A a¨vq

cÖ
_g Aa¨vq
13
Av‡j vi cÖ
K…
w
Z ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi cÖkœ : 19| Av¸b †_‡K †h Zvc wewKwiZ nq
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jv wK? wKfv‡e Drcbœ nq? Zv wK ai‡bi iwk¥?
k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b Gi †eM KZ? (P. †ev. h. cÖkœ : 20| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
†ev. 2000) cvjv wK?
A_ev, k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM KZ? (iv.†ev. cÖkœ : 21| jvj I †e¸wb i‡Oi Av‡jvi g‡a¨ Kvi
2000) Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ †ewk?
cÖkœ : 2| Av‡jvi wewfbœ ZË¡¸‡jvi bvg cÖkœ : 22| Mvgv iwk¥i kw³ `„k¨gvb
wjL| Av‡jvi †P‡q KZ¸Y †ewk?
cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvK m¤•wK©Z wbDU‡bi ZË¡ cÖkœ : 23| kix‡ii Z¡‡K wfUvwgb ˆZwi‡Z
wK? mvnvh¨ K‡i †Kvb iwk¥?
cÖkœ : 4| Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡ wK? cÖkœ : 24| `xwßwgwZ Kv‡K e‡j?
cÖkœ : 5| B_vi wK? B_v‡ii Aw¯ﾏ Z¡nxbZv cÖkœ : 25| Nb‡Kv‡Yi msÁv `vI I Gi GKK
cÖgvY K‡ib †K? wK? (Xv.†ev. Õ06; Õ04; Kz. †ev. Õ99;
cÖkœ : 6| Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ †K 2002; h.†ev. 2003; e.†ev. 2004; 2005;
cÖ`vb K‡ib? P.†ev. wm.†ev. 2004)
cÖkœ : 7| AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb‡K †Kvb& cÖkœ : 26| `xcb ¶gZv Kv‡K e‡j? Gi
mv‡j wK‡mi Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi ms‡KZ wK?
†`Iqv nq? (Kz.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2005; 2004; P.
cÖkœ : 8| †Kvb& NUbv Av‡jvi KYviƒc‡K †ev. 2006; 2000; m. †ev. Õ99 ; h.
D`NvUb K‡i? †ev. 2001; ewi. †ev. P.†ev. 2002;
cÖkœ : 9| Av‡jvi Zi½ ag©‡K cÖKvk K‡i e.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2005)
Ggb wZbwU NUbvi bvg wjL| cÖkœ : 27| `xcb ¶gZvi GKK wK?
cÖkœ : 10| Av‡jvK iwk¥ Kv‡K e‡j? (h. †ev. 2001; iv.†ev. ewi.†ev.
cÖkœ : 11| Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q wK? Av‡jvK 2002)
iwk¥¸”Q KZ cÖKvi? G‡`i bvg wjL| cÖkœ : 28| K¨v‡Êjvi msÁv `vI|
cÖkœ : 12| mgvš ﾏ ivj, Awfmvix I Acmvix (Xv.†ev. 2002)
iwk¥¸”Q ej‡Z wK eyS? cÖkœ : 29| Av‡jvK d¬v· Kv‡K e‡j? Av‡jvK
cÖkœ : 13| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjx Kv‡K d¬v‡·i ms‡KZ wK? (iv.†ev. 2006)
e‡j? (h.†ev. 2004; Kz. †ev. 2001) A_ev, A‡jvK d¬v· wK? (Kz.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 14| Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Kv‡K e‡j? cÖkœ : 30| Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i GK‡Ki bvg wK?
cÖkœ : 15| K¤•vs¼ wK? msÁv `vI|
cÖkœ : 16| Zi½ †e‡Mi mv‡_ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I cÖkœ : 31| `xcb ZxeªZv Kv‡K e‡j? ms‡KZ
K¤•vs‡Ki m¤•K© wK? wK? (ewi.†ev. 2006; Xv. Kz.
2000 ; h. †ev. Õ99 ; 2001; P.†ev.
A_ev, Zi½ †e‡Mi mv‡_ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I
2002; wm.†ev. 2005)
K¤•vs‡Ki m¤•K© ¯’vcb Ki| (iv.†ev. cÖkœ : 32| `xcb ZxeªZvi GK‡Ki msÁv `vI|
2000) (wm.†ev. 2006; h. †ev. 2001 ;
cÖkœ : 17| me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i Kz. †ev. 2000; iv.†ev. 2002;
wewKiY wK? Xv.†ev. 2005)
cÖkœ : 18| me‡P‡q eo Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i cÖkœ : 33| `xcb ZxeªZv I `xcb ¶gZvi
wewKiY †Kvb&wU? g‡a¨ m¤•K© wK?
22 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
(Kz.†ev. 2002; e.†ev. wm.†ev. †_‡K 5m ` ﾁ ‡ i ivLv †Kvb eB‡qi c„ôvi
2005; P.†ev. 2004) `xcb ZxeªZv KZ?
cÖkœ : 34| `xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq (h.†ev. 2000; P.†ev. Õ99 ;
m ﾁ ÎwU wee„Z Ki| ewi.†yev. 2003)
(Kz.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. 2006; D`v : 3| mgvb `xcb ¶gZvi wZbwU evwZ 3m
Xv.†ev. 2001) ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ Ges Giƒc `ywU evwZ 2m
cÖkœ : 35| †Kvb we›`y Drm †_‡K 1 wgUvi ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ ivL‡j †Kvb&wU †ewk
` ﾁ ‡ ii †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv 16 lx Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡e? (P.†ev. 2006; 2002;
n‡j 4m ` ﾁ ieZ©x †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb wm.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev. 2003; e.†ev.
ZxeªZv KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2005)
2005)
Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jv wK? `xwßgvb e¯‘ †_‡K mgm¨v : 1| m ﾁ‡ h©i Av‡jvi Rb¨ c„w_ex
Av‡jv wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L Av‡m c„‡ô `xcb ZxeªZv cvIqv †Mj 105 lx|
c„w_ex †_‡K m ﾁ ‡ h©i ` ﾁ iZ¡ 1.5 ×
Zv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ weÁvbxiv †h 1011m n‡j m ﾁ ‡ h©i `xcb ¶gZv †ei
ZË¡¸‡jv w`‡q‡Qb Zv eY©bv Ki| Ki| (P. †ev. 2000)
cÖkœ : 2| Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡¡ eY©bv Ki| mgm¨v : 2| 5cd `xcb ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ
cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ †_‡K 100 cm ` ﾁ ‡ i †Kvb we›`y‡Z
eY©bv Ki| Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ `xcb ZxeªZv KZ? (iv.†ev. 2006;
AeZvibvi KviY wK? G Z‡Ë¡i msw¶ß 2004P. †ev. Õ99 ; e. †ev. 2006;
weeiY `vI| (iv.†ev. 2004) 2001 ; h †ev. Õ99; Abyt Kz. †ev.
cÖkœ : 4| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjx Kv‡K 2002; wm.†ev. 2005)
e‡j? Av‡jv, Zvc, G·‡i, Mvgv iwk¥
BZ¨vw` meB ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K
wewKiY n‡jI G‡Ki mv‡_ A‡b¨i
cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq? (h.†ev. 2004)
cÖkœ : 5| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi
wewfbœ As‡ki bvg D‡jL Ki Ges
wewfbœ As‡ki ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv
Ki|
cÖkœ : 6| `xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq m
ﾁ ÎwU wee„Z Ki Ges e¨vL¨v Ki| (P.
†ev. 2006; 2000; Xv.†ev.
2001,2005; wm. †ev. 2001; e.†ev.
2006; 2003; Kz.†ev. 2006; 2002;
2003)
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb
ZxeªZv Drm n‡Z Gi `ﾁ i‡Z¡i e‡M©i
e¨¯ ﾏ vbycv‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|
(P.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2006; Õ99;
h.†ev. 2003)
AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ wK?
(Kz.†ev. 2006)
cÖkœ : 2| Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ Kv‡K e‡j?
(wm.†ev. 2006)
MvwYwZK D`vniYmg ﾁ n
D`v: 1| 6m × 8m †`qv‡j mylgfv‡e Av‡jv co‡j
Gi †Kvb we›`yi `xcb ZxeªZv 100 lx
nq| †`qv‡j cwZZ Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i
cwigvY wbY©q Ki|
D`v : 2| 100 cd `xcb ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 23

AwZwi³ MvwYwZK mgm¨v cwigvY 4800 m nq| †KvY

mgm¨v : 1| †Kvb we›`y Drm †_‡K 1 †_‡K
wgUvi `ﾁ‡i †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv
16lx n‡j 4m ` ﾁ ieZ©x †Kvb c„‡ôi
`xcb ZxeªZv KZ? [Xv.†ev. 2005;
P.†ev. 2005 (Abyi“c)]
mgm¨v : 2| mgvb `xcb ¶gZvi PviwU
evwZ 4m `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Ges wZbwU evwZ
2m `i“‡Z¡ ivL‡j †KvbwU †ewk
Av‡jvwKZ n‡e|
mgm¨v : 3| 6m × 8m †`Iqv‡j mylgfv‡e
Av‡jv co‡j cwZZ Av‡jvi d¬v‡·i
we›`y‡Z `xcb ZxeªZv KZ?
mgm¨v : 4|
10 cd `xcb ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ †_‡K
200 cm `‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z `xcb
ZxeªZv KZ? (wm.†ev. 2003)
mgm¨v : 5|
25 cm †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wewkó AeZj
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki| (wm.†ev.
2004)
mgm¨v : 6| + 4d ¶gZv m¤•bœ GKwU †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ KZ? †jÝwU DËj bv
AeZj| (h.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev. 2005)

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jv wK? wKfv‡e Drcbœ nq? k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b Gi †eM KZ? (P.
†ev. h. †ev. 2000)
A_ev, k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM KZ? (iv.†ev. 2000)
DËi : Av‡jv (Light) :
msÁv : Av‡jv GK cÖKvi kw³ ev evwn¨K KviY hv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i
`k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ Rb¥vq|
ˆewkó¨ :
1. Av‡jv GK cÖKvi weKxY© kw³Ñ hv Zi‡½i AvKv‡i GK¯’vb n‡Z
Ab¨¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i|
2. Av‡jv mij‡iLvq P‡j Ges `c©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZdwjZ Kiv hvq|
3. Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ kw³‡Z iƒcvš ﾏ i Kiv hvq| Avevi wewfbœ kw³i
iƒcvš ﾏ i NUv‡q Av‡jv cvIqv hvq|
4. Av‡jvK wb‡R A`„k¨; wKš‘ e¯‘‡K `„k¨gvb K‡i|
Av‡jvi DrcwË :
†Kvb c`v‡_©i cigvYyi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K wbw`©ó
`ﾁ i‡Z¡i wewfbœ †Lvj‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i| cigvYy‡Z hLb †Kvb kw³, †hgbÑ Zvc
mieivn Kiv nq ZLb B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Zvckw³ MÖnY K‡i GK †LvjK †_‡K Ab¨
†Lvj‡K jvwd‡q P‡j hvq|

