A a¨vq

cÖ
_g Aa¨vq
9
e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖ
f ve ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
Abykxjbxi msw¶ß DËi v‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j Zv †d‡U hvq
†Kb?
cÖ‡kœvËi cÖkœ : 19| Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY I AvcvZ
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc wK? cÖmviY ej‡Z wK eyS? (iv. †ev.
(iv.†ev. P.†ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev. 2002; Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. 2003)
wm.†ev. 2001) A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z
cÖkœ : 2| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK? cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY + cv‡Îi
cÖkœ : 3| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi GKK D‡jL Ki| cÖmviY (Kz.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev.
(P.†ev. 2003) 2002)
cÖkœ : 4| Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³ †Kb? cÖkœ : 20| Zi‡ji AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi
cÖkœ : 5| `ywU e¯‘i Zvc mgvb n‡j G‡`i m¤•K© wK?
ZvcgvÎv c„_K n‡Z cv‡i wK? (wm.†ev. 2005; Xv. †ev. Õ99 ; iv.
cÖkœ : 6| †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
†ev. 2000; Kz.†ev. 2004; 2001;
mvaviYZ GwU cÖmvwiZ nq, Gi
P.†ev. 2003; h.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005)
e¨wZµg Av‡Q wK?
cÖkœ : 7| Zvc I ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci h‡š ﾐ i cÖkœ : 21| cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 18
× 10−5 k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS?
bvg wK?
cÖkœ : 8| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY ej‡Z wK cÖkœ : 22| cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY wK?
†evS? (wm.†ev. 2005) (P.†ev. 2006; wm.†ev. 2001 ; h. †ev.
cÖkœ : 9| ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv 2005; 2001; Xv.†ev, ewi.†ev.
`vI| 2002;2005; h.†ev. iv.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 10| KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY- A_ev, cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY ej‡Z wK
mnM I AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM wK? eyS? kxZ cÖavb †`‡k RjR Rxe‡`i
(wm.†ev. 2005) Dci Gi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki| (iv.†v.
cÖkœ : 11| KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ 2003)
cÖmviY wK wK wel‡qi Dci cÖkœ : 23| 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡
wbf©i K‡i? me‡P‡q †ewk Gi A_© wK?
cÖkœ : 12| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM (wm.†ev. 2005; h. †ev. Õ99;
0.000017 k−1 e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv.†ev. Õ99) Kz.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 13| wcZ‡ji AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM 56.7 A_ev, 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q
× 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK †evS? †ekx nq †Kb? (Xv.†ev. 2003;
cÖkœ : 14| AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM I †¶Î wm.†ev. 2005)
cÖmviY-mn‡Mi mv‡_ ˆ`N©¨ cÖkœ : 24| evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci
cÖmviY-mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK? Dci wbf©ikxj †Kb? (Xv.†ev. 2004)
cÖkœ : 15| †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji cÖkœ : 25| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
ms‡hvM¯’‡j duvKv _v‡K †Kb? (Xv. cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv `vI|
†ev. Õ99Õ e.†ev. 2002) (ewi.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2004; m.†ev.
cÖkœ : 16| †evZ‡ji wQwc Lyj‡Z G‡K Mig Õ98 ; h.†ev. P.†ev. 2001)
Kiv nq †Kb? A_ev, M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv
cÖkœ : 17| †nwi‡K‡bi Mig wPgwbi Dci I GKK D‡jL Ki| (h.†ev. 2006)
VvÊv cvwb co‡j Zv †d‡U hvq †Kb? cÖkœ : 26| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
cÖkœ : 18| cvZjv Kuv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS?
Xvj‡j Zv dv‡U bv wKš‘ cyi“ Kv‡Pi M-
(Xv.†ev. 2004)
196 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
cÖkœ : 27| w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖkœ : 1| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi msÁv `vI| G‡`i
cÖmviY-mnM Kv‡K e‡j? (h.†ev. g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? †Kjwfb †¯‹j wK?
2001; P.†ev. 2001; m.†ev. Õ98) (P.†ev. iv †ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 28| w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc A_ev, ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z wK eyS? Zvc I
cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS? ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK? (ewi.†ev.
cÖkœ : 29| cig k ﾁ b¨ ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z wK 2004; wm.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2002)
eyS? (P.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. 2004; cÖkœ : 2| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY KZ cÖKvi
Õ99, 2000 ; Xv.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. I wK wK? KwVb c`v‡_©i wfbœ
wfbœ wZb cÖKvi cÖmviY mn‡Mi
2005) msÁv `vI|
cÖkœ : 30| cybt wkjxfeb wK? A_ev, KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY
(Xv.†ev. h.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. 2004; mnM, †¶Î cÖmviY mnM Ges AvqZb
2001; m.†ev. Õ98 ; Xv.†ev. wm.†ev. cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv I e¨vL¨v `vI|
2001; e.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev. 2003) cÖkœ : 3| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb
cÖkœ : 31| Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b ej‡Z wK eyS? c`v_© cÖmvwiZ nq Ges Zvc
c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡Z AcmviY Ki‡j KwVb c`v_©
myßZv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kb? msKzwPZ nq Zvi GKwU cix¶v
cÖkœ : 32| eid Mj‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 3.36 × eY©bv Ki|
105 J kg−1 ej‡Z wK eyS? (e.†ev. 2005 cÖkœ : 4| mKj cÖKvi KwVb c`v‡_©i
cªmviY mgvb nq bv Zv †`Lvi
h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. iv.†ev. 2003) GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 33| ev®•xfeb Kv‡K e‡j? cÖkœ : 5| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi
cÖkœ : 34| ¯^Zt ev®•xfeb I ùzUb ej‡Z K‡qKwU D`vniY eY©bv Ki|
wK eyS? (P.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. cÖkœ : 6| mgvb ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ mKj Zij
2006; 2005; 2000; Kz.†ev. 2004; c`v_© mgvb cÖmvwiZ nq bv−GwU
iv.†ev. 2000 ; 2001) †`Lvevi Rb¨ GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 35| ùzUbv‡¼i msÁv `vI| ùzUbv‡¼i cÖkœ : 7| Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z I AvcvZ
mv‡_ Pv‡ci m¤•K© wK? (P.†ev. cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤•©K ¯’vcb Ki|
2006; P.†ev. e.†ev. 2001 ; iv.†ev. (P.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. Õ99 ; P.†ev.
2000; e.†ev. 2005) 2001; Kz.†ev. 2001; h.†ev. Xv.†ev.
2003; ewi.†ev. h.†ev. wm.†ev.
cÖkœ : 36| KwVbxfe‡bi d‡j AvqZb †e‡o 2005)
hvq Ggb cuvPwU c`v‡_©i bvg A_ev, †`LvI †h, vr = va + vg †mLv‡b
wjL| ms‡KZ¸‡jv cÖPwjZ A_© enb K‡i|
cÖkœ : 37| kx‡Zi †`‡k cvwbi cvBc †d‡U cÖkœ : 8| evqexq c`v‡_©i †ejvq AvcvZ I
hvq †Kb? cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb
cÖkœ : 38| DuPz cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv †Kb?
AmyweavRbK †Kb? cÖkœ : 9| evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY mnM
(P. †ev. 2000 ; m.†ev. Õ98; Xv.†ev. 2003; wbY©‡qi mgq mKj †¶‡ÎB cÖv_wgK
iv.†ev. 2005) AvqZb ev Pvc 273 k ZvcgvÎvi wb‡Z nq
cÖkœ : 39| ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K †Kb?
cÖkœ : 10| evqexq c`v‡_©i w¯’i Pv‡c
myßZv‡ci msÁv `vI| (Kz.†ev. AvqZb cÖmviY mnM Ges w¯’i
2005; Xv.†ev. 2004) AvqZ‡b Pvc cÖmviY mn‡Mi e¨vL¨v
cÖkœ : 40| cvwbi ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K Ki|
myßZvc 2268000 J kg−1 ej‡Z wK eyS? cÖkœ : 11| KwVb c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ Kv‡K
cÖkœ : 41| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb e‡j? Mjbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve
c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq †Kb? Av‡jvPbv Ki| (ewi.†ev. 2006;
cÖkœ : 42| Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z cÖmviY h.†ev. Õ99)
mn‡Mi mv‡_ AvcvZ cÖmviY cÖkœ : 12| cybt wkjxfeb ej‡Z wK eyS?
mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK? (P.†ev. 2006) eUgwji cix¶v wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 43| `yB UzK‡iv eid GK mv‡_ †P‡c (h.†ev. 2004)
A_ev, cybt wkjxfeb msÁvmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
ai‡j †Rvov †j‡M hvq †Kb? cÖkœ : 13| ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve wK?
(wm.†ev. 2006; ewi.†ev. 2003) GB cÖfve cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
(iv.†ev. 2006; P. †ev. 2004; Õ99;
 kã 197
ewi. †ev. 2002) D`v : 7| KuvPcv‡Î ivLv cvi‡`i AvcvZ
cÖkœ : 14| Ggb GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbv cÖmviY-mnM 14.66 × 10−5 k−1 Ges
eY©bv Ki, ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci Kuv‡Pi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM 0.00001 k
cÖfve Øviv hv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| −1
n‡j cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM
cÖkœ : 15| †cÖmvi KzKv‡i Aí mg‡q ivbœv KZ? (P.†ev. Õ99)
Kiv m¤¢e nq wKfv‡e? D`v : 8| O0C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb
A_ev, †cÖmvi KzKv‡ii MVb I 500 cm3 n‡j 1000c ZvcgvÎvq Gi AvqZb
Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| KZ n‡e?
AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v
cÖkœ : 1| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 11.6 × mgm¨v : 1| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU wcZ‡ji
10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK eySvq? [Kz.†ev. `‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ 2 m | 1000C ZvcgvÎvq Gi
2005] ˆ`N©¨ 200.38cm n‡j wcZ‡ji ˆ`N©¨
cÖkœ : 2| Zi‡ji cÖK…Z Ges AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM KZ?
cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| mgm¨v : 2| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 100cm j¤^v GKwU
cÖkœ : 3| KwVb ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î G¨vjywgwbqv‡gi cv‡Zi ZvcgvÎv
AvcvZ cÖmviY †bB †Kb? 2000C G DbœxZ Kiv nj| hw`
cÖkœ : 4| Mjbvs‡Ki msÁv `vI| G¨vjywgwbqv‡gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-
cÖkœ : 5| myßZvc ej‡Z wK eyS?
(P.†ev. 2004) mnM 23.8 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e cv‡Zi
cÖkœ : 6| Mj‡bi myßZvc Kv‡K e‡j? ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev.
cÖkœ : 7| eid Mj‡bi myßZvc ewj‡Z wK 2003)
eyS? mgm¨v : 3| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GK LÊ Zvgvi
cÖkœ : 8| ev®•xfeb I ùzU‡bi g‡a¨ cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ 50m Ges cÖ¯’ 40m| 300C
cv_©K¨ wjL| ZvcgvÎvq GB cv‡Zi †¶Îdj nq 2002m2 |
cÖkœ : 9| wK wK Kvi‡Y ùzUb cÖfvweZ Zvgvi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q
nq? (h.†ev. 2005) Ki| (Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev.
cÖkœ : 10| †UwjMÖvd, †Uwj‡dvb I we`y¨r 2004; iv.†ev. 2000; ewi.†ev. 2002)
jvB‡bi Zvi¸wj wXjv _v‡K †Kb? mgm¨v : 4| 400C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
cÖkœ : 11| cvwbi ˆÎawe›`y Kv‡K e‡j?
100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi
(wm.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2003)
ˆ`N©¨ KZUzKz e„w× cv‡e?
MvwYwZK D`vniYmg ﾁ n †jvnvi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 34.8 ×
D`v : 1| 200 C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU B¯•v‡Zi Zv‡ii 10−6k−1 | (h.†ev. 2006; 2000;
ˆ`N©¨ 100 m| 500 C ZvcgvÎvq Gi wm.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2000;
ˆ`N©¨ 100.033 m n‡j B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ wm.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. e.†ev.
cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki| 2005)
D`v : 2| 300 C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU B¯•v‡Zi mgm¨v : 5| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi
ex‡gi ˆ`h©¨ 20 m n‡j 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq ¸wji AvqZb 2.5 × 10−6m3| 980C
Gi ˆ`N©¨ KZ n‡e? B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ ZvcgvÎvq Gi AvqZb
cÖmviY-mnM 11 × 10−6 k−1. 0.021 × 10−6m3 e„w× cvq| mxmvi
D`v : 3| 250C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi cv‡Zi AvqZb, †¶Î I ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM
†¶Îdj 4m2| G‡K 1750C ch©š ﾏ DËß Ki‡j wbY©q Ki|
†¶Îdj nq 4.033 m2| mxmvi †¶Î cÖmviY- (ewi.†ev. iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev.
mnM KZ? h.†ev. 2000; m.†ev. Õ98)
D`v : 4| O0C ZvcgvÎvq 1000 cm3 AvqZ‡bi GK LÊ mgm¨v : 6| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi ¸wji
B¯•vZ‡K 1000C ZvcgvÎv ch©š ﾏ DËß AvqZb 25cm3 | 1000c ZvcgvÎvq Gi
Ki‡j Gi AvqZb 1003.3 cm3 nq| B¯•v‡Zi AvqZb KZ n‡e? mxmvi ˆ`N©¨
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM KZ? cÖmviY mnM 27.6 × 10−6k−1 | (P. †ev.
D`v : 5| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 100 cm3 wMmvwi‡bi 2001)
ZvcgvÎv 200C evov‡j Gi cÖmviY nq mgm¨v : 7| wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z cÖmviY-
1.06 cm3| wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z mnM 53 × 10−5 K−1| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 200 cm3
cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki| wMmvwi‡bi ZvcgvÎv 300C evov‡j
D`v : 6| 298 K ZvcgvÎvi 200 cm3 Zvwc©b
†Z‡ji ZvcgvÎv 313 k-G DbœxZ Ki‡j Gi Gi cÖmviY KZ n‡e?
AvqZb KZ n‡e? Zvwc©b †Z‡ji mgm¨v : 8| †Kvb KuvP cv‡Î ivLv cvi‡`i
cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 94 × 10−5 k−1 | AvcvZ cÖmviY mnM 14.66 × 10−5k−1 |
198 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
GB cv‡Î ivLv O0C ZvcgvÎvi 250cm3 mgm¨v : 1| 00C ZvcgvÎvi 100m `xN© †jvnvi
cvi‡`i ZvcgvÎv 300c-G DbœxZ Ki‡j †ij jvB‡bi ZvcgvÎvq 400C G DbœZ
AvcvZ cÖmviY KZ n‡e? (P.†ev. Kiv nj| hw` †jvnvi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM
Õ99) 23.2 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi
mgm¨v : 9| ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? [wm.†ev.
Pvc w¯’i †i‡L O0C ZvcgvÎvi 500cm3 2006]
M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv 100c e„w× Ki‡j Gi mgm¨v : 2| 100C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
AvqZb 518.3cm3 nq| M¨v‡mi AvqZb 100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi
cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki| (iv. †ev. ˆ`N©¨ wK cwigvY e„w× cv‡e?
2001) (†jvnvi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 34.8 ×
mgm¨v : 10| 10−6K−1)| (ewi.†ev. 2005;
O0C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi Pvc 76 iv.†ev. 2003)
cm cvi` Pvc n‡j KZ ZvcgvÎvq Gi Abyiƒc cÖkœ : 20°C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
Pvc 89.91cm cvi` Pvc n‡e? w¯’i 200 m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨
Pv‡c M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmvivsK KZUzKz e„w× cv‡e? †jvnvi AvqZb
0.00366k−1 | (h.†ev. P.†ev. 2004; cÖmiY mnM 34.8 × 10−6K−1| (iv.†ev.
Kz.†ev. 2001) 2004)
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK mgm¨v

