#
- + & + %2MX#% * ( + )( & ?* G<= I
+ ! & " + $ ]I $ ,)

+ $, + I ?* %3
) <=)<("# O)( * + - . <= !
* !"#7M !F)( !! ( #"#.-P # + P + & L"R 0 !" - F & ( !% ?* L( . %S m + $%{(<<=
& )( + % + & + %SMX#% * (? 0 @ + % + (
& $ + !( + F ,) * !%! * !F@?&3

')( (K# 8P 8:U%F&M+-F5G:+JF& $'&R(B.0U/(6 Y * +-,. +JV!5$9U%? 5M ?B(:K#%$9%+ OR$2!5# Y* /103254 (/. ! O 87698 * / ;: (
.%$9& P0& F5U%/%$2/W 0 +-. + (!-< $9VU%1 [] 6 ]
6

8k
0 T* (<<= & )( + %S@ 3M *

/ F ,) ?* A<b I
A + ! & F "# + ! ~ *
M * )"# - #
5 !76)8 ! K9W :
#D$"#P
?* #N + " - # * D?* & "# + ! $)( ! a * $%("## ?* F
CF , ?* P%SH + @ ,) 4 ?* N!)""#$ + O! + !( + F & ?* @ , ! +
,)/ ( F * !%S("# +0 < & "##
P + ?* + & 3I
("R !%`JI"#"#7MX$o;4 5)7 8Iq95 8.w8zs3

7
2 v )5)<{w p 1 w 7 1
+< < 5)798 Pw ): 8 qSs8>s :%5)< 5)< 1s7 84s 5
CqQw 8 w:%1 q95
+3/5 8 q95 4 7 1 w v4 7 Pw):
:7w 8IqSs 8 8I9q 5)4 <Dv 5s 7 <5 : Qw 7:%528 4 v 5 4/:Nv4 794 v4 5
# +# ' , ! % ' , '! '%
;
J:.<!%)+#+7#" 023)+#+: #4< *
> 0 %3F * !%S("# +0 <=)"# - * )("%
3 +
3 -! ?* HP,) 0 XMi/ +0
3iMX * )( ,2 +0
+ - F & $ + $X#X + ?*
3<b +
#I ,/"#(Q # + /C] * !%(" +0 <=)"# -
/ + ! * L ,) "
3 #$ MX ?*{*
!! + M l5 k : (S +S0 "#7MX%7M +%$ % m + !%
, ($ $<= +
3D%,#%S!% &9-a?*
3J M)("% , ( {L M ?* J)"
, ($ + ?* N - #
d
*
) $

3 + " - (F!%@ * $%(" +0 <=)"#!$ <?w%1 5 : :7w< qSs< 4 7 + %'& 4 <:)8

( w v 5)& 4 <:)8 5)< 5 * & ( &L 1 #!

3 + " -
3<"# - !%I * $%("# +0 + %A + *
!( + > <Q * M' & ,) M * "# L1 #N(F!% &9- !

, + ++ ( !""RE
3<"##
+
# + @( * AZd( !""R|5 !78 : ! ?* / ?* $d<b)"#$#!
/!3(d * P,/#"# & "#
+ I
A # + ( * /> -$DC F & @
3< 7,<b I
A + !. -
qQw < 8=5 :)8
5 v3s 4 794 7 <?%w 1 5 : :)4 7 4 v 5
* & ! + (%S#!%DF + $ * !76 j K5 !76 W :
0 + " , (S!( +0 -
Y + + ! [H1 * 0 d5 !76 j : < ;,!% ?* 01 / #)<
"
+ ?* + ?* '- #$"#% $ $
3<Q $% 3 + - * $ + $!,/ & "# 0 - $ ?* D
A""
1 + 8 O +-G+JF=3&58?B+ .329. &MX0&M!5+J? &54 &MU,K# (& + :8: P+-X76 Y82=\:9 K<8:/&5$9.0+-F F+J*%U0!(H!$28:#4 &5KJ8F+-& 9 (& */(FM! 8P !5#%+-$2F
&K#%+=.0U%69$2%WB* 869$9KJX ]
6