B‡j KUªb Zvckw³ B‡j KUªb †_‡K Av‡j vK kw

³
†kvl Y K‡i wbM©
Z nq

Avevi hLb B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbR wbR †Lvj‡K wd‡i Av‡m ZLb B‡jKUª‡bi g‡a¨
mwÂZ kw³i wewKiY nq| GB wewKwiZ kw³B Av‡jv| me ai‡bi Av‡jvi D™¢e
Gfv‡eB nq|
24 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

kb¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM : kb¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM 3 × 108 m/sec.

cÖkœ : 2| Av‡jvi wewfbœ ZË¡¸‡jvi bvg wjL|
DËi : Av‡jvi wewfbœ ZË¡ :
Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ ZË¡ Avwe®‹…Z
n‡q‡Q| `xwßgvb e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L Av‡m Zv e¨vL¨vi
Rb¨ wewfbœ Av‡jvKxq NUbv (†hgb cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi,
AceZ©b, mgeZ©b BZ¨vw`) e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ weÁvbxiv G ch©š ﾏ PviwU ZË¡
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| h_v−
1. KYvZË¡
2. Zi½ZË¡
3. ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ Ges
4. †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡|
Av‡jv KYv bv Zi½ G wb‡q weÁvbx‡`i weZ©‡Ki GLv‡bB Aemvb N‡U wb|
g¨v·e‡b©i e¨e¯’v Abymv‡i GLb g‡b Kiv nq Ae¯’v we‡k‡l Av‡jvK KYv A_ev
Zi½ iƒ‡c AvPiY K‡i| Z‡e KL‡bvB GK m‡½ KYv Ges Zi½ bq|
cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvK m¤•wK©Z wbDU‡bi ZË¡ wK?
DËi : Av‡jvK m¤•wK©Z wbDU‡bi ZË¡ :
Av‡jvK m¤•wK©Z wbDU‡bi ZË¡ n‡”Q KYvZË¡ hv wZwb 1672 mv‡j cÖ`vb
K‡ib| wb‡æ KYvZË¡ eY©bv Kiv nj−
KYvZË¡ :
m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb mgMÖ wek¦‡KB AmsL¨ KYvi mgš^‡q MwVZ e‡j
g‡b Ki‡Zb| Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Av‡jvi KYvZ‡Ë¡i
wee„wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i †h †Kvb Av‡jvK Drm Suv‡K Suv‡K ¶z`ª ¶z`ª KYv
wbM©Z K‡i Ges G KYv¸‡jvi mgwóB Av‡jv| wbDU‡bi ZË¡ Abymv‡i †QvU
eo wewfbœ gv‡ci KYvi Dci Av‡jvi is wbf©i K‡i Ges GB KYv¸‡jv Avgv‡`i
†Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ m„wó K‡i| GB KYv¸‡jv GZB ¶z`ª †h Giv
†Kvb †Kvb e¯‘i AvYweK duv‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖkœ : 4| Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡ wK?
DËi : Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡ :
1678 mv‡j nvB‡Mb me©cÖ_g Av‡jvi Zi½ ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j
Bqs, †d«‡bj I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv G‡K mycÖwZwôZ K‡ib| GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i−
cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘i g‡a¨, k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b, GgbwK c`v_© MVbKvix wewfbœ AYyi
ga¨eZ©x duvKv A‡jI B_vi bvgK GK cÖKvi Aevš ﾏ i gva¨g we`¨gvb|
Av‡jvK wewKiYKvix cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘i ga¨eZ©x KYv¸‡jvi K¤•‡bi d‡j Dnvi
Pviw`‡Ki B_vi gva¨‡g Zi‡½i m„wó nq Ges Zi½vKv‡i GB Av‡jvob mÂvj‡bi
Awfgy‡Li mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z B_vi KYv¸‡jv `yj‡Z _v‡K|
Av‡jvobRwbZ B_vi KYv¸‡jvi GB kw³ ch©vqµ‡g GKwU KYv n‡Z AciwU‡Z
mÂvwjZ nIqvq Av‡jv‡Ki Drm n‡Z m„ó Av‡jvob Dnvi PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q
c‡o| myZivs GB gZev` Abymv‡i Av‡jvK B_vi gva¨‡g Zi½ we‡kl| GB
Zi½¸‡jv †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i †iwUbvi Dci AvNvZ Ki‡j `„wói Abyf‚wZ R‡b¥ Ges
wewfbœ e‡Y©i Abyf‚wZi Rb¥ nq|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 25

B_vi GKwU Awew”Qbœ gva¨g hvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv A‡bK †ewk wKš‘ NbZ¡
LyeB Kg| B_vi gva¨‡g Av‡jvi Zi½
3 × 10 m/sec †e‡M mÂvwjZ nq| GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i Av‡jvi †eM k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g
8

me‡P‡q †ewk| dz‡Kvi cix¶vq GB mZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|

cÖkœ : 5| B_vi wK? B_v‡ii Aw¯ﾏ Z¡nxbZv cÖgvY K‡ib †K?
DËi : B_vi :
weÁvbx nvB‡Mb 1678 mv‡j Av‡jvi Zi½ ZË¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q B_vi‡K
wbæwjwLZfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡ib−
B_vi GKwU Awew”Qbœ gva¨g hvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv A‡bK †ewk wKš‘ NbZ¡
LyeB Kg| B_vi gva¨‡g Av‡jv Zi½vKv‡i
3 × 108 m/sec †e‡M mÂvwjZ n‡q GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b hvq Ges Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L
cÖ‡ek K‡i `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ m„wó K‡i| weÁvbx gvB‡Kj mb I gwj© B_v‡ii
Aw¯ﾏ Z¡nxbZv cÖgvY K‡ib|
cÖkœ : 6| Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ †K cÖ`vb K‡ib?
DËi : Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib g¨v·I‡qj| 1864 mv‡j g¨v·I‡qj
Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq NUbvewj wb‡q M‡elYv Kivi mgq Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †hÑ
Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq Av‡›`vjb †h †eM wb‡q Mgb K‡i Zv Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi
mgvb| G NUbv n‡Z g¨v·I‡qj g‡b K‡ib †h Zi½ I Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq Zi‡½i g‡a¨
m¤•K© _vKv ¯^vfvweK Ges wZwb wee„Z K‡ib †h Av‡jv GK cÖKvi
ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi½|
cÖkœ : 7| AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb‡K †Kvb& mv‡j wK‡mi Rb¨ †bv‡ej
cyi¯‹vi †`Iqv nq?
DËi : 1900 mv‡j g¨v· c¨v¼ me©cÖ_g †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB ZË¡
cÖKv‡ki c ﾁ ‡ e© Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ weÁvbxiv †h me ZË¡ cÖ`vb
K‡ib †m¸‡jv Øviv Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^Kxq wµqvi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb m¤¢e nq
wb|
Ò†Kvb †Kvb avZzi Dci Av‡jv co‡j Zvr¶wYKfv‡e B‡jKUªb wbM©Z nq, G‡K
Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K wµqv e‡j|Ó
1905 mv‡j AvjevU© AvB÷vBb Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i GB
NUbvi e¨vL¨v †`b, †mRb¨ Zuv‡K 1921 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †`qv nq|
cÖkœ : 8| †Kvb& NUbv Av‡jvi KYviƒc‡K D`NvUb K‡i?
DËi : Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K wµqv Av‡jvi KYviƒc‡K D`NvUb K‡i|
Ò†Kvb †Kvb avZzi Dci Av‡jv co‡j Zvr¶wYKfv‡e B‡jKUªb wbM©Z nq, G‡K
Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K wµqv e‡j|Ó
GB Av‡jvKxq NUbvi e¨vL¨v GKgvÎ g¨v· c¨v‡¼i †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ ØvivB Kiv
hvq| Avevi †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i g ﾁ j e³e¨ nj Av‡jvi KYviƒ‡c AvPiY| A_©vr
Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K wµqv Av‡jvi KYviƒc‡K D`NvUb K‡i, GK_v cÖgvwYZ
mZ¨|
cÖkœ : 9| Av‡jvi Zi½ ag©‡K cÖKvk K‡i Ggb wZbwU NUbvi bvg
wjL|
26 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
DËi : g¨v·e‡b©i e¨e¯’v Abymv‡i g‡b Kiv nq Ae¯’v we‡k‡l Av‡jvK KYv
A_ev Zi½ iƒ‡c AvPiY K‡i| Z‡e KL‡bvB GK m‡½ KYv Ges Zi½ bq| Av‡jvi
Zi½ ag©‡K cÖKvk K‡i Ggb wZbwU Av‡jvKxq NUbvi bvg wb‡æ †`qv nj−
1. e¨wZPvi
2. mgeZ©b
3. AceZ©b BZ¨vw`|
cÖkœ : 10| Av‡jvK iwk¥ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : Av‡jvK iwk¥ :
msÁv : †Kvb `xwßgvb e¯‘i †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Av‡jv †h †Kvb w`‡K †h FRy c_
a‡i P‡j, †mB c_‡KB Av‡jvK iwk¥ e‡j|
Ab¨ K_vqÑ gva¨‡gi GK we›`y †_‡K Ab¨ we›`y‡Z hvIqvi mgq Av‡jvK iwk¥
m ﾁ¶¥Zg †h c_ AbymiY K‡i Zv‡K Av‡jvK iwk¥ e‡j|
Zxi wPwýZ mij‡iLv Øviv Av‡jvK iwk¥‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| Zxi wPý Av‡jvK
iwk¥i MwZi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
cÖkœ : 11| Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q wK? Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q KZ cÖKvi? G‡`i
bvg wjL|
DËi : Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q :
msÁv : cvkvcvwk A‡bK¸‡jv Av‡jvK iwk¥i mgwó‡K Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q ev
Av‡jvK wKiY e‡j| AcÖk¯ﾏ wKiY‡K Av‡jvK †cwÝj e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f` : Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q wZb iK‡gi nq| h_v−
1. mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q
2. Awfmvix iwk¥¸”Q
3. Acmvix iwk¥¸”Q|
cÖkœ : 12| mgvš ﾏ ivj, Awfmvix I Acmvix iwk¥¸”Q ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q :
msÁv : †Kvb iwk¥¸‡”Qi Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv
hw` ci¯•‡ii mgvš ﾏ iv‡j P‡j Zvn‡j G
iwk¥¸”Q‡K mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q e‡j| eû
w
PÎ t m gvši vj iw k¥̧”Q
` ﾁ ‡ ii †Kvb Av‡jvK Drm †_‡K AvMZ
iwk¥¸”Q‡K mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q aiv nq|
†hgbÑ m ﾁ h© †_‡K AvMZ iwk¥¸”Q|
Awfmvix iwk¥¸”Q :
msÁv : Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv hw` †Kvb GK
we›`y‡Z wM‡q wgwjZ nq Zvn‡j †mB
iwk¥¸”Q‡K Awfmvix iwk¥¸”Q e‡j| w
PÎ t Aw
fm vi xi wk¥̧”Q