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc wK? (iv.†ev. P.†ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2001)
DËi : Zvc (Heat) :
c ﾁ‡e© ˆeÁvwbK‡`i aviYv wQj †h, Zvc nj ÔK¨vjwiKÕ bvgK GK ai‡bi A`„k¨
IRbnxb c`v_©| 1798 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx KvDÛ ivg‡dvW© GB K¨vjwiK
gZev` LÊb K‡i cÖgvY K‡ib †h, Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³|
AvaywbK MwZZË¡ Abymv‡i, AYyi PvÂj¨B Zvc I DòZvi KviY| A_©vr †h mKj
AYyi mgev‡q †Kvb e¯‘ MwVZ Zv‡`i MwZkw³B e¯‘i Zv‡ci g ﾁ j KviY| DËß
†nvK ev kxZj †nvK cÖwZwU c`v‡_©i AYyiB wKQy cwigvY MwZkw³ Av‡Q|
A_©vr cÖwZwU c`v‡_©iB wKQy cwigvY Zvc Av‡Q|
msÁv : †h evwn¨K Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e †Kvb VvÊv e¯‘ Mig nq ev
Mig e¯‘ VvÊv nq Zv‡K Zvc e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡e- Zvc c`v‡_©i AvYweK MwZi mv‡_ m¤•wK©Z GK cÖKvi kw³ hv
VvÊv ev Mi‡gi Abyf‚wZ Rb¥vq|
GKK : Zv‡ci GKK ÔRyjÕ|
cÖkœ : 2| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK?
DËi : Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ :
Zvc ZvcgvÎv
1. Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³ hv 1. ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨
VvÊv ev Mi‡gi e¯‘i Zvcxq ms¯•‡k© Avb‡j Zvc MÖnY
Abyf‚wZ Rb¥vq| Ki‡e bv eR©b Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
2. Zv‡ci cÖevn Zv‡ci 2. Zv‡ci cÖevn ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i
K‡i bv|
3. Zvc cwigv‡ci GKK Ryj| 3. ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci GKK †Kjwfb|
 kã 199

4. Zvc n‡”Q ZvcgvÎvi 4. ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q Zv‡ci dj|

KviY|
5. `ywU e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv GK 5. `ywU e¯‘‡Z Zv‡ci cwigvY GK n‡jI G‡`i
n‡jI G‡`i Zv‡ci cwigvY ZvcgvÎv wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖkœ : 3| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi GKK D‡jL Ki| (P.†ev. 2003)
DËi : Zv‡ci GKK :
Zvc †h‡nZz kw³i GKwU iƒc, ZvB Zv‡ci GKK n‡e kw³i Z_v Kv‡Ri GKK
A_©vr Ryj (J)| Zv‡ci c ﾁ e©Zb cÖPwjZ GKK K¨vjwii mv‡_ Gi m¤•K© 1cal =
4.2 J.
ZvcgvÎvi GKK : Avš ﾏ R©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi GKK †Kjwfb (k)|
ZvcgvÎvi c ﾁ e©Zb cÖPwjZ GKK wQj wWMÖx †mjwmqvm|
cÖkœ 4| Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³ †Kb?
DËi : Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³ :
KviY : wewfbœ kw³‡K Zvc kw³‡Z ev Zvc kw³‡K wewfbœ kw³‡K iƒcvš ﾏ i
m¤¢e| cvwb‡K Zvc w`‡q ev‡®• cwiYZ K‡i ev®•xq BwÄb Pvjv‡bv nq|
Avevi wnUv‡ii Zv‡i ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ Pvjbv Ki‡j Zv n‡Z Zvc Drcbœ nq| kw³
iƒcvš ﾏ ikxj Ges ZvcI GKiƒc n‡Z Ab¨iƒ‡c iƒcvš ﾏ wiZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvc Øviv
wewfbœ KvR Kiv m¤¢e|
cÖkœ : 5| `ywU e¯‘i Zvc mgvb n‡j G‡`i ZvcgvÎv c„_K n‡Z cv‡i wK?
DËi : `ywU e¯‘i Zvc mgvb n‡j G‡`i ZvcgvÎv c„_K n‡Z cv‡i| KviY−ZvcgvÎv
n‡”Q †Kvb e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv wba©viY K‡i H e¯‘wU Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq
ms¯•‡k© Avm‡j e¯‘wU Zvc MÖnY Ki‡e bv eR©b Ki‡e|
`ywU e¯‘i Zvc mgvb n‡jI G‡`i Zvcxq Ae¯’v wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb− Amgvb
f‡ii cvwb‡K GKB mgq a‡i Pzjvi Zv‡c ivL‡j †ewk f‡ii cvÎwUi ZvcgvÎv Kg nq|
Avevi GKwU Zvgv I GKwU †jvnvi `ʇK mgZv‡c DËß K‡i ci¯•‡ii ms¯•‡k©
ivL‡j Zvgv †_‡K †jvnv Zvc MÖnY Ki‡e Ges Zvgv Zvc eR©b Ki‡e| A_©vr
Zvc mgvb nIqv m‡Ë¡I `ywU e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv wfbœ nq|
cÖkœ : 6| †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j mvaviYZ GwU cÖmvwiZ
nq, Gi e¨wZµg Av‡Q wK?
DËi : †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j GwU cÖmvwiZ nq| Zij c`v‡_©i †¶‡ÎI
Giƒc N‡U A_©vr Zij c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zvi AvqZb ev‡o| wKš‘ Gi
e¨wZµg nq ïaygvÎ cvwbi †¶‡Î| O0C ZvcgvÎvi cvwb‡K DËß Ki‡j Gi AvqZb
ev‡o bv eis K‡g| 40C ZvcgvÎv ch©š ﾏ Giƒc N‡U| Gici cvwb‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi
mv‡_ mv‡_ mvaviY wbqgvbymv‡i AvqZb evo‡Z _v‡K|
cÖkœ : 7| Zvc I ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci h‡š ﾐ i bvg wK?
DËi : Zvc cwigv‡ci h‡š ﾐ i bvg K¨vjwiwgUvi Ges ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci h‡š ﾐ i
bvg _v‡g©vwgUvi|
cÖkœ : 8| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY ej‡Z wK †evS? (wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY :
KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvIqvi d‡j RgvU e¯‘i g‡a¨
200 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

AYy¸‡jv †QvUvQywU K‡i| ZLb GKB kw³ wb‡q Aby¸‡jv wfZi w`‡K hZUv
m‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i, evB‡ii w`‡K Zvi †P‡q †ewk m‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K
AYyi Mo mvg¨ve¯’vb evB‡ii w`‡K m‡i hvq Ges KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨, †¶Î
I AvqZ‡b e„w× cvq| G‡KB KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY e‡j|
cÖkœ : 9| ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv `vI|
DËi : ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM :
msÁv : 1m ˆ`‡N©¨i †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i GKwU `‡Êi ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j H
`‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K H `‡Êi Dcv`v‡bi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM
e‡j| G‡K α (Avjdv) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cwigvc : aiv hvK, GKwU avZe `‡Êi Avw` ˆ`N¨© lo| ZvcgvÎv ∆θ e„w×i
Rb¨ Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY ∆l n‡jÑ
∆l α lo∆θ lo
(†h‡nZz `‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY Gi
0oc
Avw` ˆ`N©¨ I ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
mgvbycvwZK)
θo
c
ev, ∆l = α lo ∆θ lθ
ev, α = → ∆l←

GLv‡b, α GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi gvb `ÊwUi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i

K‡i| G‡K KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviYÑmnM ejv nq|
GKK : ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mn‡Mi GKK cÖwZ †Kjwfb (k−1).
cÖkœ : 10| KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM I AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM
wK? (wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM :
1m2 †¶Îdj wewkó †Kvb KwVb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j H e¯‘i †¶Îdj
hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K H e¯‘i Dcv`v‡bi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM e‡j| G‡K β
(weUv) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cwigvc : aiv hvK, †Kvb KwVb
c`v‡_©i c„‡ôi Avw` †¶Îdj A0 Ges ∆θ Aθ
ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Rb¨ Gi †¶Î cÖmviY ∆
Ao ∆A
A n‡j−
∆A ∝ Ao∆θ
ev, ∆A = β Ao∆θ
ev, β =
GLv‡b, β GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi gvb e¯‘wUi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i
K‡i| G‡K KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM ejv nq|
GKK : †¶Î cÖmviY-mn‡Mi GKK cÖwZ †Kjwfb (k−1).
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM :
1m3 AvqZ‡bi †Kvb KwVb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j H e¯‘i AvqZb hZUzKz
 kã 201

e„w× cvq Zv‡K H e¯‘i Dcv`v‡bi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM e‡j| G‡K γ (Mvgv)
Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cwigvc : ∆θ ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j Vo AvqZ‡bi †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i ∆V cwigvY
AvqZb cÖmvwiZ n‡j−
∆ V ∝ VO ∆θ
ev, ∆V = γVO∆θ
ev, γ = lo
lθ
GLv‡b, γ GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi lo
gvb e¯‘wUi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| G‡K lθ lo
KwVb c`v‡_©i AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM
ejv nq| vo
GKK : AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi GKK cÖwZ vθ
†Kjwfb (k−1).
cÖkœ : 11| KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY wK wK wel‡qi Dci
wbf©i K‡i?
DËi : KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY wbæwjwLZ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci
wbf©i K‡i| h_v−
1. Avw` ˆ`N©¨
2. ZvcgvÎv e„w× I
3. c`v‡_©i Dcv`vb Z_v ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM (α).
m¤•K© :
∆= ∝ 0 ∆θ n‡Z,
KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY (∆) ∝ Avw` ˆ`N©¨ (0)
∝ ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b (∆θ)
∝ ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM (∝)
cÖkœ : 12| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM 0.000017 k−1 e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv.†ev.
Õ99)
DËi : †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 0.000017 k−1 ej‡Z eySvq 1m ˆ`‡N©¨i †jvnvi
†Kvb `‡Êi ZvcgvÎv 1k e„w× Ki‡j Gi ˆ`N©¨ 0.000017 m e„w× cvq|
cÖkœ : 13| wcZ‡ji AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM 56.7 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK †evS?
DËi : wcZ‡ji AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 56.7 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z eySvq 1 m3 AvqZb
wewkó wcZ‡ji †Kvb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb 56.7 × 10−6 m3 e„w×
cvq|
cÖkœ : 14| AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM I †¶Î cÖmviY-mn‡Mi mv‡_ ˆ`N©¨
cÖmviY-mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK?
DËi : m¤•K© :
†Kvb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM (β), ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM (α) Gi wظY Ges
†Kvb c`v‡_©i AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM (γ), ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM (α) Gi wZb¸Y|
A_©vr β =2α ............................(i)
202 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

γ = 3α ...........................(ii)
GK‡Î 3β = 2∝ ..........................(iii)
mgxt (i) mgxt (ii) I mgxt (iii)B wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 15| †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j duvKv _v‡K †Kb? (Xv.
†ev. Õ99Õ e.†ev. 2002)
DËi : †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j duvKv _v‡K :
KviY : m ﾁ ‡ h©i Zvc wKsev hLb †Uªb P‡j ZLb PvKvi Nl©‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ
Zv‡c †ijjvBb cÖmvwiZ nq| †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j ZvB duvKv
ivLv nq, hv‡Z †ijjvBb cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó RvqMv cvq| Giƒc duvK bv ivL‡j
GB cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j †ijjvBb †eu‡K wM‡q gvivÍK `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv
_v‡K|
cÖkœ : 16| †evZ‡ji wQwc Lyj‡Z G‡K Mig Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi : †evZ‡ji wQwc Lyj‡Z G‡K Mig Kiv nq :
KviY : A‡bK mgq †evZ‡ji gy‡L Kuv‡Pi wQwc AvU‡K hvq| wKš‘ †evZ‡ji
gyL LvwbKUv Mig Ki‡j †evZ‡ji gy‡Li e¨vm e„w× cvq Ges wQwc wXjv nq|
KvP Zvc Kzcwievnx e‡j G‡Z wQwci e¨v‡mi †Kvb ZviZg¨ N‡U bv| d‡j H
wQwc †U‡b †Lvjv hvq|
cÖkœ : 17| †nwi‡K‡bi Mig wPgwbi Dci VvÊv cvwb co‡j Zv †d‡U
hvq †Kb?
DËi : †nwi‡K‡bi Mig wPgwbi Dci VvÊv cvwb co‡j Zv †d‡U hvq :
KviY : VvÊv cvwb covi Rb¨ wPgwbi wKQy As‡k AvKw¯§K ms‡KvPb N‡U|
d‡j wPgwb †d‡U hvq| KuvP Zv‡ci DËg cwievnK bq e‡j ms‡KvPb
¯’vbxqfv‡e N‡U|
cÖkœ : 18| cvZjv Kuv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j Zv dv‡U bv wKš‘
cyi“ Kv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j Zv †d‡U hvq †Kb?
DËi : cyi“ Kuv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j A‡bK mgq MvmwU †d‡U
hvq :
KviY : Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvjvi d‡j H Mv‡mi wfZ‡ii Ask Mig cvwbi
ms¯•‡k© cÖmvwiZ nq wKš‘ KuvP Zv‡ci KzcwievnK e‡j H Zvc evB‡ii As‡k
mÂvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wfZ‡ii Ask cÖmvwiZ n‡jI evB‡ii Ask cÖmvwiZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j cÖmviY e‡ji Rb¨ KuvP †d‡U hvq| wKš‘ KuvP cvZjv n‡j
wfZ‡ii Zvc `ª“Z evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Kuv‡Pi cÖmviY me RvqMvq mgvb
nq, d‡j KuvP dv‡U bv|
cÖkœ : 19| Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY I AvcvZ cÖmviY ej‡Z wK eyS? (iv.
†ev. Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY +
cv‡Îi cÖmviY (Kz.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev. 2002)
DËi : Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY :
 kã 203

