A a¨vq
cÖ
_g Aa¨vq
14
Av‡j vi cÖ
w
Zdj b
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb Kv‡K e‡j?
cÖwZdjb KZ cÖKvi I wK wK wPÎmn
e¨vL¨v Ki| (Kz.†ev, Xv.†ev. 2000 ;
wm.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2001; e.†ev.
2003)
cÖkœ : 2| AvcwZZ Av‡jvi KZUzKz
cÖwZdwjZ n‡e Zv †Kvb& †Kvb&
wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
cÖkœ : 3| N‡ii †`qvj, Nlv KuvP, mv`v
KvMR BZ¨vw`‡Z Av‡jv co‡j †h
cÖwZdjb nq Zv wKiƒc cÖwZdjb?
Gme †¶‡Î cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ †Kvb
wbqg †g‡b P‡j wK?
cÖkœ : 4| AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZdjb †KvY
Kv‡K e‡j?
cÖkœ : 5| Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ θ‡jv
wee„Z Ki| (wm. †ev. 2001)
cÖkœ : 6| `c©Y Kv‡K e‡j? mvaviYZ
wKfv‡e `c©Y ˆZwi Kiv nq?
(Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2006;h.†ev. 2006;
2005; e. †ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2002;
2003)
cÖkœ : 7| `c©Y KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi `c©‡Yi msÁv `vI|
(P.†ev. 2002)
cÖkœ : 8| we¤^ Kv‡K e‡j?
(iv.†ev. h.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev.
Kz.†ev. 2000; iv.†ev. h.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 9| m` we¤^ I Am` we¤^ ej‡Z wK
eyS e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖkœ : 10| m` we¤^ I Am` we‡¤^i g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki| (Xv.†ev.
Õ06; wm.†ev. Õ04; h. †ev.
2001,2005; Xv.†ev. 2002; e.†ev.
Õ02;Õ05)
cÖkœ : 11| mgZj `c©‡Y we‡¤^i cvk¦©
cwieZ©b ej‡Z wK eyS? (Xv.†ev.
2004)
cÖkœ : 12| mgZj `c©‡Y wb‡æv³ e¯‘i
we¤^ wKiƒc †`Lv‡e?
(K) K (L) 4 (M) P (N) H (O) N (P)
✍
M
cÖkœ : 13| mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó we‡¤^i
ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 14| GKwU fvj mgZj `c©‡Yi ˆewkó¨
wK wK? (ewi.†ev. 2002)
cÖkœ : 15|
†Mvjxq `c©Y Kv‡K e‡j? †Mvjxq
`c©Y KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? cÖ‡Z¨K
cÖKvi `c©‡Yi msÁv `vI|
cÖkœ : 16| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î wPÎmn
msÁv `vI :
1. †gi“ 2. eµZvi †K›`ª
3. eµZvi e¨vmva© (P. †ev. Õ99) 4.
cÖavb A¶
5. †MŠY A¶ 6. cÖavb †dvKvm
(Kz. †ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2005)
7. †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ (P. †ev. Õ99)
A_ev, AeZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î wPÎmn msÁv `vI|
(h.†ev. 2006)
cÖkœ : 17| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi mvg‡b †h †Kvb
e¯‘i we¤^ AsK‡bi mgq Zzwg
†Kvb& †Kvb& iwk¥i mvnvh¨ †bqv
myweavRbK g‡b Ki?
cÖkœ : 18| ˆiwLK weea©b Kv‡K e‡j?
(iv.†ev. Õ05, Õ04; Kz. †ev. 2000; P.†ev.
2001; wm. †ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2003;
Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2005; ewi.†ev. 2004)
cÖkœ : 19| †Kvb `c©‡Yi c„ô ¯•k© bv K‡i
`c©YwU wKiƒc−wKfv‡e mbv³ Kiv
hvq| (wm.†ev. 2006)
cÖkœ : 20| wewfbœ cÖKvi `c©‡Yi e¨envi
Av‡jvPbv Ki| (P.†ev. 2005)
Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ θ‡jvi
cix¶vg ﾁ jK cÖgvY `vI|
cÖkœ : 2| mgZj `c©Y Kv‡K e‡j? mgZj
`c©‡Y wKfv‡e e¯‘i we¤^ MwVZ nq
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
(iv. †ev. Õ99; wm.†ev. 2002)