8
!
3P + ,/"#(dN2$!(<Q + - + % ?* (E"/$
3 +
{(
M' +S0 + % %$"R -|
3
O E5 ! WW : + % K * )" &?i" "O5 k : $,/"(Q $% 10/ +
ce + $$O
_5 ! W)W : (%!% * ,/ # + $%$"R -a
3 + * ! E

, (!( +0 -
3
+ %3! + $"#(%S!% ?* L* >,/ # + !'#L"#7M ?* + < + % < 5 ! W)W : M * #"> + 5 k : *
( ?* J< 7,)$% ?* 10/ "#Fn)( <= I
3 1 +
3J/
! + F"#7MX%7M + * !
e + !F
3 #/ 01 / * & ! + ($!!FFI("" - <<"#!% l + (
& /<<"#P # +
P$( ?'( (d5 : I (
<" + %($!% 01 / + D<Q/ + M' T(F +0 *
$ 0
-$ ?* H ,#!
3CZd !$ + " - K * )" &?i" "4b5 k : < <b)F!% * G(F
01 / + M' & F , !" - +0 + m " -$! ?* N$
F ,2!
/
* #L<S * $%("# +0 * X%)< # +
01 / e$!O
3' * /"#"# +0 $ * ;M$, & 0 + MX ?* #%SP" 01 / , ( $ + 7MX"#$% 0
, (S! F ,2!
3! F
?* +0+ P,/#"# & "X/ *
1 + $ .- <#!"- %7M + "#9/% , (! #>I @<=!! m * ( + a/ ?* DM * )"J & F!
%!F & $%n +n1 ! # + ?G k M'N!("#%a( ?* , (! $% * ( + E.-!NH )( 0 * !

xF ,2!
+ % ?*
3 #iI 1 / F * !%(S"# +S0 + I ( + !" - 0 ( ;?G 8
* 7MX ?* ~ U + " - M'! ! $"R # + & M'$ + , ($ !% * ( + -$_ + % ! ?*
,)$% * ( + _. -!3 ?* !"L ,#$
3 M * *
3<"#! ?* , (! $% * ( + _ -$

A - + '& G 0 %A!
A H/g ,#$
/ * '% !<Q + -& M'$ + ?* , (! !%
+ %a ,)$%n * ( + E. -!$$)("%a$
3<
3#F ?* N<= I
+ $ 1 / 5 !;8)87:
1 $,) "O * #!H ?* + , +
3 + $)("#% * !"< )(2<"# + ?* JMPa!
!"# + o
6

8)8
1 # ! 1 ,! 1 ,!% / , ($ !%

* ( + 1 -! * ( + 1 .-!
1 ,#$
! K)KK)K KS WK /k KS k)k
1 ,!% * ( + 1 -$ K2 WK
k ! f K)K)KK KS k)k 6
/ , (! !% * ( + 1 -$ K2 k)k KS k)k 6 ! fK))K K)K
0 8 + + & +
, ( ( $9 !?G% o* ( + lF $-$"R # $2DC$# M! ,#!
,!% ( .-!` %
* + +
> -
3%( + 0 ? * N
!"# + ! + (2 + ^ % +
+
> J" P% - % #F!(F$% $"# + P + FMX * F , I 0 ,) + %Q E * ( +
& I * , ( $ #>$
<S"# !%c
> " ?* )( 0 * P/ * %S;M + "#9%S +0 < !!FX#'F(<<=)$% ] * , (Q/"c)( 0 ) +S0 & + %
MX#% * &
?* F , & + %2MX#% * & " + $ T"# +0 * {<Q ?*n ?* % $
+ + ! +
/ * D + %S,#%("x%7M + "9%E<=!$%d,/ -
0 ( ?H 8 "#F * ;MXi$
{( * +0 $ !"R # + & M! + F ,)!%E * ( + 3.-!G + %
,#!
3 + %P +0 ?* ,)$% * ( + {.-!i! + & >G, - 0 2%!
I F ,!