Zij c`v_©‡K cv‡Î bv †i‡L DËß Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Zi‡ji cÖK…Z †h cÖmviY cvIqv
†hZ Zv‡K Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY e‡j| Zij c`v_© cv‡Î †i‡L DËß Kiv nq e‡j
cv‡Îi cÖmviY we‡ePbv K‡i Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY cvIqv hvq ZvB cÖK…Z
cÖmviY|
cÖK…Z cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY + cv‡Îi cÖmviY
Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY :
cv‡Îi cÖmviY we‡ePbv bv K‡i Zi‡ji AvcvZfv‡e †h cÖmviY †`Lv hvq A_©vr
cv‡Îi mv‡c‡¶ Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY nq Zv‡K Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY e‡j|
AvcvZ cÖmviY = cÖK…Z cÖmviY − cv‡Îi cÖmviY|
cÖkœ : 20| Zi‡ji AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi m¤•K© wK?
(wm.†ev. 2005; Xv. †ev. Õ99 ; iv. †ev. 2000; Kz.†ev. 2004; 2001; P.†ev. 2003;
h.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : Zi‡ji AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi m¤•K© :
aiv hvK, Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY = Vr
Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY = Va
GK cv‡Îi cÖmviY = Vg
GgZve¯’vq Zi‡ji cÖK…Z I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi m¤•K©wU n‡e−
Vr = Va + Vg
A_©vr, cÖK…Z cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY + AvqZ‡bi cÖmviY|
cÖkœ : 21| cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 18 × 10−5 k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 18 × 10−5 k−1 ej‡Z †evSvq 1m3 AvqZ‡bi
cvi‡`i ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb cÖK…Z c‡¶ 18 × 10−5 m3 e„w× cvq|
cÖkœ : 22| cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY wK? (P.†ev. 2006; wm.†ev.
2001 ; h. †ev. 2005; 2001; Xv.†ev, ewi.†ev. 2002;2005; h.†ev. iv.†ev.
2003)
A_ev, cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY ej‡Z wK eyS? kxZ cÖavb †`‡k RjR
Rxe‡`i Dci Gi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki| (iv.†v. 2003)
DËi : cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY :
¯^vfvweK wbqgvbymv‡i Avgiv Rvwb Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Zij cÖmvwiZ nq Ges
Zvc Acmvi‡Y msKzwPZ nq| wKš‘ O0C n‡Z 40C ZvcgvÎvi cvwbi †¶‡Î GB
wbq‡gi e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| †hgb−
1. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M O0C n‡Z 40C ch©š ﾏ cvwbi AvqZb ms‡KvPb N‡U|
2. 40C ZvcgvÎvq wbw`©ó f‡ii cvwbi AvqZb me©v‡c¶v Kg Ges NbZ¡
me©v‡c¶v †ewk|
3. 40C ZvcgvÎvi KvQvKvwQ cvwbi cÖmviY me©v‡c¶v Kg|
G Kvi‡Y ejv hvq,
O0C n‡Z 40C ch©š ﾏ cvwbi cÖmviY Zij c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi mvaviY wbqg
†g‡b P‡j bv| G Kvi‡Y O0C n‡Z 40C ch©š ﾏ cvwbi AvqZb cwieZ©‡bi GB
e¨wZµg‡K Gi e¨wZµg cÖmviY e‡j|
`„óvš ﾏ : 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb me©v‡c¶v fvix Ges cvwbi e¨wZµg
204 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖmvi‡Yi `i“b kxZcÖavb †`‡k cyKzi b`x ev mgy‡`ªi cvwb R‡g eid n‡q
†M‡jI wb‡Pi cvwb 40C ZvcgvÎvq Dò _v‡K (KviY 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb me‡P‡q
fvix Ges eid nvjKv|)
G Kvi‡Y RjPi cÖvwYi Rxebavi‡Y †Kvb weNœ m„wó nq bv|
cÖkœ : 23| 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk Gi A_© wK?
(wm.†ev. 2005; h. †ev. Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, 4 C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡
0
me‡P‡q †ekx nq †Kb? (Xv.†ev. 2003;
wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk :
Avgiv Rvwb, e¯‘i NbZ¡ AvqZ‡bi e¨¯ ﾏ vbycvwZK A_©vr AvqZb K‡g †M‡j
NbZ¡ ev‡o| 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi AvqZb me‡P‡q Kg nq| KviY- 40C Gi cvwb
Zvc cÖ‡qvM ev Zvc AcmviY hvB †nvK bv †Kb cvwbi cÖmviY N‡U| AZGe,
40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi AvqZb me‡P‡q Kg e‡j GB ZvcgvÎvq NbZ¡ me‡P‡q
†ewk|
cÖkœ : 24| evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj †Kb? (Xv.†ev.
2004)
DËi : evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj :
evqexq ev M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯•wiK AvKl©Y ej _v‡K bv| d‡j
evqexq c`v_©‡K †h cv‡Îi g‡a¨ ivLv nq, †mB cv‡Îi AvKvi I AvqZb jvf K‡i|
†Kvb evqexq c`v_© Ave× cv‡Î ivL‡j M¨vmxq AYy¸‡jv cv‡Îi g‡a¨
weivgnxb I m¤• ﾁ Y© G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e Qy‡UvQywU K‡i| M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi
MwZi Dci Pvc wbf©i K‡i|
w¯’i DòZvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb Kgv‡j AYy¸‡jvi AwZµvš ﾏ c_ †QvU n‡q
hvq| wKš‘ GB Ae¯’v‡ZI M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi MwZ †gv‡UB K‡g bv| d‡j cv‡Îi
†`qv‡j M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi av°vi msL¨v evwo‡q †`q| d‡j Ave× cv‡Î M¨v‡mi
Pvc ev‡o|
wecixZµ‡g Pvc evov‡j ev Kgv‡j w¯’i DòZvq AvqZb h_vµ‡g K‡g ev ev‡o|
Kv‡RB w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq (T) wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb (v) Pv‡ci (p)
e¨¯ﾏ vbycv‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|
∴ V ∝ hLb T w¯’i _v‡K|
cÖkœ : 25| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv `vI|
(ewi.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2004; m.†ev. Õ98 ; h.†ev. P.†ev. 2001)
A_ev, M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv I GKK D‡jL Ki| (h.†ev.
2006)
DËi : w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM :
O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii Mv‡mi AvqZb V0 Ges Pvc w¯’i †i‡L Gi ZvcgvÎv ∆
θ e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb cÖmviY ∆V n‡j,
∆V ∝ Vo ∆θ
(†h‡nZz w¯’i Pv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb
cÖmviY H M¨v‡mi O0C ZvcgvÎvi Avw` AvqZb Ges ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
 kã 205

mgvbycvwZK|)
ev, ∆V = γpVo ∆θ
GLv‡b, γp GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| G‡K w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
cÖmviY-mnM e‡j|
mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq,
γp = =
GB mgxKi‡Y V0 = 1m3 Ges ∆θ = 1k n‡j γp = ∆V nq| Gi †_‡K w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi
AvqZb cÖmviY-mn‡Mi wb‡æv³ msÁv †`qv hvq|
msÁv : w¯’i Pv‡c O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi 1 m3 AvqZ‡bi ZvcgvÎv
1k e„w× Ki‡j H M¨v‡mi AvqZb hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM e‡j|
GKK : Gi GKK ÔcÖwZ †KjwfbÕ (k−1)|
cÖkœ : 26| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z wK
eyS? (Xv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM k ej‡Z †evSvq− Pvc w¯’i
−1

†i‡L O0C ZvcgvÎvi 1 m3 AvqZb M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎvi 1k evov‡j Gi AvqZb m3 e„w×

cvq|
cÖkœ : 27| w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmviY-mnM Kv‡K e‡j? (h.†ev.
2001; P.†ev. 2001; m.†ev. Õ98)
DËi : w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmviY-mnM :
O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi P0 Ges AvqZb w¯’i †i‡L Gi ZvcgvÎv ∆θ
e„w× Ki‡j Gi Pv‡ci cÖmviY ∆P n‡j,
∆P ∝ Po ∆θ
ev, ∆P = γv po ∆θ
GLv‡b γv mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| G‡K w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmviY-mnM
e‡j|
mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvh−
γv = =
GB mgxKi‡Y Po = 1 Pa Ges ∆θ = 1 k n‡j γv = ∆P nq| Gi †_‡K w¯’i AvqZ‡b
M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmviY-mn‡Mi wb‡æv³ msÁv †`qv hvq|
msÁv : O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii 1 Pa Pv‡ci †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb w¯’i †i‡L
Gi ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j H M¨v‡mi Pvc hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K w¯’i
AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmviY-mnM e‡j|
GKK : Gi GKK ÔcÖwZ †KjwfbÕ (k−1).
cÖkœ : 28| w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z wK
eyS?
DËi : w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z †evSvq AvqZb w¯’i
†i‡L O0C ZvcgvÎvi 1Pa Pv‡ci M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv 1 k evov‡j Gi Pvc pa e„w× cvq|
cÖkœ : 29| cig k ﾁ b¨ ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z wK eyS? (P.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. 2004;
206 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
Õ99, 2000 ; Xv.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. 2005)
DËi : cig k ﾁ b¨ ZvcgvÎv :
†h ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb I Pvc k ﾁ b¨ nq, hvi wb‡P †Kvb ZvcgvÎv _vKv
m¤¢e bq (KviY Zvn‡j M¨v‡mi AvqZb I Pvc FYvÍK nq hv Am¤¢e) †mB
me©wbæ Kíbv‡hvM¨ ZvcgvÎv‡K cig k ﾁ b¨ ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Pvj©‡mi m ﾁ Î Ges Pvcxq m ﾁ Î n‡Z †`Lv hvq
t = − 2730C n‡j V = O Ges P = O nq|
n‡j = V = − Ges P = − nq|
t = − 2740C
A_©vr, AvqZb I Pvc FYvÍK nq, hv Am¤¢e| myZivs gnvwe‡k¦i †Kv_vI −2730C
Gi wb‡P ZvcgvÎv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GR‡b¨ −2730C †K cig ZvcgvÎv ejv nq|
cÖkœ : 30| cybt wkjxfeb wK? (Xv.†ev. h.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. 2004;
2001; m.†ev. Õ98 ; Xv.†ev. wm.†ev. 2001; e.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev. 2003)
DËi : cybt wkjxfeb :
Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb e¯‘ M‡j hvIqv Ges Pv‡ci cÖZ¨vnv‡i Gi KwVb Ae¯’v
cÖvß nIqv‡K cybtwkjxfeb e‡j|
e¨vL¨v :
cybt wkjxfe‡bi Rb¨ `yB UzK‡iv eid‡K GK‡Î ax‡i Pvc w`‡j Giv †Rvov †j‡M
hvq| hLb eid UzK‡iv `ywUi Dci Pvc †`Iqv nq ZLb G‡`i ms‡hvM¯’‡j Mjbv¼
O0C Gi wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| wKš‘ ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ZvcgvÎv O0C _vKvq H RvqMvq
eid M‡j hvq| GLb †hB Pvc AcmviY Kiv nq ZLb Mjbv¼ Avevi O0C G P‡j
Av‡m, d‡j ms‡hvM¯’‡ji eidMjv cvwb RgvU †eu‡a UzK‡iv `ywU‡K Ry‡o
†`q|
cÖkœ : 31| Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b ej‡Z wK eyS? c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b NUv‡Z myßZv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kb?
DËi : Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b :
†Kvb c`v‡_©i GK Ae¯’v †_‡K Ab¨ Ae¯’vq iƒcvš ﾏ wiZ nIqv‡K Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b e‡j| †hgb− Zvc w`‡j eid M‡j cvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq A_©vr, KwVb
Ae¯’v †_‡K Zij Ae¯’v cÖvß nq|
Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡b myßZvc :
c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡Z myßZv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb| KviYÑ †Kvb e¯‘i
AYy¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi cÖej AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ AYy¸‡jv wbqwgZfv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K|
AvKl©Y cÖej nIqvq AYy¸‡jv ¯’vb Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, wKš‘ wbR wbR
Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K `ª“Z Kuvc‡Z _v‡K| d‡j AYy¸‡jvi MwZkw³ †e‡o hvq| hLb KwVb
c`v_©wU Zi‡j cwiYZ nq, ZLb Avi G‡`i wbqwgZ m¾v _v‡K bv| AYy¸‡jvi
R¨vwgwZK m¾v †f‡½ †dj‡Z kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| myßZvcB GB kw³ mieivn
K‡i| ZvB c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡Z myßZv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cÖkœ : 32| eid Mj‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 3.36 × 105 J kg−1 ej‡Z wK eyS?
(e.†ev. 2005 h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. iv.†ev. 2003)
DËi : eid Mj‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 3.36 × 105 J kg−1 ej‡Z †evSvq O0C ZvcgvÎvq
1 kg eid‡K O0C ZvcgvÎvi cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z 3.36 × 105 J Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq|
 kã 207

cÖkœ : 33| ev®•xfeb Kv‡K e‡j?

DËi : ev®•xfeb :
†h cÖwµqvq c`v_© Zij Ae¯’v †_‡K ev‡®• cwiYZ nq Zv‡K ev®•xfeb ejv nq|
ev®•xfeb `ywU cÖwµqvq n‡q _v‡K−
1. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M GKwU wbw`©ó DòZvq Zi‡ji mKj ¯’vb †_‡K ev®•xfeb
N‡U|
2. †h †Kvb DòZvq Zi‡ji DcwiZj †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i ev®•xfeb N‡U|
cÖkœ : 34| ¯^Zt ev®•xfeb I ùzUb ej‡Z wK eyS? (P.†ev. 2006;
h.†ev. 2006; 2005; 2000; Kz.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. 2000 ; 2001)
DËi : ¯^Zt ev®•xfeb :
†h †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq Zi‡ji DcwiZj †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i ev‡®• cwiYZ nIqvi NUbv‡K
¯^Zt ev®•xfeb e‡j|
D`vniY : e„wói ci GLv‡b †mLv‡b wKQy cvwb R‡g _v‡K| Avevi hLb †iv`
D‡V ZLb †m cvwb µgk ev®• n‡q D‡o hvq| GLv‡b cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 1000C
ch©š ﾏ † cŠuQvevi c ﾁ ‡ e©B ev®•xfeb m¤•bœ nq| G ai‡bi ev®•xfeb‡K
¯^Zt ev®•xfeb ejv nq|
ùzUb : Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M †Kvb Zi‡ji ZvcgvÎv evwo‡q `ª“Z ev‡®• cwiYZ Kivi
c×wZ‡K ùzUb ejv nq|
D`vniY : cvwb‡K DËß Ki‡j 1000C DòZvq ùzUb ïi“ nq| d‡j H DòZvq cvwbi
mKj ¯’vb †_‡K ev®• wbM©Z nq|
cÖkœ : 35| ùzUbv‡¼i msÁv `vI| ùzUbv‡¼i mv‡_ Pv‡ci m¤•K© wK?
(P.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. e.†ev. 2001 ; iv.†ev. 2000; e.†ev. 2005)
DËi : ùzUbv¼ :
msÁv : w¯’i Pv‡c †Kvb Zij c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z _vK‡j †h wbw`©ó
ZvcgvÎvq †cuŠ‡Q ZijwU ev‡®• cwiYZ n‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges m¤•ﾁ Y© Zij c`v_©
ev‡®• cwiYZ bv nIqv ch©š ﾏ H ZvcgvÎvi †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K H
Pv‡c H Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e‡j|
ùzUbv‡¼i mv‡_ Pv‡ci m¤•K© :
Zi‡ji Dci Pvc evov‡j Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq Ges Pvc Kgv‡j Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼
n«vm cvq|
D`vniY : ivbœv Kivi mgq XvKbv w`‡q nvwoi gyL eÜ K‡i Pvc evov‡bv
nq| d‡j ewa©Z Pv‡c nvwoi cvwb 1000C †_‡K †ewk ZvcgvÎvq dzU‡Z _v‡K
A_©vr ùzUbv¼ †e‡o hvq Ges ivbœv ZvovZvwo nq|
cvnv‡oi Dc‡i Pvc Kg _v‡K GRb¨ ùzUbv¼ Kg nq|
cÖkœ : 36| KwVbxfe‡bi d‡j AvqZb †e‡o hvq Ggb cuvPwU c`v‡_©i
bvg wjL|
DËi : mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq c`v_© Zij †_‡K KwVb Ae¯’vq iƒcvš ﾏ wiZ n‡j
AvqZb K‡g hvq| wKš‘ wKQy wKQy c`v_© Avevi H wbqg †g‡b P‡j bv|
A_©vr Zij †_‡K KwVb Ae¯’vq iƒcvš ﾏ wiZ n‡j AvqZb †e‡o hvq| Ggb
cuvPwU c`v_© nj−
208 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

1. eid 4. A¨vwÈgwb
2. wcZj 5. XvjvB †jvnv|
3. wem&gv_
cÖkœ : 37| kx‡Zi †`‡k cvwbi cvBc †d‡U hvq †Kb?
DËi : kx‡Zi †`‡k cvwbi cvBc †d‡U hvq :
KviY : Avgiv Rvwb, cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ n‡j Gi AvqZb ev‡o| kx‡Zi †`‡k
AZ¨waK kx‡Z cvwbi cvB‡ci wfZ‡ii cvwb VvÊvq eid n‡q AvqZb †e‡o hvq|
d‡j cvB‡ci Dci †h cÖPÊ Pvc c‡o Zv‡Z cvBc †d‡U hvq|
cÖkœ : 38| DuPz cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv AmyweavRbK †Kb? (P.
†ev. 2000 ; m.†ev. Õ98; Xv.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : DuPz cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv AmyweavRbK :
Avgiv Rvwb, cvwbi ùzUbv¼ evqyPv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj, Avi evqyPvc f‚-c„ô
†_‡K D”PZvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
cvnv‡oi evqyPvc Kg nIqvq cvwbi ùzUbv¼ K‡g hvq A_©vr, 1000C Gi Kg
ZvcgvÎvq cvwb dzU‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wKš‘ gvQ, gvsm BZ¨vw` mywm× nevi Rb¨
†h Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb, cvwb Kg ZvcgvÎvq ev®•xf‚Z nq e‡j, gvQ, gvsk
ch©vß Zvc cvq bv| d‡j cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv AmyweavRbK|
cÖkœ : 39| ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZv‡ci msÁv `vI| (Kz.†ev. 2005;
Xv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc :
ZvcgvÎv ùzUbv‡¼ w¯’i †i‡L 1 kg f‡ii †Kvb c`v_©‡K ïaygvÎ Zij Ae¯’v †_‡K
evqexq Ae¯’vq iƒcvš ﾏ wiZ Ki‡Z †h Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K ev®•xfe‡bi
Av‡cw¶K myßZvc e‡j| G‡K lv Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cwigvc : ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q m kg f‡ii †Kvb Zij c`v_©‡K evqexq
Ae¯’vq iƒcvš ﾏ wiZ Ki‡Z ∆θ Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n‡j,
lv =
GKK : ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZv‡ci GKK J kg−1 |
cÖkœ : 40| cvwbi ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 2268000 J kg−1 ej‡Z
wK eyS?
DËi : cvwbi ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 2268000 J kg−1 ej‡Z †evSvq 1000C
ZvcgvÎvi 1 kg cvwb‡K 1000C ZvcgvÎvi Rjxq ev‡®• cwiYZ Ki‡Z 2268000 J Zv‡ci
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cÖkœ : 41| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq
†Kb?
DËi : Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq :
 kã 209