Acmvix iwk¥¸”Q :
msÁv : †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Drcbœ Av‡jvK
iwk¥¸‡jv hw` Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o Zvn‡j
Zv‡K Acmvix iwk¥¸”Q e‡j| w
PÎ t Acmvi xi wk¥̧”Q
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 27

cÖkœ : 13| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjx Kv‡K e‡j? (h.†ev. 2004; Kz. †ev. 2001)
DËi : ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjx :
msÁv : kw³i wewKiY Zi½ AvKv‡i N‡U| wewfbœ kw³i †ejvq Zi‡½i K¤•v¼
Ges †mB m‡½ Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i cv_©K¨ nq| wewfbœ iwk¥ I `„k¨gvb Av‡jvK ev
we`xY© Zv‡ci wfZi cÖK…wZMZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| GB Kvi‡Y mKj Zi½‡K
mvaviYfv‡e ZvwoZ Pz¤^Kxq Zi½ ejv n‡q _v‡K| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K wewKiY ev
ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i mgMÖ cwimi‡K Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i ev K¤•vs‡Ki wfwˇZ
K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q; G‡K ejv nq ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjx|
cÖkœ : 14| Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ :
msÁv : †Kvb gva¨‡g GKwU K¤•bkxj e¯‘i GKwU c ﾁ Y© K¤•b m¤•bœ n‡Z
†h mgq jv‡M †m mg‡q Zi½ †h ` ﾁ iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ e‡j|
G‡K mvaviYZ λ (j¨vgWv) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
hw` †Kvb Zi½ KYv N wU c ﾁ Y© K¤•‡bi mg‡q S `ﾁ iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Z‡e Zi½
ˆ`N©¨ λ =
cwigv‡ci R‡b¨ ejv hvq, Zi‡½i Dci Aew¯’Z ci ci `ywU mg`kv m¤•bœ KYvi
` ﾁ iZ¡B Zi½ ˆ`N©¨| A_©vr Avo Zi‡½i †¶‡Î ci ci `ywU Zi½ kxl© ev ci ci
`ywU Zi½ cv`-Gi ga¨eZx© `ﾁ iZ¡‡K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ aiv nq| [wPÎ]
Zi ½ˆ`N©
¨ kxl ©
kxl ©

cv̀ Zi ½ˆ`N©
¨ cv̀

Avevi jw¤^K Zi‡½i †¶‡Î ci ci `ywU ms‡KvPb ev ci ci `ywU cÖmvi‡Yi ga¨eZ©x

`ﾁ iZ¡‡K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ e‡j| [wPÎ]
Zi ½ˆ`N©
¨
cÖ
mvi Y cÖ
mvi Y

ms‡KvPb ms‡KvPb
Zi ½ˆ`N©
¨

cÖkœ : 15| K¤•vs¼ wK?

DËi : K¤•vsK : GKwU K¤•bkxj e¯‘ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Ê hZ¸‡jv c ﾁ Y© K¤•b
m¤•bœ K‡i Zv‡K H gva¨‡g H Zi‡½i K¤•vsK e‡j| G‡K mvaviYZ n Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| hw` †Kvb Zi½ Drm t †m‡K‡Ê N wU c ﾁ Y© K¤•b m¤•bœ
K‡i Z‡e K¤•vsK n = .
cÖkœ : 16| Zi½‡e‡Mi mv‡_ Zi½‰`N©¨ I K¤•vs‡Ki m¤•K© wK?
A_ev, Zi½ †e‡Mi mv‡_ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I K¤•vs‡Ki m¤•K© ¯’vcb Ki| (iv.†ev.
2000)
28 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
DËi : Zi½ †e‡Mi mv‡_ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I K¤•vs‡Ki m¤•K© :
g‡b Kwi,
†Kvb gva¨‡g Zi‡½i †eM = v
Zi½ Dr‡mi K¤•vsK = n
Ges Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ = λ
†h‡nZz k‡ãi †eM v, AZGe Avgiv cvB,
v = Zi½ KZ©„K 1 †m‡K‡Û AwZµvš ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡ ... ... ... (1)
cybivq Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ = λ n‡j
1 c ﾁ Y© K¤•‡b Zi½ KZ©„K AwZµvš ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡ = λ
∴ n " " " " " " = nλ
†h‡nZz K¤•vsK n,
myZivs n wU c ﾁ Y© K¤•‡b mgq jv‡M 1 †m‡KÛ
∴ nλ = Zi½ KZ©„K 1 †m‡K‡Û AwZµvš ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡ ... ... ... (2)
(1) Ges (2) bs mgxKiY n‡Z Avgiv cvB
v = nλ
A_©vr †eM = K¤•vsK × Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
Zi½ †e‡Mi mv‡_ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I K¤•vs‡Ki cÖwZwôZ m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 17| me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY wK?
DËi : me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY :
eY©vjx‡Z 3 × 10−11 wgUvi †_‡K 10−15 wgUvi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
wewKiY A_©vr me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY n‡”Q Mvgv iwk¥| 10−11
wgUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i mKj wewKiYB Mvgv iwk¥| cvigvYweK
we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j †h †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ Drcbœ nq Zvi AwaKvskB Mvgv iwk¥|
GB iwk¥i kw³ `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q cÂvk nvRvi ¸Y †ewk| cÖvwY‡`‡ni Rb¨
GB iwk¥ LyeB ¶wZKi|
cÖkœ : 18| me‡P‡q eo Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY †Kvb&wU?
DËi : me‡P‡q eo Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY :
me‡P‡q eo Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY n‡”Q †eZvi Zi½| †eZvi Zi‡½i ˆ`N©¨ 5 ×
104 wgUvi ch©š ﾏ n‡Z cv‡i| Gme Zi‡½i K¤•vsK `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi K¤•vs‡Ki
†P‡q A‡bK Kg| †eZvi Zi‡½i Avevi bvbv fvM Av‡Q| h_v−
1. wgwWqvgI‡qf : 200 †_‡K 500 wgUvi ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ nj
wgwWqvgI‡qf|
2. kUI‡qf : 10 †_‡K 100 wgUvi ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ nj kUI‡qf|
3. gvB‡µvI‡qf : wZb †mwÈwgUv‡ii gZ ˆ`N©¨ nj gvB‡µvI‡qf|
cÖkœ : 19| Av¸b †_‡K †h Zvc wewKwiZ nq Zv wK ai‡bi iwk¥?
DËi : Av¸b †_‡K wewKwiZ Zv‡ci iwk¥i aib :
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 29

Av¸b †_‡K †h Zvc weKxY© nq Zv Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥| `„k¨gvb jvj Av‡jvi †P‡q
Gi Zi½ †ewk| eY©vjxi †gvUvgywU 10−6 wgUvi †_‡K 5 × 10−3 wgUvi Zi½
ˆ`N©¨ ch©š ﾏ GjvKv Ae‡jvwnZ wewKi‡Yi|
cÖkœ : 20| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i cvjv wK?
DËi : Avgiv †h Av‡jv †`wL Zv ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi GKwU ¶z`ª Ask|
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i cvjv 4 × 10−7 wgUvi †_‡K 7 × 10−7 wgUvi ch©š ﾏ|
wKš‘ `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi mKj Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ GKB ˆ`‡N©¨i bq e‡j Av‡jv wewfbœ is
iƒ‡c `„k¨gvb nq| Gi g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk Ges †e¸wb
Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg|
cÖkœ : 21| jvj I †e¸wb i‡Oi Av‡jvi g‡a¨ Kvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ †ewk?
DËi : `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi mKj Zi½ GKB ˆ`‡N©¨i bq e‡j Av‡jv wewfbœ is iƒ‡c
`„k¨gvb nq| Gi g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk A_©vr 7 × 10−7 wgUvi
Ges †e¸wb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg A_©vr 4 × 10−7 wgUvi|
cÖkœ : 22| Mvgviwk¥i kw³ `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q KZ¸Y †ewk?
DËi : Avgiv †h Av‡jv‡Z †`wL Zv ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi GKUv ¶z`ª Ask| 4
× 10−7 wgUvi ch©š ﾏ ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ n‡”Q `„k¨gvb Av‡jv| Aciw`‡K, eY©vjx‡Z 5
× 10−11 wgUvi †_‡K 10−15 wgUvi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY A_©vr
me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY n‡”Q Mvgv iwk¥| cvigvYweK we‡ùvi‡Yi
d‡j †h †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ Drcbœ nq Zvi AwaKvskB Mvgv iwk¥| GB iwk¥i kw³
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q cÂvk nvRvi ¸Y †ewk|
cÖkœ : 23| kix‡ii Z¡‡K wfUvwgb ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i †Kvb iwk¥?
DËi : kix‡ii Z¡‡K wfUvwgb ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥| G·‡ii
†P‡q eo wKš‘ `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †e¸wb is Gi Av‡jvi †P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
wewKiY‡K AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ e‡j| Gi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ 5 × 10−9 wgUvi †_‡K 5 × 10−7
wgUvi Gi †P‡q wKQy †ewk| G iwk¥‡Z †ewk¶Y _vK‡j †Pv‡Li ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖkœ : 24| `xwßwgwZ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : `xwßwgwZ :
msÁv : c`v_© weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq wewfbœ Av‡jvK Drm ev wewfbœ
Av‡jvwKZ Z‡ji J¾¡‡j¨i Zzjbv I Av‡jv‡Ki cwigvY wba©viY msµvš ﾏ welqvw`
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K `xwßwgwZ e‡j|
†Kvb GKwU Av‡jvwKZ Zj Drm †_‡K KZUzKz Av‡jv cv‡e Zv wb‡Pi
welq¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
1. Z‡ji †¶Îdj
2. Drm †_‡K Z‡ji `ﾁ iZ¡
3. Dr‡mi `xcb ¶gZv
4. Dr‡mi mv‡_ Z‡ji bwZ|
cÖkœ : 25| Nb‡Kv‡Yi msÁv `vI I Gi GKK wK? (Xv.†ev. Õ06; Õ04; Kz.
†ev. Õ99; 2002; h.†ev. 2003; e.†ev. 2004; 2005; P.†ev. wm.†ev. 2004)
DËi : Nb‡KvY :
msÁv : †Kvb Z‡ji mxgv‡iLvi wewfbœ we›`y †_‡K hw` Ab¨ †Kvb we›`y
30 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

