Zij I Evqexq C'V - ©

A a¨vq
cÖ
_gAa¨vq
6
Zij I evqexqc`v_© ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
Abykxjbxi msw¶ßÑDËi cÖkœ cÖkœ : 9| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi K‡qKwU
cÖkœ : 1| NbZ¡ Kv‡K e‡j? Nb‡Z¡i gvÎv I eënvi D‡jL Ki|
GKK wbY©q Ki| cÖkœ : 10| †jvnvi GKwU †QvU UzKiv
(iv.†ev. Õ99; wm.†ev. 2005; cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq, wKš‘ †jvnvi
2001) ˆZwi weivU RvnvR cvwb‡Z fv‡m
A_ev , wUKv †jL: NbZ¡| †Kb?
A_ev, Nb‡Z¡i msÁv `vI| (Xv.†ev. 2000 ; Kz.†ev. Õ99)
cÖkœ : 2| Pvc ej‡Z wK eyS? Gi gvÎv cÖkœ : 11| Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ ej‡Z wK eyS?
wbY©q Ki| Pv‡ci GK‡Ki msÁv `vI| (Xv.†ev. Õ99; 2005; Kz.†ev.
(P.†ev. 2006; 2005; Kz.†ev. h.†ev. 2000; iv.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev. 2006;
2004; iv.†ev. Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2000 ; 2003; wm.†ev. 2005)
e.†ev. 2001) cÖkœ : 12| †mvbvi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 19.3
A_ev, Pv‡ci gvÎv mgxKiY †jL| (wm.†ev. ej‡Z wK eyS?
2001; Kz.†ev. 2005) cÖkœ : 13| iƒcvi NbZ¡ 10500 kgm−3 Gi A_©
A_ev, wUKv †jL : Pvc| wK? (ewi.†ev. 2006)
cÖkœ : 3| av°v I Pv‡ci m¤•K© wK? cÖkœ : 14| e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_
(P.†ev. 2006; P. †ev. 2001) Nb‡Z¡i m¤•K© wK?
cÖkœ : 4| Zij c`v‡_©i wfZ‡i †Kvb cÖkœ : 15| Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡q
we›`y‡Z Pvc ej‡Z wK eyS? GB Pvc ZvcgvÎvi ms‡kvab Ki‡Z nq †Kb
†Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| (Kz.†ev. Õ99; Xv.†ev.
cÖkœ : 5| Pvc mÂvjb m¤•wK©Z 2005)
c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ÎwU wee„Z I e¨vL¨v cÖkœ : 16| Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Rvbvi
Ki| (ewi.†ev. wm.†ev. 2006; cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK?
Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. Õ99; Xv.†ev. (Xv.†ev, P.†ev. Õ99; iv.†ev. 2002)
2001) cÖkœ : 17| NbZ¡ I Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i g‡a¨
cÖkœ : 6| ej e„w×KiY bxwZ wK? (Xv.†ev. cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki|
2006; 2002; h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. (P.†ev. h.†ev. 2000 ; e.†ev. 2004;
2002) Õ01; h.†ev. 2002; Xv.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 7| ceZv Kv‡K e‡j? (Kz.†ev. Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK
2006; 2004; P.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. cÖkœ : 1| Zi‡ji wfZ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci
Kz.†ev. 2000 ; iv. †ev. 2005; gvb †ei Ki|
2001; h.†ev, P.†ev, wm.†ev, (Kz.†ev. Õ99 ; iv. †ev. 2001)
ewi.†ev. 02; Xv.†ev. 2003; cÖkœ : 2| †`LvI †h, Zi‡ji DcwiZj †_‡K h
ewi.†ev. 2006; 2004; h.†ev. 2005) MfxiZvq †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc hρg|
cÖkœ : 8| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm †Kvb (wm.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2004;
bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆZwi? Kz.†ev. iv.†ev. Õ99; e.†ev. 2001;
141 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
P.†ev. 2002; Kz.†ev. 2002; e.†ev. fvix GKwU KwVb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K
2006; 2003) ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 3| Pvc mÂvjb m¤•wK©Z cÖkœ : 12| cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges cvwbi
c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ÎwUi cix¶vg ﾁ jK †P‡q nvjKv KwVb c`v‡_©i
cÖgvY `vI| (wm.†ev. 2001) Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡qi c×wZ
A_ev, c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Î wee„Z I cÖgvY Ki| eY©bv Ki|
(h.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev, P.†ev. 2001; (ewi.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2003;
iv.†ev. 2002) Kz.†ev. 2006; 2003)
cÖkœ : 4| Pvc mÂvjb msµvš ﾏ c¨vm‡K‡ji A_ev, GKwU K‡K©i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
m ﾁ‡Îi MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v `vI| wbY©‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki| (iv.
cÖkœ : 5| wewfbœ cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj †ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. 2005; 2001)
wewkó `ywU wmwjÛvi GKwU bj AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi
Øviv mshy³ Av‡Q| †QvU cÖkœ : 1| e¯‘i AvqZb Kv‡K e‡j? cÖgvY Ki
wmwjÛv‡i wbwñ`ªfv‡e jvMv‡bv †h w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨š ﾏ ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z
GKwU wc÷‡b GKwU ej cÖ‡qvM Pv‡ci gvb c„‡ôi †¶Îd‡ji Dci wbf©i
Kiv nj| c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ‡ Îi mvnv‡h¨ K‡i bv| (P.†ev. 2005)
†`LvI †h eo wmwjÛv‡i cÖkœ : 2| †`LvI †h wbw`©ó Zi‡ji Rb¨
wbwñ`ªfv‡e jvMv‡bv wc÷‡b wbw`©ó RvqMvq Pvc MfxiZvi
cÖhy³ e‡ji †P‡q †ewk ej Abyf‚Z mgvbycvwZK| (Kz.†ev. 2005)
n‡e| cÖkœ : 3| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi g ﾁ jbxwZ
cÖkœ : 6| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi eY©bv Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2004)
MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| cÖkœ : 4| †Kvb e¯‘i fvmb I wbg¾‡bi kZ©
(iv.†ev. 2004) e¨vL¨v Ki|
A_ev, eªvgvi †cÖ‡mi MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj cÖkœ : 5| eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m †Kb e¨vL¨v
eY©bv Ki| Ki|
(h.†ev. 2005; Xv.†ev. 2002) cÖkœ : 6| Zij c`v‡_© †Kvb e¯‘ fvmv I
cÖkœ : 7| wPÎ mnKv‡i nvB‡WªvwjK wbgw¾Z nIqvi KviY wK? (ewi.†ev.
†cÖ‡mi Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| 2003; wm.†ev. P.†ev. 2005)
cÖkœ : 8| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi wbg©vY
Kv‡R wKfv‡e c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Î MvwYwZK D`vniYmg ﾁ n
cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| D`v : 1| †Kvb cyKz‡ii ˆ`N©¨ 25 m Ges
cÖkœ : 9| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi hvwš ﾐ K cÖ¯’ 15 m G‡Z 2m Mfxi cvwb _vK‡j,
myweav ej‡Z wK eyS? hvwš ﾐ K cvwbi fi wbY©q Ki|
myweavi GKwU ivwkgvjv D`v : 2| GKwU cv‡Î †K‡ivwmb Av‡Q|
cÖwZcv`b Ki| †K‡ivwm‡bi DcwiZj †_‡K 75 cm
cÖkœ 10| AvwK©wgwW‡mi bxwZ wee„Z Mfx‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb
Ki| Gi mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi GKwU cix¶v wbY©q Ki| †K‡ivwm‡bi NbZ¡ 800
eY©bv Ki| (h.†ev.P.†ev.2000 ; kgm−3. (iv.†ev. 2005)
h.†ev. 2001; wm.†ev. 2002; 2005; D`v : 3| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi †QvU
Kz.†ev. 2001; Xv.†ev. 2004) wc÷‡bi e¨vm 4 cm Ges eo wc÷‡bi
cÖkœ : 11| cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges cvwbi e¨vm 100 cm| 100 N ej †QvU
†P‡q fvix KwVb c`v‡_©i Av‡cw¶K wc÷‡bi Dci wµqv Ki‡j eo wc÷‡b
¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki| KZ ej Abyf‚Z n‡e|
(Xv. †ev. P. †ev.2000 ; m. †ev. D`v : 4| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi 20
Õ98 ; h. †ev. 2006; 2001; cm2 †¶Îd‡ji wc÷‡bi Dci 1000 N IR‡bi
ewi.†ev. 2004; 2002; iv.†ev. GKwU e¯‘ ivL‡j 2 cm2 †¶Îdj wewkó
2003; wm.†ev. 2005) wc÷‡b wK cwigvY ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
A_ev, AvwK©wgwW‡mi m ﾁ Î cÖ‡qvM n‡e? (ewi.†ev. 2006)
K‡i cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq I cvwb A‡c¶v D`v : 5| †mvbvi ˆZwi GKwU gyKz‡Ui
gnvKl© I AwfKl© 142
evZv‡m IRb 41.94 N Ges cvwb‡Z cm2 Ges 100 cm2| wjfv‡ii nvZ‡j 250
39.20 N. gyKz‡Ui Dcv`v‡bi N ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j eo wc÷‡b
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ I NbZ¡ wbY©q Ki| KZ ej cÖhy³ n‡e?
cvwbi NbZ¡ 1000 kgm−3. mgm¨v : 8| GKwU e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb 7N
(iv.†ev. 2003) Ges cvwb‡Z IRb 5N| e¯‘i
Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ †ei Ki| Gi NbZ¡
KZ n‡e? (Kz. †ev. 2006; Õ99;
mgm¨v : 1| GKwU †Pv‡Oi f‚wgi †¶Îdj 0.2 iv. †ev. Õ99 ; Xv. †ev. 2001)
m2 Ges D”PZv 0.5 m| GB mgm¨v : 9| GKwU e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 6
†PvOwU‡K c ﾁ Y© Ki‡Z 80 kg Ges evZv‡m IRb 3.6 N| cvwb‡Z Gi
†K‡ivwm‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| IRb KZ n‡e?
†K‡ivwm‡bi NbZ¡ wbY©q Ki| (h.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2001;
(h.†ev. 2004) P.†ev. Õ99)
mgm¨v : 2| †Kvb ¯’v‡b evqyi Pvc 76 cm mgm¨v : 10|GKwU avZzi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
cvi` ¯ ﾏ ¤¢ Pv‡ci mgvb| cvi‡ì 19 n‡j 25 ml AvqZ‡bi GB avZzi
NbZ¡ 13600 kgm−3 n‡j H ¯’v‡bi cvwb‡Z IRb KZ n‡e?
evqyi Pvc KZ? (Kz.†ev, P.†ev. (P.†ev. 2006; 2000 ; Xv.†ev.
2002) 2006; 2000 ; ewi.†ev. 2005;
mgm¨v : 3| GKwU cyKz‡ii Zj‡`‡k Pvc 2.94 2001; wm.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev.
× 104 ρa n‡j H cyKz‡ii MfxiZv 2004; h.†ev. 2003)
wbY©q Ki| (iv.†ev. 2006;
wm.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. 2005)
mgm¨v : 4| wdwjcvBb `xccy‡Äi A`ﾁ‡i AwZwi³ MvwYwZK mgm¨v
gvwiqvbv †UªÝ mgy`ª c„ô †_‡K mgm¨v : 1| cvwUbv‡gi NbZ¡ 2.14×104 kgm
−3
MfxiZg ¯’vb| Gi MfxiZv 10863m| n‡j 40ml AvqZb wewkó c-
mgy‡`ªi cvwbi NbZ¡ 1025 kgm−3 vwUbvg avZzi cvwb‡Z IRb KZ
n‡j gvwiqvbv †Uª‡Ýi Zj‡`‡k cvwbi n‡e? (h.†ev. 2005)
Pvc KZ? mgm¨v : 2| GKwU avZzi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
mgm¨v : 5| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m 10.5 Ges AvqZb 20. c.c. avZz
†QvU wc÷b I eo wc÷‡bi e¨vm UzKivi cvwb‡Z IRb KZ? (P.†ev.
h_vµ‡g 2 cm Ges 10 cm | hw` 2004)
†QvU wc÷‡b 500 N ej cÖ‡qvM mgm¨v : 3| mgy`ª Z‡ji GKwU ¯’v‡b cvwbi
Kiv nq, Z‡e eo wc÷‡b KZ ej Pvc 1.09 × 108 Pa Ges mgy‡`ªi
co‡e †ei Ki| (Abyiƒc iv.†ev. 2002; cvwbi NbZ¡ 1025 kgm−3 n‡j H
m.†ev. Õ98) ¯’v‡bi MfxiZv KZ? (Xv.†ev.
mgm¨v : 6| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m 2003)