KviY : KwVb e¯‘‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Dnv DËß nq| ZLb e¯‘wUi cÖ‡Z¨K
AYyi Zvckw³ Z_v MwZkw³ e„w× cvq| d‡j Avš ﾏ t AvYweK e‡ji wecix‡Z
AYy¸‡jv Av‡iv ewa©Z kw³‡Z ¯•w›`Z n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j AYy¸‡jvi miY †e‡o
hvq| ZvB KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Dnvi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq|
cÖkœ : 42| Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z cÖmviY mn‡Mi mv‡_ AvcvZ
cÖmviY mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK? (P.†ev. 2006)
DËi : Zi‡ji cÖK…Z I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤•K© :
Zij c`v_©‡K †Kvb bv †Kvb cv‡Î †i‡L DËß Ki‡Z nq| d‡j Zij c`v‡_© Zvc
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zi‡ji mv‡_ mv‡_ cvÎI cÖmvwiZ nq| GB cv‡Îi cÖmviY
we‡ePbvi Dci Zi‡ji cÖmvi‡Yi gvb wbf©i K‡i|
cv‡Îi cÖmvi‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i Zi‡j `yB cÖKvi cÖmviY nq| h_v−
1. cÖK…Z cÖmviY I
2. AvcvZ cÖmviY|
†h †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i AvcvZ cÖmviY mn‡Mi mv‡_ cv‡Îi Dcv`v‡bi AvqZb
cÖmviY-mnM †hvM Ki‡j cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM cvIqv hvq|
A_©vr cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM = AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM + cv‡Îi Dcv`v‡bi
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM|
ev, γr = γa + γg
GLv‡b, γg = cv‡Îi Dcv`v‡bi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM|
cÖkœ : 43| `yB UzK‡iv eid GK mv‡_ †P‡c ai‡j †Rvov †j‡M hvq †Kb?
(wm.†ev. 2006; ewi.†ev. 2003)
DËi : `yB UzK‡iv eid GK mv‡_ †P‡c ai‡j †Rvov †j‡M hvq :
KviY : hLb eid UzK‡iv `ywUi Dci Pvc †`Iqv nq ZLb I‡`i ms‡hvM¯’‡j
Mjbv¼ O0C Gi wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| wKš‘ ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ZvcgvÎv O0C _vKvq H
RvqMvq eid M‡j hvq| GLb †hB Pvc AcmviY Kiv
nq ZLb Mjbv¼ Avevi O0C P‡j Av‡m, d‡j ms‡hvM¯’‡ji eid Mjv cvwb RgvU
†eu‡a UzK‡iv `ywU‡K
Ry‡o †`q|

Abykxjbxi
iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi msÁv `vI| G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? †Kjwfb
†¯‹j wK? (P.†ev. iv †ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z wK eyS? Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK? (ewi.†ev.
2004; wm.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2002)
DËi : Zvc :
msÁv : †h evwn¨K Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e †Kvb VvÊv e¯‘ Mig nq ev
210 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

Mig e¯‘ VvÊv nq Zv‡K Zvc e‡j|

Ab¨fv‡e− Zvc c`v‡_©i AvYweK MwZi mv‡_ m¤•wK©Z GK cÖKvi kw³ hv
VvÊv ev Mi‡gi AYyf‚wZ Rb¥vq|
GKK : Zvc †h‡nZz kw³i GKwU iƒc, ZvB Zv‡ci GKK n‡e kw³i Z_v Kv‡Ri
GKK A_©vr Ryj (J)| Zv‡ci c ﾁ e©Zb cÖPwjZ GKK K¨vjwii mv‡_ Gi m¤•K©−
1 cal = 4.2 J.
ZvcgvÎv :
msÁv : ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q †Kvb e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv wba©viY K‡i H e¯‘wU
Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq ms¯•‡k© Avm‡j e¯‘wU Zvc MÖnY Ki‡e bv eR©b Ki‡e|
e¨vL¨v :
`ywU e¯‘‡K Zvcxq ms¯•‡k© Avbv n‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ Zv‡ci Av`vb cÖ`vb N‡U|
Zv‡ci GB Av`vb cÖ`vb wbf©i K‡i e¯‘؇qi DòZvi Dci, e¯‘ `ywUi Zv‡ci
cwigv‡Yi Dci bq| e¯‘i GB DòZvi cwigvc‡KB Dnvi ZvcgvÎv ev DòZv e‡j|
Zvcxq ms¯•‡k© ¯’vwcZ `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ †hwUi ZvcgvÎv †ewk †mwU Zvc
nvivq Ges †hwU‡Z ZvcgvÎv Kg †mwUB Zvc MÖnY K‡i|
GKK : Avš ﾏ R©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi GKK †Kjwfb (K)| ZvcgvÎvi
c ﾁ e©Zb cÖPwjZ GKK wQj wWMÖx †mjwmqvm|
Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
ˆewkó¨ Zvc ZvcgvÎv
1. msÁv 1. Zvc n‡”Q GK cÖKvi kw³ 1. ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q e¯‘i Zvcxq
hv VvÊv ev Mi‡gi Ae¯’v hv Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq
Abyf‚wZ Rb¥vq| ms¯•‡k© Avb‡j Zvc
MÖnY Ki‡e bv eR©b
Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
2. Zv‡ci 2. Zv‡ci cÖevn Zv‡ci 2. Zv‡ci cÖevn ZvcgvÎvi
cÖevn cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i Dci wbf©i K‡i|
bv|
3. GKK 3. Zvc cwigv‡ci GKK Ryj| 3. ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci GKK
†Kjwfb|
4. KviY 4. Zvc n‡”Q ZvcgvÎvi 4. ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q Zv‡ci dj|
KviY|
5. 5. `ywU e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv GK 5. `ywU e¯‘‡Z Zv‡ci
wfbœ n‡jI G‡`i Zv‡ci cwigvY cwigvY GK n‡jI G‡`i
Zv wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvcgvÎv wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
†Kjwfb †¯‹j :
ZvcgvÎvi †h †¯‹j e¯‘i †fŠZ ¸Yvewji Dci wbf©ikxj bq Zv‡K †Kjwfb †¯‹j e‡j|
G‡K k Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB †¯‹‡j Mjš ﾏ ei‡di ZvcgvÎv‡K 2730 k Ges dzUš ﾏ
cvwbi ZvcgvÎv‡K 3730 k a‡i ga¨eZx© ¯’vb‡K 100 wU fv‡M (mgvb fv‡M) fvM
Kiv nq| GK GKwU fvM‡K 10 k ejv nq|
 kã 211

cÖkœ : 2| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? KwVb

c`v‡_©i wfbœ wfbœ wZb cÖKvi cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv `vI|
A_ev, KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM, †¶Î cÖmviY mnM Ges
AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv I e¨vL¨v `vI|
DËi : KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY :
Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j KwVb c`v_© cÖmvwiZ nq Ges Zv‡ci Acmvi‡Y Zv
msKzwPZ nq| c`v‡_©i GB cÖmviY mKj w`‡KB n‡q _v‡K A_©vr, Zvc
cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY wZbfv‡e N‡U| h_v−
1. ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY
2. †¶Î cÖmviY
3. AvqZb cÖmviY|
KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY mnM :
Avgiv Rvwb KwVb c`v‡_©i wZb iK‡gi cÖmviY nq| GB wZb iKg cÖmvi‡Yi
Rb¨ wZwb cÖKvi cÖmviY-mnM cvIqv hvq| h_v−
1. ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM
2. †¶Î cÖmviY mnM
3. AvqZb cÖmviY mnM|
1. ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM, α : 1m ˆ`‡N©¨i †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i
GKwU `‡Êi ZvcgvÎv 1k e„w× Ki‡j H `‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K H
`‡Êi Dcv`v‡bi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM e‡j| G‡K α (Avjdv) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq|
e¨vL¨v : aiv hvK, GKwU avZe `‡Êi Avw` ˆ`N©¨ lo| ZvcgvÎv ∆θ e„w×i
Rb¨ Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY ∆ l n‡j−
∆l ∝ lo∆θ lo
(†h‡nZz `‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY Gi 0oc
Avw` ˆ`N©¨ I ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
mgvbycvwZK|)
θ
o
c
ev, ∆l = α lo∆θ lo
ev, α = → ∆l←
GLv‡b, α GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi gvb `ÊwUi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i
K‡i| G‡K KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM ejv nq|
GKK : ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mn‡Mi GKK cÖwZ †Kjwfb (k−1)
2. †¶Î cÖmviY mnM, β : 1 m2 †¶Îdj
wewkó †Kvb KwVb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv 1 k Aθ
e„w× Ki‡j H e¯‘i †¶Îdj hZUzKz e„w×
Ao ∆A
cvq Zv‡K H e¯‘i Dcv`v‡bi †¶Î
cÖmviY-mnM e‡j| G‡K β (weUv) Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
212 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

e¨vL¨v : aiv hvK, †Kvb GKwU KwVb

c`v‡_©i c„‡ôi Avw` †¶Îdj A0 Ges ∆θ
ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Rb¨ Gi †¶Î cÖmviY ∆A n‡j−
∆ A ∝ Ao ∆θ
(†h‡nZz †Kvb GKwU KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY Gi c„‡ôi Avw` †¶Îdj Ges
ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mgvbycvwZK|)
ev, ∆A = βAo ∆θ
ev, β =
GLv‡b β GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi gvb e¯‘wUi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i
K‡i| G‡K KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM ejv nq|
GKK : cÖwZ †Kjwfb (k−1) |
3. AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM, γ : 1 m3 AvqZb wewkó †Kvb KwVb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv
1 k e„w× Ki‡j H e¯‘i AvqZb hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K H e¯‘i Dcv`v‡bi
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM e‡j| G‡K γ (Mvgv) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : ∆θ ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j vo AvqZ‡bi †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i ∆v cwigvY
AvqZb cÖmvwiZ n‡j−
∆v ∝ v0∆θ
(†h‡nZz †Kvb wbw`©ó KwVb c`v‡_©i lθ
lo
AvqZb cÖmviY Gi Avw` AvqZb Ges lo
ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mgvbycvwZK|)
lθ lo
ev, ∆v = γv0 ∆θ
vo
ev, γ =
vθ

GLv‡b, γ GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi gvb e¯‘wUi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i

K‡i| G‡K KwVb c`v‡_©i AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM ejv nq|
GKK : AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi GKK cÖwZ †Kjwfb (k−1)|
cÖkœ : 3| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb c`v_© cÖmvwiZ nq Ges Zvc
AcmviY Ki‡j KwVb c`v_© msKzwPZ nq Zvi GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
DËi : Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M KwVb c`v_© cÖmvwiZ nq Ges Zvc Acmvi‡Y Zv
msKzwPZ nq| c`v‡_©i GB cÖmviY me w`‡KB nq| Z‡e me KwVb c`v‡_©i
cÖmviY mgvb nq bv| wewfbœ cÖKvi KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY ev ms‡KvPb
†h wewfbœ Zv GKwU mnR cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj−
cix¶v : GKwU †jvnvi I GKwU wcZ‡ji
m`„k cvZ‡K cvkvcvwk GKmv‡_
†Rvov w`‡q GKwU avZe cvZ ˆZwi
Kiv nq| K¶ ZvcgvÎvi cvZwU †mvRv
_v‡K (wPÎ-K)| Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
 kã 213

cvZwU †eu‡K hvq− wcZ‡ji cvZwU

evB‡ii w`‡K _v‡K (wPÎ-L)| Zvc
cÖ‡qv‡M †jvnvi †P‡q wcZ‡ji cÖmviY
†ewk nq e‡j Giƒc nq|
Avevi `ÊwU‡K ei‡di g‡a¨ ivL‡jI `ÊwU
†eu‡K hv‡e| Z‡e Gevi wcZ‡ji cvZwU
_v‡K wfZ‡ii w`‡K (wPÎ-M)| Zvc
Acmvi‡Y †jvnvi †P‡q wcZj †ewk
msKzwPZ nq e‡j GiKg N‡U|
wPÎ : KwVb
c`v‡_©i ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi cix¶v
wm×vš ﾏ : GB cix¶v cÖgvY K‡i †h−
1. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M KwVb c`v_© cÖmvwiZ nq Ges Zvc Acmvi‡Y KwVb
c`v_© msKzwPZ nq|
2. GKB ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY wewfbœ|
cÖkœ : 4| mKj cÖKvi KwVb c`v‡_©i cªmviY mgvb nq bv Zv †`Lvi
GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
DËi : 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wjL|
cÖkœ : 5| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi K‡qKwU D`vniY eY©bv Ki|
DËi : KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi D`vniY :
†ijjvB‡b `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j duvKv _v‡K :
m ﾁ ‡ h©i Zvc wKsev hLb †Uªb P‡j ZLb PvKvi Nl©‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ Zv‡c
†ijjvBb cÖmvwiZ nq| †ij jvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j ZvB duvK ivLv
nq,hv‡Z †ijjvBb cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó RvqMv cvq| Giƒc duvK bv ivL‡j GB
cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j †ijjvBb †eu‡K wM‡q gvivÍK `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
†UwjMÖvd, †Uwj‡dvb I we`y¨r jvB‡bi Zvi wXjv _v‡K :
†UwjMÖvd, †Uwj‡dvb I we`y¨r jvB‡bi `ywU †cv‡÷i gvSLv‡b Zvi¸‡jv wXjv
_v‡K| Gi KviY n‡”Q kxZKv‡j ZvcgvÎv n«vm †c‡j Zvi¸‡jv msKzwPZ nq|
Zvi¸‡jv Uvb Uvb _vK‡j kxZKv‡j ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j wQu‡o †h‡Z ev †cv÷ †f‡½
†h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G¸‡jv‡K wXjv ivLv nq hv‡Z ms‡KvP‡bi h‡_ó my‡hvM cvq|
PvKvq †jvnvi †eo civ‡bv :
mvaviYZ Mi“i Mvwoi PvKvq †jvnvi †eo jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GB †eo Kv‡Vi mv‡_
`„pfv‡e AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq GB †eo PvKv †_‡K †QvU nq;
ZvB G‡K PvKvi mv‡_ jvMv‡bv hvq bv| †jvnvi †eo‡K Mig Ki‡j cÖmvwiZ
nq, d‡j Gi e¨vm e„w× cvq| DËß Ae¯’vq †eowU‡K PvKvi mv‡_ jvwM‡q
VvÊv Kiv hvq| †eowU VvÊvq msKzwPZ n‡q PvKvi Mv‡q `„pfv‡e †j‡M
214 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