ch©š ﾏ mij‡iLv AuvKv hvq Zvn‡j GKwU ksKz Drcbœ nq, hvi kxl© H
we›`y‡Z _v‡K| GB ksKzi kxl© we›`y‡Z †h †KvY Drcbœ nq Zv‡K H Zj
KZ…©K Ave× Nb‡KvY e‡j| G‡K ∆W Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
MvwYwZKfv‡e, r e¨vmv‡a©i †Mvj‡Ki c„‡ôi ∆A †¶Îdj KZ…©K Ave×
Nb‡KvY,
∆W =
GKK : Nb †Kv‡Yi GKK †÷‡iwWqvb ev ms‡¶‡c Sr.
cÖkœ : 26| `xcb ¶gZv Kv‡K e‡j? Gi ms‡KZ wK?
(Kz.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2005; 2004; P. †ev. 2006; 2000; m. †ev. Õ99 ; h. †ev. 2001; ewi. †ev.
P.†ev. 2002; e.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : `xcb ¶gZv :
msÁv : †Kvb we›`y Drm †_‡K cÖwZ †m‡K‡Ê †Kvb wbw`©ó w`‡K GKK
Nb‡Kv‡Y †h cwigvY Av‡jvK kw³ wbM©Z nq Zv‡K H Dr‡mi `xcb ¶gZv e‡j|
A_©vr †Kvb Av‡jvK Drm †_‡K GKK ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci †h
cwigvY Av‡jv j¤^fv‡e c‡o Zv‡K H Dr‡mi `xcb ¶gZv e‡j| G‡K I Øviv cÖKvk
Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb we›`y Drm †_‡K Pvwiw`‡K wbM©Z Av‡jv‡Ki cwigvY cÖwZ
†m‡K‡Ê φ n‡j,
Gi `xcb ¶gZv,
I =
GKK : `xcb ¶gZvi GKK K¨v‡Êjv|
cÖkœ : 27| `xcb ¶gZvi GKK wK? (h. †ev. 2001; iv.†ev. ewi.†ev. 2002)
DËi : `xcb ¶gZvi GKK :
wewfbœ †`‡k Av`k© evwZ wewfbœ e‡j Ges G‡`i `xcb ¶gZvI cyivZb
Av`k© evwZi Zzjbvq wewfbœ nIqvq Avš ﾏ R©vwZK KvR-K‡g© we‡kl
Amyweav nq| ZvB 1948 mv‡j GKwU me©m¤ßZ Avš ﾏ R©vwZK Av`k©
evwZ w¯’i Kiv nq| Gi `xcb ¶gZv‡K K¨v‡Êjv (candela) e‡j| GwUB `xcb ¶gZvi
AvaywbK GKK|
GwU wVK evwZ ¶gZvi mgvb bq, Zvi Ask| Gi ms‡KZ cd.
cÖkœ : 28| K¨v‡Êjvi msÁv `vI| (Xv.†ev. 2002)
DËi : K¨v‡Êjv :
msÁv : cvwUbv‡gi Mjbvs‡K iw¶Z GKwU Av`k© K…ò e¯‘i cÖwZ 1 eM©
†mwg. †¶Îdj n‡Z cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY Av‡jvK wbM©Z nq, Zvi Ask‡K
K¨v‡Êjv e‡j|Ó Gi ms‡KZ cd.
GwU wVK evwZ ¶gZvi mgvb bq, Zvi Ask|
cÖkœ : 29| Av‡jvK d¬v· Kv‡K e‡j? Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i ms‡KZ wK? (iv.†ev.
2006)
A_ev, A‡jvK d¬v· wK? (Kz.†ev. 2003)
DËi : Av‡jvK d¬v· :
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 31

msÁv : †Kvb `xwßgvb e¯‘ †_‡K cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY Av‡jvK kw³
wbM©Z nq Zv‡K `xwß ev Av‡jvK cÖevn ev Av‡jvK d¬v· e‡j| G‡K φ (dvB)
Øviv m ﾁ wPZ Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : r e¨vmv‡a©i GKwU †Mvj‡Ki †K‡›`ª ¯’vwcZ I `xcb ¶gZvi †Kvb
we›`y Av‡jvK Drm s †_‡K †Mvj‡Ki c„‡ô ∆A †¶Îd‡ji ga¨w`‡q AwZµvš ﾏ
Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i cwigvY n‡e−
φ = I . = I∆W
GLv‡b, ∆W = Nb‡KvY|
GKK : Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i cwigv‡ci GKK jy‡gb (Lumen).
cÖkœ : 30| Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i GK‡Ki bvg wK? msÁv `vI|
DËi : Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i GK‡Ki bvg jy‡gb (Lumen).
msÁv : GK K¨v‡Ûjv `xcb ¶gZvi †Kvb we›`y Drm †_‡K †h cwigvY Av‡jvK
d¬v· GK †÷‡iwWqvg Nb‡Kv‡Y wbM©Z nq Zv‡K GK jy‡gb (1 lm) e‡j|
1 lm = 1 cd sr.
jy‡gb †h‡nZz Av‡jvK kw³ cÖev‡ni nvi myZivs ¶gZvi GKK A_©vr Iqv‡Ui
mv‡_ m¤•K©hy³| cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q 621 jy‡gb meyR Av‡jv cÖvq GK
IqvU ¶gZvi mgvb|
cÖkœ : 31| `xcb ZxeªZv Kv‡K e‡j? ms‡KZ wK? (ewi.†ev. 2006;
Xv. Kz. 2000 ; h. †ev. Õ99 ; 2001; P.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : `xcb ZxeªZv :
msÁv : †Kvb c„‡ôi GK eM©wgUvi †¶Îd‡j AvcwZZ Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i
cwigvY‡K H Z‡ji `xcb ZxeªZv e‡j| G‡K E Øviv m ﾁ wPZ Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb c„‡ôi ∆A †¶Îd‡j AvcwZZ Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i cwigvY φ n‡j, H
c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv,
E =
GKK : `xcb ZxeªZv cwigv‡ci GKK jv· (lux)|
cÖkœ : 32| `xcb ZxeªZvi GK‡Ki msÁv `vI| (wm.†ev. 2006; h. †ev. 2001
; Kz. †ev. 2000; iv.†ev. 2002; Xv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : `xcb ZxeªZvi GKK : `xcb ZxeªZvi GKK n‡jv jv· (lux)|
msÁv : †Kvb c„‡ôi cÖwZ eM©wgUvi †¶‡Î GK jy‡gb Av‡jvK d¬v· †h `xcb
ZxeªZv m„wó K‡i Zv‡K GK jv· (1 lx) e‡j| A_©vr
1 lx = = 1 lm m−2
myZivs Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i GKK‡K †¶Îd‡ji GKK Øviv fvM Ki‡j `xcb ZxeªZvi GKK
cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœ : 33| `xcb ZxeªZv I `xcb ¶gZvi g‡a¨ m¤•K© wK? (Kz.†ev. 2002;
e.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. 2004)
DËi : `xcb ZxeªZv I `xcb ¶gZvi g‡a¨ m¤•K© :
r e¨vmva© wewkó GKwU †MvjK Kíbv Kwi| †Mvj‡Ki †K‡›`ª I `xcb ¶gZv
32 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wewkó GKwU we›`y Av‡jvK Drm S| Drm †_‡K †Mvj‡Ki c„‡ôi Ask we‡kl ∆A
†¶‡Îi ga¨w`‡q AwZµvš ﾏ Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i cwigvY φ Ges ∆A †¶Î Øviv †Mvj‡Ki
†K‡›`ª Drcbœ Nb‡KvY ∆W n‡j,
φ = I∆W
ev, I = ... ... ... (1)
Avevi ∆A c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv E n‡j
E = ... ... ... (2)
mgxKiY (2) †K (1) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB
=
wKš‘, ∆W = ev, ∆A = ∆Wr2... ... (3)
mgxKiY (3) bs G ∆A Gi gvb ewm‡q, wPÎ :
=
∴ E =
AZGe, `xcb ZxeªZv =
GwUB `xcb ZxeªZv I `xcb ¶gZvi g‡a¨ m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 34| `xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq m ﾁ ÎwU wee„Z Ki| (Kz.†ev.
2004; iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2001)
DËi : `xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq m ﾁ Î :
†Kvb Av‡jvK Drm †_‡K †Kvb c„‡ôi ` ﾁ iZ¡ hZ e„w× cvq Gi ZxeªZvI ZZ
n«vm cvq| A_©vr †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv Av‡jvK Drm n‡Z H c„‡ôi
`ﾁ i‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i|
†Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZvi mv‡_ c„ô †_‡K Dr‡mi ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i ga¨Kvi m¤•K©
GKwU m ﾁ ‡ Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq| G‡K `xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq
m ﾁ Î e‡j|
m ﾁ ‡ Îi wee„wZ : †Kvb Drm Øviv †Kvb c„‡ô m„ó `xcb ZxeªZv H Drm †_‡K
c„‡ôi `ﾁ i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯ﾏ vbycv‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|
MvwYwZKfv‡e, `xcb ZxeªZv ∝ |
cÖkœ : 35| †Kvb we›`y Drm †_‡K 1m ` ﾁ ‡ ii †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv
16 lx n‡j 4m `ﾁ ieZ©x †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev. P.†ev.
2005)
DËi : Avgiv Rvwb,
`xcb ZxeªZv, E =
GLv‡b, E = `xcb ZxeªZv = 16 lx
r = `ﾁ iZ¡ = 4m
I = `xcb ¶gZv = ?
∴ `xcb ¶gZv,
I = E × r2
= 16 lx × (4m)2
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 33

= 256 cd.

Abykxjbxi
iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jv wK? `xwßgvb e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i
†Pv‡L Av‡m Zv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ weÁvbxiv †h ZË¡¸‡jv w`‡q‡Qb Zv
eY©bv Ki|
DËi : Av‡jv (Light) :
msÁv : Av‡jv GK cÖKvi kw³ ev evwn¨K KviY hv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i
`k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ Rb¥vq|
ˆewkó¨ :
1. Av‡jv GK cÖKvi wewKb© kw³Ñ hv Zi‡½i AvKv‡i GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨
¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i|
2. Av‡jv mij‡iLvq P‡j Ges `c©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZdwjZ Kiv hvq|
3. Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ kw³‡Z iƒcvš ﾏ i Kiv hvq| Avevi wewfbœ kw³i
iƒcvš ﾏ i NwU‡q Av‡jvK cvIqv hvq|
4. Av‡jvK wb‡R A`„k¨; wKš‘ Ab¨ e¯‘‡K `„k¨gvb K‡i|
Av‡jvi wewfbœ ZË¡ :
Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ ZË¡ Avwe®‹…Z
n‡q‡Q| `xwßgvb e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L Av‡m Zv e¨vL¨vi
Rb¨ weÁvbxiv G ch©š ﾏ PviwU ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| h_v−
1. KYv ZË¡
2. Zi½ ZË¡
3. ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ Ges
4. †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡|
wb‡æ ZË¡¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv nj−
1. KYvZË¡ : m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb mgMÖ wek¦‡KB AmsL¨ KYvi
mgš^‡q MwVZ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wZwb
Av‡jvi KYvZË¡ wee„Z K‡ib|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i †h †Kvb Av‡jvK Drm Suv‡K Suv‡K ¶z`ª ¶z`ª KYv
wbM©Z K‡i Ges G KYv¸‡jvi mgwóB Av‡jv| wbDU‡bi ZË¡ Abymv‡i
†QvU eo wewfbœ KYvi Dci Av‡jvi is wbf©i K‡i Ges GB KYv¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ m„wó K‡i| GB KYv¸‡jv GZB
¶z`ª †h Giv †Kvb †Kvb e¯‘i AvYweK duv‡Ki ga¨w`‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
wbDUb GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY m¤•wK©Z
NUbvewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mg_© nb| wKš‘ Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b, Av‡jvi
Zwor wµqv BZ¨vw` GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| GQvov GB
Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZmiY m¤•wK©Z NUbvmg ﾁ ‡ ni e¨vL¨v Kivi mgq
34 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