eo wc÷b I †QvU wc÷‡bi e¨v‡mi
AbycvZ 3 : 1. eo wc÷‡b 1800 N ej
†c‡Z n‡j †QvU wc÷‡b KZ ej
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e?
(wm.†ev. 2006; Xv. †ev. 2000;
iv.†ev. 2002)
Abyiƒc : GKwU nvBWªwjK †cÖ‡mi wjfv‡ii
myweav 10. †QvU I eo wc÷‡bi
†¶Îdj h_vµ‡g 5cm2 Ges 125 cm2
wjfv‡ii nvZ‡j 200 N ej cÖ‡qvM
Kiv n‡j eo wc÷‡bi KZ cÖhy³
n‡e? (Xv.†ev. 2004)
mgm¨v : 7| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m
wjfv‡ii hvwš ﾐ K myweav 8| †QvU
wc÷b I eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g 4
Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| NbZ¡ Kv‡K e‡j? Nb‡Z¡i gvÎv I GKK wbY©q Ki| (iv.†ev.
Õ99; wm.†ev. 2005; 2001)
A_ev , wUKv †jL: NbZ¡|
A_ev, Nb‡Z¡i msÁv `vI|
DËi : NbZ¡ (Density) :
NbZ¡ ej‡Z Avgiv †Kvb e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡b c`v‡_©i cwigvY‡K eywS A_©vr GKK
AvqZ‡bi fiB n‡”Q e¯‘i NbZ¡|
msÁv : e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K Zvi Dcv`v‡bi NbZ¡ e‡j| NbZ¡‡K 'ρ' Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
v AvqZ‡bi †Kvb e¯‘i fi m n‡j, NbZ¡ ρ = |
†Kvb e¯‘i NbZ¡ Gi Dcv`vb I ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
ivwk : Nb‡Z¡i †Kej gvb Av‡Q, w`K †bB| ZvB NbZ¡ GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk|
gvÎv : f‡ii gvÎv‡K AvqZ‡bi gvÎv w`‡q fvM w`‡j Nb‡Z¡i gvÎv cvIqv hvq|
NbZ¡ = = = ML−3
∴ [ρ] = [ ML−3 ]
GKK :
Nb‡Z¡i GKK MÖvg/Nb †m.wg.
cÖkœ : 2| Pvc ej‡Z wK eyS? Gi gvÎv wbY©q Ki| Pv‡ci GK‡Ki msÁv `vI|
(P.†ev. 2006; 2005; Kz.†ev. h.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2000 ; e.†ev. 2001)
A_ev, Pv‡ci gvÎv mgxKiY †jL| (wm.†ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2005)
A_ev, wUKv †jL : Pvc|
DËi : Pvc : msÁv : †Kvb c„‡ôi GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ e‡ji
gvb‡K Pvc e‡j| G‡K P Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : A †¶Îd‡ji †Kvb c„‡ôi Dci j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ †gvU e‡ji gvb F n‡j H
c„‡ô Pv‡ci cwigvY
P =
ivwk : Pvc †¯‹jvi ivwk|
gvÎv : e‡ji gvÎv‡K †¶Îd‡ji gvÎv w`‡q fvM Ki‡j Pv‡ci gvÎv cvIqv hvq|
Pvc = =
= =
∴ [ P ] = [ ML T ]
−1 −2
GKK : e‡ji GKK‡K †¶Îd‡ji GKK w`‡q fvM Ki‡j Pv‡ci GKK cvIqv hvq| GB
GKK n‡”Q wbDUb/ eM©wgUvi (1 N/m2) ev 1 Nm−2 | G‡K c¨vm‡Kj e‡j|
∴ 1 c¨vm‡Kj = 1 Nm−2.
Zij I evqexq c`v_© 144
c¨vm‡Kj :
msÁv : 1 m2 †¶Îd‡ji Dci 1N ej j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ n‡j †h Pv‡ci m„wó nq Zv‡K 1
c¨vm‡Kj e‡j| G‡K (Pa) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cÖkœ : 3| av°v I Pv‡ci m¤•K© wK? (P.†ev. 2006; P. †ev. 2001)
DËi : av°v I Pv‡ci m¤•K© : Pv‡ci Rb¨ †Kvb †¶‡Î †gvU †h ej cÖhy³ nq
Zv‡K av°v e‡j|
Pvc =
∴ †gvU ej = Pvc × †¶Îdj
∴ †gvU ej ev av°v,
F = P ×A
†gvU ej ev av°v †¶‡Îi mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e wµqv K‡i| GwUB wb‡Y©q
m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 4| Zij c`v‡_©i wfZ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc ej‡Z wK eyS? GB
Pvc †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
DËi : Zij c`v‡_©i wfZ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc :
Zij c`v‡_©i wfZ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc ej‡Z wVK H we›`yi Pviw`‡K cÖwZ
GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e Abyf‚Z ej‡K eySvq|
P Nb‡Z¡i †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i wfZ‡i h MfxiZvq †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc,
P = hρg GLv‡b g = AwfKl©R Z¡iY
A_©vr, Zi‡ji Af¨š ﾏ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc
= we›`yi MfxiZv × Zi‡ji NbZ¡ × AwfKl©R Z¡iY
Zi‡ji Af¨š ﾏ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc wbæwjwLZ wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i−
1. we›`yi MfxiZv : hZ Mfxi n‡e Pvc ZZ †ewk n‡e|
2. Zi‡ji NbZ¡ (ρ) : NbZ¡ evo‡j Pvc evo‡e|
3. AwfKl©R Z¡iY (g) : †hLv‡b AwfKl©R Z¡iY †ewk †mLv‡b Pvc
†ewk n‡e|
cÖkœ : 5| Pvc mÂvjb m¤•wK©Z c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ÎwU wee„Z I
e¨vL¨v Ki| (ewi.†ev. wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. Õ99; Xv.†ev.
2001)
DËi : c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Î :
cv‡Î Ave× Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †Kvb As‡ki Dci evB‡i †_‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡j †mB Pvc wKQygvÎ bv K‡g Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i mew`‡K mgvbfv‡e
mÂvwjZ nq Ges Zij ev evqexq c`v_© msjMœ cv‡Îi Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e wµqv
K‡i| GwUB Pvc mÂvjb msµvš ﾏ c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Î|
e¨vL¨v :
†MvjvKvi GKwU cvwbc ﾁ Y© Ave× cv‡Î 4wU gyL Av‡Q| GB gyL¸‡jv
wbw”Q`ª wc÷b Øviv AvUKv‡bv Av‡Q| GLb GKwU wc÷‡bi Dci hw` ej
cÖ‡qvM K‡i wfZ‡ii w`‡K †Vjv nq Zvn‡j evwK wc÷b¸‡jv evwn‡ii w`‡K m‡i
hv‡e| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h GKwU wc÷‡bi Dci cÖhy³ Pvc mew`‡K
mÂvwjZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ : 6| ej e„w×KiY bxwZ wK? (Xv.†ev. 2006; 2002; h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev.
2002)
DËi : ej e„w×KiY bxwZ :
Zij c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg As‡ki Dci wc÷b Øviv †Kvb ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Gi e„nËi
wc÷b¸‡jv‡Z †mB e‡ji eû¸Y ej cÖhy³ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡K ej e„w×KiY bxwZ ejv
nq|
cÖkœ : 7| ceZv Kv‡K e‡j? (Kz.†ev. 2006; 2004; P.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev.
2000 ; iv. †ev. 2005; 2001;
h.†ev, P.†ev, wm.†ev, ewi.†ev. 02; Xv.†ev. 2003; ewi.†ev. 2006; 2004; h.†ev. 2005)
DËi : ceZv :
†Kvb e¯‘ m¤• ﾁ Y© ev AvswkKfv‡e †Kvb w¯’i Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©
wbgw¾Z Ki‡j Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i Pv‡ci Rb¨ e¯‘ Dc‡ii w`‡K †h jwä ej
Abyfe K‡i Zv‡K ceZv e‡j|
cÖkœ : 8| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm †Kvb bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆZwi?
DËi : Zij c`v‡_©i Pvc mÂvj‡bi d‡j ej e„w×KiY bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i
nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm ˆZwi Kiv nq| ej e„w×KiY bxwZ wbæiƒc−
=
A_©vr =
GLv‡b eo wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj A2 hZ †ewk n‡e ejI ZZ †ewk Abyf‚Z
n‡e|
cÖkœ : 9| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi K‡qKwU eënvi D‡jL Ki|
DËi : nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi eënvi :
Aí ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i GB h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ cÖPÊ av°vi m„wó Kiv hvq| GwU
wbæwjwLZ Kv‡R eëüZ nq−
1. Pvc w`‡q †QvU Kiv − Kvco, Zzjv, cv‡Ui MuvU|
2. exR †_‡K †Zj wb®‹vkb|
3. Pvgov k³ Kiv|
4. fvix e¯‘‡K ¯’vbvš ﾏ‡ii Rb¨|
cÖkœ : 10| †jvnvi GKwU †QvU UzKiv cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq, wKš‘
†jvnvi ˆZwi weivU RvnvR cvwb‡Z fv‡m †Kb?
DËi : †jvnvi RvnvR cvwb‡Z fv‡m : (Xv.†ev. 2000 ; Kz.†ev. Õ99)
†jvnvi UzKiv cvwb‡Z fv‡m bv KviY †jvnvi LÊ Øviv AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb
†jvnv L‡Êi IR‡bi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| wKš‘ †jvnvi ˆZwi n‡jI RvnvR cvwb‡Z fv‡m
KviY− Rvnv‡Ri wfZiUv duvcv| d‡j RvnvR †h AvqZ‡bi cvwb AcmviY K‡i Zvi
IRb Rvnv‡Ri IR‡bi †P‡q †ewk nq| G‡Z RvnvR cvwb‡Z bvgv‡j cÖ_‡g
Wze‡Z ïi“ K‡i, LvwbKUv Wzevi ci hLb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb Rvnv‡Ri IR‡bi
mgvb nq ZLb RvnvRwU fvm‡Z _v‡K|
cÖkœ : 11| Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ ej‡Z wK eyS? (Xv.†ev. Õ99; 2005; Kz.†ev.
2000; iv.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev. 2006; 2003; wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ :
†Kvb e¯‘i IRb I 4oc ZvcgvÎvi mgAvqZ‡bi cvwbi IR‡bi AbycvZ‡K e¯‘i
Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ e‡j| Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡‡K s w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
ivwkgvjv : †Kvb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡−
S=
=
=
=
=
hw` e¯‘i NbZ¡ ρ Ges 4oC ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ ρw nq Zvn‡j−
S = .................................(i)
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †Kvb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ ej‡Z 4oc ZvcgvÎvi cvwbi
mv‡c‡¶ e¯‘i NbZ¡‡K eySvq| ZvB Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡‡K Av‡cw¶K NbZ¡I ejv nq|
cÖkœ : 12| †mvbvi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 19.3 ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : †mvbvi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 19.3 ej‡Z †evSvq mgAvqZb 4oc cvwb A‡c¶v
†mvbv 19.3 ¸Y fvwi|
cÖkœ : 13| iƒcvi NbZ¡ 10500 kgm−3 Gi A_© wK? (ewi.†ev. 2006)
DËi : iƒcvi NbZ¡ 10500 kgm−3 Gi A_© 1m3 iƒcvi fi 10500 kg.
1 wgUvi `xN©, 1 wgUvi cÖ¯’ Ges 1 wgUvi D”PZvwewkó †Kvb cvÎ iƒcv Øviv
c ﾁ Y© Kiv n‡j †mB iƒcvi fi n‡e 10500 kg.
cÖkœ : 14| e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ Nb‡Z¡i m¤•K© wK?
DËi : Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ : †Kvb e¯‘i IRb I 4oc ZvcgvÎvq mgAvqZ‡bi cvwbi
IR‡bi AbycvZ‡K e¯‘i Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ e‡j|
NbZ¡ : e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K Zvi Dc`v‡bi NbZ¡ e‡j|
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Ges Nb‡Z¡i m¤•K© :
Avgiv Rvwb, †Kvb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡−
S =
=
=
=
=
hw` e¯‘i NbZ¡ ρ Ges 4oC ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ ρw nq Zvn‡j−
S = .................................(i)
(i) bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq−