_v‡K|
cÖkœ : 6| mgvb ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ mKj Zij c`v_© mgvb cÖmvwiZ nq
bv−GwU †`Lvevi Rb¨ GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
DËi : Avgiv Rvwb, Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M cÖvq e¯‘iB cÖmviY nq Ges Zvc
Acmvi‡Y e¯‘ msKzwPZ nq| KwVb c`v‡_© ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY, †¶Î cÖmviY I
AvqZb cÖmviY GB wZb ai‡bi cÖmviY nq| wKš‘ Zij c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó
AvKvi †bB e‡j Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY ev †¶Î cÖmviY †bB| myZivs Zij c`v‡_©
Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j ïay Gi AvqZb cÖmviY nq| wKš‘ ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Rb¨ mg-
AvqZ‡bi wewfbœ Zij c`v‡_©i cÖmviY wewfbœ| wb‡æ Zv cix¶vi
mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj|

cix¶v : mg-AvqZ‡bi K‡qKwU Kuv‡Pi evj&e A, B, C, D cÖf…wZ †bIqv nq|

cÖwZwU evj&‡ei mv‡_ GKwU K‡i mi“ bj mshy³| evj&e¸‡jv GKwU
Dc‡hvMx KvVv‡gv v-†Z Dj¤^fv‡e `uvo Kiv‡bv Ges h‡š ﾐ i wbævs‡k
GKwU cv‡Îi g‡a¨ evj&e¸‡jv Av‡Q| evj&e¸‡jv‡K K¶ ZvcgvÎvq wewfbœ Zij
c`v_© w`‡q GKB D”PZv ch©š ﾏ c ﾁ Y© Kiv nq| myZivs K¶ ZvcgvÎvq mKj
Zij c`v_©B mgvb AvqZb `Lj K‡i| GLb cv‡Î Mig cvwb Xvjv nq| Gi d‡j
cÖwZwU Zi‡ji ZvcgvÎv mg-cwigvY e„w× cvq| ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j Zij
c`v_©¸‡jv cÖmvwiZ n‡q b‡ji wfZi cÖ‡ek K‡i| wKš‘ wewfbœ b‡j Zi‡ji
DcwiZ‡ji D”PZv wewfbœ nq|
wm×vš ﾏ : G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, GKB ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ mKj Zij c`v_©
mgvb cÖmvwiZ nq bv|
cÖkœ : 7| Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤•©K
¯’vcb Ki|
(P.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. Õ99 ; P.†ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2001; h.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2003; ewi.†ev.
h.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005)
A_ev, †`LvI †h, vr = va + vg †mLv‡b ms‡KZ¸‡jv cÖPwjZ A_© enb K‡i|
DËi : Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY :
Zij c`v_©‡K cv‡Î bv †i‡L DËß Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Zi‡ji cÖK…Z †h cÖmviY cvIqv
†hZ Zv‡K Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY e‡j| Zij c`v_© cv‡Î †i‡L DËß Kiv nq e‡j
 kã 215

cv‡Îi cÖmviY we‡ePbv K‡i Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY cvIqv hvq ZvB cÖK…Z
cÖmviY|
Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY : cv‡Îi cÖmviY
we‡ePbv bv K‡i Zi‡ji AvcvZfv‡e †h cÖmviY
†`Lv hvq A_©vr, cv‡Îi mv‡c‡¶ Zi‡ji †h
cÖmviY nq Zv‡K Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY e‡j|
wb‡Pi cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z
cÖmviY I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤•K©
¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
m¤•K© :
cix¶v : GKwU `vMKvUv d¬v¯‹ †bB hvi A
`vM ch©š ﾏ Zij Av‡Q| Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
cÖ_‡g d¬v¯‹wU Zvc MÖnY K‡i Ges
cÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j Dnvi aviKZv e„w× †c‡q
Zij wb‡P B `v‡M †b‡g Av‡m| Gici Zi‡j Zvc
mÂvwiZ nq Ges Zij cÖmvwiZ nq| †h‡nZz
Zi‡ji cÖmviY- KwV‡bi †P‡q †ewk, myZivs
Zij cÖmvwiZ n‡q Dc‡i C `vM ch©š ﾏ
† cuŠ‡Q| AvcvZ `„wó‡Z g‡b nq Zij A `vM
n‡Z C `v‡M †cuŠ‡Q‡Q|
wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zij cÖmvwiZ n‡q B `vM n‡Z C `v‡M †cuŠ‡Q‡Q|
AZGe− wPÎ : cvwb fwZ© d¬v¯‹
BC = ∆Vr = Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY
AC = ∆Va = Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY
BA = ∆Vg = cv‡Îi cÖmviY
wPÎ †_‡K Avgiv cvB,
BC = AC + BA
ev, ∆Vr = ∆Va + ∆Vg
∴ Vr = Va + Vg
A_©vr, Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY = Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY + cv‡Îi cÖmviY|
GwUB wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 8| evqexq c`v‡_©i †ejvq AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨
†Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv †Kb?
DËi : evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi A_©B Gi AvqZ‡bi cÖmviY| KviY−
evqexq c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó †Kvb AvKvi I AvqZb †bB| hLb †h cv‡Î ivLv nq
†mB cv‡Îi AvKvi I AvqZb jvf K‡i| wKš‘ Zv‡Z Pv‡ci cwieZ©b nq| myZivs
evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj|
Zi‡ji b¨vq evqexq c`v_©‡K †Kvb bv †Kvb cv‡Î †i‡L Zvc w`‡Z nq| wKš‘
216 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

ZvcgvÎvi GB cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY, cv‡Îi cÖmvi‡Yi

†P‡q A‡bK †ewk nIqvq cv‡Îi cÖmviY‡K D‡c¶v Kiv hvq| d‡j evqexq
c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î cÖK…Z I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv|
cÖkœ : 9| evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY mnM wbY©‡qi mgq mKj †¶‡ÎB
cÖv_wgK AvqZb ev Pvc 273 k ZvcgvÎvi wb‡Z nq †Kb?
DËi : evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY mnM wbY©‡qi mgq mKj †¶‡ÎB cÖv_wgK
AvqZb ev Pvc O0C ev 273 k ZvcgvÎvq wb‡Z nq| KwVb ev Zij c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î
O0C Gi cwie‡Z© K¶ZvcgvÎv ev Ab¨ †Kvb wbæ ZvcgvÎvq †bIqv P‡j| KviY
ZvcgvÎvi Aí cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ KwVb I Zij c`v‡_©i Aí cÖmvi‡Yi Zzjbvq
evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY A‡bK †ewk nq|
cÖkœ : 10| evqexq c`v‡_©i w¯’i Pv‡c AvqZb cÖmviY mnM Ges
w¯’i AvqZ‡b Pvc cÖmviY mn‡Mi e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : w¯’i Pv‡c AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM, γ p :
e¨vL¨v : O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb V0 Ges Pvc w¯’i †i‡L Gi
ZvcgvÎv ∆θ e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb cÖmviY ∆V n‡j
∆V ∝ Vo ∆θ.
(†h‡nZz w¯’i Pv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb
cÖmviY H M¨v‡mi O0C ZvcgvÎvi Avw` AvqZb Ges ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
mgvbycvwZK|)
∴ ∆V = γpVo ∆θ
GLv‡b, γp GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| G‡K w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
cÖmviY-mnM ejv nq|
GKK : Gi GKK cÖwZ †Kjwfb (k−1)
w¯’i AvqZ‡b Pvc cÖmviY-mnM, γ v t
e¨vL¨v : O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi Pvc Po Ges AvqZb w¯’i †i‡L Gi
ZvcgvÎv ∆θ e„w× Ki‡j Gi Pv‡ci cÖmviY ∆P n‡j,
∆P ∝ Po ∆θ.
(†h‡nZz AvqZb w¯’i †i‡L wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Gi Pv‡ci
cÖmviY H M¨v‡mi O0C ZvcgvÎvi Avw` Pvc Ges ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
mgvbycvwZK|)
∴ ∆P = γv Po∆θ
GLv‡b γv GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| G‡K w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc
cÖmviY-mnM ejv nq|
GKK : Gi GKK cÖwZ †Kjwfb (k−1)
cÖkœ : 11| KwVb c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? Mjbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci
cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Ki| (ewi.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. Õ99)
DËi : KwVb c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ :
msÁv : w¯’i Pv‡c KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †h ZvcgvÎvq Zv Mj‡Z
ïi“ K‡i Ges m¤•ﾁ Y© Mjb ch©š ﾏ H ZvcgvÎvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv, Z‡e H
 kã 217

ZvcgvÎv‡K KwVb c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ e‡j|

†hgb− ei‡di Mjbv¼ OoC A_©vr wbw`©ó Pv‡c OoC ZvcgvÎvq KwVb eid Mj‡Z
ïi“ K‡i Ges m¤•ﾁ Y© Mjb ch©š ﾏ ZvcgvÎv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Mjbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve :
c`v‡_©i Dci Pv‡ci n«vm-e„w×i Rb¨ Mjbv¼ cwiewZ©Z nq| Pv‡ci Rb¨
Mjbv¼ cwieZ©b `yBfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i|
1. KwVb Ae¯’v †_‡K Zij Ae¯’vq iƒcvš ﾏ ‡ ii mgq †h me c`v‡_©i AvqZb
e„w× cvq, †hgb− †gvg, Zvgv BZ¨vw`; Pvc evo‡j H me c`v‡_©i
Mjbv¼ †e‡o hvq A_©vr Zviv †ewk ZvcgvÎvq M‡j| ewa©Z Pvc
c`v‡_©i AvqZb e„w×i Amyweav K‡i †`q d‡j Mjbv¼ †e‡o hvq|
2. Avevi †hme c`v‡_©i AvqZb Mj‡bi d‡j n«vm cvq, †hgb− XvjvB †jvnv,
eid BZ¨vw`; G‡`i †¶‡Î Pvc evo‡j Mjbv¼ K‡g hvq A_©vr Giv Kg
ZvcgvÎvq M‡j| ewa©Z Pvc c`v‡_©i AvqZb ms‡KvP‡b myweav K‡i
†`q| d‡j G‡`i Mjbv¼ K‡g hvq|
¯^vfvweK Pv‡c ei‡di Mjbv¼ OoC| wKš‘ evqy k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b ei‡di Mjbv¼
0.00780c| myZivs GK evqygÊjxq Pv‡ci A_©vr 76 cm cvi` Pv‡ci cwieZ©‡bi
Rb¨ ei‡di Mjbv¼ 0.00780c cwiewZ©Z nq|
cÖkœ : 12| cybt wkjxfeb ej‡Z wK eyS? eUgwji cix¶v wPÎmn
eY©bv Ki| (h.†ev. 2004)
A_ev, cybt wkjxfeb msÁvmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : cybt wkjxfeb :
Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb e¯‘ M‡j hvIqv Ges Pv‡ci cÖZ¨vnv‡i Gi KwVb Ae¯’v
cÖvß nIqv‡K cybt wkjxfeb e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : cybt wkjxfe‡bi Rb¨ `yB UzK‡iv eid‡K GK‡Î ax‡i Pvc w`‡j Giv
†Rvov †j‡M hvq| hLb eid UzK‡iv `ywUi Dci Pvc †`Iqv nq ZLb G‡`i
ms‡hvM¯’‡j Mjbv¼ OoC-Gi wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| wKš‘ ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ZvcgvÎv OoC
_vKvq H RvqMvq eid M‡j hvq| GLb †hB Pvc AcmviY Kiv nq ZLb Mjbv¼
Avevi OoC-G P‡j Av‡m, d‡j ms‡hvM¯’‡ji eidMjv cvwb RgvU †eu‡a UzK‡iv
`ywU‡K Ry‡o †`q|
eUgwji cix¶v : eUgwji cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ cybtwkjxfeb cÖwµqvwU AwZ
mn‡R †evSv‡bv hvq|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY :
1. ei‡di GKwU eo UzKiv 3. mi“ Zvgvi Zvi
2. `ywU ÷¨vÊ 4. `ywU fvix IRb|
Kv‡Ri aviv I ch©‡e¶Y :
ei‡di GKwU eo UzK‡iv‡K `ywU ÷¨v‡Êi
Dci ivLv nq| GKwU mi“ Zvgvi Zv‡ii `yB
cÖv‡š ﾏ `ywU IRb †eu‡a UzK‡ivwUi Dci
gvS eivei ivLv nq|
wKQy¶Y ci †`Lv hv‡e †h, IRb `ywUi fv‡i
Zvgvi ZviwU ei‡di UzK‡ivwU‡K †K‡U
218 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wb‡P †b‡g Avm‡Q Ges †k‡l eid LÊwU‡K

m¤• ﾁ Y©fv‡e †K‡U ZviwU IRb `ywU
m‡gZ wb‡P c‡o _v‡K| wKš‘ eid LÊwU
`yfv‡M fvM bv n‡q Awef³ _v‡K| wPÎ :
eUgwji cix¶v
KviY : IR‡bi wbægyLx Uv‡b eid msjMœ Zvi wb‡Pi ei‡di Dci Pvc †`q, d‡j
H ¯’v‡bi ei‡di Mjbv¼ OoC Gi wb‡P †b‡g hvq Ges Zv‡ii wb‡Pi eid M‡j
cvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq| GB Mj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq myßZvc eid Zvgvi Zvi I
cvk¦©¯’ evqygÊj †_‡K msMÖn K‡i| GLb H cvwb †f` K‡i Zvi †hB GKUz
wb‡P bv‡g mv‡_ mv‡_ cvwbi Pvc K‡g hvq, d‡j Gi Mjbv¼ Avevi †e‡o
hvIqvq cvwb RgvU †eu‡a hvq| R‡g eid nIqvi mgq cvwb wKQyUv
myßZvc cwiZ¨vM K‡i| GB Zvc Zvgvi Zvi †e‡q wb‡P †b‡g hvq Ges wb‡Pi
eid‡K Mwj‡q †d‡j| Gfv‡e ZviwU Av‡¯ ﾏ Av‡¯ ﾏ eid †K‡U †ei n‡e wKš‘ eid
`yfv‡M fvM n‡e bv| KviY wb‡P bvgvi mv‡_ Dc‡ii cvwb eid n‡q Avevi
†Rvov jvwM‡q †`q|
kZ©vejx :
1. cvk¦©¯’ evqyi ZvcgvÎv ooc ev Zvi Kg _vK‡j cix¶vwU Kiv m¤¢e bq|
KviY H ZvcgvÎvq evqy eid Mj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq myßZvc mieivn
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. mycwievnx avZzi Zvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY myZv Zvc Kzcwievnx,
ZvB myZv e¨envi Ki‡j n‡e bv| ZviwU hZ mycwievnx n‡e IRbwU ZZ
ZvovZvwo wb‡P †b‡g hv‡e|
3. avZe ZviwU mi“ n‡Z n‡e| KviY- Zvi mi“ n‡j Zv‡ii wb‡P ei‡di Dci Pv‡ci
cwigvY †ewk n‡e|
cÖkœ : 13| ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve wK? GB cÖfve cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨
GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
(iv.†ev. 2006; P. †ev. 2004; Õ99; ewi. †ev. 2002)
DËi : ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve :
¯^vfvweK Pv‡c †h wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb Zi‡ji ùzUb Avi¤¢ nq A_©vr
Zij dzU‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K H Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e‡j| Zi‡ji Dci¯’ Pvc evo‡j ùzUbv¼
†e‡o hvq Ges Pvc Kg‡j ùzUbv¼ K‡g hvq| A_©vr ùzUbv¼ Zij c`v‡_©i
Dci¯’ Pv‡ci Dci wbf©i K‡i|
†hgb− ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c cvwbi ùzUbv¼ 1000c| wKš‘ Pvc hw` 76cm cvi` Pvc bv
n‡q Kg nq Zvn‡j cvwb 1000c Gi Kg ZvcgvÎvq dz‡U| cÖwZ 2.7cm cvi` Pv‡ci
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ùzUbv¼ 10c G cwiewZ©Z nq| wb‡Pi cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨
ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve mn‡RB cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
dªv¼wjb-Gi cix¶v :
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY :
1. GKwU Kuv‡Pi dv¯‹ 4. wQwc (wQ`ªhy³)
2. GKwU eyb‡mb evb©vi 5. _v‡g©vwgUvi
3. wÎc`x ÷¨vÛ 6. cvwbmn cvÎ|
Kv‡Ri aviv :
 kã 219