†`Lv hvq , †h gva¨‡gi cÖwZmivsK hZ †ewk n‡e †mB gva¨‡g Av‡jvi

MwZ‡eMI ZZ †ewk n‡e| wKš‘ dz‡Kvi cix¶vq †`Lv hvq †h, NbZi gva¨‡g
Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM Kg|
G Kvi‡Y GB ZË¡‡K eR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2. Zi½ ZË¡ : 1678 mv‡j nvB‡Mb me©cÖ_g Av‡jvi Zi½ ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
cieZ©xKv‡j Bqs, †d«‡bj I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv G‡K mycÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i−
cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘i g‡a¨, k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b, GgbwK c`v_© MVbKvix wewfbœ AYyi
ga¨eZ©x duvKv A‡jI B_vi bvgK GK cÖKvi Aevš ﾏ i gva¨g we`¨gvb|
Av‡jvK wewKiYKvix cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘i ga¨eZ©x KYv¸‡jvi K¤•‡bi d‡j Dnvi
Pviw`‡Ki B_vi gva¨‡g Zi‡½i m„wó nq Ges Zi½vKv‡i GB Av‡jvob
mÂvj‡bi Awfgy‡Li mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z B_vi KYv¸‡jv `yj‡Z
_v‡K| Av‡jvobRwbZ B_vi KYv¸‡jvi GB kw³ ch©vqµ‡g GKwU KYv n‡Z
AciwU‡Z mÂvwjZ nIqvq Av‡jv‡Ki Drm n‡Z m„ó Av‡jvob Dnvi
PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| myZivs GB gZev` Abymv‡i Av‡jvK B_vi
gva¨‡g Zi½ we‡kl| GB Zi½¸‡jv †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i †iwUbvi Dci AvNvZ
Ki‡j `„wói Abyf‚wZ R‡b¥ Ges wewfbœ e‡Y©i Abyf‚wZi Rb¥ nq|
B_vi GKwU Awew”Qbœ gva¨g hvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv A‡bK †ewk wKš‘
NbZ¡ LyeB Kg| B_vi gva¨‡g Av‡jvi Zi½ 3 × 108 m/sec †e‡M mÂvwjZ nq|
GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq wKš‘ mgeZ©b I Av‡jvK Zwor wµqvi e¨vL¨v †`qv hvq
bv|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i Av‡jvi †eM k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g me‡P‡q †ewk| dz‡Kvi
cix¶vq GB mZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
3. ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ : 1864 mv‡j g¨v·I‡qj Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq NUbvewj
wb‡q M‡elYv Kivi mgq Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †hÑ Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq Av‡›`vjb †h
†eM wb‡q Mgb K‡i Zv Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi mgvb| G NUbv n‡Z g¨v·I‡qj
g‡b K‡ib †h Zi½ I Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq Zi‡½i g‡a¨ m¤•K© _vKv ¯^vfvweK
Ges wZwb wee„Z K‡ib †h Av‡jv GK cÖKvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi½|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i Av‡jvK Zi½ †Kvb hvwš ﾐ K Zi½ bq; GUv Avm‡j Zwor
†¶‡Îi cÖvej¨ I †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i K¤•bRwbZ GK cÖKvi Zwor
Pz¤^Kxq Zi½| Av‡jv †hw`‡K Mgb K‡i Zvi j¤^ Awfgy‡L Ges ci¯•‡ii
mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Zwor †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i gvb I Pz¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i gvb
cwiewZ©Z nq| cix¶vMv‡i nvU©R 1888 wLª÷v‡ã Giƒc Zi½ m„wó K‡i
G Z‡Ë¡i h_v_©Zv cÖgvY K‡ib|
GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b, mgeZ©b
BZ¨vw` mv_©Kfv‡eB e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq bv| GB Z‡Ë¡i myweav njÑ Zi‡½i we¯ﾏ vi jv‡fi Rb¨ B_vi bvgK
†Kvb gva¨‡gi Aw¯ﾏ Z¡ Kíbv Ki‡Z nq bv|
4. †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ : 1900 mv‡j g¨v· c¨v¼ Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges 1905 mv‡j AvBb÷vBb GB ZË¡‡K my`„p wfwËi Dci
cÖwZôv K‡ib|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i †h †Kvb ai‡bi wewKiYB AmsL¨ kw³ KwYKv Øviv
MwVZ| G kw³ KwYKv‡K †Kvqv›Uvg ev †dvUb ejv nq| †Kvb Av‡jvK Drm
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 35

n‡Z Av‡jv wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e wbM©Z nq bvÑ hv wbM©Z nq Zv nj

kw³ KwYKv| †Kvb kw³ KwYKvq kw³i cwigvY nj−
E = hγ
†hLv‡b,h = c¨v‡¼i aª“eK
γ = wewKi‡Yi K¤•vsK
GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv, K¤•Ub wµqv, ivgb wµqv
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b, mgeZ©b BZ¨vw`
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
gš ﾏ e¨ : myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q Av‡jvK msµvš ﾏ †Kvb †Kvb NUbv e¨vL¨v Kivi
Rb¨ Av‡jvi Zi½ ZË¡ Avevi †Kvb †Kvb NUbv e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ †Kvqv›Uvg
ZË¡ e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A_©vr Av‡jvi Zi½mË¡v I KYvmË¡v `yB-B
we`¨gvb| G Kvi‡Y ejv nq Av‡jv ˆØZ cÖK…wZi|
cÖkœ : 2| Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡¡ eY©bv Ki|
DËi : Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡ :
1678 mv‡j nvB‡Mb me©cÖ_g Av‡jvi Zi½ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j
Bqs, †d«‡bj I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv G‡K mycÖwZwôZ K‡ib| GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i−
cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘i g‡a¨, k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b, GgbwK c`v_© MVbKvix wewfbœ AYyi
ga¨eZ©x duvKv A‡jI B_vi bvgK GK cÖKvi Aevš ﾏ i gva¨g we`¨gvb|
Av‡jvK wewKiYKvix cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘i ga¨eZ©x KYv¸‡jvi K¤•‡bi d‡j Zvi
Pviw`‡Ki B_vi gva¨‡g Zi‡½i m„wó nq Ges Zi½vKv‡i GB Av‡jvob mÂvj‡bi
Awfgy‡Li mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z B_vi KYv¸‡jv `yj‡Z _v‡K|
Av‡jvobRwbZ B_vi KYv¸‡jvi GB kw³ ch©vqµ‡g GKwU KYv n‡Z AciwU‡Z
mÂvwjZ nIqvq Av‡jv‡Ki Drm n‡Z m„ó Av‡jvob Zvi PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q
c‡o| myZivs GB gZev` Abymv‡i Av‡jvK B_vi gva¨‡g Zi½ we‡kl| GB
Zi½¸‡jv †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i †iwUbvi Dci AvNvZ Ki‡j `„wói Abyf‚wZ R‡b¥ Ges
wewfbœ e‡Y©i Abyf‚wZi Rb¥ nq|
B_vi GKwU Awew”Qbœ gva¨g hvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv A‡bK †ewk wKš‘ NbZ¡
LyeB Kg| B_vi gva¨‡g Av‡jvi Zi½ 3 × 108 m/sec †e‡M mÂvwjZ nq|
GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq wKš‘ mgeZ©b I Av‡jvK Zwor wµqvi e¨vL¨v †`qv hvq bv|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i Av‡jvi †eM k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g me‡P‡q †ewk| dz‡Kvi cix¶vq
GB mZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ : 3| Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ eY©bv Ki| Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg
ZË¡ AeZviYvi KviY wK? G Z‡Ë¡i msw¶ß weeiY `vI| (iv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : Av‡jvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ :
1864 mv‡j g¨v·I‡qj Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq NUbvewj wb‡q M‡elYv Kivi mgq
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †hÑ Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq Av‡›`vjb †h †eM wb‡q Mgb K‡i Zv
Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi mgvb| G NUbv n‡Z g¨v·I‡qj g‡b K‡ib †h, Zi½ I
Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq Zi‡½i g‡a¨ m¤•K© _vKv ¯^vfvweK Ges wZwb wee„Z
36 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

K‡ib †h Av‡jv GK cÖKvi ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi½|

GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i Av‡jvK Zi½ †Kvb hvwš ﾐ K Zi½ bq| GUv Avm‡j Zwor
†¶‡Îi cÖvej¨ I †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i K¤•bRwbZ GK cÖKvi ZwoZ
Pz¤^Kxq Zi½| Av‡jv †hw`‡K Mgb K‡i Zvi j¤^ Awfgy‡L Ges ci¯•‡ii mv‡_
j¤^fv‡e Zwor †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i gvb I Pz¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i gvb cwiewZ©Z
nq| cix¶vMv‡i nvU©R 1888 wLª÷v‡ã Giƒc Zi½ m„wó K‡i G Z‡Ë¡i
h_v_©Zv cÖgvY K‡ib|
GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b, mgeZ©b
BZ¨vw` mv_©Kfv‡eB e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq bv| GB Z‡Ë¡i myweav njÑ Zi‡½i we¯ ﾏ vi jv‡fi Rb¨ B_vi bvgK
†Kvb gva¨‡gi Aw¯ﾏ Z¡ Kíbv Ki‡Z nq bv|
Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ AeZviYvi KviY :
†Kvb †Kvb avZzi Dci Av‡jv co‡j Zvr¶wYK B‡jKUªb wbM©Z nq G‡K d‡Uv
Zwor wµqv e‡j| GB d‡Uv Zwor wµqv Av‡jvi KYvZË¡, Zi½ZË¡, ZvwoZ
†PŠ¤^K Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
ZvB 1900 mv‡j g¨v· c¨v¼ †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges 1905 mv‡j
AvBb÷vBb G ZË¡‡K my`„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZôv K‡i Av‡jvK Zwor wµqvi
e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib| Gfv‡e Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv N‡U|
Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ :
1900 mv‡j g¨v· c¨v¼ Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges 1905
mv‡j AvBb÷vBb GB ZË¡‡K my`„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZôv K‡ib|
GB ZË¡ Abymv‡i †h †Kvb ai‡bi wewKiYB AmsL¨ kw³ KwYKv Øviv MwVZ|
G kw³ KwYKv‡K †Kvqv›Uvg ev †dvUb ejv nq| †Kvb Av‡jvK Drm n‡Z Av‡jv
wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e wbM©Z nq bvÑ hv wbM©Z nq Zv nj kw³ KwYKv|
†Kvb kw³ KwYKvq kw³i cwigvY nj−
E = h
†hLv‡b h = c¨v‡¼i aª“eK
 = wewKi‡Yi K¤•vsK
GB Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv, K¤•Ub wµqv, ivgb wµqv e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b, mgeZ©b BZ¨vw` e¨vL¨v Kiv
hvq bv|
cÖkœ : 4| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjx Kv‡K e‡j? Av‡jv, Zvc, G·‡i,
Mvgv iwk¥ BZ¨vw` meB ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K wewKiY n‡jI G‡Ki mv‡_
A‡b¨i cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq? (h.†ev. 2004)
DËi : ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjx :
msÁv : kw³i wewKiY Zi½ AvKv‡i N‡U| wewfbœ kw³i †ejvq Zi‡½i K¤•v¼
Ges †mB m‡½ Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i cv_©K¨ nq| wewfbœ iwk¥ I `„k¨gvb Av‡jvK
ev we`xY© Zv‡ci wfZi cÖK…wZMZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| GB Kvi‡Y mKj
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 37