P = S × ρw
A_©vr e¯‘i NbZ¡ = e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ × 4oc ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡|
GwUB wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 15| Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡q ZvcgvÎvi ms‡kvab Ki‡Z nq
†Kb e¨vL¨v Ki| (Kz.†ev. Õ99; Xv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡q ZvcgvÎvi ms‡kvab :
Avgiv Rvwb, e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ ej‡Z mgAvqZb 4oc ZvcgvÎvq cvwb A‡c¶v
e¯‘wU KZ fvwi Zv eySvq| ZvB Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j e¯‘i IRb‡K
4oc ZvcgvÎvq mgAvqZb cvwbi IRb w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì
cix¶vMv‡i cvwbi ZvcgvÎv mvaviYZ 4oc-G cvIqv hvq bv| cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K
¸i“Z¡ cvIqvi Rb¨ ZvcgvÎvq ms‡kvab Ki‡Z nq|
aiv hvK, †Kvb cix¶vMv‡i cvwbi DòZv θoc Zvn‡j cix¶vjä Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡−
Sθ =
ev, Sθ =
wKš‘ cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
S =
= ×
= Sθ × θo ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
∴ S = Sθ × Pθ
A_©vr, cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ = cix¶vjä Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ × θoc ZvcgvÎvq
cvwbi Avt ¸i“Z¡|
cÖkœ : 16| Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK? (Xv.†ev, P.†ev.
Õ99; iv.†ev. 2002)
DËi : Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv :
1. †Kvb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Rvbv _vK‡j e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wze‡e bv
fvm‡e Zv Rvbv hvq| hw` e¯‘wU cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv nq− Z‡e fvmgvb
Ae¯’vq Gi KZ Ask cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z n‡e ZvI Rvbv hvq|
2. †h‡nZz cÖwZwU c`v‡_©i GwU mywbw`©ó Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Av‡Q
ZvB †Kvb we‡kl e¯‘ †Kvb c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ †_‡K Zv
Rvbv hvq|
3. †Kvb e¯‘ weï× bv †fRvj wgwkÖZ Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ †R‡b Zv wbY©q
Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ : 17| NbZ¡ I Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki| (P.†ev. h.†ev.
2000 ; e.†ev. 2004; Õ01; h.†ev. 2002; Xv.†ev. 2003)
DËi : NbZ¡ I Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
êwkó¨ NbZ¡ Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
1. msÁv 1.e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K 1.†Kvb e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi
NbZ¡ e‡j| Ges 4oC ZvcgvÎvq mgAvqZb
cvwbi f‡ii AbycvZ‡K
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ e‡j|
2. 2.Nb‡Z¡i GKK kgm−3 2.Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i †Kvb GKK
†bB|
GKK
3. 3. e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡‡K 3.e¯‘i NbZ¡‡K cvwbi NbZ¡
cvwbi NbZ¡ w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡j w`‡q fvM w`‡j Gi Avt ¸i“‡Z¡i
cwigvc e¯‘i NbZ¡ cvIqv hvq| gvb cvIqv hvq|
4. 4.NbZ¡ = = 4.Avt ¸i“Z¡ = =
ivwk
5. gvÎv 5.gvÎv mgxKiY [ ML−3 ] 5.gvÎv mgxKiY [ MoLo ]
mgxKiY
6. cÖKvk 6.NbZ¡‡K ρ ev d Øviv 6.Avt ¸i“Z¡‡K S Øviv cÖKvk
cÖKvk Kiv nq| Kiv nq|
7. 7.Gi gvb GK‡Ki c×wZi 7.gvb GK‡Ki c×wZi Dci wbf©i
Dci wbf©i K‡i| K‡i bv|
wbf©ikxj
Zv
Abykxjbxi
iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Zi‡ji wfZ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb †ei Ki| (Kz.†ev. Õ99 ; iv.
†ev. 2001)
DËi : w¯’i Zi‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb :
g ﾁ jZË¡ : Zij c`v‡_©i wfZ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc ej‡Z wVK H we›`yi
Pviw`‡K cÖwZ GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e Abyf‚Z ej‡K eySvq|
†Kvb ¯’v‡bi mKj we›`y‡Z hw` Pvc mgvb bv nq, Zvn‡j H ¯’v‡bi †Kvb
we›`y‡Z Pvc wn‡m‡ei mgq H we›`yi Pviw`‡K AZ¨š ﾏ ¶z`ª GjvKv we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z GB ¶z`ª GjvKvi g‡a¨ Pv‡ci †Kvb ZviZg¨ bv nq| Zvici †mB
¶z`ª GjvKvq j¤^fv‡e wµqviZ ej‡K, Avbylw½K ¶z`ª †¶Îdj w`‡q fvM K‡i H
we›`y‡Z Pvc wn‡me Ki‡Z cvwi|
wb‡P Zij c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci ivwkgvjv cÖwZcv`b Kiv nj−
c×wZ : wP‡Î, GKwU cv‡Î wKQy cwigvY Zij c`v_© Av‡Q| GB Zi‡ji wfZ‡i †h
†Kvb we›`y‡Z Zi‡ji Pv‡ci gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
aiv hvK, cv‡Îi f‚wgi †¶Îdj = A
Zi‡ji NbZ¡ = ρ
Zi‡ji MfxiZv = h
AwfKl©R Z¡iY = g
Pvc = P
Avgiv Rvwb, P =
= [ F = mg]
= [ m = V × ρ]
= [ V = A  h] wPÎ : Zij fwZ© GKwU cvÎ

= hρg
A_©vr Zi‡ji wfZ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z, Pvc = Zi‡ji MfxiZv × Zi‡ji NbZ¡ ×
AwfKl©R Z¡iY|
Dc‡ii mgxKiY †_‡K Zi‡ji wfZ‡i †h †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb †ei Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ : 2| †`LvI †h, Zi‡ji DcwiZj †_‡K h MfxiZvq †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc
hρg|
(wm.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. iv.†ev. Õ99; e.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2002; Kz.†ev.
2002; e.†ev. 2006; 2003)
DËi : 1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Ges 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi GKB|
cÖkœ : 3| Pvc mÂvjb m¤•wK©Z c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ÎwUi cix¶vg ﾁ jK
cÖgvY `vI| (wm.†ev. 2001)
A_ev, c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Î wee„Z I cÖgvY Ki| (h.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev, P.†ev. 2001;
iv.†ev. 2002)
cv‡Î Ave× Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †Kvb As‡ki Dci evwni †_‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM
mÂvwjZ nq Ges Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i msjMœ cv‡Îi Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e wµqv
K‡i| GwUB c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|
m ﾁ ‡Îi cix¶vg ﾁ jK cÖgvY :
†MvjvKvi GKwU cvwbc ﾁ Y© Ave× cvÎ †bB| GB cv‡Î A, B, C, D PviwU gyL
Av‡Q| GB gyL¸‡jv wbw”Q`ª wc÷b Øviv AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| awi, A wc÷‡bi
cÖ¯’‡”Q` 1 GKK Ges B, C, D Gi cÖ¯’‡”Q` 2, 3, 4 GKK K‡i|
GLb, A wc÷‡bi Dci hw` F ej cÖ‡qvM Kwi Ges wfZ‡ii w`‡K †Vwj Zvn‡j B, C,
D wc÷b¸‡jv evB‡ii w`‡K m‡i hv‡e| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, A wc÷‡bi Dci
cÖhy³ Pvc mew`‡K mÂvwjZ n‡”Q|
wPÎ : †MvjvKvi cvwbc ﾁ Y© Ave× cvÎ

GLb B, C I D wc÷b¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì ¯^¯’v‡b a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wc÷b¸‡jvi Dci h_vµ‡g
2F, 3F I 4F ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, wc÷b¸‡jvi Dci †h
Pvc A_©vr cÖwZ GKK †¶Îd‡j †h ej mÂvwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv A wc÷‡bi Dci cÖhy³
e‡ji mgvb| KviY A Gi †¶Îdj GKK aiv n‡q‡Q|
Avevi wc÷b¸‡jvi m‡i hvIqvi AwfgyL j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, mÂvwjZ Pvc
wc÷b¸‡jvi Dci j¤^fv‡e wµqv K‡i‡Q| cvwbi cwie‡Z© evqexq c`v_© wb‡q
cix¶v Ki‡jI GKB dj cvIqv hv‡e|
myZivs ejv hvq, cv‡Î Ave× †Kvb Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
†mB Pvc wKQygvÎ bv K‡g mKj w`‡K mÂvwjZ nq Ges cv‡Îi Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e
wµqv K‡i|
cÖkœ : 4| Pvc mÂvjb msµvš ﾏ c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ‡ Îi MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v
`vI|
DËi : c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ‡Îi MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v :
ej e„w×KiY bxwZ : Zij c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg As‡ki Dci wc÷b Øviv †Kvb ej
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Gi e„nËi wc÷b¸‡jv‡Z †mB e‡ji eû¸Y ej cÖhy³ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡K ej
e„w×KiY bxwZ ejv nq|
awi, C1 I C2 `ywU wmwjÛvi| G‡ì cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g A1 I A2 | wmwjÛvi
`ywU GKwU bj Øviv mshy³ Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wmwjÛv‡i GKwU K‡i wc÷b
wbw”Q`ªfv‡e jvMv‡bv Av‡Q| GLb wmwjÛvi `ywU †h †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©
c ﾁ Y© K‡i hw` †QvU wc÷‡b F1 ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j †QvU wc÷‡b Abyf‚Z
Pvc n‡e |
c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i GB Pvc Zij
c`v_© Øviv mew`‡K mgvbfv‡e
mÂvwjZ n‡e| myZivs eo wc÷‡b
cÖhy³ EaŸ© Pvc n‡e| GB Pv‡ci Rb¨
eo wc÷‡b Abyf‚Z EaŸ©gyLx ej n‡e
× A2 Gi mgvb|
eo wc÷‡b Abyf‚Z EaŸ©gyLx ej F2 n‡j,
F2 = × A2
∴ = wPÎ t
A_©vr, =
Kv‡RB eo wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj hZ †ewk n‡e ejI ZZ †ewk Abyf‚Z n‡e|
cÖkœ : 5| wewfbœ cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj wewkó `ywU wmwjÛvi GKwU
bj Øviv mshy³ Av‡Q| †QvU wmwjÛv‡i wbwñ`ªfv‡e jvMv‡bv GKwU
wc÷‡b GKwU ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nj| c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI †h
eo wmwjÛv‡i wbwñ`ªfv‡e jvMv‡bv wc÷‡b cÖhy³ e‡ji †P‡q †ewk
ej Abyf‚Z n‡e|
cÖkœ : 6| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv
Ki| (iv.†ev. 2004)
A_ev, eªvgvi †cÖ‡mi MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| (h.†ev. 2005;
Xv.†ev. 2002)
DËi : nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm :
Zij c`v‡_©i Pvc mÂvj‡bi d‡j ej e„w×KiY bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i nvB‡WªvwjK
†cÖm ˆZwi Kiv nq| eªvgv bv‡g R‰bK cÖ‡KŠkjx GB h‡š ﾐ i DbœwZ mvab
K‡ib| d‡j G‡K eªvgvi †cÖmI ejv nq|
MVb :
GB h‡š ﾐ GKwU †QvU wmwjÛvi I GKwU eo wmwjÛvi bj Øviv hy³ Av‡Q|
wmwjÛvi `ywUi gy‡L wbwñ`ª wc÷b jvMv‡bv _v‡K| ms‡hvMKvix b‡j
GKwU fvje emv‡bv _v‡K| †QvU wc÷‡bi Zjv †_‡K GKwU bj Zi‡ji U¨vs‡Ki
mv‡_ hy³| GB bj I †QvU wc÷‡bi ms‡hvM¯’‡j Avi GKwU fvje jvMv‡bv _v‡K|
GKwU wjfv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †QvU wc÷b‡K DVvbvgv Kiv‡bv hvq|
eo wc÷b ev e¨v‡mi Dci GKwU cvUvZb i‡q‡Q| †h e¯‘‡K †QvU Ki‡Z n‡e
†mwU GB cvUvZ‡bi Dci
ivLv nq| cvUvZ‡bi Dci k³ †jvnvi cvZ PviwU _v‡gi mvnv‡h¨ k³fv‡e
AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| fvje& `ywU w`‡q Zij c`v_© ïay Dc‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| wecixZ
w`K †_‡K Zij Avm‡Z PvB‡j fvj&e `ywU Avcbv Avcwb eÜ
n‡q hvq|
Kv‡RB nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm cÖavb 3wU As‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ ejv P‡jÑ
1. wmwjÛvi;
2. wjfvi;
3. cvUvZb|
wPÎ : nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm

Kvh©cÖYvwj :
1. wjfv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †QvU wc÷bwU‡K Dc‡i Zzj‡j U¨vsK †_‡K Zij c`v_©
fvje‡K †V‡j bj w`‡q †QvU wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i|
2. GLb †QvU wc÷b‡K wb‡P bvgv‡j †QvU wmwjÛv‡ii wb‡Pi fvjewU eÜ
n‡q hvq Ges ms‡hvM b‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q Zij c`v_© eo wmwjÛv‡ii
fvj‡ei Dci Pvc †`q| d‡j ZvI Ly‡j hvq Ges ms‡hvM b‡ji g‡aï Zij
c`v_© wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i|
3. Gfv‡e evi evi †QvU wc÷bwU‡K DVvbvgv Kiv‡j eo wmwjÛviwU Zi‡j
f‡i hvq Ges †QvU wc÷‡b cÖ`Ë Pvc Zi‡j mÂvwjZ n‡q eo wc÷‡bi Dci
Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i| d‡j eo wc÷b Dc‡i D‡V Av‡m Ges cvUvZ‡bi Dci
ivLv big e¯‘ Pv‡c †QvU n‡q Av‡m|
4. Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi KvR †kl n‡j eo wmwjÛv‡ii Zij c`v_© cvB‡ci mvnv‡h¨
Avevi U¨vs‡K wdwi‡q Avbv nq|
5. wmwjÛvi †_‡K Zij c`v_© U¨vs‡K P‡j †M‡j eo wc÷b wb‡P Av‡m
Ges hš ﾐ Avevi eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq|
cÖkœ : 7| wPÎ mnKv‡i nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv
Ki|
cÖkœ : 8| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi wbg©vY Kv‡R wKfv‡e c¨vm‡K‡ji

m ﾁ Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|
cv‡Î Ave× Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †Kvb As‡ki Dci evB‡i †_‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM
mÂvwjZ nq Ges Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i msjMœ cv‡Îi Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e wµqv
K‡i|
nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi wbg©vY Kv‡R c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ‡Îi cÖ‡qvM :
nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm n‡”Q c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ ‡ Îi eënvwiK cÖ‡qvM| Zij ev
evqexq c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZi As‡ki Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †mB ej wKQygvÎ bv K‡g
eis eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q cv‡Îi Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e wµqv K‡i| GB ej e„w×KiY bxwZi
Dci wfwË K‡i nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
aiv hvK, C1 I C2 `ywU wmwjÛvi| G‡ì cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g A1 I A2|
wmwjÛvi `ywU GKwU bj Øviv mshy³ Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wmwjÛv‡i GKwU K‡i
wc÷b wbwñ`ªfv‡e jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GLb wmwjÛvi `ywU †h †Kvb Zi‡j
c ﾁ Y© K‡i hw` †QvU wc÷‡b F1 ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j †QvU wc÷b
Abyf‚Z Pvc n‡e F1/A1 |
c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i GB Pvc Zij
c`v_© Øviv mew`‡K mÂvwjZ n‡e|
myZivs eo wc÷‡b cÖhy³ DaŸ© Pvc
n‡e| GB Pv‡ci Rb¨ eo wc÷‡b Abyf‚Z
DaŸ©gyLx ej n‡e × A2 Gi mgvb|
eo wc÷‡b Abyf‚Z DaŸ©gyLx ej, F2 n‡j,

F2 = × A2 wPÎ :
∴ =
A_©vr, =
Kv‡RB eo wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj hZ †ewk n‡e ejI ZZ †ewk Abyf‚Z n‡e|
nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mI GiKg `ywU wc÷b eënvi Kiv nq Ges †QvU wc÷‡bi
Dci Aí ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i eo wc÷‡b GB ej‡K ewa©Z Kiv nq| eo wc÷‡bi Dci
†h e¯‘wU‡K †P‡c msKzwPZ Kiv n‡e Zv‡K ivLv nq Ges GB ewa©Z ej w`‡q
†P‡c msKzwPZ Kiv nq|
cÖkœ : 9| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi hvwš ﾐ K myweav ej‡Z wK eyS?
hvwš ﾐ K myweavi GKwU ivwkgvjv cÖwZcv`b Ki|
DËi : nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi hvwš ﾐ K myweav :
nvB‡WªvwjK †cª‡m ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i D³ ej‡K †h cwigvY ewa©Z Kiv hvq
Zv‡K nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi hvwš ﾐ K myweav e‡j|
A_©vr, nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi hvwš ﾐ K myweav ej‡Z Dnvi ewa©Z ej I
cÖhy³ e‡ji AbycvZ‡K eySvq| MvwYwZKfv‡e,
hvwš ﾐ K myweav =
hvwš ﾐ K myweavi ivwkgvjv :
aiv hvK, †QvU I eo wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g A1 I A2 Ges wjfv‡i F ej
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †QvU wc÷‡b F1 ej Abyf‚Z nq|
wjfv‡ii cÖwZeÜK evû I ¶gZvkxj evû h_vµ‡g X I Y n‡j
wjfv‡ii hvwš ﾐ K myweav =
A_©vr wjfv‡ii hvwš ﾐ K myweav =
= ∴ F1 = × F
†QvU wc÷‡b cÖhy³ F1 e‡ji wµqvi d‡j eo wc÷‡b hw` F2 ej wµqv K‡i Z‡e,
=
ev, F2 = × F1
ev, F2 = × ×F
myZivs,
hvwš ﾐ K myweav, (M. A) =
ev, M.A. = wPÎ :
∴ MA = × ×
∴ M.A. = ×
GwUB hvwšK myweavi ivwkgvjv|
cÖkœ 10| AvwK©wgwW‡mi bxwZ wee„Z Ki| Gi mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi
GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
DËi : AvwK©wgwW‡mi bxwZ : (h.†ev.P.†ev.2000 ; h.†ev. 2001; wm.†ev.
2002; 2005; Kz.†ev. 2001; Xv.†ev. 2004)
†Kvb e¯‘‡K †Kvb w¯’i Zij A_ev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤•ﾁ Y©fv‡e
Wzev‡j e¯‘wU wKQy IRb nvivq| GB nviv‡bv IRb e¯‘wU Øviv AcmvwiZ Zij
ev evqexq c`v‡_©i IR‡bi mgvb|
e¨vL¨v : g‡b Kwi, †Kvb KwVb c`v_©‡K Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK
wKsev m¤• ﾁ Y©fv‡e Wzev‡j c`v‡_©i A‡f`¨Zv ag© Abyhvqx c`v_©wU
Zij c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ hZUzKz RvqMv AwaKvi Ki‡e wVK ZZUzKz RvqMv †_‡K
Zij c`v_© AcmvwiZ n‡e| A_©vr c`v_©wUi nviv‡bv IRb c`v_©wUi Øviv
AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IR‡bi mgvb|
AvwK©wgwW‡mi bxwZi cix¶vg ﾁ jK cÖgvY :
Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© wbgw¾Z e¯‘i IRb n«vm †h e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zij
ev evqexq c`v‡_©i IR‡bi mgvb Zv wb‡Pi cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Kiv hvq|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY :
1. GKwU Zij ˆ¯’wZK wbw³|
2. `yBwU wmwjÛvi A I B| A wmwjÛv‡ii
Dc‡ii gyL duvKv I †Lvjv Ges B
wmwjÛviwU wb‡iU| A wmwjÛviwUi
gvc Ggb †hb B wmwjÛviwU Gi gv‡S
e‡m hvq| A_©vr A Gi wfZ‡ii AvqZb B
Gi evB‡ii AvqZ‡bi mgvb|
3. wKQy cvwb I GKwU cvÎ|
Kvh©cÖYvwj :
1. GKwU Zij ˆ¯’wZK wbw³i evg cv‡k
wmwjÛvi `yBwU‡K Szwj‡q Aci cvk
Abyf‚wgK Kiv nj|
2. Gici B wmwjÛviwU m¤• ﾁ Y© cvwb‡Z
Wzev‡bv nj| Gi d‡j wbw³i evg w`K
Dc‡i D‡V hv‡e Ges Wvb w`K wb‡P
†b‡g hv‡e A_©vr evg w`K nvjKv n‡q
hv‡e| wPÎ : AvwK©wgwW‡mi bxwZi cix¶v
3. GLb hw` A wmwjÛviwU‡Z ax‡i ax‡i cvwbc ﾁ Y© Kiv nq Z‡e wbw³i
evgw`K Avevi wb‡P bvg‡Z _vK‡e Ges A wmwjÛviwU m¤• ﾁ Y©
fwZ© n‡q †M‡j wbw³ Avevi Abyf‚wgK n‡q hv‡e|
G‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, B wmwjÛviwU cvwb‡Z Wzev‡bvi d‡j †h IRb
nvwi‡qwQj Zv A wmwjÛv‡ii cvwbi IR‡bi mgvb| wKš‘ B wmwjÛv‡ii evwn‡ii
AvqZb A wmwjÛv‡ii wfZ‡ii AvqZ‡bi mgvb|
myZivs cvwb‡Z Wzev‡j e¯‘i IRb †h cwigvY K‡g Zv cvwb‡Z Wzev‡bv e¯‘i
mgAvqZb cvwbi IR‡bi mgvb|
A_©vr, AvwK©wgwW‡mi m ﾁ ÎwU cÖgvwYZ nj|
cÖkœ : 11| cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges cvwbi †P‡q fvix KwVb c`v‡_©i
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
(Xv. †ev. P. †ev.2000 ; m. †ev. Õ98 ; h. †ev. 2006; 2001; ewi.†ev. 2004; 2002; iv.†ev.
2003; wm.†ev. 2005)
A_ev, AvwK©wgwW‡mi m ﾁ Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq I cvwb
A‡c¶v fvix GKwU KwVb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡qi c×wZ
eY©bv Ki| (m. †ev. Õ98)
DËi : cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges cvwbi †P‡q fvix KwVb c`v‡_©i
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©q :
ZË¡ : Avgiv Rvwb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ ej‡Z mgAvqZb 4oC ZvcgvÎvi cvwb
A‡c¶v e¯‘wU KZ fvix Zv eySvq| ZvB Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j e¯‘i
IRb‡K 4oC ZvcgvÎvi mgAvqZb cvwbi IRb w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì
cix¶vMv‡i cvwbi ZvcgvÎv mvaviYZ 4oC-G cvIqv hvq bv| cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶Z
¸i“Z¡ cvIqvi Rb¨ ZvcgvÎvi ms‡kvab Ki‡Z nq|
aiv hvK, †Kvb cix¶vMv‡i cvwbi DòZv θoC Zvn‡j cix¶vjä Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡,
Sθ =
wKš‘ cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶Z ¸i“Z¡,
S =
= ×
= Sθ × θoC ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
∴ S = Sθ × Pθ
A_©vr, cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ = cix¶vjä Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ × θoC ZvcgvÎvq
cvwbi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡|
1. GKwU Zij ˆ¯’wZK wbw³ I IRb ev·|
2. myZv Ges Kv‡Vi wcuwo|
3. cvwb fwZ© weKvi|
4. cix¶Yxq e¯‘ LÊ|
5. _v‡g©vwgUvi|
Kvh©cÖYvwj : wPÎ
:
1. GKwU Zij ˆ¯’wZK wbw³i
mvnv‡h¨ cÖ_‡g evZv‡m e¯‘i
IRb †bIqv nq|
2. Gici e¯‘wU‡K GKwU nvjKv myZvi mvnv‡h¨ wbw³i evg cÖv‡š ﾏ i
AvsUv †_‡K Szjv‡bv nq|
3. Szjv‡bv e¯‘wU‡K Kv‡Vi wcuwoi Dci ¯’vwcZ weKv‡ii g‡a¨ ivLv
cvwb‡Z m¤•ﾁ Y© Wzwe‡q IRb †bIqv nq| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb wbw³i
cvjv wcuwoi Mv‡q Ges e¯‘wU weKv‡ii †`qv‡j †j‡M bv _v‡K|
4. GKwU _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cix¶vMv‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbY©q
Kiv nq|
wPÎ : GKwU Zij ˆ¯’wZK wbw³