GKwU Kuv‡Pi d¬v‡¯‹ A‡a©K cvwb wb‡q

evb©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ dzUv‡j wfZ‡ii mg¯ ﾏ evqy †ei
n‡q hvq| AZtci evb©vi mwi‡q d¬v¯‹wU‡K
GKwU wQwc Øviv eÜ Kiv nq| wQwci ga¨ w`‡q
GKwU _v‡g©vwgUvi d¬v‡¯‹i g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv
nq|
Gevi d¬v¯‹wU Dwë‡q ivLv nq| evb©vi mwi‡q
†bIqvi d‡j cvwbi ùzUb eÜ n‡q hvq| GLb
d¬v¯‹wUi Dci VvÊv cvwb Xvj‡Z n‡e|
ch©‡e¶Y : d¬v¯‹wUi Dci VvÊv cvwb Xvj‡j
†`Lv hv‡e †h d¬v‡¯‹i cvwb Avevi dzU‡Z ïi“
K‡i‡Q| hw`I _v‡g©vwgUv‡i DòZv 1000c †_‡K
K‡qK wWMÖx Kg|
KviY : VvÊv cvwbi ms¯•‡k© d¬v‡¯‹i wfZ‡ii
Rjxq ev‡®•i wKQy Ask Nbxf‚Z n‡q Zi‡j cwiYZ
nq| d‡j d«v‡¯‹i cvwbi Dci Pvc evqygÛ‡ji Pv‡ci
†P‡q Kg nq| wKš‘ H Kg Pv‡c cvwbi ùzUbv¼ hv
n‡e Zvi †_‡K cvwbi ZvcgvÎv †ewk _vKvq
d¬v‡¯‹i cvwb dzU‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| wPÎ : d«v¼wjb Gi
cix¶v
wm×vš ﾏ : Zi‡ji Dci Pvc Kg‡j Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ K‡g hvq|
cÖkœ : 14| Ggb GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbv eY©bv Ki, ùzUbv‡¼i
Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve Øviv hv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
DËi : ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c †h wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb Zi‡ji ùzUb Avi¤¢ nq
A_©vr Zij dzU‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K H Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e‡j|
Zi‡ji Dci¯’ Pvc evo‡j ùzUbv¼ †e‡o hvq Ges Pvc Kgv‡j ùzUbv¼ K‡g hvq|
A_©vr ùzUbv¼ Zij c`v‡_©i Dci¯’ Pv‡ci Dci wbf©i K‡i|
wb‡P GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbvi mvnv‡h¨ ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve
e¨vL¨v Kiv nj|
ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve msµvš ﾏ cÖvK…wZK NUbv : ce©‡Zi Dci
ivbœv Kiv `ﾁ in|
e¨vL¨v :
Avgiv Rvwb, cvwbi ùzUbv¼ evqyPv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj, Avi evqyPvc f‚-c„ô
†_‡K D”PZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| cvnv‡oi Dci evqyPvc Kg nIqvq cvwbi ùzUbv¼
K‡g hvq A_©vr 1000c Gi Kg ZvcgvÎvq cvwb dzU‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wKš‘ gvQ, gvsm
BZ¨vw` mywm× nevi R‡b¨ †h Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb, cvwb Kg ZvcgvÎvq
ev®•xf‚Z nq e‡j gvQ, gvsm ch©vß Zvc cvq bv| d‡j ce©‡Zi Dci ivbœv
Kiv KóKi|
†cÖmvi KzKvi e¨envi K‡i GB Amyweav KvUv‡bv hvq| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq
†h ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve i‡q‡Q|
220 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖkœ : 15| †cÖmvi KzKv‡i Aí mg‡q ivbœv Kiv m¤¢e nq wKfv‡e?

A_ev, †cÖmvi KzKv‡ii MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki|
DËi : †cÖmvi KzKvi :
D”P Pv‡c cvwb ¯^vfvweK ùzUbv‡¼i (1000c) †P‡q †ewk DòZvq †dv‡U| GB
bxwZ AYymiY K‡i †cÖmvi KzKvi hš ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cÖmvi KzKvi‡K
Ô†cwc‡bi WvB‡R÷viÕI ejv nq| KviY 1681 mv‡j †Wwbm †cwcb bv‡g R‰bK
divwm GUv D™¢veb K‡ib|
MVb cÖYvwj : †cÖmvi KzKvi
evqywbi“×fv‡e ˆZwi Giƒc GKwU
A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi cvÎ hv Lv`¨`ªe¨
ivbœv Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| g ﾁ j cvÎwUi
gy‡L GKwU iev‡ii c¨v‡Wi mvnv‡h¨
GKwU XvKbv evqywbi“×fv‡e hy³
_v‡K| XvKbvi gv_vq GKwU wQ`ª
Av‡Q Ges wQ`ªwU‡Z GKwU wcb-
fvjf& I XvKbvi Dci GKwU †mdwU
fvj&f Av‡Q|
nVvr †cÖmvi KzKv‡ii g‡a¨ ev®•-
Pvc †e‡o †M‡j †mdwU fvjf& Ly‡j
wM‡q †cÖmvi KzKv‡ii ev®•-Pvc
Kgvq| d‡j †cÖmvi KzKvi †d‡U wM‡q
`yN©Ubvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
†cÖmvi KzKviwU‡K Db‡bi Dci †Zvjv
I bvgv‡bvi Rb¨ †cÖmvi KzKv‡i Zv‡ci
Kzcwievnx c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GKwU
nvZj hy³ Av‡Q|
wPÎ : †cÖmvi KzKvi
Kvh©cÖYvwj :
†cÖmvi KzKv‡ii g ﾁ j cv‡Îi g‡a¨ cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨e¯‘‡K †i‡L KzKv‡ii gyL
XvKbv w`‡q evqywbi“×-fv‡e eÜ Kiv nq| GB Ae¯’vq KzKviwU‡K Rjš ﾏ
Db‡bi Dci emv‡j cv‡Îi g‡a¨ Rjxq ev®• Rgv n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j cv‡Îi Af¨š ﾏ ‡ i
ev‡®•i Pvc µgk †e‡o evqygÊjxq Pv‡ci †_‡K †ewk nq Ges cv‡Îi cvwb
cÖvq 1200c DòZvq dzU‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| H DòZvq †cÖmvi KzKv‡ii wfZ‡ii
Lv`¨e¯‘ AwZ mn‡R Ges Kg mg‡q wm× nq|

AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 11.6 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK eySvq?
[Kz.†ev. 2005]
DËi : †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 11.6 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z eySvq 1m ˆ`‡N©¨i
†jvnvi †Kvb `‡Êi ZvcgvÎv 1k e„w× Ki‡j `ÊwUi ˆ`N©¨ 11.6 × 10−6m e„w× cvq|
 kã 221

cÖkœ : 2| Zi‡ji cÖK…Z Ges AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL|

DËi : cÖK…Z Ges AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
cÖK…Z cÖmviY AvcvZ cÖmviY
1. cv‡Îi cÖmviY‡K we‡ePbv K‡i 1. cv‡Îi cÖmviY‡K we‡ePbv bv
Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY cvIqv hvq Zvi K‡i Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY cvIqv hvq
bvg Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY| Zvi bvg Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY|
2. cÖK…Z cÖmviY Zi‡ji cÖK…wZi 2. AvcvZ cÖmviY cv‡Îi Dcv`v‡bi
Dci wbf©i K‡i wKš‘ cv‡Îi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
3. GwU FYvÍK n‡Z cv‡i bv| 3. GwU FYvÍK n‡Z cv‡i|
4. cÖK…Z cÖmviY = AvcvZ 4. AvcvZ cÖmviY = cÖK…Z
cÖmviY + cv‡Îi cÖmviY| cÖmviY − cv‡Îi cÖmviY|
cÖkœ : 3| KwVb ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î AvcvZ cÖmviY †bB †Kb?
DËi : KwVb c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvKvi Ges AvqZb Av‡Q| Zij I evqexq
c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó †Kvb AvKvi †bB eis †h cv‡Î ivLv nq †mB cv‡Îi AvK…wZ
MÖnY K‡i| GRb¨ Zij I evqexq cv`v_©‡K cv‡Î wb‡Z DËvc cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î c`v_©wU‡K †Kvb cv‡Î bv wb‡qB mivmwi DËvc w`‡q
Gi cÖmviY cvIqv hvq| GR‡b¨ KwVb c`v‡_©i AvcvZ cÖmvivsK †bB|
Avevi Zi‡ji g‡Zv evqexq c`v_©‡KI cv‡Î wb‡q Mig Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ GKB
ZvcgvÎvi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨B evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY cv‡Îi cÖmviY A‡c¶v
A‡bK †ewk nIqvq evqexq c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î cÖK…Z Ges AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi
cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| G Kvi‡Y evqexq c`v‡_©iI AvcvZ cÖmviY †bB|
cÖkœ : 4| Mjbvs‡Ki msÁv `vI|
DËi : MjbvsK :
w¯’i Pv‡c †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z _vK‡j †h wbw`©ó
ZvcgvÎvq †cuŠ‡Q c`v_©wU Mj‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges Mjb †kl bv nIqv ch©š ﾏ H
ZvcgvÎvi †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K H Pv‡c H c`v‡_©i MjbvsK e‡j|
†hgb− ei‡di MjbvsK ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c O0C A_©vr Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M O0C ZvcgvÎvq
ei‡di Mjb ïi“ nq Ges m¤• ﾁ Y© M‡j cvwb‡Z cwiYZ bv nIqv ch©š ﾏ H
ZvcgvÎvi †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b nq bv|
cÖkœ : 5| myßZvc ej‡Z wK eyS? (P.†ev. 2004)
DËi : myßZvc :
DòZvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q †Kvb e¯‘i GKK fi GK Ae¯’v n‡Z Ab¨ Ae¯’vq
cwiYZ n‡Z †h cwigvY Zvc MÖnY K‡i ev eR©b K‡i Zv‡K H e¯‘i Ae¯’v
cwieZ©‡bi myßZvc e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : m MÖvg f‡ii †Kvb c`v_©‡K Zvi ZvcgvÎvi †Kvb cwieZ©b bv
NwU‡q GK Ae¯’v n‡Z Ab¨ Ae¯’vq cwiYZ Ki‡Z H cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb|
222 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

AZGe, myßZvc, L = =
cÖkœ : 6| Mj‡bi myßZvc Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : Mj‡bi myßZvc :
DòZvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i GKK fi‡K Zvi Mjbvs‡K
†i‡L KwVb n‡Z Zi‡j cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i
Mj‡bi myßZvc e‡j|
A_ev, DòZvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i GKK fi Zij n‡Z KwVb
Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nevi Kv‡j †h cwigvY Zvc eR©b K‡i Zv‡K c`v_©wUi Mj‡bi
myßZvc e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : m f‡ii †Kvb KwVb e¯‘ hw` Mjbvs‡K ZvcgvÎv w¯’i †i‡L ïay Zi‡j
cwiYZ n‡Z H Zvc MÖnY K‡i, Zvn‡j Gi Mj‡bi myßZvc,
L =
cÖkœ : 7| eid Mj‡bi myßZvc ewj‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : eid Mj‡bi myßZvc :
O0C ZvcgvÎvi GKK fi‡K O0C ZvcgvÎvi GKK f‡ii cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h Zv‡ci
cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K eid Mj‡bi myßZvc e‡j|
cÖkœ : 8| ev®•xfeb I ùzU‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL|
DËi : ev®•xfeb I ùzU‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :

ev®•xfeb ùzUb
1. ev®•xfe‡b Zij c`v_© ax‡i ax‡i 1. ùzU‡b Zij c`v_© `ª“Z
evਥ cwiYZ nq| evਥ cwiYZ nq|
2. ev®•xqfeb †h †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq 2. ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c ùzUb GKwU
msNwUZ nq, Z‡e wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq
ZvcgvÎv evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ msNwUZ nq| GB ZvcgvÎv‡K
ev®•xfe‡bi nvi e„w× cvq| Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK e‡j|
3. ev®•xfeb c‡iv¶ Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M 3. cÖZ¨¶ Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M N‡U|
N‡U|
4. ev®•xfeb Zi‡ji DcwiZj †_‡K 4. ùzUb Zi‡ji mKj Ask e¨vwcqv
msNwUZ nq| nq|
5. ev®•xfeb ZijZ‡ji †¶Îd‡ji Dci 5. ùzUb Zvc mieiv‡ni Dci
wbf©i K‡i| wbf©i K‡i|
cÖkœ : 9| wK wK Kvi‡Y ùzUb cÖfvweZ nq? (h.†ev. 2005)
DËi : ùzUb cÖfvweZ nIqvi KviY : Zij c`v‡_©i ùzUb mvaviYZ wb‡æv³
 kã 223

welq¸‡jv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq :

1. Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…wZ : GK GK iKg c`v_© GK GK iKg ZvcgvÎvq
dz‡U _v‡K| myZivs ùzUb Zi‡ji cÖK…wZ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
2. Zi‡ji Dci¯’ Pvc : Zi‡ji Dci¯’ Pvc evo‡j ùzUbvsK †e‡o hvq Ges Pvc
Kg‡j ùzUbvsKI K‡g hvq| A_©vr ùzU‡bi nvi Zij c`v‡_©i Dci¯’ Pv‡ci
Dci wbf©i K‡i|
3. Zi‡ji weï×Zv : Zij weï× bv n‡j Gi ùzUbvsK weï× Zi‡ji ùzUbvs‡Ki
mgvb nq bv| Avevi, Zij c`v‡_© †Kvb e¯‘ `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j ùzUbvsK
†e‡o hvq| †h ZvcgvÎvq cvwb dzU‡e, wPwbi cvwb †m ZvcgvÎvq
dzU‡e bv, Zvi †P‡q †ewk ZvcgvÎvq dzU‡e|
cÖkœ : 10| †UwjMÖvd, †Uwj‡dvb I we`y¨r jvB‡bi Zvi¸wj wXjv
_v‡K †Kb?
DËi : †UwjMÖvg, †Uwj‡dvb I we`y¨r jvB‡bi Zvi¸wj wXjv _v‡K :
KviY : kxZKv‡j ZvcgvÎv n«vm †c‡j Zvi¸‡jv msKzwPZ nq| Zvi¸‡jv Uvb
Uvb _vK‡j kxZKv‡j ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j wQ‡o †h‡Z ev †cvó †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB G¸‡jv‡K wXjv ivLv nq hv‡Z ms‡KvP‡bi h‡_ó my‡hvM cvq|
cÖkœ : 11| cvwbi ˆÎawe›`y Kv‡K e‡j? (wm.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2003)
DËi : cvwbi ˆÎawe›`y (Triple Point) :
msÁv : †h wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq I Pv‡c cvwb wZbwU Ae¯’v‡ZB A_©vr eid,
cvwb Ges Rjxqev®• i ﾁ‡c mnAe¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K ˆÎa we›`y (Triple Point) e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : ˆÎa we›`yi ZvcgvÎv‡K aiv nq 273K| GB wnmv‡e ei‡di MjbvsK 273K
Ges cvwbi ùzUbvsK 373K| myZivs ei‡di MjbvsK Ges cvwbi ùzUbvs‡Ki
g‡a¨ ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ n‡”Q 100K|
 MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj I
mgvavb
MvwYwZK
D`vniYmg ﾁ n
D`v : 1| 200 C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU B¯•v‡Zi Zv‡ii ˆ`N©¨ 100 m| 500 C
ZvcgvÎvq Gi ˆ`N©¨ 100.033 m n‡j B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM
wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b, Avw` ZvcgvÎv, θ1 = 200C
α = †kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 50 C
0