3
h$< ?* n/I
3 + + !% %#F !<Q + !#$ & M! + , ($ !% + %V ,)$% * ( +
-$!E + % ?* nMP/ ! $"R # + & M'$ + , ($ !% * ( + .-!_ + % ,#!
3

A - & M *T-V $,/"(Q 10/ <b I
A + ! (S +S0 , ($ $% * ( + F -$_^
* $%("# +0
(a "4g5 !;8 j : * P,)N (%!% ?* & * P,# .-!) & F!%a * $%("#
MX ?* + $!( F & . -!{ + I
A # + + %U$ + $"#(%$% ?* ?* 10/ P + )( <= I
1l0 ,) + + ) ?x$ ,); F & . -!!

A * - 5 !;8)87: * 7M!% * 10/ )( <= I
3
1 M * + E 5K I !;8 + ?* D!D M' & F , * $%("# +0
!
3<Q #F + <( <=)$ * GF * !%(S"# +S0 <b I
A + !I %P" 01 / #i/"#J<
+ !%c * * $F * !%(S"# +S0 <=)"#!!g % + !%J 01 / 1 01 / 11 + % 01 /
6

8j
Mean Response Time under Different Loads

2500
FCFS
PS
SRPT−CS
SRPT−SS
Mean Response Time (Second) 2000
SRPT
1500
1000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Load
0 ( .
?H j oZaP + / !<= + F
I % ?x + F * !%S("# +0 <b"##$#$'( + %S ,/ - +0 "#)%
!F<b$ ,)$" - #! ?* 10/ 1 P + & N% ! " -
3<"##
+ !%EMX * $( + G 2"#
M * #" 1 / 11 M)("#% , ( N + /!!( N$

; 0 < Q$/ '7.:=< 7.') J* #4*

> 0 + "<( <b)F , ($( +0
{("R & (#" L N$,/"#( ?* <= I
+ !Xc% ?b +
<b)"#$#! + !"(% +S0 1 L1 10/ 1 10/ 11 + %E%P" 10/ > "#"xF
{(S"R # +
M' ^% , + &9-~?* 3 , z % , (! { !$! /"#"L * AF
{(S"R # + * , (S!(
P<Q/! .- #H 8 KKS > 3
JF"##$KSfK ! F!$ + %($% I 1 ?'!F#%$)( 7M +
M' 5 ;! 8 j : Mi + PM' Q * < $,#)(S !! * %% !F +010/ <= I
+ $
MX ?* + !$( F & .-!D + I
+
0 ( ?H j30 ,! *
! + !<= + F
D ?* m ,)J * $%("# +0 <=)"#!! * + %"# +0
6

8W
Rejection Rate under Different Loads

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Rejection Rate
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
FCFS
0.2 PS
SRPT−CS
0.1 SRPT−SS
SRPT
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Load
0 (
?G W2o / F! + I % ?b + * $%("# +0 <b)"#$#!( + % ,/ - +0 "#)%
6