wnmve :
aiv hvK, e¯‘wUi evZv‡m IRb = w
e¯‘wUi cvwb‡Z IRb = w1
∴ AvwK©wgwW‡mi m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i,
e¯‘i mgAvqZb cvwbi IRb = e¯‘i cvwb‡Z nviv‡bv IRb
= e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb − e¯‘i cvwb‡Z IRb
= w − w1
myZivs, AvcvZ Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
Sθ =
ev, Sθ =
GLb cix¶vMv‡ii ZvcgvÎv θoC Ges H ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Pθ
n‡j, cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡,
S = Sθ × Pθ
= × Pθ
cÖkœ : 12| cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv KwVb c`v‡_©i
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
(ewi.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2003; Kz.†ev. 2006; 2003)
A_ev, GKwU K‡K©i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡qi c×wZ eY©bv Ki| (iv.
†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. 2005; 2001)
DËi : cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv KwVb c`v‡_©i
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©q :
ZË¡ : Avgiv Rvwb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ ej‡Z mgAvqZb 4oC ZvcgvÎvq cvwb
A‡c¶v e¯‘wU KZ fvix Zv eySvq| ZvB Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j e¯‘i
IRb‡K 4oC ZvcgvÎvq mgAvqZb cvwbi IRb w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì
cix¶vMv‡i cvwbi ZvcgvÎv mvaviYZ 4oC-G cvIqv hvq bv| cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K
¸i“Z¡ cvIqvi Rb¨ ZvcgvÎvq ms‡kvab Ki‡Z nq|
aiv hvK, †Kvb cix¶vMv‡i cvwbi DòZv θoC Zvn‡j cix¶vjä Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
Sθ =
wKš‘ cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
S =
= ×
= Sθ × θoC ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
∴ S = Sθ × Pθ
A_©vr, cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ = cix¶vjä Avt ¸i“Z¡ × θoc ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi
Avt ¸i“Z¡|
1. GKwU Zij ˆ¯’wZK wbw³ I IRb ev·|
2. myZv Ges Kv‡Vi wcuwo|
3. cvwb fwZ© weKvi|
4. cix¶Yxq e¯‘ LÊ|
5. _v‡g©vwgUvi|
6. wbg¾K : cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv e¯‘‡K (†gvg, KvV, KK© BZ¨vw`)
¯^vfvweKfv‡e cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q IRb †bIqv m¤¢e bq e‡j nvjKv
e¯‘wU‡K GKwU fvix e¯‘i mv‡_ †eu‡a cvwb‡Z Wzev‡Z nq| GB fvix
e¯‘wU‡K wbg¾K e‡j|
Kvh©cÖYvwj :
1. cÖ_‡g e¯‘wU‡K myZvi mvnv‡h¨ wbw³i evg cÖv‡š ﾏ i ûK †_‡K
Szwj‡q IRb †bIqv nq|
2. Gici myZvi mvnv‡h¨ e¯‘ Ges wbg¾K‡K Ggbfv‡e IRb †bIqv nq †hb
e¯‘ evZv‡m Ges wbg¾KwU Kv‡Vi wcuwoi Dci ¯’vwcZ weKv‡ii g‡a¨
ivLv cvwb‡Z m¤• ﾁ Y© Wz‡e _v‡K (wPÎ- K)| †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb
wbw³i cvjv wcuwoi Mv‡q Ges wbg¾KwU weKv‡ii Mv‡q bv jv‡M|
3. GLb e¯‘wU wbg¾‡Ki mv‡_ †eu‡a Df‡qi GK‡Î cvwb‡Z IRb †bIqv nq|
(wPÎ- L)|
wPÎ - K wPÎ - L
wnmve :
aiv hvK, e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb = w
e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb + wbg¾K cvwb‡Z IRb = w1

e¯‘i cvwb‡Z IRb + wbg¾K cvwb‡Z IRb = w2
∴ e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb − e¯‘i cvwb‡Z IRb = (w1 − w2)
AvwK©wgwW‡mi m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i,
e¯‘i mgAvqZb cvwbi IRb = e¯‘i nviv‡bv IRb
= e¯‘i IRb − e¯‘i cvwb‡Z IRb
= w1 − w2
e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡,
Sθ =
∴ Sθ =
cix¶vMvi ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Pθ n‡j cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡,
S = Sθ × Pθ
= × Pθ
Dc‡ii ivwk¸‡jvi gvb Rvbv _vK‡j mn‡RB e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©q Kiv
hvq|
AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| e¯‘i AvqZb Kv‡K e‡j? cÖgvY Ki †h w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨š ﾏ ‡ i
†Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb c„‡ôi †¶Îd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| (P.†ev.
2005)
DËi : AvqZb : †Kvb e¯‘ †h RvqMv `Lj K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K AvqZb e‡j|
MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v : e¯‘i fi I Nb‡Z¡i AbycvZB Gi AvqZb| e¯‘i fi m, NbZ¡ ρ
Ges AvqZb v n‡j
GKK : AvqZ‡bi GKK m3

w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨š‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc :
Zij c`v‡_©i Af¨š‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc ej‡Z H we›`yi Pvwiw`‡K cÖwZ
GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e Abyf‚Z ej‡K eySvq| †Kvb ¯’v‡bi mKj we›`y‡Z
hw` Pvc mgvb bv nq Zvn‡j H ¯’v‡bi †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc wnmv‡ei mgq H
we›`yi Pvwiw`‡K AZ¨š ﾏ ¶z`ª GjvKv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z Avgiv a‡i
wb‡Z cvwi GB ¶z`ª GjvKvi g‡a¨ Pv‡ci †Kvb ZviZg¨ †bB| AZci GB ¶z`ª
GjvKvi Dci j¤^fv‡e wµqviZ ej‡K Avbylvw½K ¶z`ª †¶Îdj w`‡q fvM K‡i H
we›`yi Pvc wnmve Kiv hvq|
wnmve : g‡b Kwi, GKwU cv‡Î wKQy cwigvY Zij c`v_© i‡q‡Q
cv‡Îi f‚wgi †¶Îdj = A
Zi‡ji NbZ¡ = P
Zi‡ji MfxiZv = h
AwfKl©R Z¡iY = g
Zi‡ji fi = m
wPÎ : GUg 136 c„ôv
A †¶‡Îd‡ji Dci Zij KZ…©K cÖhy³ ej = F
Avgiv Rvwb Pvc,
A †¶Îd‡ji Dci cÖhy³ ej = Zi‡ji IRb
A_©vr F =w
∴ P =
ev P = ; [w = mg]
ev P = ; [m = Vρ]
ev P = ; [V = A × h]
∴ P = hρg
AZGe, w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨š‡i Pvc wbY©‡qi mgxKi‡Y cv‡Îi f‚wgi †¶Îdj A
Abycw¯’Z| myZivs Pvc Zi‡ji cv‡Îi f‚wgi †¶Îd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| f‚wgi
†¶Îdj hZ eo ev hZ †QvU nDK wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb GKB n‡e|
cÖkœ : 2| †`LvI †h wbw`©ó Zi‡ji Rb¨ wbw`©ó RvqMvq Pvc
MfxiZvi mgvbycvwZK| (Kz.†ev. 2005)
DËi : Zij c`v‡_©i Af¨š ﾏ ‡ i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc ej‡Z H we›`yi Pvwiw`‡K
cÖwZ GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e Abyf‚Z ej‡K eySvq| †Kvb ¯’v‡bi mKj
we›`y‡Z hw` Pvc mgvb bv nq Zvn‡j H ¯’v‡bi †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc wnmv‡ei
mgq H we›`yi Pvwiw`‡K AZ¨š ﾏ ¶z`ª GjvKv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z
Avgiv a‡i wb‡Z cvwi GB ¶z`ª GjvKvi g‡a¨ Pv‡ci †Kvb ZviZg¨ †bB| AZci
GB ¶z`ª GjvKvi Dci j¤^fv‡e wµqviZ ej‡K Avbylvw½K ¶z`ª †¶Îdj w`‡q fvM
K‡i H we›`yi Pvc wnmve Kiv hvq|
wnmve : g‡b Kwi, GKwU cv‡Î wKQy cwigvY Zij c`v_© i‡q‡Q
cv‡Îi f‚wgi †¶Îdj = A
Zi‡ji NbZ¡ = P
Zi‡ji MfxiZv = h
AwfKl©R Z¡iY = g
Zi‡ji fi = m
wPÎ : GUg 136 c„ôv
A †¶‡Îd‡ji Dci Zij KZ…©K cÖhy³ ej = F
Avgiv Rvwb Pvc,
A †¶Îd‡ji Dci cÖhy³ ej = Zi‡ji IRb
A_©vr F =w
∴ P =
ev P = ; [w = mg]
ev P = ; [m = Vρ]
ev P = ; [V = A × h]
∴ P = hρg .......................(1)
AZGe, w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨š‡i Pvc wbY©‡qi mgxKi‡Y cv‡Îi f‚wgi †¶Îdj A
Abycw¯’Z| myZivs Pvc Zi‡ji cv‡Îi f‚wgi †¶Îd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| f‚wgi
†¶Îdj hZ eo ev hZ †QvU nDK wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb GKB n‡e|
P = hρg........(1) bs mgxKiY n‡Z †`Lv hvq wbw`©ó Zi‡ji †¶‡Î Gi NbZ¡ P Gi
gvb aª“eK Ges wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b AwfKl©R Z¡iY Gi gvb aª“eK| wKš‘ h
cwieZ©bkxj|
∴ P = aª“eK × h
P∝h
cÖkœ : 3| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi g ﾁ jbxwZ eY©bv Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2004)

DËi : Zij c`v‡_©i Pvc mÂvj‡bi d‡j ej e„w×KiY bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i
nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm ˆZwi Kiv nq| bxwZwU wbæiƒ‡c wee„Z Kiv hvq :
ej e„w×KiY bxwZ : Zij c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg As‡ki Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j
Gi e„nËg As‡ki Dci †mB e‡ji eû¸Y ej cÖhy³ n‡Z cv‡i| GwU c¨vm‡K‡ji ej
e„w×KiY bxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
eY©bv : g‡b Kwi,
C1 I C2 `ywU wmwjÛvi| G‡ì cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì
†¶Îdj h_vµ‡g A1 I A2 | wmwjÛvi `ywU GKwU
bj Øviv mshy³ Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wmwjÛv‡i
GKwU K‡i wbwñ`ª wc÷b jvMv‡bv i‡q‡Q|
GUg 138 c„ôv
GKwU wc÷b Ly‡j wmwjÛv‡i wKQy
cwigvY Zij c`v_© wc÷bwUi h_v¯’v‡b
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq Ges †QvU wc÷‡b F1 gv‡bi
ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j eo wc÷‡b F2 gv‡bi ej
Abyf‚Z nq| wPÎ : nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi
g ﾁ jbxwZ|
∴ †QvU wc÷‡b cÖhy³ Pv‡ci cwigvY
c¨vm‡K‡ji m ﾁ Î g‡Z GB Pvc Zij c`v_© Øviv mew`‡K mÂvwjZ n‡e|
myZivs eo wc÷‡b Abyf‚Z DaŸ©Pvc n‡e | GB Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y eo wc÷‡b
Abyf‚Z DaŸ©gyLx ej, F2 = × A2
∴=
A_©vr =
Kv‡RB eo wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì †¶Îdj hZ †ewk n‡e, Abyf‚Z e‡ji cwigvY
ZZ †ewk n‡e| GB bxwZ‡Z nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm KvR K‡i|
cÖkœ : 4| †Kvb e¯‘i fvmb I wbg¾‡bi kZ© e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : g‡b Kwi, evZv‡m GKwU e¯‘i IRb w hv wbæ w`‡K wµqv K‡i| G‡K
†Kvb Zi‡j wbgw¾Z Ki‡j e¯‘i Dci DaŸ©gyLx Zi‡ji ceZv e‡ji gvb nq w1 GLb−
w > w1 n‡j, e¯‘wU Zij c`v‡_© Wz‡e hv‡e|
w < w1 n‡j, e¯‘wUi