=
ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (50 − 20)0 C = 30 k
= 11 × 10−6 k−1
Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 100 m
†kl ˆ`N©¨, l2 = 100.033 m
DËi : 11 × 10−6 k−1. ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = (100.033−100)m =
0.033 m
ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM α = ?
D`v : 2| 300 C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU B¯•v‡Zi ex‡gi ˆ`h©¨ 20 m n‡j 1000 C
ZvcgvÎvq Gi ˆ`N©¨ KZ n‡e? B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM 11 × 10−6 k−1.
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
l2 = l1 (l + ∝ ∆θ) Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 20 m
= 20 m × (1+11×10−6k−1×70 k) ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b, ∆θ =
= 20.0154 m (100−30) C = 70 k
0

DËi : P‚ovš ﾏ ˆ`N©¨ 20.0154 m. ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM, α =

11 × 10−6 k−1
P‚ovš ﾏ ˆ`N©¨, l2 = ?
D`v : 3| 250C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi cv‡Zi †¶Îdj 4m | G‡K 1750C
2
ch©š
ﾏ DËß Ki‡j †¶Îdj nq 4.033 m2| mxmvi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM KZ?
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
β = cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv, θ1 = 250C
= †kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 1750C
∴ ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (175−25)0
= 55 × 10−6 k−1 0
C = 150 = 150 k
DËi : mxmvi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM = Avw` †¶Îdj, Ao = 4m2
55 × 10−6 k−1. mxmvi cv‡Zi †¶Î cÖmviY,
∆A = (4.033 − 4) m2 = 0.033 m2
mxmvi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM, β = ?
D`v : 4| O0C ZvcgvÎvq 1000 cm3 AvqZ‡bi GK LÊ B¯•vZ‡K 1000C ZvcgvÎv
ch©š ﾏ DËß Ki‡j Gi AvqZb 1003.3 cm3 nq| B¯•v‡Zi AvqZb cÖmviY-
mnM KZ?
 e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖfve 225

mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,

γ = B¯•v‡Zi Avw` AvqZb, Vo =
= 1000 cm3
= 33 × 10−6 k−1 AvqZb cÖmviY, ∆V = (1003.3−1000)cm3
= 3.3 cm3
ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = 1000 C = 100 k
B¯•v‡Zi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM, γ = ?
DËi : B¯•v‡Zi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM = 33 × 10−6 k−1.
D`v : 5| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 100 cm3 wMmvwi‡bi ZvcgvÎv 200C evov‡j Gi
cÖmviY nq 1.06 cm3| wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
γr = wMmvwi‡bi Avw` AvqZb, Vo
= = 100 cm3
= 53 × 10−5 k−1 wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z cÖmviY, ∆Vr
= 1.06 cm3
ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = 200 C = 20 k
wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM,
γr = ?
DËi : wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM = 53 × 10−5 k−1.
D`v : 6| 298 K ZvcgvÎvi 200 cm3 Zvwc©b †Z‡ji ZvcgvÎv 313 k-G DbœxZ
Ki‡j Gi AvqZb KZ n‡e? Zvwc©b †Z‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 94 × 10−5 k
−1
|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
V2 = V1 (1 + γr ∆θ) Zvwc©b †Z‡ji Avw` AvqZb, V1
= 200 cm3 (1+94×10−5k−1×15k) = 200 cm3
= 202.82 cm3 Zvwc©b †Z‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ
= (313−298)k = 15 k
DËi : Zvwc©b †Z‡ji AvqZb = 202.82
cm3. Zvwc©b †Z‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM,
γr = 94 × 10−5 k−1
Zvwc©b †Z‡ji †kl AvqZb, V2 =
?
D`v : 7| KuvPcv‡Î ivLv cvi‡`i AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM 14.66 × 10−5 k−1 Ges
Kuv‡Pi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM 0.00001 k−1 n‡j cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-
mnM KZ? (P.†ev. Õ99)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
cv‡Îi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM γg n‡j, cvi‡`i AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM, γa
226 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

γr = γa + γg = 14.66 × 10−5k−1
= γa + 3∝g cv‡Îi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM, ∝g
= 14.66 × 10−5 k−1 + 3 × 10−5 k−1 = 0.00001 k−1
= 17.66 × 10−5 k−1 = 10−5 k−1
cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM, γr
= ?
DËi : cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM = 17.66 × 10−5 k−1.
D`v : 8| O0C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb 500 cm3 n‡j 1000c ZvcgvÎvq
Gi AvqZb KZ n‡e?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
Vθ = V0 (1 + γp ∆θ) O0C ZvcgvÎvq AvqZb, V0 =
= 500 cm (1 + k × 100 k)
3 −1 500 cm3

= 683.15 cm3 ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (100−0)0 C = 100 k

DËi : 683.15 cm3. P‚ovš ﾏ AvqZb, V0 = ?

w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM,
γp = k−1
Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU wcZ‡ji `‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ 2 m | 1000C
ZvcgvÎvq Gi ˆ`N©¨ 200.38cm n‡j wcZ‡ji ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM KZ?
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
α = Avw` ZvcgvÎv, θ1 = O0C
= †kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 1000C

= 19 × 10−6 k−1 ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (100 −

0)0C
DËi : ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM = 19 = 1000c
× 10 k .
−6 −1
= 100k
Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 2m
†kl ˆ`N©¨, l2 = 200.38cm
= 2.0038m
ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = (2.0038m − 2m)
= 0.0038m
ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM, α =
?
mgm¨v : 2| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 100cm j¤^v GKwU G¨vjywgwbqv‡gi cv‡Zi
ZvcgvÎv 2000C G DbœxZ Kiv nj| hw` G¨vjywgwbqv‡gi ˆ`N©¨
 e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖfve 227

cÖmviY-mnM 23.8 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev.
2003)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
α = Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 1m
Avw` ZvcgvÎv θ1 = O0C
ev, ∆l = αl1∆θ
†kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 2000C
= 23.8 × 10−6k−1 × 1m × 200k ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (200−0)0C = 2000C =
= 0.476cm 200k
DËi : ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = 0.476cm. ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM, α
= 23.8 × 10−6 k−1
ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = ?
mgm¨v : 3| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GK LÊ Zvgvi cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ 50m Ges cÖ¯’ 40m|
300C ZvcgvÎvq GB cv‡Zi †¶Îdj nq 2002m2 | Zvgvi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM
wbY©q Ki| (Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. 2000; ewi.†ev. 2002)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
β = cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv, θ1 = O0c
= †kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 300c
33.33 × 10−6 k−1
= ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (30 − 0)0c
DËi : †¶Î cÖmviY mnM, β = 33.33 × = 0
30 c = 30k
10−6 k−1 Avw` †¶Îdj, A0 = 50m × 40m
= 2000m2
†¶Î cÖmviY, ∆A = 2002m2 − 2000m2 = 2m2
†¶Î cÖmviY-mnM, β= ?

mgm¨v : 4| 400C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ 100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij

jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨ KZUzKz e„w× cv‡e? †jvnvi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 34.8 ×
10−6k−1 | (h.†ev. 2006; 2000; wm.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2000; wm.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. e.†ev.
2005)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
α = ........................... (1) ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b, ∆θ =
400c = 40k
Avevi, γ = 3α
Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 100m
ev, α = ................................. (2)
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM, γ =
34.8 × 10 k
−6 −1

ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = ?
mgxKiY (1) I (2) bs n‡Z cvB
=
ev, ∆l = =
228 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

= 0.0464m
DËi : ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = 0.0464m.
mgm¨v : 5| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi ¸wji AvqZb 2.5 × 10−6m3| 980C
ZvcgvÎvq Gi AvqZb 0.021 × 10−6m3 e„w× cvq| mxmvi AvqZb,
†¶Î I ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki|
(ewi.†ev. iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. h.†ev. 2000; m.†ev. Õ98)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM ¸wji Avw` AvqZb, Vo
γ = = 2.5 × 10−6m3
= AvqZb e„w×, ∆V =
= 85.7 × 10−6k−1 0.021 × 10−6m3
ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨, ∆θ
= 98 − 0
= 980c = 98k
α, β, γ = ?
Avevi,
γ = 3α
ev, α =
=
= 28.6 × 10−6k−1
Avevi,
β = 2α
= 2 × 28.6 × 10−6k−1
= 57.2 × 10−6k−1
DËi : AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM = 85.7 × 10−6k−1
†¶Î cÖmviY-mnM = 57.2 × 10−6k−1
ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM = 28.6 × 10−6k−1

mgm¨v : 6| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi ¸wji AvqZb 25cm3 | 1000c

ZvcgvÎvq Gi AvqZb KZ n‡e? mxmvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 27.6 × 10−6k−1
| (P. †ev. 2001)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
γ = 3α Avw` ZvcgvÎv, θ1 = O0C
= 3 × 27.6 × 10 k−6 −1
†kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 1000c
= 8.28 × 10−5k−1 ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b, ∆θ =
Avevi, (100−0)0c
V2 = V1 (1 + γ∆θ) = 1000c =100k
= 2.5×10−5 (l+8.28×10−5k−1×100k) Avw` AvqZb, V1 = 25 cm3
 e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖfve 229

= 2.5207 × 10−5m3 = 2.5 × 10−5m3

= 25.207cm3 ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM, α =
27.6 × 10−6k−1
†kl AvqZb, V2 = ?
DËi : †kl AvqZb, V2 = 25.207cm . 3

mgm¨v : 7| wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 53 × 10−5 K−1| O0C

ZvcgvÎvi 200 cm3 wMmvwi‡bi ZvcgvÎv 300C evov‡j Gi cÖmviY KZ n‡e?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
γr = cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM, γr =
53 × 10−5k−1
ev, ∆vr = γr × vo∆θ
= 53 × 10−5k−1 × 200cm3 × 30k ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (30−
0)0c = 300c = 30k
= 3.18 cm3
Avw` AvqZb, v0 = 250cm3

cÖmviY, ∆v = ?
DËi : cÖmviY ∆v = 3.18 cm . 3

mgm¨v : 8| †Kvb KuvP cv‡Î ivLv cvi‡`i AvcvZ cÖmviY mnM 14.66 ×
10−5k−1 | GB cv‡Î ivLv O0C ZvcgvÎvi 250cm3 cvi‡`i ZvcgvÎv 300c-G DbœxZ
Ki‡j AvcvZ cÖmviY KZ n‡e? (P.†ev. Õ99)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, γa = GLv‡b,
ev, ∆va = γa × vo∆θ AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM, γa =
14.66 × 10−5k−1
= 14.66×10−5k−1×250cm3×30k
= 1.0995cm3 ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (30 − 0)0c =
300c = 30k
Avw` AvqZb, v0 = 250cm3

AvcvZ cÖmviY, ∆va = ?

DËi : AvcvZ cÖmviY = 1.0995cm3.
mgm¨v : 9| Pvc w¯’i †i‡L O0C ZvcgvÎvi 500cm3 M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv 100c
e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb 518.3cm3 nq| M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM
wbY©q Ki| (iv. †ev. 2001)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
γp = Avw` AvqZb, v0 = 500cm3
= ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (10 −
−1
= 0.00366k 0)0c = 100c = 10k
230 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

†kl AvqZb v2 = 518.3cm3

AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b, ∆v =
(518.3−500)cm3=18.3cm3
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM, γp =
?
DËi : AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM = 0.00366k−1.
mgm¨v : 10| O0C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi Pvc 76 cm cvi` Pvc n‡j KZ
ZvcgvÎvq Gi Pvc 89.91cm cvi` Pvc n‡e? w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi Pvc
cÖmvivsK 0.00366k−1 | (h.†ev. P.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. 2001)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, γv = GLv‡b,
ev, ∆θ = Avw` ZvcgvÎv, θ0 = O0C = OK
= Avw` Pvc, po = 76 cm cvi`
= 50.00719k †kl Pvc, p2 = 89.91cm cvi`
Pv‡ci cwieZ©b, ∆p = (89.91−76)cm
=13.91cm cvi`
Pvc cÖmviY-mnM, γv = 0.00366k
−1

†kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = ?
ev, θ2 − θo = 50.00719k
ev, θ2 = 50.00719k + θ0
ev. θ2 = 50.00719k + OK
∴ θ2 = 50k = 500c
DËi : †kl ZvcgvÎv = 500c.
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| 00C ZvcgvÎvi 100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi ZvcgvÎvq 400C
G DbœZ Kiv nj| hw` †jvnvi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM 23.2 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e
†jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? [wm.†ev. 2006]
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
∆ l = ∝l0∆θ †jvnvi Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l0 = 100m
= 11.6 × 10 × 100 × 40
−6
ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨, ∆θ= (40 − 0) C
0

= 0.0464m. = 40k
†jvnvi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM, β = 23.2 × 10−6k−
1

†jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM, ∝ =

DËi : 0.0464m. =
= 11.6 × 10−6 k−1
ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆ l = ?
mgm¨v : 2| 10 C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ 100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij
0
 e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖfve 231

jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨ wK cwigvY e„w× cv‡e? (†jvnvi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM

34.8 × 10−6K−1)| (ewi.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. 2003)
Abyiƒc cÖkœ : 20°C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ 200 m `xN© †jvnvi †ij
jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨ KZUzKz e„w× cv‡e? †jvnvi AvqZb cÖmiY mnM 34.8 ×
10−6K−1| (iv.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = 100C = 10K
Avw` ˆ`N©¨, 0 = 100m
AvqZb cÖmviY mnM γ = 34.8 × 10−6K−1
†ij jvB‡bi †jvnvi cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆ = ?
Avgiv Rvwb,
ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM, α =
=
= 11.6 × 10−6 K−1
Avevi,
α =
ev, ∆ = α ×0 × ∆θ
= 11.6 × 10−6 × 100m × 10 K
= 11.6 × 10−3m
∴ †ij jvB‡bi †jvnvi cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× 0.0464 m (Ans.)

ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. GKB c`v‡_©i ˆZwi ¶z`ª e¯‘ I 2. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M †Kvb ai‡bi
GKwU e„nr e¯‘‡Z mgvb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY me‡P‡q †ewk
cwigvY Zvc mieivn Kiv nj| nq? (wm.†ev. Õ02; Xv.†ev. Õ06,
G‡¶‡Î †Kvb Dw³wU cÖ‡hvR¨? Õ04; 01; P.†ev. Õ99)
(ewi.†ev. 2004) K. Zij ✓ L. evqexq
K. ¶z`ª e¯‘ A‡c¶v e„nr e¯‘‡Z M. KwVb N. KwVb I
ZvcgvÎv †ewk n‡e| evqexq
✓ L. ¶z`ª e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv e„nr e¯‘i 3. K¶ ZvcgvÎvq GKwU †jvnv I
Zzjbvq †ewk n‡e| GKwU wcZ‡ji cvZ‡K †Rvov
M. ¶z`ª I e„nr Dfq e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv w`‡q GKwU †mvRv `Ê ˆZwi Kiv
mgvb n‡e| nj| Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kivq `ÊwU
N. ¶z`ª e¯‘ A‡c¶v e„nr e¯‘‡Z †eu‡K †Mj Ges wcZ‡ji `ÊwU
Zv‡ci cwigvY †ewk n‡e| euv‡Ki evB‡ii w`‡K iBj| G †¶‡Î
232 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wK †evSv hvq? KZ? (P.†ev. 2002;

K. †jvnvi cÖmviY ¶gZv †bB, wm.†ev. 2005; e.†ev. 2001; Xv.†ev.
Zvgvi Av‡Q| 2006; 2000; Kz.†ev;h.†ev. 2000)
L. Zvgvi cÖmviY †jvnvi Zzjbvq K. 0.00750C L. 0.00760C
Kg| M. 0.0077 C ✓ N. 0.00780C
0