cÖkœ : 3| mgZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î †`LvI †h,
j¶¨e¯‘ `c©‡Yi hZ mvg‡b _v‡K
we¤^ `c©‡Yi wVK ZZUv †cQ‡b
44 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
MwVZ nq| (wm.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. cÖkœ : 12| GKwU AeZj `c©‡Y j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q
h.†ev. 2004; Kz. †ev. 2000) eo AvKv‡ii m` I Am` Dfq cÖKvi
cÖkœ : 4| we¤^B MVb Kiv m¤¢e Dc‡hvMx
cÖgvY Ki †h, †Kvb mgZj `c©Y‡K wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
†h †Kv‡Y Nyivb nq cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ cÖkœ : 13. AeZj `c©‡Y wKfv‡e Am`
Zvi wظY †Kv‡Y Ny‡i hvq| we¤^ m„wó nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
(h.†ev. Kz.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2006; iv. †`LvI| (P.†ev. Õ99)
†ev. 2006; 2001; P.†ev. 2003) cÖkœ : 14| †Kvb GKwU j¶¨e¯‘‡K Amxg
A_ev, †`LvI †h, †Kvb mgZj `c©Y‡K θ ` ﾁ iZ¡ †_‡K `c©‡Yi †gi“i w`‡K
†Kv‡Y Nyivb nq Zvn‡j cÖwZdwjZ µgvMZ Avb‡Z _vK‡j we‡¤^i
iwk¥ 2θ †Kv‡Y Ny‡i hvq| Ae¯’vb, cÖK…wZ I AvKv‡ii wKiƒc
(Xv. †ev. 2001; wm.†ev. 2002; e.†ev. cwieZ©b nq eY©bv Ki|
2003) cÖkœ : 15| †`LvI †h DËj `c©‡Y cÖwZdj‡bi
cÖkœ : 5| cÖgvY Ki †h, mgZj `c©‡Y d‡j me©`vB Am` Ges e¯‘ †_‡K
wb‡Ri c ﾁ Y© we¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j †QvU we‡¤^i `„wó nq|
`c©‡Yi ˆ`N©¨ `k©‡Ki D”PZvi
Kgc‡¶ A‡a©K nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
(e.†ev. 2005; ewi.†ev. 2004;
iv.†ev. 2002)
cÖkœ : 6| mij †cwi‡¯‹v‡ci MVb I
Kvh©cÖYvwj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
cÖkœ : 7| AeZj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ Ges
eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i g‡a¨ m¤•K©
¯’vcb Ki| (iv.†ev. P.†ev. 2006;
h.†ev. 2000; wm.†ev. 2003;
Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2005)
A_ev, †Mvjxq AeZj `c©‡Yi Rb¨ †`LvI †h,
†dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i
A‡a©K| (h.†ev. Õ05; Õ01; Xv.†ev.
Õ03; wm.†ev. Õ05)
cÖkœ : 8| †`LvI †h, DËj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm
` ﾁ iZ¡ Gi eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K|
(Xv. †ev. 2000 ; m. †ev. Õ98 ; wm.
†ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2003; h.†ev.
2005)
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, GKwU †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡-Gi eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i
A‡a©K| (Kz. †ev. 2001; iv.†ev.
2003)
cÖkœ : 9| AeZj `c©‡Y wKfv‡e †Kvb e¯‘i
we¤^ MwVZ nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
e¨vL¨v Ki| (P.†ev. Õ99 ; Kz.†ev.
2001)
cÖkœ : 10| †Kvb AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡¶i
Dci j¶¨e¯‘i wb‡æv³ Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨
we¤^ wKiƒc n‡e wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
eY©bv Ki|
K. †gi“ I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨
L. cÖavb †dvKvm I eµZvi †K‡›`ªi
g‡a¨
M. eµZvi †K‡›`ª Ges
N. eµZvi †K‡›`ªi evB‡i|
cÖkœ : 11| AeZj `c©‡Y wKfv‡e m` I Am`
we¤^ MwVZ nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
†`LvI| (P.†ev. Õ99)
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 45

AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi we›`y, Awfj¤^, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥,

cÖkœ : 1| AeZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖgvY Ki †h AvcZb †KvY, cÖwZdjb †KvY|
eµZvi e¨vmva© Gi †dvKvm cÖkœ : 4| mgZj `c©Y I †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi
`ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY| (Kz.†ev. 2005) g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?
cÖkœ : 2| AeZj `c©b †Pbvi Dcvq wK? cÖkœ : 5| AeZj `c©Y I DËj `c©‡Yi g‡a¨
(Kz.†ev. 2005) cv_©K¨ wK?
cÖkœ : 3| msÁv `vI : AvcwZZ iwk¥, AvcZb cÖkœ : 6| Av‡jvi e¨³ cÖwZdjb wK?
(wm.†ev. 2006)

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb Kv‡K e‡j? cÖwZdjb KZ cÖKvi I wK
wK wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb : (Kz.†ev, Xv.†ev. 2000 ; wm.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2001; e.†ev.
2003)
msÁv : Av‡jv hLb evqy ev Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi wfZi w`‡q hvIqvi mgq
Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g evav cvq ZLb `yB gva¨‡gi we‡f`Zj †_‡K wKQy cwigvY
Av‡jv cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m|
G‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb e‡j|
wP‡Î PO iwk¥ evZvm gva¨g †_‡K MM′
`c©‡Yi O we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q w`K
cwieZ©b Kivi ci A_©vr cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q OQ c‡_ cybivq evZv‡m wd‡i
G‡m‡Q|
cÖwZdj‡bi cÖKvi‡f` : cÖwZdjK
c„‡ôi cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i cÖwZdjb
`yB cÖKv‡ii| h_v−
1. wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb
2. e¨vß cÖwZdjb| wPÎ : Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb
1. wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb :
msÁv : hw` GK¸”Q mgvš ﾏ ivj Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Kvb c„‡ô AvcwZZ n‡q
cÖwZdj‡bi ci iwk¥¸”Q hw` mgvš ﾏ ivj _v‡K ev Awfmvix ev Acmvix¸‡”Q
cwiYZ nq Z‡e Av‡jvi †mB cÖwZdjb‡K wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb e‡j|
D`vniY : cvwjk Kiv cvZ, w¯’i cvwb ev cvi` Zj gm„Y e‡j G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki
wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U|
e¨vL¨v :
Qwe‡Z GKwU mg„Y Z‡ji Dci
mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q AvcwZZ n‡q‡Q|
46 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥¸‡jvI

ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj n‡q cÖwZdjb †KvY
m„wó K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡K
Qwo‡q co‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
Av‡jvKiwk¥i AvcZb †KvY Ges
cÖwZdjb †KvY mgvb| GB iKg
cÖwZdjbB nj wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb|
G‡¶‡Î Z‡ji mvg‡b ivLv †Kvb e¯‘i
we¤^ MwVZ nq| wPÎ : wbqwgZ
cÖwZdjb
2. e¨vß cÖwZdjb :
msÁv : hw` GK¸”Q mgvš ﾏ ivj Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Kvb c„‡ô AvcwZZ n‡q
cÖwZdj‡bi ci Avi mgvš ﾏ ivj _v‡K bv ev Awfmvix ev Acmvix¸‡”Q cwiYZ
nq bv ZLb Av‡jvi †mB cÖwZdjb‡K e¨vß cÖwZdjb e‡j|
D`vniY : KvMR, Nlv KuvP, N‡ii †`qvj BZ¨vw` c„ô Agm„Y e‡j Av‡jvKiwk¥i
e¨vß cÖwZdjb nq|
e¨vL¨v :
wP‡Î GKwU Agm„Y Z‡ji Dci
mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q AvcwZZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥¸‡jv
mgvš ﾏ ivj bv n‡q wewfbœ cÖwZdjb
†KvY m„wó K‡i Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q
co‡Q| GB iKg cÖwZdjbB e¨vß
cÖwZdjb| G‡¶‡Î Z‡ji mvg‡b ivLv
†Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ MwVZ nq bv| wPÎ :
Av‡jvi e¨vß cÖwZdjb