Zij c`v‡_© AvswkK fv‡e fvmgvb _vK‡e|
w = w1 n‡j, e¯‘wU
Zij c`v‡_©i wfZi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b m¤•ﾁ Y© wbgw¾Z
Ae¯’vq fvmgvb _vK‡e|
cÖkœ : 5| eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : e¨vL¨v : eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m :
Avgiv Rvwb, †Kvb GKwU fvmgvb e¯‘ IRb, e¯‘ KZ…©K AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji
IR‡bi mgvb| hLb †Kvb wbw`©ó f‡ii cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ nq, ZLb Gi AvqZb
e„w× cvq| d‡j ei‡di NbZ¡ cvwbi NbZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg nq| d‡j eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
†`Lv †M‡Q †h 4oc ZvcgvÎvq 11 GKK AvqZ‡bi cvwb Ooc ZvcgvÎvq 12 GKK
AvqZ‡bi ei‡d cwiYZ nq| myZivs ei‡di fi GKB _v‡K| †Kej AvqZb e„w×
cvIqvi d‡j ei‡di NbZ¡ cvwbi NbZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg nq| G Ae¯’vq ei‡di UzKivwU
Ask cvwbi Dc‡i †i‡L fvm‡e|
cÖkœ : 6|Zij c`v‡_© †Kvb e¯‘ fvmv I wbgw¾Z nIqvi KviY wK?
(ewi.†ev. 2003; wm.†ev. P.†ev. 2005)
DËi : e¯‘i fvmv I wbg¾‡bi KviY :
†Kvb e¯‘‡K hLb †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©
Wzev‡bv nq ZLb H e¯‘wUi Dci `ywU ej
wµqvkxj nq| e¯‘wUi IRb W mivmwi
wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv K‡i Ges Zij c`v‡_©i
PvcRwbZ jwä ej W1 Dc‡ii w`‡K wµqv K‡i
(wPÎ)| `ywU ej GKB mij‡iLv eivei
wecixZ w`‡K wµqv Kivq e¯‘wU Zij
c`v‡_© Wze‡e bv fvm‡e Zv GB ej
`ywUi Dci wbf©i Ki‡e| GLv‡b wZb ai‡bi
NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i :
1. W > W1 n‡j A_©vr e¯‘i IRb e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zij c`v‡_©i IR‡bi †P‡q
†ewk n‡j e¯‘wU Zi‡j Wz‡e hv‡e| G‡¶‡Î e¯‘i NbZ¡ Zi‡ji Nb‡Z¡i †P‡q
†ewk|
2. W < W1 n‡j A_©vr e¯‘i IR‡bi †P‡q e¯‘wU Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb
†ewk n‡j e¯‘wU H Zi‡j †f‡m _vK‡e| G‡¶‡Î Zi‡ji NbZ¡ e¯‘i Nb‡Z¡i
†P‡q †ewk|
3. W = W1 n‡j A_©vr e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zij c`v‡_©i IRb e¯‘i IR‡bi mgvb
n‡j e¯‘wU H Zi‡j m¤•ﾁ Y© wbgw¾Z Ae¯’vq fvm‡e| G‡¶‡Î e¯‘i NbZ¡
Zi‡ji Nb‡Z¡i mgvb nq|
MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj I
mgvavb
◆ hv Rvbv ìKvi :
1. e¯‘i AvqZb, v = r2h

2. e¯‘i NbZ¡, ρ=
3. cÖhy³ Pvc, p = h ρg GLv‡b, h = D”PZv
ρ = NbZ¡
g = AwfKl©Rv Z¡iY
4. †¶Îdj cwigv‡c, =; GLv‡b, F1 = †QvU wc÷‡b
ej
eo wc÷‡b ej
F2 =
†QvU wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj
A1 =
eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj
A2 =
5. e¯‘i †¶Îdj A= r 2
= GLv‡b, r = e¨vm
d = e¨vmva©
A = †¶Îdj
6. e¯‘wUi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡, Sθ = ; GLv‡b, w = e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb
w1 = e¯‘i cvwb‡Z IRb
7. e¯‘i NbZ¡, P = Sθ × Pθ ; GLv‡b, Sθ = e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
Pθ = cvwbi Av. ¸i“Z¡
MvwYwZK
D`vniYmg
n
D`v : 1| †Kvb cyKz‡ii ˆ`N©¨ 25 m Ges cÖ¯’ 15 m G‡Z 2m Mfxi cvwb
_vK‡j, cvwbi fi wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
ρ = cvwbi AvqZb, v = 25 m ×
∴ m = ρ × v 15 m × 2 m
= 1000 kgm−3 × 750 m3 = 750m3
cvwbi NbZ¡ ρ = 1000 kgm−3
cvwbi fi, m = ?
= 750000 kg
= 7.5 × 105 kg
DËi : 7.5 × 105 kg.
D`v : 2| GKwU cv‡Î †K‡ivwmb Av‡Q| †K‡ivwm‡bi DcwiZj †_‡K 75 cm
Mfx‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb wbY©q Ki| †K‡ivwm‡bi NbZ¡ 800 kgm−
3
. (iv.†ev. 2005)
mgvavb:
Pvc, p = hρg Zi‡ji MfxiZv, h = 75 cm
= 0.75m × 800 kgm−3 × 9.8 ms−2 = 0.75 m
= 5880 pa Zi‡ji NbZ¡ ρ = 800 kgm−3

DËi : 5880 pa. AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 ms−2
Pvc p = ?
D`v : 3| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi †QvU wc÷‡bi e¨vm 4 cm Ges

eo wc÷‡bi e¨vm 100 cm| 100 N ej †QvU wc÷‡bi Dci wµqv Ki‡j eo
wc÷‡b KZ ej Abyf‚Z n‡e|
mgvavb:
†QvU I eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g A1 I GLv‡b,
A2 n‡j− †QvU wc÷‡bi e¨vm, d1
Avgiv Rvwb, = 5 cm
= =
eo wc÷‡bi e¨vm, d2 =
100 cm
†QvU wc÷‡b ej, F1 = 100 N
eo wc÷‡b ej, F2 = ?
∴ F2 = F1 ×
= 100 N ×
= 40000 N
= 4 × 104 N
DËi : 4 × 104 N.
D`v : 4| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi 20 cm2 †¶Îd‡ji wc÷‡bi Dci 1000 N
IR‡bi GKwU e¯‘ ivL‡j 2 cm2 †¶Îdj wewkó wc÷‡b wK cwigvY ej
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e? (ewi.†ev. 2006)
mgvavb:
= †QvU wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj, A1
∴ F1 = F2 × 2
= 2 cm
= 1000 N ×
eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj, A2 =
20 cm2
eo wc÷‡b IRb, F2 = 100 N
†QvU wc÷‡b ej, F1 = ?
= 100 N
DËi : 100 N.
D`v : 5| †mvbvi ˆZwi GKwU gyKz‡Ui evZv‡m IRb 41.94 N Ges
cvwb‡Z 39.20 N. gyKz‡Ui Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ I NbZ¡ wbY©q Ki|
cvwbi NbZ¡ 1000 kgm−3. (iv.†ev. 2003)
mgvavb:
S = gyKz‡Ui evZv‡m IRb, w

= = 41.94 N
= =15.3065
gyKz‡Ui cvwb‡Z IRb, w1
= 39.20 N
gyKz‡Ui Dcv`v‡bi Av. ¸i“Z¡
S = ?
cvwbi NbZ¡, ρw = 1000 Kgm−3
gyKz‡Ui NbZ¡, ρ = ?
Avevi NbZ¡
ρ s × ρw
=
15.3065 × 1000 kgm−3
=
15306.5 kgm−3
=
DËi : Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 15.3 Ges NbZ¡ 15306.5 kgm−3
Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| GKwU †Pv‡Oi f‚wgi †¶Îdj 0.2 m2 Ges D”PZv 0.5 m| GB
†PvOwU‡K c ﾁ Y© Ki‡Z 80 kg †K‡ivwm‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †K‡ivwm‡bi
NbZ¡ wbY©q Ki| (h.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, e¯‘i NbZ¡, ρ = GLv‡b,
= †Pv‡Oi AvqZb, v = r2 h
= 0.2m2 × 0.5m
−3
= 800 kgm = 0.1 m3
DËi : NbZ¡ 800 kgm . −3
†¶Îdj, r2 = 0.2m2
D”PZv h = 0.5m
†Pv‡Oi fi, m = 80 kg
NbZ¡, ρ = ?
mgm¨v : 2| †Kvb ¯’v‡b evqyi Pvc 76 cm cvi` ¯ ﾏ ¤¢ Pv‡ci mgvb|
cvi‡ì NbZ¡ 13600 kgm−3 n‡j H ¯’v‡bi evqyi Pvc KZ?
(Kz.†ev, P.†ev. 2002)
mgvavb:
P = hPg cvi` ¯ﾏ‡¤¢i D”PZv, h =
= 0.76 m ×13600 kgm−3 × 9.8ms−2 76 cm
= 101292 Pa
= 0.76 m
= 1.01 × 105 Pa
cvi‡ì NbZ¡, ρ = 13600 kgm−3
DËi : evqyi Pvc 1.01 × 105 Pa. AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 ms−
2
Pvc, P = ?
mgm¨v : 3| GKwU cyKz‡ii Zj‡`‡k Pvc 2.94 × 104 ρa n‡j H cyKz‡ii

MfxiZv wbY©q Ki|
(iv.†ev. 2006; wm.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. 2005)
mgvavb:
p = hρg Pvc, p = 2.94 × 104 ρa
ev, h = AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 ms−
= =3m 2
cvwbi NbZ¡ ρ = 1000 kgm−3

cyKz‡ii MfxiZv, h = ?
DËi : cyKz‡ii MfxiZv = 3 m.
mgm¨v : 4| wdwjcvBb `xccy‡Äi A` ﾁ ‡ i gvwiqvbv †Uª› mgy`ª c„ô
†_‡K MfxiZg ¯’vb| Gi MfxiZv 10863m| mgy‡`ªi cvwbi NbZ¡ 1025 kgm−3 n‡j
gvwiqvbv †Uª‡›i Zj‡`‡k cvwbi Pvc KZ?
mgvavb:
P = hρg MfxiZv, h = 10863 m
= 10863 m × 1025 kgm−3 × 9.8 ms−2 NbZ¡, ρ = 1025 kgm−3
= 109118835
AwfKl©R Z¡iY, = 9.8
= 1.09 × 108 Pa ms −2
Pvc, p = ?
DËi : †Uª‡Ýi Zj‡`‡ki Pvc = 1.09 × 10 Pa. 8
mgm¨v : 5| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m †QvU wc÷b I eo wc÷‡bi

e¨vm h_vµ‡g 2 cm Ges 10 cm | hw` †QvU wc÷‡b 500 N ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq, Z‡e eo wc÷‡b KZ ej co‡e †ei Ki| (Abyiƒc iv.†ev. 2002; m.†ev. Õ98)
mgvavb:
†PvU I eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g A1 I GLv‡b,
A2 n‡j, †QvU wc÷‡bi e¨vm, d1 =
Avgiv Rvwb, 2 cm
= eo wc÷‡bi e¨vm, d2 = 10
= cm
†QvU wc÷‡bi ej, F1 = 500 N
eo wc÷‡bi ej, F2 = ?
∴ F2 = F1 ×
= 500 N ×
= 12500 N
DËi : eo wc÷‡bi ej 12500 N.
mgm¨v : 6| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m eo wc÷b I †QvU wc÷‡bi