✓ M. †jvnvi Zzjbvq wcZ‡ji cÖmviY 6| eid Mj‡bi Av‡cw¶K myß Zvc

¶gZv †ewk| KZ?
N. †jvnv I Zvgvi cÖmviY ¶gZv (Xv.†ev. 2000; Kz.†ev; h.†ev. 2006; Õ99;
mgvb| wm.†ev. 2003)
4. Zij c`v‡_©i cÖmviY ej‡Z †Kvb
✓ K. 336000 Jkg−1 L. 335000 Jkg−1
ai‡bi cÖmviY †evSvq? (m.
†ev. Õ98 ; e. †ev. 2001)
M. 334000 Jkg−1 N. 333000 Jkg−1
✓ K. AvqZb cÖmviY L. ˆ`N©¨ I 7| ÔK¨vjwi e‡j ev¯‡e wKQy
†¶Î cÖmviY †bBÕÑ G cÖgvY †`b †K?
M. ˆ`‡N©¨i cÖmviY (Kz.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. Õ99)
N.†¶Î cÖmviY ✓ K. KvD›U ivg‡dvW© L.
AwZwi³ iv`vi‡dvW©
M. ievU© ûK N. ievU© e‡qj
ˆbe©¨w³K
8| ei‡di Mjbv¼ I cvwbi
cÖ‡kœvËi ùzUbvs‡Ki g‡a¨ ZvcgvÎvi
1| B¯•v‡Zi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 33 cv_©K¨ KZ? (wm.†ev. 2006; h.†ev.
× 10−6K n‡j Gi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM 2004; Kz.†ev. Õ99)
KZ? (h.†ev. 2000) ✓ K. 100k L. 90k
K. 44 × 10−6k−1 L. 33 × 10−6k−1 M. 180k N. 273k
✓ M. 22 × 10−6k−1 N. 11 × 10−6k−1 9| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M †Kvb c`v‡_©i
2| cvwbi ˆÎa we›`yi ZvcgvÎv KZ? cÖmviY me‡P‡q Kg?
[wm.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. 2000; h.†ev.P.†ev. (e.†ev. 2002)
2000; Xv.†ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2003] ✓ K. KwVb L. Zij
✓ K. 273 K L. 173 k M. evqexq N. ev®•xq
M. 373 k N. 473 k 10| ˆ`‡N©¨i cÖmviY mnM (α ) Ges
3| cÖwZ wK cwigvY cvi` Pv‡ci AvqZb cÖmviY mnM (γ) Gi g‡a¨
cwiZ©‡b cvwbi ùzUbv¼ 10C mwVK m¤•K© †Kvb&wU?
cwiewZ©Z nq?| (h.†ev. P.†ev. (Xv.†ev. 2005)
Õ01; Kz.†ev. Õ05; Xv.†ev. 2000) K. α = 3 γ L. α = 2γ
K. 76 cm ✓ L. 2.7 cm ✓ M. γ = 3α N. γ = 2α
M. 7.6 cm N. 2.7m 11| GK K¨vjwi KZ Ry‡ji mgvb?
4| †Kvb ZvcgvÎvi cvwb‡K Mig ev (Xv.†ev. Õ01; m.†ev. Õ98; wm.†ev.
VvÊv Ki‡j Zv cÖmvwiZ nq? 2004; 2001)
(Kz.†ev. 2000) K. 3.2 Ryj ✓ L. 4.2 Ryj
K. 00 †mjwmqvm ✓ L. M. 5.2 Ryj N. 6.2 Ryj
40 †mjwmqvm
12| wK Kvi‡Y wfRv Kvco †iv‡`
M. 1000 †mjwmqvm N. ïwK‡q hvq?
2730 †mjwmqvm K. Av‡jvi Rb¨
5| evqykb¨ ¯’v‡b ei‡di Mjbv¼ L. ev®•xfe‡bi Rb¨
 e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖfve 233

✓ M. ¯^Ztev®•xfe‡bi Rb¨ M. wZb¸Y N. Pvi¸Y

N. ZvcgvÎvi Rb¨ 22| wb‡Pi †Kvb mgxKiYwU cÖK…Z
13| cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk KZ cÖmviY mnM I AvcvZ cÖmviY
ZvcgvÎvq? (h.†ev. Õ99) mn‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤•K© wb‡`©k
K. 30C ✓ L. 40C (wm.†ev. K‡i?
2003) ✓ K. γr = γa + γg L. γr = γa − γg
M. 50C N. 60C M. γr = γg − γa N. γa = γa − γr
14| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j c`v‡_©i 23| †Kvb c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î cÖK…Z I
AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wK N‡U? AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb
K. AYy¸‡jvi MwZkw³ K‡g hvq cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv?
✓ L. AYy¸‡jvi MwZkw³ †e‡o hvq K. M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î
M. AYy¸‡jvi MwZkw³ AcwiewZ©Z ✓ L. evqexq c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î
_v‡K M. KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î
N. AYy¸‡jvi AvštAvYweK kw³ N. Zij c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î
AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K 24| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
15| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM cÖmviY mn‡Mi gvb KZ?
KZ? (Xv.†ev. 2002) (iv.†ev. 2005)
✓ K. 11.6 × 10−6k−1 L. 11.6 × 10−6k−1 K. 0.00363 k−1 L. 0.00364 k−1
M. 0.00365 k ✓ N. 0.00366 k−1
−1
M. 10.6 × 10−6k−1 N. 11 × 10−6k−1
25| O0C DòZvq 100 wm. wm. cvwb
16| †Kjwfb †¯‹‡j (k) KZ ZvcgvÎvq
R‡g KZ wm.wm. ei‡d cwiYZ
cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk?
nq? (ewi.†ev. 2006)
(wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2002)
K. 106 c.c L. 107 c.c
K. 273k ✓ L. 277k
M. 108 c.c ✓ N. 109 c.c
M. 269k N. 0k 26| ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c cvwbi ùzUbv¼
17| B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM KZ?
KZ? (iv.†ev. 2002; ✓ K. 1000C L. 2000C
wm.†ev. 2003) 0
M. 300 C N. 4000C
K. 9 × 10−6k−1 L. 10 × 10−6k−1 27| cÖ_g †cÖmvi KzKvi e¨envi
✓ M. 11 × 10 k−6 −1
N. 11.6 × 10−6k−1 K‡ib †K?
18| mxmvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM ✓ K. †Wwbm †cwcb L. ievU© ûK
KZ? (iv.†ev. 2002) M. ievU© e‡qj N. gv`vgKzix
K. 23.8 × 10−6k−1 L. 29.8 × 10−6k−1 28| †Wwbm †cwcb †Kvb †`‡ki
✓ M. 27.6 × 10−6k−1 N. 11 × 10−6k−1 weÁvbx?
19| B¯•v‡Zi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM KZ? ✓ K. divwm L. hy³ivR¨
(h.†ev. 2003) M. hy³ivó« N. †cvj¨vÛ
K. 18 × 10−6k−1 L. 23 × 10−6k−1 29| cvwbi ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K
M. 21 × 10 k ✓ N. 22 × 10−6k−1
−6 −1
myßZvc KZ? [e.†ev. 2001]
20| Kv‡Pi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM iv.†ev. 2006)
KZ? (P.†ev. 2005) K. 2262000 Jkg−1 L. 2264000 Jkg−1
✓ K. 27 × 10 k
−6 −1
L. 26 × 10−6k−1 M. 2266000 Jkg−1✓N. 2268000 Jkg−1
M. 25 × 10−6k−1 N. 24 × 10−6k−1 30| 400C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ 100
21| †Kvb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY mnM m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨
Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mn‡Mi KZ KZUzKz e„w× cv‡e?
¸Y? K. 0.0461m L. 0.0462m
K. GK ¸Y ✓ L. wظY M. 0.0463m ✓ N. 0.0464m
31| cvwb‡K †cÖmvi KzKv‡i KZ
234 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

ZvcgvÎvq dzUv‡bv hvq? 40| †Kvb c`v‡_©i †gvU Zv‡ci

(iv.†ev. 2000) cwigvY Gi ga¨w¯’Z AYy¸‡jvi
K. 900C L. 950C †gvU MwZ kw³iÑ
M. 1000C ✓ N. 1100C (Kz.†ev. 2002)
32| GK K¨vjwi Zvc Drcbœ Ki‡Z KZ K. e¨¯vbycvwZK ✓ L.
Ryj hvwšK ev Zworkw³ e¨q mgvbycvwZK
Ki‡Z nq? (Kz †ev. 2001) M. mgvb N. e‡M©i
K. 2.4 Ryj L. 2.8 Ryj mgvbycvwZK
✓ M. 4.2 Ryj N. 8.2 Ryj 41| Zij c`v‡_©i †h †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq
33| AvšR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z Dcwi Zj †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i ev‡®•
ZvcgvÎvi GKK n‡jvÑ cwiYZ nIqvi c×wZ‡K wK ejv
(iv.†ev. 2001) nq?
K. Ryj L. wbDUb (Xv †ev. 2002)
M. c¨vm‡Kj ✓ N. †Kjwfb K. ùzUb ✓ L. ¯^Zt
34| †Kvb ¯’v‡b cvwbi ùzUbv¼ 980C. ev®•xfeb
D³ ¯’v‡b evqyi Pvc KZ? M. Mjb N. Nbxfeb
(Xv.†ev. 2002) 42| †Kvb c`v‡_©i evqexq Ae¯’v
K. 76cm L. 70.6cm †_‡K Zij Ae¯’vq iƒcvši‡K wK
✓ M. 73.3cm N. 70cm ejv nq?
35| evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY mnM K. ev®•xq feb L. ùzUb
wbY©‡qi mgq mKj †¶‡ÎB ✓ M. Nbxfeb N. Mjb
cÖv_wgK AvqZb ev Pvc KZ 43| Pvc w`‡q KwVb e¯‘‡K Zi‡j
ZvcgvÎvq wb‡Z nq? cwiYZ K‡i I Pvc n«vm K‡i Avevi
(Kz.†ev. 2001; KwVb Ae¯’vq Avbv‡K wK e‡j?
2003) K. Mjb L. KwVbx feb
✓ K. 00C ev 273k L. 100C ev 283 k ✓ M. cybtwkjx feb N. Nbx feb
M. 200C ev 293 k N. 300C ev, 303k 44| †Kvb Zij c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qvM
36| ˆ`N©¨, †¶Î I AvqZb cÖmviY K‡i `ª“Z ev‡®• cwiYZ Kivi
mn‡Mi GKK wb‡Pi †KvbwU? c×wZ‡K wK ejv nq?
K. L−1 L. S−1 K. Mjb L. Nbxfeb
M. M −1
✓ N. K−1 ✓ M. ùzUb N. ¯^Zt
37| c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ wb‡Pi †Kvb ev®•xfeb
welqwUi Dci wbf©i K‡i? 45| ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myß
(Kz.†ev. 2002) Zv‡ci GKK †Kvb&wU?
✓ K. Pv‡ci n«vm e„w× ✓ K. Jkg−1 L. Jm−1
L. Zv‡ci n«vm e„w× M. Jkg N. Js−1
M. Zvc I Pvc Df‡qi n«vm-e„w× 46| †cÖmvi KzKvi ˆZwii gjbxwZ
N. †KvbwUi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv wK? (Kz.†ev. 2002)
38| wb‡Pi †Kvb& Kvi‡Y ùzUb K. Pv‡c cvwbi ùzUbv¼ n«vm cvq
cªfvweZ nq bv? L. Pv‡c cvwb Kg ZvcgvÎvq dz‡U
K. Zi‡ji cÖK…wZ L.Zi‡ji weï×Zv M. Pv‡c ivbœvi e¯‘i Mjbv¼ n«vm
M. Pvi cv‡k¦© ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y cvq
✓ N. Zi‡ji Dci¯’ Pvc ✓ N. Pv‡c cvwb †ewk ZvcgvÎvq
39| †h ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb Zij c`v_© dz‡U
dzU‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K wK ejv nq? 47| mxmv, A¨vw›Ugwb Zvgv
K. ùzUb L. Mjbv¼ wgwkÖZ m¼i avZzwU wK?
M. wkwkiv¼ ✓ N. ùzUbv¼ (Kz.†ev. h.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. 2000)
 e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖfve 235

✓ K. Qvcvi nid L. †µvgwgqvg K. KwVbxfeb L. Mjb

M. †jW N. †eªvÄ ✓ M. cybtwkjxfeb N.
48| myD”P cvnv‡oi Ici ivbœv Kiv ev®•xfeb
`yiƒn †Kb? 57| cvwbi ˆÎa we›`yi fvM‡K wK
✓ K. cvnv‡oi Ici evqy Pvc Kg e‡j ejv nq?[P.†ev. 2005]
L. m‡h©i Zvc Kg e‡j
K. 10C ✓ L. 1K
M. A‡bK D”P ¯’vb e‡j
N. evZvm †Rv‡i cÖevwnZ nq e‡j M. 1 F
0
N. 10R
49| wKiƒc ZvcgvÎvq Gfv‡i÷ ce©Z 58| Gfv‡i÷ ce©Z k„‡½ KZ
k„‡½ cvwb dzU‡Z ïi“ K‡i? ZvcgvÎvq cvwb dzU‡Z ïi“ K‡i?
(ewi.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2001) [ewi.†ev. 2005]
✓ K. 700C L. 800C ✓ K. 343K L. 373K
0
M. 9 C N. 1000C M. 273K N. 300K
50| 277K ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi
59| wemgv_ Zij †_‡K KwV‡b
Av‡cw¶K ¸yi“Z¡ KZ?
iƒcvšwiZ n‡j AvqZ‡bi wK
(h.†ev. 2003)
K. 0.8 L. 0.87 cwieZ©b N‡U?
[wm.†ev. 2005]
M. 1.26 ✓ N. 1.0
51| wb‡Êi †Kvb c`v_©wUi Dci ✓ K. †e‡o hvq L. K‡g hvq
Pvc e„w× Ki‡j Dnvi Mjbv¼ M. AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K
ev‡o? (Kz.†ev. 2005; N.mvgvb¨ K‡g hvq
h.†ev. 2003) 60| †Kvb&wUi Av‡cw¶K Zvc
✓ K. eid L. Zvgv †ewk? [P. Õ99; iv.†ev. 2005]
M. wemgv_ N. A¨vw›Ugwb K. †jvnv ✓ L. eid
52| Kuv‡Pi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmvib mnM
KZ? (iv.†ev. 2006; 2003) M. Zvgv N. mxmv
K. 8.9 × 106K ✓ L. 8.9 × 10−6K−1 61| †Kvb ¯’v‡b evqyi Pvc
M. 8.9 × 10−6K N. 8.9 × 10−5K−1 ¯^vfvweK evqyi Pv‡ci †P‡q
53| Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY mnK‡K 2.7cm cvi` Pvc Kg n‡j H ¯’v‡b
wK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq? weï× cvwbi ùzUbv¼ KZ?
(iv.†ev. 2003) [iv.†ev. 2004]
K. Va L. β K. 70 C
0
L. 800C
✓ M. γa M. ∝| ✓ M. 990C N. 980C
54| Zvgvi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM
62| †Kvb Kuv‡Pi cÖmviY mnM
KZ? [Kz.†ev. 2006]
me‡P‡q Kg? [Kz.†ev. 2004]
K. 33.4 × 106K−1✓L. 16.7 × 10−6K−1
✓ K. cvB‡i· L. wd«›U
M. 33.4 × 10−6K−1N. 16.7 × 106k
55| Mj‡bi d‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwUi M. µvDb N. ey KvP
AvqZb e„w× cvq? 63| wØavZe cv‡Zi ˆZwi
[P.†ev. 2006] _v‡gv©÷vU †Kvb&wU‡Z e¨envi
K. wemgv_ L. eid nq bv?
M. XvjvB †jvnv ✓ N. [P.†ev.2004]
Zvgv ✓ K. ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv
56| `yB UzKiv eid‡K GK‡Î Pvc L. I‡fb
w`‡j †j‡M hvq wb‡Pi †KvbwUi M. GqviKzjvi N. wd«R
Rb¨? [wm.†ev. 2006]
236 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

64| cix¶vMv‡i †Kvb& Kuv‡Pi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM KZ? [iv.†ev.

ˆZwi wRwbmcÎ e¨envi nq? 2004]
[P.†ev. 2004] K. 7.8 × 10−6K−1
K. mvaviY ✓ L. cvB‡i· L. 23.8 × 10−2K−1
M. µvDb N. wd¬›U M. 23.8 × 10−5K−1
65| A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi ˆ`N©¨ ✓ N. 71.4 × 10−6K−1
cÖmviY mnM 23.8 × 10−6K−1 n‡j Gi