8
"#" , (S! I , MX ?*n* { -

"#9%a,/ - +S0 & M'$ + KS ! ! K2 *
%S,/ + 0 !i * ?* ! 1 / & $%a<=)"#!!7,) 1 + % C1 $"#! !<=!$R"" -
M * + ?* A"#9% {!") U & 7,) ! 5 * + ?* l"9% ! W j I + + $
! +
!F<b +
A# ) fK n$! + %( + % L1 + % !78 j 6 6 F!! + %3( + % 1
01 / 1 1 / 1S1 + % 1 / * 7M' ,) * + (
& % )< 6 K k j ! $! + %S
k9) j9 ! F!$ + % + % !78 ! 8 ! F!! + % $<=! ,!" - * #! + m
3)( )(2<b$ +
1 / <= I
+ $
1
3#"R ~M * ! + & E & F ,)!%|I M' & F , U5 !;8)8;: $,) + MX * + " - _MP/
! !"# + & M'$ + , (! $%a * ( + 3F -$ + %A (Q" ,#$
3 10/ 1 * #$,!
! + F#% & "#_ lM)("#% & ~ (2<b$ $%
%( * J +0 $ !"# + & M! + ,)$%U * ( + a -${ + %n ,#$
3 01 / 11
 ,)$% * ( + }. -! (<= + M * # * 1 / 1S1 $"#! + + ;M + ( + "
?* , ($ #J!
3<" $%c K ;M$, * )("#% & ^<=)F & "# < !% e " - !$(
!" - + ] + ?* << 9 * $)("#% & & /!%_ + & * ?* {< !%S# # + ,)$%` * ( + n -$
+ % * 3%7M + "#9/%<=!$% * 3!"# + * 3"R F * 3! ++ ! # + .- <= + % *
+ M %# + ! ?* $"# + ( * {%
+ & /!% * $%(" +0 !)("% & <b + R"" -
<<"#!%~5 !;8)8;:
N!5#/$9&)(*%* +J/.%$O1JO +I(F+?B8:&M!569X $2V!+JF+-&M!5+-.N$9N!5#%+IK-(&5+ OR#/+JF+&5+JFG+-F 628V(.S$9&R6'(FW+-F !5#/( Y 3ROR#%$'K#
$'&%8:F5? (6 PQ8FL(N* 8*%U%6'(F . 2 . &5+JFG+-F ]4 8F+J8HG+-F-3 &5$2/KJ+AC8:D (F5F$9G (69&PQ8F? ( . 8$'&5&58>*/F580K<+=&5&(/.>6'(KP
D/U%F&M!5$9%+=&5&-3H!5#/+ TVU%+-U%+ 62+-%W!#@&5#%F$2P&(D%F5U/*0!569X(OR#%+J@!#%+ 628V(.7.%F58:*/& D,+-628 O Y] B(696%&K#%+-.0U/62$9%W *,8:62$'K<$9+-&
+-GH(69U/(H!+-.430PQ8:F+<1%(?@*/62+:30!5#%+7?@+=("TVU%+JU/+L62+-%W!#>.0F58:*/& !58 (F58:U%/. 8 ]9Y 83OR#%+-"&MX0&M!5+J? 628V(.N$'&38 ] [%] 2 &
K-( D +)&5+J+- $9 $2W:U%F+ / ] 3 S 0-. M ^D/(&5+-. &K#%+-.%U%62$9%W *,8:62$'K<$9+-& &C!$2696 8U0!*,+-FMPQ8:F5?
S (/. . S OR#%+J !5#%+
698:(:. $'&R&5?B(6269+JF !#/( Y 3%(& 698%W (& !#%+JF+L(F+ AC8D/& O ($2!5$9%WB$2N!#%+ITVU%+JU%+ ]
6

86
; ,.'#4$7.<>*6* 37.:=< $7.*
+ "
F ! + $ + MX ?* 10/ * $%(" +0 # * #g<=)F & " >%$ 0)+ + /%S,) ? R/"
M' T"#9% + M * # * 10/ "#P/% n ,/ # + X"R 0 F & $ * # 10/ ! + &

%S & * P,)N( + e/ " - ( + $" - < ,#)( !FP * + Z + ! , ($( +0 -
3
A
MX ?* $
3<Q & "#M' T"#9%S * P,)D * ;M + * i* ,/ # + %S2$ + !$( 5 ! W)W k :
O A5 ! W)W : < 7,! ?* C?* i,/ R + !i=%$"R - 3
'b#%SP" 10/ #C
A/"#"# * + ?*
< + % < M * #"# K * " 4 ?'" 5 k : * 7MX ?* ?* 3
P + "7MX%7M + c%P/"
10/ # (Q/"#" -
""# ?* + * L1 + % 1 .+ ?* @$ + )( F ,
* $%("# +0 MU! + F#% e + $^(S!^NF * !%S("# +0 <b"## -
* $U% b? +
<=! !o3
P + F"#7MX%7M +
F & F ! + , ($ + %E% & ( # +
F $ !% F & F -$
0 ( F?G W_ * 7MX * F $ + !@I ?* m ,)a<b)"#$#!( + % ,/ #)(] - #
"#9%S! ! + & G! + * 10/ (Q"" - $(" > + ?* "7M'$ =F ! # + @ 10/
1 + % 10/ 11 /"# F $ I$M F & ?* + L1 + % 1 ( F{
(S"R # + "#F
%3
+ ?* * %# & ( # + =F ! !% F & F -$H"3
) % + #P/"SI "#"S$,/"#(+
$% * !%(" +0 <b"##$#$!OZd !7,) ( + % ,/ )( -
"#9/% 10/ & F!%{F * !%(S"
+0 <=)"#!! - !"#%l"7M'
! + "#7MX%7M + I "# 0 F & !&5 * + ?* - #
"#9%l M
I + + ! ?* 3
P + F"#7MX%7M + I * )< ! K "R 0 ! F & + ?* - #
/o 7! 8 6 j
Y L1[ 8 j ;! 8 Y 1[ ! KS W k Y 1 / 1S[ S W ! Y 1 / 1S1[ + % W2 WK9WEY 10/ [
# , ! ' , , # %