cÖkœ : 2| AvcwZZ Av‡jvi KZUzKz cÖwZdwjZ n‡e Zv †Kvb&

†Kvb& wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
DËi : cÖwZdwjZ Av‡jvi cwigvY †h mg¯ﾏ wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj :
AvcwZZ Av‡jvi KZUzKz cÖwZdwjZ n‡e Zv wb‡æv³ welq¸‡jvi Dci
wbf©ikxj| h_v−
1. AvcwZZ Av‡jv cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci KZ †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ n‡”Q : AvcwZZ
iwk¥ hZ †ewk †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ nq; cÖwZdj‡bi cwigvYI ZZ †ewk nq|
2. cÖ_g I wØZxq gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZ : we‡f`Zj
i) hZ †ewk gm„Y n‡e, ZZ †ewk Av‡jvK cÖwZdwjZ n‡e|
ii) hZ ¯^”Q n‡e ZZ Kg Av‡jvK cÖwZdwjZ n‡e|
iii) Kvj n‡j cÖvq mg¯ﾏ AvcwZZ Av‡jvK †kvlY Ki‡e|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 47

iv) hZ cvwjk n‡e ZZ Kg Av‡jvK wØZxq gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges ZZ Kg

Av‡jvK †kvwlZ n‡e|
cÖkœ : 3| N‡ii †`qvj, Nlv KuvP, mv`v KvMR BZ¨vw`‡Z Av‡jv co‡j
†h cÖwZdjb nq Zv wKiƒc cÖwZdjb? Gme †¶‡Î cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥
†Kvb wbqg †g‡b P‡j wK?
DËi : N‡ii †`qvj, Nlv KuvP, mv`v KvMR BZ¨vw`‡Z Av‡jv co‡j †h cÖwZdjb
nq Zv Av‡jvi e¨vß cÖwZdjb| †ewkifvM c„ô hv Lvwj †Pv‡L †`L‡j gm„Y g‡b
nq, cÖK…Zc‡¶ †m¸‡jv gm„Y bq| N‡ii †`qvj, Nlv KuvP, mv`v KvMR BZ¨vw`
c„ô Agm„Y e‡j Av‡jvKiwk¥i e¨vß cÖwZdjb nq| Gme e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jvKiwk¥i
e¨vß cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j AvcwZZ iwk¥¸”Q wewfbœ w`‡K cÖwZdwjZ nq| GRb¨
e¯‘wU‡K †h †Kvb w`K †_‡K †`L‡j mgvb D¾¡j †`Lvq| Gme Agm„Y Z‡ji mvg‡b
ivLv e¯‘i we¤^ MwVZ nq bv eis cÖwZdjK ZjwU ¯•ó †`Lv hvq|
N‡ii †`qvj, Nlv KuvP, mv`v KvMR BZ¨vw`‡Z Av‡jvK iwk¥i e¨vß cÖwZdjb
nIqvq Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi †Kvb m ﾁ Î †g‡b P‡j bv|
cÖkœ : 4| AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZdjb †KvY Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : AvcZb †KvY :
msÁv : `yB gva¨‡gi we‡f`Z‡ji †h we›`y‡Z †Kvb Av‡jvKiwk¥ AvcwZZ nq
†mB we›`y‡Z cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci j¤^ Gi mv‡_ AvcwZZ iwk¥ †h †KvY Drcbœ
K‡i Zv‡K AvcZb †KvY e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡eÑ ÒAvcwZZ iwk¥ I Awfj‡¤^i
ga¨eZ©x †KvY‡K AvcZb †KvY e‡j|
G‡K i Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : wP‡Î AvcwZZ iwk¥ PO
cÖwZdjK Z‡ji
O we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q OQ c‡_
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ON Awfj¤^| GLv‡b
AvcZb †KvY, i = ∠PON.
cÖwZdjb †KvY :
msÁv : `yB gva¨‡gi we‡f`Z‡ji †h we›`y‡Z †Kvb Av‡jvKiwk¥ AvcwZZ n‡q
cÖwZdwjZ nq †mB we›`y‡Z we‡f`Z‡ji ev cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci j‡¤^i mv‡_
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K cÖwZdjb †KvY e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡e- cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ I Awfj‡¤^i ga¨eZ©x †KvY‡K cÖwZdjb †KvY
e‡j| G‡K r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : Dc‡ii wP‡Î, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ OQ Ges Awfj¤^ ON Gi ga¨eZ©x
†KvY nj ∠QON| GLv‡b cÖwZdjb †KvY, r = ∠QON.
cÖkœ : 5| Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ θ‡jv wee„Z Ki| (wm. †ev. 2001)
DËi : Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb :
msÁv : ¯^”Q mgmË¡ gva¨‡g Av‡jvK mij c‡_ P‡j wKš‘ Av‡jvK iwk¥ GK
48 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