e¨v‡mi AbycvZ 3 : 1. eo wc÷‡b 1800 N ej †c‡Z n‡j †QvU wc÷‡b KZ ej
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e? (wm.†ev. 2006; Xv. †ev. 2000; iv.†ev. 2002)
Abyiƒc : GKwU nvBWªwjK †cÖ‡mi wjfv‡ii myweav 10. †QvU I eo
wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g 5cm2 Ges 125 cm2 wjfv‡ii nvZ‡j 200 N ej cÖ‡qvM
Kiv n‡j eo wc÷‡bi KZ cÖhy³ n‡e? (Xv.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb: †QvU I eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îcj h_vµ‡g A1 I A2 n‡jÑ
Avgiv Rvwb, = GLv‡b,
ev, = = × †QvU wc÷‡bi e¨vm d1 = 1
ev, = eo wc÷‡bi e¨vm d2 = 9
ev, = eo wc÷‡bi ej F2 = 1800N
ev, = †QvU wc÷‡bi ej F1 = ?
ev, 9 F1 = 1800
ev, 9F1 = =200N
DËi : 200 N.
mgm¨v : 7| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m wjfv‡ii hvwš ﾐ K myweav 8|
†QvU wc÷b I eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj h_vµ‡g 4 cm2 Ges 100 cm2| wjfv‡ii nvZ‡j 250
N ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j eo wc÷‡b KZ ej cÖhy³ n‡e?
mgvavb: awi eo wc÷‡b cÖhy³ e‡ji cwigvY = F2
= wjfv‡ii hvwšK myweav, M.A
ev, F2 = × F1............... (i) = 8
Avevi hvwš ﾐ K myweav (M.A) = wjfv‡ii nvZ‡j cÖhy³ ej, F =
∴ F1 = F×
250 N
M.A
†QvU wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj, A1 = 4 cm2
= 250 N × 8
= 4× 0.04m2
eo wc÷‡bi †¶Îdj, A2 = 100 cm2
= 1 m2
eo wc÷‡b ej, F2 = ?
= 2000 N
(i) bs mgxKi‡Y n‡Z
F2 = F × M. A ×
= 250 × 8 × N
= 5 × 104N
= 5 × 104 N
DËi : eo wc÷‡b 5 × 104 N. ej co‡e|
mgm¨v : 8| GKwU e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb 7N Ges cvwb‡Z IRb 5N| e¯‘i
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ †ei Ki| Gi NbZ¡ KZ n‡e?
(Kz. †ev. 2006; Õ99; iv. †ev. Õ99 ; Xv. †ev.
2001)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
Sθ = e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb, w= 7N
= e¯‘i cvwb‡Z IRb, w1 =
= = 3.5 5N
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡, Sθ = ?
NbZ¡, ρ = ?
cvwbi NbZ¡, Pθ = 100 kgm−3
Avevi e¯‘i NbZ¡, ρ = Sθ × Pθ
= 3.5 × 1000 kgm−3
= 3500 kgm−3
DËi : Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 3.5 ; NbZ¡ 3500 kgm−3.
mgm¨v : 9| GKwU e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 6 Ges evZv‡m IRb 3.6 N|
cvwb‡Z Gi IRb KZ n‡e?
(h.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. Õ99)
Sθ = Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡, Sθ = 6
ev, (w − w1) sθ = w evZv‡m IRb, w = 3.6 N
ev, w − w1 = cvwb‡Z IRb, w1 = ?
ev, w − = w1
ev, 3.6 − = w1
ev, w1 = = N
∴ w1 =3N
DËi : 3 N.
mgm¨v : 10| GKwU avZzi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 19 n‡j 25 ml AvqZ‡bi GB
avZzi cvwb‡Z IRb KZ n‡e?
(P.†ev. 2006; 2000 ; Xv.†ev. 2006; 2000 ; ewi.†ev. 2005; 2001; wm.†ev. 2004;
Kz.†ev. 2004; h.†ev. 2003)
S = avZzwUi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡, S = 19
ev, 19 = ∴avZywUi NbZ¡, ρ = S × 103
ev, 4.655 = 88.445 − 19W1 = 19 × 103 kgm−3
ev, 19W1 = 88.445 − 4.655 AvqZb, V = 25 m= 25 × 10−6 m3
19W1 = 83.79
W1 = avZzwUi evZv‡m fi, m = V × ρ
= 4.41 N = 25 × 10−6 × 19 × 103
DËi : cvwb‡Z IRb 4.41 N = 0.475 Kg
avZzwUi evZv‡mi IRb, W = m × g =
0.475 × 9.8
= 4.655 N
avZzwUi cvwb‡Z IRb, W1 = ?
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj
mgm¨v : 1| cvwUbv‡gi NbZ¡ 2.14×104 kgm−3 n‡j 40ml AvqZb wewkó c-
vwUbvg avZzi cvwb‡Z IRb KZ n‡e?
(h.†ev. 2005)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b
ρ = cvwUbv‡gi NbZ¡, ρ = 2.14 × 104 kgm
ev, m = vρ −3
= 40 × 10−6m3 × 2.14 × 104 kgm−3 cvwUbv‡gi AvqZb, v= 40ml

= 40×2.14×10−2 kg = 0.856 kg = 40 × 10−6 m3
e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb, AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 ms−2
w = m × g. e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡, S =
= 0.856 × 9.8 = 8.3888 N = = 21.4
Avevi,
S =
ev, 21.4 =
ev, 8.3888 = 21.4 (8.3888 − w1)
8.3888 = 21.4 × 8.3888 − 21.4 w1
21.4 w1 = 21.4 × 8.3888 − 8.3888
w1 =
= = 7.9968 N
mgm¨v : 2| GKwU avZzi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 10.5 Ges AvqZb 20. c.c. avZz
UzKivi cvwb‡Z IRb KZ? (P.†ev. 2004)
e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb avZzi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡, S = 10.5
W =m×g avZzi Dcv`v‡bi NbZ¡, ρ = 10.5 × 103
= 0.210 × 9.8 N kgm−3
= 2.058N AvqZb, V = 20.c.c
= 20ml
Avevi, S= = 20 × 10−6m3
ev, 10.5 = AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8ms−2
ev, 2.058 = 2.058 × 10.5 − e¯‘i fi, m = V×P
10.5 × w1 = 20 × 10−6 × 10.5 × 103kg
ev, 10.5w1 = 10.5 × 2.058 − = 0.210kg
2.058 e¯‘i cvwb‡Z IRb, w1 =?
ev, 10.5w1 = 9.5 × 2.058
ev, w1 =
= 1.862N
DËi : avZzwUi cvwb‡Z IRb 1.862N
mgm¨v : 3| mgy`ª Z‡ji GKwU ¯’v‡b cvwbi Pvc 1.09 × 108 Pa Ges
mgy‡`ªi cvwbi NbZ¡ 1025 kgm−3 n‡j H ¯’v‡bi MfxiZv KZ? (Xv.†ev. 2003)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, g‡b Kwi,
Pvc, P = hρg MfxiZv = h
∴ η = †Ìqv Av‡Q,
= Pvc, P = 1.09 × 108 ρa
= 10851.17 m cvwbi NbZ¡, ρ = 1025 kgm−3
= 10.9km (Approx) AwfKl©xq Z¡iY, g = 9.8 ms−2
DËi : mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv 10.9 km.
ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. Nb‡Z¡i gvÎv †KvbwU? N. c`v‡_©i mew`‡K Pvc e„w×
(Kz.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. 2000; iv †ev. Õ99; cvq
2001) 5. †Kvb e¯‘‡K w¯’i Zi‡j wbgw¾Z
K. ML T −1 −2
✓ L. ML −3
Ki‡j e¯‘ Dc‡ii w`‡K †h jwä ej
M. ML+3 N. MLT2 Abyfe K‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j?
2. Pv‡ci GKK †KvbwU? (Xv.†ev. (wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2005; 2002;
2004; wm.†ev. 2003) 2000; iv.†ev. 2004)
K. wbDUb L. Ryj K. Zvc L. NbZ¡
M. IqvU ✓ N. c¨vm‡Kj ✓ M. ceZv N. Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
3. Zij c`v‡_©i wfZ‡i †Kvb 6. e¯‘i NbZ¡ Zi‡ji Nb‡Z¡i †P‡q Kg
we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb †Kvb&wUi n‡j †KvbwU NU‡e? (Xv.†ev. 2006;
Dci wbf©i K‡i bv? (h.†ev. 2004) Kz.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. Õ01 m.†ev. Õ98)
(ewi.†ev. 2005; Xv.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev.
✓ K. Zi‡j †f‡m _vK‡e
2000; P.†ev. Õ99)
L. Zi‡j Wz‡e hv‡e
✓ K. f‚wgi †¶Îdj L. we›`yi MfxiZv
M. Zi‡j m¤•Y© wbgw¾Z
M. Zi‡ji NbZ¡ N. AwfKl©R Z¡iY
Ae¯’vq †f‡m _vK‡e
4. cv‡Î Ave× Zij c`v‡_©i †Kvb
As‡ki Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j wK N. Zi‡j IRbnxb g‡b n‡e
N‡U? (e.†ev. 2001; Xv.†ev. 2000) 7. e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ Rvbv _vK‡j
K. c`v‡_©i H As‡k Pvc w¯’i _v‡K †KvbwU Rvbv hv‡e?
L. c`v‡_©i mew`‡K Pvc K‡g hvq K. e¯‘wU cvwbi mv‡_ ivmvqwbK
✓ M. c`v‡_©i mew`‡K Pvc wewµqv Ki‡e wKbv?
mgvbfv‡e mÂvwjZ nq
L. e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Mj‡e wK bv?
✓ M. e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wze‡e wK bv? 9| Pvc †Kvb cÖKvi ivwk?