*^ F,z%l -
3] + ( + {)( { & * ^<=tI
+ $ & "# + !
1 (<#F +0 " - G* $!$,)$%_"# F " F + # + F
?* F!! * $

( + .- * #D<
<b + % ( * #O) (2<"#? # + &T- "#)T +S0 O?* < & "#
%S;M + "#9% , ($ F * !%(S"
+0 * ?/!X%Q N %7M + "9 % , ($ ')(2<=F# + !!% &T- + % ,2%(Q" F,)
6

/j K
Mi3!"#"#$ !%| + %|<bFI

$%V + " - F#@ + %
32%$"# +0 ?* 3Ft,)3M'T"#9/%c M'
01 / & $% * !%(" +0 <b"##$#$M'A<)<=)$% + % * ;M * ! /%S,/ + 0 $ * ( 0 *
?/! z% ,) + F
{("# + $
> + " - F#OQ ,) ?"2 + * + * #!O UF,) , (! " F$,P" ! +
#%S ? & "#
I
3< F;,
3 + + $
+0 , ($ F t,2!
3 M * * M)("% "#
(i<S< 9/ *?* G<= FI
+ !x#%!" 01 / M'<b)F & "#<< 9 * !'I$
A +S0
t,#!
3n + !"(%/oU< $%# +S0 F,)$% %Q ` * ( + . -! & $% + & $ <=)<("#

.- + % , (S! !%` * ( + U. -! + %_< $%# +S0 + FI ? & F!%~ + !"# + .- <=3 + %
.+ + <Q * * ? F# #$!
* > + F! +0 % F! # + igI( ( M3 + } F, z%D * $%("# +0 F"#F
#% + m $%co

?* )( 0 * + " - $/e + !F@#F(!3I@, #(@ * $%("# +0
Vh!$<bA + % 3
<b"##$#$!
V F, ? /!D!)""#$ + &
% x? + * ) + FPF +0 & *a* 0 ! 0 ? < *
#!"g + %E$ + + $ + , # .-
Zd%!" +0 + %aF * !%S("# +0 I>!)<b? ,(<"#)% +S0 / %7M + "9% +0 X
3<"# - !%
+ 5

:

<S"#
3 + +
%$"# +
+ %~$,/"(Q + , #( * $%(" +0 F Mi
+ %a >$,/"#( + + "R 0 z!"# .+ + ! ?& !%$

Nwu CS 05 09

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nwu CS 05 09

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Computer Science Department

Components of a Scalable Distributed Relational Information Service

The scheduling component helps to enhance system performance by minimizing mean

Our next step is to integrate these components into RGIS.

Keywords: Grid Computing, Information Service, Synthetic Grid Generator, Topology,

 "!$#%!'&)(*,+ - +./+01.2#3546(7&987420$:&9#<; #<.2+=&946"!>+.  !1*?"87@+=&)42"! #<8BA4 - #

 "!$#%!'&)(*,+ - +./+01.2#3546(7&987420$:&9#<; #<.2+=&946"!>+.  !1*?"87@+=&)42"! #<8BA4 - #

C ! 42!1*?"87@+ &942!f()#%87A_4 - #(7&98)#<(^46!1*?"87@+=&)42"!f+0 ":1&,&)Y$#D8)#%()":$8 - #%(+!1; (7#<8BA4 - #%( 4 &9Y$46!

 + ;1#<#<1. ` Z"8)+=&9# *?:$. &9  ` +;1A_42(7"8

%  h #<.2+=&9#%; "8                                &

3 4 5$ 6$ 78  :9<; !=  >    *?