gva¨g n‡Z Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡gi Dci AvcwZZ n‡j Gi wKQy Ask gva¨g؇qi
we‡f`Zj n‡Z cÖwZnZ n‡q cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| G NUbv‡K Av‡jvi
cÖwZdjb e‡j|
Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Î : Av‡jvi mylg cÖwZdjb `ywU m ﾁ Î †g‡b P‡j|
m ﾁ Î `ywU wbæiƒc :
1. AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZdjb †KvY me©`v ci¯•i mgvb|
2. AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Ges AvcZb we›`y‡Z cÖwZdjK c„‡ôi
Dci Aw¼Z Awfj¤^ GKB mgZ‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|
e¨vL¨v : wP‡Î PO iwk¥ evZvm
gva¨g †_‡K MM′ `c©‡Yi O we›`y‡Z
AvcwZZ n‡q w`K cwieZ©b Kivi ci
A_©vr cÖwZdwjZ n‡q OQ c‡_
cybivq evZv‡m wd‡i G‡m‡Q|
wPÎvbymv‡i, AvcwZZ iwk¥ PO,
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ OQ Ges O
we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z Awfj¤^ NO GKB
mgZ‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i| Ges AvcZb
†KvY ∠PON = cÖwZdjb †KvY ∠QON
n‡e| wPÎ : Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb

cÖkœ : 6| `c©Y Kv‡K e‡j? mvaviYZ wKfv‡e `c©Y ˆZwi Kiv nq?
(Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2006;h.†ev. 2006; 2005; e. †ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2002; 2003)
DËi : (7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †`L|)
cÖkœ : 7| `c©Y KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi `c©‡Yi msÁv
`vI| (P.†ev. 2002)
DËi : `c©Y : †h gm„Y Zj n‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki mylg ev wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb nq,
†mB gm„Y Zj‡K `c©Y e‡j|
D`vniY : gm„Y avZe c„ô, avZe Avqbv, cvi‡`i DcwiZj `c©‡Yi b¨vq KvR
K‡i|
cÖKvi‡f` : `c©Y cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
1. mgZj `c©Y
2. †Mvjxq `c©Y|
Avevi †Mvjxq `c©Y `yB cÖKvi :
1. AeZj `c©Y
2. DËj `c©Y|
`c©Y ˆZwi Kivi c×wZ :
mvaviY Kuv‡Pi Zzjbvq wewfbœ avZe c„‡ôi cÖwZdjb ¶gZv †ewk| GR‡b¨
Kuv‡Pi GKw`‡K avZzi (mvaviYZ iƒcv) cÖ‡jc jvwM‡q `c©Y ˆZwi Kiv nq|
Kuv‡Pi Dci avZzi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv‡K cviv jvMvb ev ÔwmjfvwisÕ Kiv e‡j|
Kuv‡Pi †hw`‡K cviv jvMvb nq Zvi wecixZ w`‡Ki c„ô‡K `c©‡Yi c„ô ev
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 49