N. e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Zvc nviv‡e wK (P.†ev. 2000)
K. †f±i L. AvbycvwZK
bv?
✓ M. †¯‹jvi N. †KvbwUB bq
10| e¯‘i IR‡bi †P‡q e¯‘wU Øviv
AwZwi³ AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb †ewk n‡j
ˆbe©¨w³K e¯‘wU H Zi‡ji wK Ae¯’vq
cÖ‡kœvËi _vK‡e?
(iv.†ev. Õ99)
1| ei‡di Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ KZ? ✓ K. †f‡m _vK‡e
(e.†ev. 2006; 2004; P.†ev. 2000; iv.†ev. L. Wz‡e hv‡e
2000) M. m¤•Y© wbgw¾Z Ae¯’vq
✓ K. 0.917 L. 0.919 _vK‡e
M. 0.09 N. 1.009 N. A‡a©K †f‡m _vK‡e
2| †Kvb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡‡K 11| †Kvb& ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡
cvwbi NbZ¡ w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡j cvIqv me‡P‡q †ewk?
hvq H e¯‘iÑ (P.†ev. 2002) (iv. †ev. 2000; h.†ev. Õ99; wm.†ev. 2003)
✓ K. 40c ev 277k L. 00C
K. AvqZb L. fi
M. −320C N. 00F
✓ M. NbZ¡ N. IRb
12| cvwb‡Z fvmvi mgq ei‡di KZ
3| Pv‡ci gvÎv †Kvb&wU?
Ask cvwbi wb‡P _v‡K? (h.†ev.
(iv.†ev. 2005; 2003)
2005; P.†ev. wm.†ev. 2004
(wm.†ev. 2002; Kz.†ev. 2000; Õ99;
Kz.†ev. Õ99;iv.†ev. 2003)
h.†ev. 2001, Õ99)
K. [ML−2T−2] L. [ML−2T−1] K. wjUvi L. wjUvi
M. [ML−1T−1] ✓ N. [ML−1T−2] ✓ M. wjUvi N. wjUvi
4| Nb‡Z¡i GKK †KvbwU? 13| Gm. AvB. GK‡K e¯‘i NbZ¡ Gi
K. kg.m−1 L. kg/m−3 Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i KZ ¸Y?
5| †Kvb&wU av°vi gvÎv? (wm.†ev. 2004; P.†ev. 2001;
K. ML−1T−2 ✓ L. MLT−2 iv.†ev. 2000; h.†ev. 2000)
M. ML T
−1 −1
N. MLT−1 ✓ K. 1000 ¸Y L. 100 ¸Y
6| †Kvb e¯‘i NbZ¡ e¯‘i wK‡mi Dci M. 10 ¸Y N. 1000 ¸Y
wbf©i K‡i? 14| Pv‡ci GKK c¨vm‡Kj mgvb KZ?
(Kz.†ev. 2001) (ewi.†ev. 2004)
K. Dcv`v‡bi L. ZvcgvÎvi ✓ K. 1N/m2 L. 1 N/cm2
M. AvqZ‡bi ✓ N. Dcv`vb I M. 1 N/ft 2
N. 1 N/inch2
ZvcgvÎvi 15| nvBWªwjK †cÖm †Kvb bxwZ‡Z
7| †mvbvi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ KZ? KvR K‡i? (P.†ev. 2002)
(P.†ev. 2005; h.†ev. 2005; 2002; ✓ K. c¨vm‡K‡ji myÎ
Õ99) L. AvwK©wgwW‡mi mÎ
K. 18.3 L. 19 M. wbDU‡bi cÖ_g myÎ
M. 19.6 ✓ N. 19.3 N. wbDU‡bi wØZxq mÎ
8| cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ nIqvi mgq
16| cvwb‡Z fvmvi mgq ei‡di KZ Ask
†KvbwU e„w× cvq?
cvwbi Ic‡i _v‡K?
(iv.†ev. 2002; m.†ev. Õ98)
K. ZvcgvÎv L. NbZ¡ K. Ask ✓ L. Ask
M. fi ✓ N. AvqZb M. Ask N. Ask
17| 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ KZ? 27| Zij I KwVb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i
K. 100 kgm−3 ✓ L. 1000kgm−3 †¶‡Î cÖgvY e¯‘ †Kvb&wU?
M. 10kgm−3 N. 1000kgm−3 ✓ K. cvwb L. cvi`
M. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb N. nxiK
18| †K‡ivwmb †Z‡ji Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
28| †Kvb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
KZ?
wbY©‡q †Kvb mÎwUi mvnvh¨
K. 0.6 L. 0.4 wb‡Z nq? (Kz.†ev. 2002)
M. 0.2 ✓ N. 0.8 K. c¨vm‡K‡ji L. M¨vwjwjIÕi
19| GKwU cyKz‡ii cvwbi DcwiZj M. e‡q‡ji ✓ N.
†_‡K 1 wgUvi MfxiZvq KZ Pvc AvwK©wgwW‡mi
Abyf‚Z n‡e? (Kz.†ev. 2002] 29| i“cvi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wb‡Pi
K. 980Pa ✓ L. 9800Pa †Kvb&wU?
M. 98Pa N. 9.8Pa K. 7.8 L. 1000
20| †Kvb& c„‡ôi GKK †¶Îd‡ji Ici ✓ M. 10.5 N. 13.6
j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ e‡ji gvb‡K wK 30| Zij c`v‡_© Pvc mÂvjb
ejv nq? m¤•wK©Z mÎwU †K cÖ`vb
K. gnvKl© ✓ L. AwfKl© ej K‡ib?
M. Pvc N. av°v K. AvwK©wgwWm L.
21| av°vi †¶‡Î †Kvb&wU mwVK? j¨vcvm
(Kz.†ev. 2004) ✓ M. c¨vm‡Kj N. wbDUb
K. P = F × A ✓ L. F = P × A 31| cvwbi Pvc wK‡mi mv‡_ e„w×
M. A = P × F N. P × F × A = 1 cvq?
22| Pv‡ci †¶‡Î †Kvb&wU mwVK K. NbZ¡ e„w×i mv‡_
mgxKiY? (Kz.†ev. 2004) L. Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ e„w×i mv‡_
K. A = P × F L. P = F × A ✓ M. MfxiZv e„w×i mv‡_
M. F×A×P = 1 ✓ N. F = P × A N. IRb e„w×i mv‡_
23| Pv‡ci Rb¨ †Kvb †¶‡Î †gvU †h ej 32| wbw`©ó RvqMvq wbw`©ó
cÖhy³ nq Zv‡K Zi‡ji Rb¨ Pv‡ci gvb †Kvb&wUi
wK e‡j? (wm.†ev. 2003) Ici wbf©i K‡i?
K. Pvc L. NbZ¡ K. Zi‡ji NbZ¡
M. Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ ✓ N. ✓ L. we›`yi MfxiZv
av°v M. Zi‡ji Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡
24| av°v wK ai‡bi ivwk? N. f‚wgi †¶Îdj
K. †¯‹jvi ivwk ✓ L. †f±i ivwk
33| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi
M. †gŠwjK ivwk N.wbi‡c¶ ivwk
25| evqexq c`v‡_©i Av‡cw¶K †QvU I eo wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q`
¸i“‡Z¡i †¶‡Î cÖgvY e¯‘ h_vµ‡g A1 Ges A2; †QvU I eo
†KvbwU? wc÷‡bi Dci cÖhy³ ej h_vµ‡g F1
K. cvwb L. cvi` Ges F2 n‡j †Kvb m¤•K©wU
✓ M. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb N. nxiK mwVK n‡e? (P.†ev. 2003)
26| Zij ev KwVb e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K K. F1 = F2 × L. F2 = F1 ×
¸i“Z¡ wbY©‡q KZ wWwMÖ M. = ✓ N. =
†mjwmqvm cvwbi mv‡_ Zzjbv 34| KLb e¯‘ cvwb‡Z m¤•Y©
Ki‡Z nq? Wz‡e hv‡e? (P.†ev. 2003)
K. 10C ✓ L. 40C K. e¯‘i NbZ¡ cvwbi Nb‡Z¡i †P‡q
0
M. 10 C N. 20.50C
Kg n‡j M. 55 ✓ N. 5.5
L. e¯‘i IRb e¯‘yi mgAvqZ‡bi 42| cÖhy³ e‡ji †¶‡Î †KvbwU
cvwbi IR‡bi †P‡q Kg n‡j| mwVK? [wm.†ev. 2005]
✓ M. e¯‘i IRb e¯yi mgAvqZ‡bi K. f‚wgi †¶Îdj × MfxiZv
cvwbi IR‡bi †P‡q †ewk n‡j
✓ L. f‚wgi †¶Îdj × MfxiZv × NbZ¡ × g
N. e¯‘ cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq n‡j|
35| GK wjUvi cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ M. f‚wgi †¶Îdj × MfxiZv × g
n‡j Gi AvqZb KZ n‡e? (wm.†ev. N. f‚wgi †¶Îdj × NbZ¡
2006; 2004; Kz.†ev. 2003) 43| e¯‘i Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wKfv‡e
K. wjUvi L. wjUvi cvIqv hvq?
M. 1 wjUvi ✓ N. wjUvi [wm.†ev. 2005]
36| †jvnvi NbZ¡ †KvbwU? ✓ K. e¯‘i NbZ¡‡K cvwbi NbZ¡ w`‡q
(iv.†ev. 2003) fvM Ki‡j
K. 7260 Kgm −3
L. 7360 kgm−3 L. e¯‘i NbZ¡‡K cvwbi IRb w`‡q
fvM Ki‡j
✓ M. 7860 kgm−3 N. 7460 Kgm−3
M. e¯‘i MvpZ¡‡K cvwbi Uvb w`‡q
37| 00C Ges 1 evqygÊjxi Pv‡c ¸Y Ki‡j
Aw·‡R‡bi NbZ¡ KZ? N. e¯‘i NbZ¡‡K cvwbi NbZ¡ w`‡q
(Kz.†ev. 2006; e.†ev. 2003) ¸Y Ki‡j
K. 1.43 kg ✓ L. 1.43 kgm−3 44| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi eo I
†QvU wc÷‡bi e¨v‡mi AbycvZ 3
M. 1.43 × 10−3 kg N. 1.43 × 10−3 gm−3 : 1 †QvU wc÷b KZ ej cÖ‡qv‡M
38| wb‡Pi †KvbwU wMmvwi‡b eo wc÷b 900 N ej cvIqv hv‡e?
m¤•Y©fv‡e Wz‡e hv‡e? [P.†ev. 2005]
✓ K. 100 N L. 300 N
(iv.†ev. 2006; e.†ev. 2003)
M. 30 N N. 9 N
K. cvwb L. eid
45| nvBWªwjK †cÖ‡mi hvwšK
✓ M. cvi` N. KvV| myweav wb‡Êi †Kvb mgxKiY
39| cÖK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq?
mgxKiY †KvbwU? [h.†ev. 2006] [ewi.†ev. 2005]
✓ K. L. K. ✓ L.
M. N. M.
40| 10 wjUvi cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ N.
n‡j Gi AvqZb KZ n‡e?
[Kz.†ev. 2006]
K. ✓ L.
M. N. 10 wjUvi
41| GKwU e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb 11 N|
cvwb‡Z IRb 9 N n‡j e¯‘i
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ KZ? [Xv.†ev.
2005]
K. 50 L. 0.55
46| S.I c×wZ‡Z NbZ¡ msL¨vq 48| wb‡Êi †Kvb&wUi Av‡cw¶K

Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i KZ ¸Y? ¸i“Z¡ me‡P‡q Kg?
[iv.†ev. 2000] [h.†ev. 2004; ewi.†ev. 2006]
A_ev, Gm AvB GK‡K e¯‘i NbZ¡ Gi ✓ K. †K‡ivwmb †Zj L.
Av‡cw¶K ¸i“‡Z¡i KZ ¸Y? Zvwc©b †Zj
[wm.†ev. 2004] M. wdUwKwi N. wMmvwib
K. mgvb L. Kg 49| cvi‡ì Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ KZ?
M. 1000 ¸Y Kg ✓ N. 1000 ¸Y †ewk [Kz.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. 2005]
47| cv‡Î Ave× w¯’i Zi‡ji †Kvb K. 13.8 L. 19.3
we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci gvb †Kvb&wUi M. 13.7 ✓ N. 13.6
Dci wbf©i K‡i bv? [h.‡ev. 2004] 50| Zvgvi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ KZ?
K. Zi‡ji NbZ¡ [P.†ev. 2004; ewi.†ev. 2006]
L. Zi‡ji gy³ Zj n‡Z we›`yi MfxiZv ✓ K. 8.92 L. 7.92
✓ M. cv‡Îi †¶Îdj M. 6.92 N. 5.92
N. AwfKl©R Z¡iY

Zij I Evqexq C'V - ©

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Zij I Evqexq C'V - ©

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A a¨vq

(i) bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq−

= [ V = A  h] wPÎ : Zij fwZ© GKwU cvÎ

wPÎ : †MvjvKvi cvwbc ﾁ Y© Ave× cvÎ

wPÎ : nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm

cÖkœ : 8| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi wbg©vY Kv‡R wKfv‡e c¨vm‡K‡ji

eo wc÷‡b Abyf‚Z DaŸ©gyLx ej, F2 n‡j,

wPÎ : GKwU Zij ˆ¯’wZK wbw³

e¯‘i evZv‡m IRb + wbg¾K cvwb‡Z IRb = w1

GKK : AvqZ‡bi GKK m3

cÖkœ : 3| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi g ﾁ jbxwZ eY©bv Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2004)

w < w1 n‡j, e¯‘wUi

1. e¯‘i AvqZb, v = r2h

= 5880 pa Zi‡ji NbZ¡ ρ = 800 kgm−3

D`v : 3| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi †QvU wc÷‡bi e¨vm 4 cm Ges

S = gyKz‡Ui evZv‡m IRb, w

mgm¨v : 3| GKwU cyKz‡ii Zj‡`‡k Pvc 2.94 × 104 ρa n‡j H cyKz‡ii

cvwbi NbZ¡ ρ = 1000 kgm−3

mgm¨v : 5| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m †QvU wc÷b I eo wc÷‡bi

mgm¨v : 6| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡m eo wc÷b I †QvU wc÷‡bi

= 40 × 10−6m3 × 2.14 × 104 kgm−3 cvwUbv‡gi AvqZb, v= 40ml

✓ M. e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wze‡e wK bv? 9| Pvc †Kvb cÖKvi ivwk?

46| S.I c×wZ‡Z NbZ¡ msL¨vq 48| wb‡Êi †Kvb&wUi Av‡cw¶K

You might also like