&  . ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; *?:1&):$8)# a"8     

C  h  h F #<+():$87#< #<!k&"! #%0 - + - Y$#<(                    hh 2

h % XIKB &)8): - &9:$87#                                %2

1 (' <#    (.2"Z"4 - +.\"8)Z"+!$4<+=&946"!   Y$#(7Y>+ # 42.2.6:$(7&)89+=&)#<(5!$. ` &9Y$# 8)".6# *+

1 % .6:$(7&)#<8\+!$; 8)#  4 <#a+(\+

(B& +8B&946!$Z +=&i *?"8X&9Y$#K.6 a#<(B&

&9Y>+=&f+.6.2(K:$( &) - "!k&98).&)Y$# - "8)87#<.2+=&946"!   Y1#@()46 :$.2+=&946"!$(()Y1  &)Y>+=& &9Y$# ;$#%Z"8)#%#@*

 $Y #c*?".6.242!1Z - Y>+1&)#<8)(;$#<( - 8)460g#%((7#%A"#%89+.S42  "87&9+!k& - " g!$#<!k&9(

Y>+1&)#<8j;1#<( - 8)460g#%(":$8^(742 :1./+=&)42"! (B&9:$; ` !(74<#0>+=()#<; ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z  ".24 - 42#%( 46&)Y46!>+ -

01       

    )6/            4    2 2 

Canned Web Interface SOAP Interface

Time Bounding Oracle 9i Front End

Schema, type hierarchy, indices,

P 46Z":$87#Kh  DIB G )& 8): - &9:$87# 

` g#%;]"0 7# - &9(+8)#46!$()#%87&9#%;@46!'&) &)Y$#

moduleexecs datasources insertids

maclinks id, name, desc

CREATE table hosts (

35#<()46Z"!$46!$Z +!$; #%A=+.6:>+=&946!$Z]Z"8742; 46;$;$.6# +8)# ;1#<+!$;$(K8)#<+.246(7&)4 - a"8'.6k+;$(   Y1# DIB

P 46Z":$8)#  I 8)46; I C 8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)# 

I 78 42; I 42( 46$.6#< #<!k&9#%; +( + ()# :1#<! - #T*

9 ;: >8 &*+X # R %DF7& X )E5 &_*3 +7SG:

3 QS3 *3 B  =6 *3&

   *+ O +7)9 ;: DF3+!:JBDF

5 EDF+3G:J*3 # :B/!:  X   7 & 

f  $*3&  O *+ 

 X    *3  O 37 3 G:5DF+3G:J`DF

   *+ O +7 &81 3f9 ;:J >

  *3

 *3 3 :B73&Q3 *3

  > f  B7

! G: # 7T*+7 ZDF

 d*+c +*+D = DF7

 A   7X `S3=/&X .e ETI 

7T *+7 *+ # :B RX 

fX B*3 # 

 D & f:J*+8 7 &

DB:B 7cd X  &H*3) ZO  * E

+! & -,/.10 2'43SY0&

*3A   *+&;  SG:

U  + 3$  f[ *37

 X J 8TI &

:J*+e  # &8 >

cd e *3c )7+= c8> *+c *+9

 &QTO=   7

TX & Z 73*3&6&*3

 *3 +=_7+ &(c e*3 0 G Z*3&O *3 B 

*3  &&*+ *+X  

*3 # 8 Df 

 cd3) D *3T+ e *3> M

"!$#%!'&)(,+ - +./+01.2#3546(7&987420$:&9#<; #<.2+=&946"!>+. !1?"87@+=&)42"! #<8BA4 - #

"!$#%!'&)(,+ - +./+01.2#3546(7&987420$:&9#<; #<.2+=&946"!>+. !1?"87@+=&)42"! #<8BA4 - #

C ! 42!1?"87@+ &942!f()#%87A_4 - #(7&98)#<(^46!1?"87@+=&)42"!f+0 ":1&,&)Y$#D8)#%()":$8 - #%(+!1; (7#<8BA4 - #%( 4 &9Y$46!