Zi½‡K mvaviYfv‡e ZvwoZ Pz¤^Kxq Zi½ ejv n‡q _v‡K| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K
wewKiY ev ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i mgMÖ cwimi‡K Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i ev
K¤•vs‡Ki wfwˇZ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q; G‡K ejv nq ZvwoZ
†PŠ¤^K eY©vjx|
Av‡jv, Zvc, G·‡i, Mvgv iwk¥ BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
Av‡jv, Zvc, G·‡i, Mvgv iwk¥ BZ¨vw` meB kw³| Avgiv Rvwb, kw³i wewKiY
Zi½ AvKv‡i N‡U| wewfbœ kw³i †ejvq Zi‡½i K¤•vsK Ges †mB m‡½ Zi½
ˆ`‡N©¨i cv_©K¨ nq, A_©vr Av‡jv, Zvc, G·‡i, Mvgv iwk¥ BZ¨vw`
me¸‡jv‡KB ZvwoZ Pz¤^Kxq Zi½ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖK…
wZMZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB KviY Giv Zi‡½i mKj ag© †g‡b P‡j| †hgbÑ
Av‡jv‡Ki b¨vq weKxY© Zvc I Ab¨vb¨ iwk¥ cÖwZdjb I cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ Î
Abyhvqx cÖwZdwjZ I cÖwZmwiZ nq Ges Av‡jv‡Ki b¨vq Giv k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b
ev evqygva¨‡g mg‡e‡M mew`‡K PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡jv, Zvc, G·‡i, Mvgv
iwk¥ BZ¨vw` meB Zvwor Pz¤^Kxq Zi½ n‡jI G‡`i g ﾁ j cv_©K¨ †Kej Zi½
ˆ`N©¨ Z_v K¤•vs‡K| wb‡P Av‡jv, Zvc, G·‡i, Mvgv iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
cv_©K¨ †evSv‡bv nj−
Av‡jv : Avgiv †h Av‡jv‡Z †`wL Zv ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi GKUv ¶z`ª
Ask| 4 × 10−7 wgUvi †_‡K 7 × 10−7 wgUvi ch©š ﾏ ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ n‡”Q `„k¨gvb
Av‡jv| Z‡e `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi mKj Zi½ GKB ˆ`‡N©¨i bq| Gi g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi
Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk Ges †e¸wb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg|
Zvc : m ﾁ h© †_‡K †h weKxY© Zvc Av‡m Zv‡K ejv nq Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥|
Kv‡Vi Av¸b ev ˆe`y¨wZK Pzjv †_‡K †h Zvc weKxY© nq ZvI Ae‡jvwnZ
iwk¥| `„k¨gvb jvj Av‡jvi †P‡q Gi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ †ewk|
Mvgv iwk¥ :
eY©vjx‡Z 5 × 10−11 wgUvi †_‡K 10−15 wgUvi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
wewKiY A_©vr me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY n‡”Q Mvgv iwk¥| 10−11
wgUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i mKj wewKiYB Mvgv iwk¥| cvigvYweK
we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j †h †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ Drcbœ nq Zvi AwaKvskB Mvgv iwk¥|
cÖvwY‡`‡ni Rb¨ GB iwk¥ ¶wZKviK| GB iwk¥i kw³ `„k¨ Av‡jvi †P‡q cÂvk
nvRvi ¸Y †ewk|
G·‡i iwk¥ :
Mvgv iwk¥i †P‡q G·‡i A‡c¶vK…Z eo Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i| eY©vjx‡Z 5 × 10−15
wgUvi †_‡K 5 × 10−8 wgUvi ch©š ﾏ ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ n‡”Q G·‡i| GB iwk¥ gvby‡li
†`‡ni big As‡ki ga¨w`‡q †f` K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ nvo ev wUDgv‡ii ga¨w`‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖkœ : 5| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi wewfbœ As‡ki bvg D‡jL Ki Ges
wewfbœ As‡ki ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi wewfbœ Ask :
ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K wewKiY ev Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i mgMÖ cwimi‡K Zi½
ˆ`‡N©¨i ev K¤•vs‡Ki wfwˇZ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡K ZvwoZ
38 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

†PŠ¤^K eY©vjx ejv nq| wb‡æ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi wewfbœ
Ask †`Lv‡bv nj−
†e¸bx
bxj
Avm gvbx
m eyR
nj ỳ
Kgj v
j vj
`„
k¨gvbAv‡j v †eZvi Zi½
w
gw
WqvgI ‡qf
G· ‡i
gvB‡µvI‡q kU©
I ‡qf
M
vgviw
k¥ Aw
Z‡e¸bxiw
k¥ Ae‡j vw
nZ iw
k¥

10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 103 104

¨, λ
Zi ½ˆ`N©
w
PÎ t Zvw
oZ †PŠ¤^
K eY©
vj x
ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K eY©vjxi wewfbœ As‡ki ˆewkó¨ :
1. G·‡i :
i. Mvgv iwk¥i †P‡q G·‡i A‡c¶vK…Z eo Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i| eY©vjx‡Z 5 × 10−15
wgUvi †_‡K 5 × 10−8 wgUvi ch©š ﾏ ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ n‡”Q G·‡i|
ii. Giv A`„k¨ Ges mij‡iLvq Mgb K‡i|
iii. Giv Av‡jvi mg‡e‡M P‡j A_©vr 3 × 1010cm/s †e‡M|
iv. GB iwk¥ gvby‡li †`‡ni big As‡ki ga¨w`‡q †f` K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ nvo
ev wUDgv‡ii ga¨w`‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
v. d‡UvMÖvwdK †c‡Ui Dci G‡`i cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q|
2. Mvgv iwk¥ :
i. eY©vjx‡Z 5 × 10−11 wgUvi †_‡K 10−15 wgUvi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg Zi½
ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY A_©vr me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i wewKiY n‡”Q
Mvgv iwk¥|
ii. cvigvYweK we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j †h †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ Drcbœ nq Zvi
AwaKvskB Mvgv iwk¥|
iii. GwU 3 × 1010cm/s †e‡M Mgb K‡i|
iv. cÖvwY‡`‡n GB iwk¥ ¶wZKviK|
v. d‡UvMÖvwdK †c‡Ui Dci cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i|
3. AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ :
i. eY©vjx‡Z 5 × 10−9 wgUvi †_‡K 5 × 10−7 wgUv‡ii †P‡q wKQy †ewk Zi½
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 39

ˆ`‡N©¨i iwk¥B AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥|

ii. G iwk¥ kix‡ii Z¡‡K wfUvwgb ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
iii. †ewk¶Y GB iwk¥‡Z _vK‡j †Pv‡Li ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i|
4. Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ :
i. m ﾁ h© †_‡K †h weKxY© Zvc Av‡m Zv‡K Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ e‡j|
ii. Kv‡Vi Av¸b ev ˆe`y¨wZK Pzjv †_‡K †h Zvc weKxY© nq ZvI
Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥|
iii. `„k¨gvb jvj Av‡jvi †P‡q Gi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ †ewk|
iv. eY©vjxi †gvUvgywU 10−6 wgUvi †_‡K 5 × 10−3 wgUvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
ch©š ﾏ nj Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥|
5. †eZvi Zi½ :
i. 10−4 wgUvi †_‡K 5 × 104 wgUvi ch©š ﾏ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ nj †eZvi Zi½|
ii. †eZvi Zi‡½i K¤•vsK `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi K¤•vs‡Ki †P‡q Kg|
iii. `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi K¤•vsK †hLv‡b 1014 nvR© †mLv‡b †eZvi Zi‡½i K¤•vsK
1012 nv‡R©i †P‡q Kg|
iv. †eZvi Zi½‡K Avevi wgwWqvgI‡qf, kUI‡qf Ges gvB‡µvI‡q‡f fvM Kiv
hvq|
v. 200 †_‡K 500 wgUvi ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ nj wgwWqvgI‡qf| 10 †_‡K 100 wgUvi
ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ nj kUI‡qf Ges wZb †mwÈwgUv‡ii gZ ˆ`N©¨ nj
gvB‡µvI‡qf|
cÖkœ : 6| `xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq m ﾁ ÎwU wee„Z Ki Ges
e¨vL¨v Ki|
(P. †ev. 2006; 2000; Xv.†ev. 2001,2005; wm. †ev. 2001; e.†ev. 2006; 2003; Kz.†ev.
2006; 2002; 2003)
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv Drm n‡Z Gi ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i
e‡M©i e¨¯ﾏ vbycv‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|
DËi : `xcb ZxeªZv : (P.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2006; Õ99; h.†ev. 2003)
msÁv : †Kvb c„‡ôi GK eM©wgUvi †¶Îd‡j AvcwZZ Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i
cwigvY‡K H Z‡ji `xcb ZxeªZv e‡j| `xcb ZxeªZv‡K E Øviv m ﾁ wPZ Kiv nq|
†Kvb c„‡ôi ∆A †¶Îd‡j AvcwZZ Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i cwigvY φ n‡j, G c„‡ôi `xcb
ZxeªZv,
E =
`xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq m ﾁ Î :
†Kvb Av‡jvK Drm †_‡K †Kvb c„‡ôi `ﾁ iZ¡ hZ e„w× cvq Gi `xcb ZxeªZvI ZZ
n«vm cvq| A_©vr †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv Av‡jvK Drm n‡Z H c„‡ôi
`ﾁ i‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i|
†Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZvi mv‡_ c„ô †_‡K Dr‡mi ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i ga¨Kvi m¤•K©
GKwU m ﾁ ‡ Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq| G‡K `xcb ZxeªZvi wecixZ eM©xq
m ﾁ Î e‡j|
m ﾁ ‡ Îi wee„wZ : †Kvb Drm Øviv †Kvb c„‡ô m„ó `xcb ZxeªZv H Drm
40 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

†_‡K c„‡ôi `ﾁ i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯ﾏ vbycv‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|

MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v :
awi, s GKwU we›`y Av‡jvK Drm| s †K †K›`ª K‡i h_vµ‡g r1 I r2 e¨vmv‡a©i
`ywU †MvjK we‡ePbv Kwi| †MvjK؇qi c„‡ôi Ask we‡kl h_vµ‡g ∆A1 Ges ∆A2
†K‡›`ª ∆W †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i| Av‡jvK Drm n‡Z wbM©Z Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i
cwigvY φ n‡j, ∆A1 c„‡ôi ZxeªZv,
E1 =
wKš‘ ∆A1 c„ôwU †Mvj‡Ki †K›`ª †_‡K r1 `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z nIqvq †Mvj‡Ki †K‡›`ª †¶Î
Øviv Ave× Nb †KvY,
∆W =
ev, ∆A1 = ∆Wr12
∴ E1 = ... ... (1)
wVK GKBfv‡e ∆A2 c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv
E2 = ... ... (2)
GLb (1) bs †K (2) bs Øviv fvM K‡i cvB− wPÎ :
=
ev, = ×
ev, =
∴ E1r1 = E2r22 = aª“eK
2

GLb, r e¨vmva© wewkó †MvjK c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv E n‡jÑ

Er2 = aª“eK
E = aª“eK ×
E ∝
A_©vr †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv Drm †_‡K G c„‡ôi ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ e‡M©i
e¨¯ﾏ vbycv‡Z cwieZ©xZ nq|

AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ wK? (Kz.†ev. 2006)
DËi : iPbvg ﾁ jK 3bs cÖ‡kœi †kl Ask `ªóe¨|
cÖkœ : 2| Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ Kv‡K e‡j? (wm.†ev. 2006)
DËi : eY©vwj‡Z AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i †P‡q †ewk Ges gvB‡µv
Zi‡½i Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i †P‡q Kg Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ wewkó eY©vwj‡K Ae‡jvwnZ Zi½
wnmv‡e aiv nq| Ae‡jvwnZ Zi½ †gvUvgywU 10−6m †_‡K 10−3m Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
GjvKv‡K Ae‡jvwnZ wewKi‡Yi GjvKv e‡j|
MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj I
mgvavb
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 41

MvwYwZK
D`vniYmg
ﾁn
D`v: 1| 6m × 8m †`qv‡j mylgfv‡e Av‡jv co‡j Gi †Kvb we›`yi `xcb
ZxeªZv 100 lx nq| †`qv‡j cwZZ Av‡jvK d¬v‡·i cwigvY wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E = †¶Îdj, ∆A = 6m × 8m
ev, φ = E∆A = 48 m2
= (100lx) (48m2) = 4800 lm. `xcb ZxeªZv, E = 100 lx
Av‡jvK d¬v·, φ = ?
DËi : Av‡jvK d¬v· = 4800 lm.
D`v : 2| 100 cd `xcb ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ †_‡K 5m ` ﾁ ‡ i ivLv †Kvb eB‡qi
c„ôvi `xcb ZxeªZv KZ?
(h.†ev. 2000; P.†ev. Õ99 ; ewi.†yev. 2003)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E = evwZi `xcb ¶gZv, I = 100 cd
= eB‡qi `ﾁ iZ¡, r = 5m
= 4cd.m−2
`xcb gvÎv, E = ?
DËi : `xcb gvÎv = 4cd.m−2|
D`v : 3| mgvb `xcb ¶gZvi wZbwU evwZ 3m `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Ges Giƒc `ywU
evwZ 2m `ﾁ i‡Z¡ ivL‡j †Kvb&wU †ewk Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡e? (P.†ev. 2006;
2002; wm.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev. 2003; e.†ev. 2005)
mgvavb: aiv hvK,
cÖwZwU evwZi `xcb ¶gZv = Icd.
∴ wZbwU evwZ KZ©„K 3m `ﾁ‡i m„ó `xcb ZxeªZv,
E1 = =
= cd.m−2
Ges `ywU evwZ KZ…©K 2m `ﾁ‡i m„ó `xcb ZxeªZv,
E2 = =
= cd.m−2
∴ E2 > E1
myZivs `ywU evwZ †ewk Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡e|
Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
42 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

mgm¨v : 1| m ﾁ ‡ h©i Av‡jvi Rb¨ c„w_ex c„‡ô `xcb ZxeªZv cvIqv

†Mj 105 lx| c„w_ex †_‡K m ﾁ ‡h©i `ﾁ iZ¡ 1.5 × 1011m n‡j m ﾁ ‡h©i `xcb ¶gZv
†ei Ki| (P. †ev. 2000)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E = `ﾁ iZ¡, r = 1.5 × 1011m
ev, I = E × r2 `xcb ZxeªZv, E = 105 lx
= 105 lx × (1.5 × 1011m)2 `xcb ¶gZv, I = ?
= 2.25 × 1027cd
DËi : m ﾁ‡h©i `xcb ¶gZv = 2.25 × 1027 cd.
mgm¨v : 2| 5cd `xcb ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ †_‡K 100 cm ` ﾁ ‡ i †Kvb
we›`y‡Z `xcb ZxeªZv KZ?
(iv.†ev. 2006; 2004P. †ev. Õ99 ; e. †ev. 2006; 2001 ; h †ev. Õ99; Abyt Kz.
†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2005)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E = `ﾁ iZ¡, r = 100 cm = 1m
= = 5 lx `xcb ¶gZv, I = 5 cd
`xcb ZxeªZv, E = ?
DËi : `xcb ZxeªZv = 5 lx |

AwZwi³ MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| †Kvb we›`y Drm †_‡K 1 †_‡K wgUvi ` ﾁ ‡ i †Kvb c„‡ôi
`xcb ZxeªZv 16lx n‡j 4m `ﾁ ieZ©x †Kvb c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv KZ? [Xv.†ev.
2005; P.†ev. 2005 (Abyi“c)]
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
= `xcb ZxeªZv, E1 = 16 lx
ev, = `ﾁ iZ¡, r1 = 1 m
ev, = `ﾁ iZ¡, r2 = 4 m
ev, 16E2 = 16lx `xcb ZxeªZv, E2 = ?
∴ E2 = 1 lx
DËi : wØZxq †¶‡Î `xcY ¶gZv 1 lx
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 43

mgm¨v : 2| mgvb `xcb ¶gZvi PviwU evwZ 4m ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ Ges wZbwU

evwZ 2m `ﾁ i“‡Z¡ ivL‡j †KvbwU †ewk Av‡jvwKZ n‡e|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, g‡b Kwi,
`xcb ZxeªZv E = cÖwZwU evwZi `xcb ¶gZv = I
∴ cÖ_g †¶‡Î `xcb ZxeªZv E1 = = cd
cdm−2 = cdm−2 myZivs,
wØZxq †¶‡Î, cÖ_g PviwU evwZi ¶gZv, I1
= 4 Icd
`xcb ZxeªZv E2 = = cdm−2 = cdm−2
" " " `iZ¡, r1 = 4m
Ges wØZxq wZbwU evwZi
¶gZv, I2 = 3 Icd
" '' " " `iZ¡ r1 =
2m
∴ E2 > E1
∴ wZbwU evwZ 2 m `i‡Z¡ ivL‡j †ewk Av‡jvwKZ n‡e|
mgm¨v : 3| 6m × 8m †`Iqv‡j mylgfv‡e Av‡jv co‡j cwZZ Av‡jvi d¬v‡·i
cwigvY 4800  m nq| †KvY we›`y‡Z `xcb ZxeªZv KZ?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E= = = 100 Ix †¶Îdj ∆A = 6m × 8m
= 48 m2
Av‡jvK d¬v·, Q = 4800 m
`xcb ZxeªZv, E = ?
mgm¨v : 4| 10 cd `xcb ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ †_‡K 200 cm `‡i †Kvb
we›`y‡Z `xcb ZxeªZv KZ? (wm.†ev. 2003)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, †`Iqv Av‡Q,
E = `iZ¡, r = 200 cm = 2m
= = 2.5 x `xcb ¶gZv, I = 10 cd
∴ evwZwUi `xcb ZxeªZv `xcb ZxeªZv, E = ?
2.5 x (Ans.)
mgm¨v : 5| 25 cm †dvKvm `iZ¡ wewkó AeZj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q
Ki| (wm.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb:
awi, †`Iqv Av‡Q,
AeZj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv = P †dvKvm `iZ¡, f = − 25 cm
GLb, P = = − 0.25 m
= d= −4d
44 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

∴AeZj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv = − 4d

mgm¨v : 6| + 4d ¶gZv m¤•bœ GKwU †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `iZ¡ KZ? †jÝwU
DËj bv AeZj| (h.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev. 2005)
mgvavb:
g‡b Kwi, †`Iqv Av‡Q
†jÝwUi †dvKvm `yiZ¡ = f †j‡Ýi ¶gZv P = + 4d
GLb, P =
∴ f = = m = 0.25 m = 25 cm
∴ wb‡Y©q †jÝwUi †dvKvm `iZ¡ 25 cm (Ans.)
†h‡nZz †jÝwUi †dvKvm `iZ¡ abvÍK myZivs †jÝwU DËj (Ans.)

ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. Av‡jvi †KvqvÈvg Z‡Ë¡i (Xv.†ev. 2000; iv.†ev.2003)
cÖeZ©K †K?(Kz.†ev. 2000) A_ev, r e¨vmv‡a©i †Kvb †MvjK Zvi
K. wbDUb L. nvB‡Mb †K‡›`ª wK cwigvY Nb‡KvY
✓ M. c¨v¼ N. g¨v·I‡qj Ave× K‡i?
2. `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb i‡Oi (h.†ev. 2005; 02; Kz.†ev. Õ99;
Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg? Xv.†ev. 2003; wm.†ev. 2006)
(ewi.†ev. 2006; wm. †ev. K. 4πr2 †÷‡iwWqvb L.
2002; P.†ev. 2002; Õ99) 4πr †÷‡iwWqvb
✓ K. †e¸bx L. jvj M. πr2 †÷‡iwWqvb ✓N. 4π
M. Kgjv N. njy`
3. †Kvb Av‡jvK Dr‡mi `xcb ¶gZv †÷‡iwWqvb
P n‡j Pvwiw`‡K Av‡jvK cÖevn 2| `xcb ZxeªZv cwigv‡ci GKK
Q n‡j †Kvb mgxKiY w`‡q †Kvb&wU?
cÖKvk Kiv nq? (Xv.†ev. 2006) (h. 2002, 2000; iv. 2004; 2002; Kz.
K. E = L. E = Ir2 2000; Xv. ewi.†ev. 2006; 2001)
M. E = ✓ N. E = Ir−2 K. K¨v‡Ûjv L. jy‡gb
4. d‡Uv Zwor cÖwµqv †Kvb Z‡Ë¡i ✓ M. jv· N. †÷‡iwWqvb
mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq? 3| 100cd `xcb ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ
(h.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2005; †_‡K 5m `‡i ivLv GKwU eBÑGi
ewi.†ev. 2001; Xv.†ev. 2003; c„ôvi `xcb ZxeªZv KZ?
2000) (iv.†ev. 2000; Kz.†ev. 2006; Õ99;
K. ZwoZ †PŠ¤^K ZË¡ ✓L.
Xv.†ev. 2003; h.†ev. 2004)
†Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
M. KYv ZË¡ N. Zi½ ZË¡| ✓ K. 4cdm−2 L. 5cdm−2
M. 10 cm −2
N. 20 cdm−2
AwZwi³ 4| Av‡jvi Zi½ Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨
ˆbe©¨w³K †Kvb&wU e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e
nqwb? (iv.†ev. Õ99)
cÖ‡kœvËi K. AceZ©b ✓L. cÖwZdjb
1| GKwU †MvjK Zvi †K‡›`ª KZ M. mgeZ©b I Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv
Nb‡KvY Ave× K‡i?
2 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