cÖwZdjK c„ô e‡j| Avgv‡`i †`‡k GB ai‡bi `c©Y ÔAvqbvÕ bv‡g mycwiwPZ|
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Avqbvi m¤§yL c„ô w`‡q wcQ‡bi c„‡ô co‡j cÖwZdwjZ n‡q
wd‡i Av‡m| d‡j Avgiv we¤^ †`L‡Z cvB|
wewfbœ cÖKvi `c©‡Yi msÁv :
mgZj `c©Y : †Kvb mgZj c„ô hw` gm„Y nq Ges Zv‡Z Av‡jvi wbqwgZ
cÖwZdjb N‡U Z‡e Zv‡K mgZj
`c©Y e‡j|
D`vniY : Avgiv cÖZ¨n †Pnviv †`Lvi
Rb¨ †h Avqbv e¨envi Kwi †mwU mgZj
`c©Y| cviv jvMvb ev wmjfvwis KuvPB
†h `c©Y Zv bq| †h †Kvb gm„Y mgZj
c„ô †hgb− w¯’i cvwbi c„ô, cvwjk Kiv
†Uwej mgZj `c©‡Yi D`vniY|
wPÎ : mgZj `c©Y
†Mvjxq `c©Y :
†Kvb `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj hw` †Kvb †Mvj‡Ki Ask we‡kl nq ev †Mvjxq nq,
Z‡e Zv‡K †Mvjxq `c©Y e‡j| A_ev, †h gm„Y †Mvjxq Z‡j Av‡jv‡Ki wbqwgZ
cÖwZdjb nq Zv‡K †Mvjxq `c©Y e‡j|
†Mvjxq `c©Y Avevi `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
1. AeZj `c©Y
2. DËj `c©Y|
1. AeZj `c©Y : Av‡jv‡Ki cÖwZdjb
hw` †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi AeZj ev wbPz
c„ô n‡Z msNwUZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K
AeZj `c©Y e‡j| A_ev, †h gm„Y
†Mvjxq AeZj c„ô n‡Z Av‡jvi
wbqwgZ cÖwZdj‡b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q
wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K AeZj `c©Y e‡j|
wPÎ : AeZj `c©Y

2. DËj `c©Y : Av‡jv‡Ki cÖwZdjb hw`

†Mvjxq `c©‡Yi DËj ev ùxZ c„ô n‡Z
msNwUZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K DËj `c©Y
e‡j| A_ev, †h gm„Y †Mvjxq DËj
c„‡ô Av‡jv‡Ki wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb
N‡U Zv‡K DËj `c©Y e‡j|
wPÎ : DËj `c©Y
cÖkœ : 8| we¤^ Kv‡K e‡j? (iv.†ev. h.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2000; iv.†ev.
50 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
h.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 9| m` we¤^ I Am` we¤^ ej‡Z wK eyS e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : we¤^ :
msÁv : †Kvb we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q cÖwZdwjZ ev
cÖwZmwiZ n‡q hw` wØZxq †Kvb we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq ev wØZxq †Kvb
we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq, Zvn‡j H wØZxq we›`y‡K cÖ_g we›`yi
we¤^ e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f` : we¤^ `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
1. m` ev ev¯ﾏ e we¤^
2. Am` ev Aev¯ﾏ e we¤^|
1. m` ev ev¯ﾏ e we¤^ :
msÁv : †Kvb we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvKiwk¥¸‡jv cÖwZdwjZ ev
cÖwZmwiZ n‡q hw` wØZxq †Kvb we›`y‡Z cÖK…Zc‡¶ wgwjZ nq
Zvn‡j wØZxq we›`y‡K cÖ_g we›`yi m` ev ev¯ﾏ e we¤^ e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥
cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges GKwU
iwk¥ cÖavb †dvKvm eivei
we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv A′
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| A′ †_‡K cÖavb
A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B AB Gi m`
ev ev¯ﾏ e we¤^|
D`vniY : wm‡bgvi c`©vq Qwe, K¨v‡givq Qwe m` we‡¤^i D`vniY|
wPÎ : m` ev ev¯ﾏ e we¤^
2. Am` ev Aev¯ﾏ e we¤^ :
msÁv : †Kvb we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvKiwk¥¸”Q cÖwZdwjZ ev
cÖwZmwiZ n‡q hw` wØZxq †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq,
Zvn‡j wØZxq we›`y‡K cÖ_g we›`yi Am` ev Aev¯ﾏ e we¤^ e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : wP‡Î P n‡Z GKwU
Av‡jvKiwk¥ `c©‡Yi O we›`y‡Z
AvcwZZ n‡q OR c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ
nq| Aci GKwU iwk¥ O′ we›`y‡Z
AvcwZZ n‡q O′R′ c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ
nq| OR Ges O′R′ †K wcQ‡bi w`‡K
evov‡j Dnviv P′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq| GB P′ we›`yB P we›`yi Am` ev
Aev¯ﾏ e we¤^|
D`vniY : Avqbvq m„ó we¤^,
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 51