+ ;1#<#<1. ` Z"8)+=&9# *?:$. &9 ` +;1A_42(7"8

% h #<.2+=&9#%; "8 &

3 4 5$ 6$ 78 :9<; != > *?

& . ! - .6:$()46"!$(+!$; *?:1&):$8)# a"8

C h h F #<+():$87#< #<!k&"! #%0 - + - Y$#<( hh 2

h % XIKB &)8): - &9:$87# %2

1 (' <# (.2"Z"4 - +.\"8)Z"+!$4<+=&946"! Y$#(7Y>+ # 42.2.6:$(7&)89+=&)#<(5!$. ` &9Y$# 8)".6# *+

1 % .6:$(7&)#<8\+!$; 8)# 4 <#a+(\+

(B& +8B&946!$Z +=&i *?"8X&9Y$#K.6 a#<(B&

&9Y>+=&f+.6.2(K:$( &) - "!k&98).&)Y$# - "8)87#<.2+=&946"! Y1#@()46 :$.2+=&946"!$(()Y1 &)Y>+=& &9Y$# ;$#%Z"8)#%#@*

$Y #c*?".6.242!1Z - Y>+1&)#<8)(;$#<( - 8)460g#%((7#%A"#%89+.S42 "87&9+!k& - " g!$#<!k&9(

Y>+1&)#<8j;1#<( - 8)460g#%(":$8^(742 :1./+=&)42"! (B&9:$; ` !(74<#0>+=()#<; ( - Y1#<;$:$.642!$Z ".24 - 42#%( 46&)Y46!>+ -

01

)6/ 4 2 2

P 46Z":$87#Kh DIB G )& 8): - &9:$87#

` g#%;]"0 7# - &9(+8)#46!$()#%87&9#%;@46!'&) &)Y$#

35#<()46Z"!$46!$Z +!$; #%A=+.6:>+=&946!$Z]Z"8742; 46;$;$.6# +8)# ;1#<+!$;$(K8)#<+.246(7&)4 - a"8'.6k+;$( Y1# DIB

P 46Z":$8)# I 8)46; I C 8 - Y$4 &9# - &9:18)#

I 78 42; I 42( 46$.6#< #<!k&9#%; +( + ()# :1#<! - #T*

9;: >8&+X # R%DF7& X)E5 &_3 +7SG:

3 QS3 3B =63&

*+O +7)9;: DF3+!:JBDF

5 EDF+3G:J*3 # :B/!: X 7 &

f $3& O +

X *3 O 37 3G:5DF+3G:J`DF

*+O +7 &81 3f9;:J>

*3

3 3 :B73&Q3 3

> f B7

! G: # 7T*+7 ZDF

d+c ++D = DF7

A 7X `S3=/&X.eETI

7T +7 + # :B RX

fXB*3 #

D &f:J*+8 7 &

DB:B 7cd X &H3)ZO E

+! & -,/.10 2'43SY0&

3A +&; SG:

U + 3$ f[ *37

XJ 8TI &

:J*+e # &8>

cde 3c )7+=c8> +c *+9

&QTO= 7

TX & Z 733&6&3

3 +=_7+&(c e30G Z3&O 3 B

3 &&+ *+X

*3 # 8 Df

cd3) D3T+ e3> M

' * 0 cd& D&*3

3 +3 +)

&Xe # :J3e6:BQ&+7A9

53+O) D d+3cd*+& &e # :B X; c/&d'

*3 ) &_

+=8 && *3

] & /T*+

LP TS+*3 /

3& $*3&7X% # X cd = #

LN3&G:J>%f/ 7c 3 R S;

:J3&G:J J+A I

f &/ =$IA*3BR

N7T &

4c d 6')

7cd0d&S&

+ +B)c Of

RS>SLP0TS+*3 RX c c

LN* _ *+ &S&/

+=$3W&+*3XA

*3 cd+ # :BE:73& X

0 :BZe+ # G:J_3 [%*37

+c 7& eR0 U ! +

> D 8

eX

D\ cd3+= # # > ) &Q&3

> 3 &+

" >JU +=d )7

/c + 7c0TI

$# (%'"%$# $ & "+$ '"