hyMcr K. Avj n¨v‡Rb L. ievU© ûK

N. we”QyiY M. Kzj¤^ ✓ N. g¨v·I‡qj
5| †Uwjwfk‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ 13| †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb
gvB‡µvI‡qf Zi‡½i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ KZ weÁvbx d‡Uv Zwor wµqvi
†m. wg. (iv.†ev. 2004; h.†ev. Õ99) e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb?
A_ev, †Uwjwfk‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ (h.†ev. 2001)
AwZ¶z`ª Zi‡½i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ KZ? A_ev, AvPjvi †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i
[h.†ev. 1999] mvnv‡h¨ d‡Uv Zwor wµqvi
K. 10 wgUvi L. 200 †m. wg. e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib †Kvb
✓ M. 3 †m. wg. N. 100 wgUvi weÁvbx? (ewi.†ev. 2003)
6| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb i‡Oi K. BDwK¬W ✓ L. AvBb÷vBb
Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk? M. g¨v·I‡qj N. wbDUb
(wm.†ev. 2005; Kz.†ev. 2006; 14| AvBb÷vBb †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb
Õ99; 2003 iv.†ev. 2003) KZ mv‡j?
K. †e¸wb L. meyR ✓ K. 1921 mv‡j L. 1821 mv‡j
✓ M. jvj N. Kgjv M. 1721 mv‡j N. 1621 mv‡j
7| evn¨ e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv Avgv‡`i 15| me©cÖ_g †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
†Pv‡L G‡m co‡jB †mB e¯‘‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib †K?
Avgiv †`L‡Z cvBÑ GwU cÖgvY ✓ K. g¨v· c¨v¼ L. g¨v·I‡qj
K‡ib †Kvb weÁvbx? M. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy N.
(P.†ev. 2002) †Kjwfb
K. gvB‡Kjmb L. gwj© 16| Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv hw` †Kvb GK
M. Avj nvB_vg ✓ N. Avj nvmvb we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq Zvn‡j †mB
8| Av‡jv kb¨ ¯’v‡b KZ †e‡M P‡j? iwk¥¸”Q‡K wK e‡j?
(Xv.†ev. wm.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. Õ99; P.†ev. K. mgvšivj iwk ¸”Q
2003) L. Acmvix iwk¥ ¸”Q
K. 3 × 10 ms ✓ L. 3 × 10 ms
6 −1 8 −1
✓ M. Awfmvix iwk¥ ¸”Q
M. 3 × 104 ms−1 N. 3 × 1010 ms−1 M. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq
9| Nb †Kv‡Yi GKK †Kvb&wU?
17| †Kvb iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q
(P.†ev. 2004; m.†ev. Õ98)
†QvU?
K. jy‡gb ✓ L. †÷‡iwWqvb ✓ K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. G·‡i iwk¥
M. jv· N. K¨v‡Ûjv M. AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ N.
10| Av‡jvi FRyMwZ †Kvb Z‡Ë¡i iÄb ik¥
mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq? 18| †Kvb iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ d‡Uv Zz‡j
K. Zi½ Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv hvq †`‡ni nvo †f‡O‡Q
✓ L. KYv Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ wKbv?
M. †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ K. Mvgv iwk¥ ✓ L. G·‡i iwk¥
N. ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Z‡Ë¡i M. AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ N.
11| †K Zi½ ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib? (P.†ev. Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥
2005; Xv.†ev. 2004) 19| cÖvwY‡`‡ni Rb¨ †Kvb iwk¥
✓ K. nvB‡Mb L. gv`vg Kzix ¶wZKviK?
M. †gNbv` mvnv N. wbDUb ✓ K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. G·‡i iwk¥
12| ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv M. AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ N.
K‡ib †K? (Kz.†ev. 2004) iÄb iwk¥
 Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ 3

20| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi½ 28| wb‡Pi †KvbwU `xcb ¶gZvi
AvKv‡i cÖevwnZ nq bv? GKK?
K. Av‡jv L. Zvc (h.†ev. 2006; Xv. 2002; wm.†ev. 2001)
M. †eZvi Zi½ ✓ N. kã Zi½ K. jy‡gb L. †÷‡iwWqvb
21| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wUi †eM ✓ M. K¨v‡Ûjv N. nvR©
me©vwaK? 29| cvigvYweK we‡ùvi‡Y †Kvb&
K. k‡ãi L. Dévi iwk¥ †ewk _v‡K?
✓ M. Av‡jvi N. evZv‡mi K. G· iwk¥ ✓ L. Mvgv iwk¥
22| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Av‡jvK M. weUv iwk¥ N. Avjdv iwk¥
m¤•wK©Z ZË¡ bq? 30| G·‡ii †P‡q eo wKš‘ `„k¨gvb
K. KYv ZË¡ L. Zi½ ZË¡ Av‡jvi †P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
M. †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ ✓ N. wewKiY‡K wK ejv nq?
wewKiY ZË¡ K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥
23| weÁvbxMY G ch©š Av‡jvK ✓ M. AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ N.
m¤•‡K© KqwU ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb? Av‡jv iwk¥
K. 2wU L. 3wU (Xv.†ev. 31| Av‡jvi KYv Z‡Ë¡i cÖeZ©K †K?
2004) (wm. 2002; e.†ev. 2002; P.†ev. 2000;
✓ M. 4wU N. 5wU 2004)
24| †Kvb `xwßgvb e¯‘ †_‡K cÖwZ ✓ K. wbDUb L. cvsK
†m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY Av‡jvK iwk¥ M. g¨vKm& I‡qj N. nvB‡Mb
wbM©Z nq Zv‡K wK e‡j? 32| d‡Uv Zwor cÖwµqv †Kvb
(Kz.†ev. 2002) Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv
hvq? (Xv.†ev. 2003)
K. Av‡jvK d¬v¯‹ ✓ L.
K. KYv ZË¡ L. Zwor †PŠ¤^K
`xcb ¶gZv (P.†ev. 2004)
ZË¡
M. `xcb ZxeªZv N. jy‡gb M. Zi½ ZË¡ ✓ N. †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
25| †Kvb& NUbv e¨vL¨v K‡i 33| GK IqvU ¶gZv KZ jy‡g‡bi
AvBb÷vBb 1921 mv‡j †bv‡ej mgvb?
cyi¯‹vi cvb? (Kz.†ev. 2004; P.†ev. 2003)
K. Zwor †PŠ¤^K wµqv A_ev, GK IqvU ¶gZvi mgvb KZ
L. †PŠ¤^K wµqv jy‡gb meyR Av‡jv?
M. Zwor ms‡klY wµqv (ewi.†ev. 2005)
✓ N. d‡Uv Zworwµqv ✓ K. 621 L. 521
26| †Kvb c„‡ôi ∆ A †¶Îd‡j AvcwZZ M. 442 M. 692
Av‡jvK d¬v‡¯‹i cwigvY φ n‡j, H 34| jy‡gb wK‡mi GKK?
c„‡ôi `xcb ZxeªZv E †Kvb (h.†ev. 2003)
mgxKiY w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq? K. Nb †KvY L. `xcY ¶gZv
(Kz.†ev. 2001) ✓ M. Av‡jvK cÖevn N.
`xcb ZxeªZv
K. E = ✓ L. E =
35| ˆe`y¨wZK Pzjv †_‡K †h Zvc
M. E = N. E = weKxY© nq Zv †Kvb ai‡bi
27| me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i iwk¥? (h.†ev. 2003)
wewKiY †Kvb&wU? (Kz.†ev. K. G·-iwk¥ ✓ L. Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥
2001) M. Mvgv ivw¤ß N.
K. G· iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ AwZ‡e¸wb
✓ M. Mvgv iwk¥ M. Avjdv iwk¥ 36| 10 cd `xcY ¶gZvi GKwU evwZ
4 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

†_‡K 100 cm `‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z M. jv· N. †fvë

`xcY ZxeªZv KZ? (P.†ev. Õ05; 42| Av‡jvi Zi½ ZË¡ me©cÖ_g †K
Kz.†ev. Õ03) cÖ`vb K‡ib?
✓ K. 10 x L. 0.1x
[Xv.†ev. 2004; P.†ev. 2005]
M. 1000 x N. 1 x
37| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi K¤•v¼ KZ? K. wbDUb ✓ L. nvB‡Mb
(Kz.†ev. Õ05; iv.†ev. Õ03) M. g¨v·I‡qj N. c¨v¼
K. 1024H2 L. 10−14Hz 43| Av‡jvi KYv Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨
M. 10 Hz
5
✓ N. 1014Hz. †Kvb& NUbv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq
38| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ bv?
KZ? [h.†ev. 2005] [Xv.†ev. 2004]
✓ K. 4 × 10−7m †_‡K 7 × 10−7m ✓ K. we”QyiY L. FRyMwZ
L. 0−6m †_‡K 5 × 10−3m
M. cÖwZdjb N. cÖwZmiY
M. 5 × 10−15m †_‡K 5 × 10−8m
44| †Kvb& iwk¥ kix‡ii Z¡‡K
N. 5 × 10−11m †_‡K 7 × 10−15m
wfUvwgb ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
39| †eZvi Zi‡½i ˆ`N©¨ KZ
K‡i? [Kz.†ev. 2004;
ch©š n‡Z cv‡i? [P.†ev. 2005]
wm.†ev. 2004]
✓ K. 104m L. 103m
K. Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ ✓
M. 10 m
2
N. 10m L.AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥
40| `xcb ¶gZv †Kvb cÖKvi M. `„k¨gvb iwk¥ N.
ivwk? [P.†ev. 2005] Mvgv iwk¥
K. jä ✓ L. †gŠwjK 45| eY©vjx‡Z 10−9m †_‡K 3.5 × 10−7m
M. wgkÖY N. †hŠwMK ˆ`‡N©¨i Zi½ †Kvb iwk¥i
41| Av‡jvK d¬v· cwigv‡ci GKK GjvKv? [ewi.†ev. 2004]
†Kvb&wU? K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. G·-†i
[Xv.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. 2005] M. Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ ✓ N.
✓ K. jy‡gb L. K¨v‡Ûjv AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