cvwb‡Z Puv‡`i I Mv‡Qi we¤^

Am` we‡¤^i D`vniY|
wPÎ : Am` ev Aev¯ﾏ e we¤^

cÖkœ : 10| m` we¤^ I Am` we‡¤^i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki|

(Xv.†ev. Õ06; wm.†ev. Õ04; h. †ev. 2001,2005; Xv.†ev. 2002; e.†ev.
Õ02;Õ05)
DËi : m` I Am` we‡¤^i cv_©K¨ :
cv_©‡K¨i m` we¤^ Am` we¤^
welq
1. msÁv †Kvb we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z †Kvb we›`y †_‡K wbtm„Z
Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv cÖwZdwjZ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv cÖwZdwjZ
ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q hw` ev cÖwZmwiZ n‡q hw`
wØZxq †Kvb we›`y‡Z wØZxq †Kvb we›`y †_‡K
cÖK…Zc‡¶ wgwjZ nq Zvn‡j Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq,
wØZxq we›`y‡K cÖ_g Zvn‡j wØZxq we›`y‡K cÖ_g
we›`yi m` we¤^ e‡j| we›`yi Am` we¤^ e‡j|

wPÎ : g` we¤^ wPÎ : Avm` we¤^

2. D`vniY K‡qKwU †¶‡Î DËj †jÝ Øviv mgZj `c©‡Y cÖwZdj‡b m„ó
cÖwZmiY m„ó we¤^| wP‡Î we¤^|
I we›`y O we›`yi m` we¤^|
3. cÖK…Z cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZm„Z cÖwZdwjZ ev cÖwZm„Z
wgjb iwk¥i †Kvb we›`y‡Z cÖK… iwk¥i †Kvb we›`y‡Z cÖK…Z
Z wgj‡bi d‡j m` we¤^ wgjb nq bv e‡jB Am` we¤^
MwVZ nq| MwVZ nq|
4. †Pv‡L Gi cÖK…Z Aw¯ ﾏ Z¡ Av‡Q Gi cÖK…Z Aw¯ ﾏ Z¡ †bB e‡j
†`Lv ev e‡j G‡K †Pv‡L †`Lv I G‡K †Pv‡L †`Lv I c`©vq †djv
c`©vq c`©vq †djv hvq| hvq bv|
†djv
5. cÖK… e¯‘i mv‡c‡¶ Dëv nq| e¯‘i mv‡c‡¶ †mvRv nq|
wZ
6. †Kvb AeZj `c©Y I DËj †j‡Ý mKj cÖKvi `c©Y I †j‡Ý
52 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

†j‡Ý Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ nq|

Drcbœ
nq|
cÖkœ : 11| mgZj `c©‡Y we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b ej‡Z wK eyS?
(Xv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b :
msÁv : †Kvb j¶¨e¯‘i Wvb I evg cvk¦© Av‡jvKxq we‡¤^i h_vµ‡g evg I
Wvb cvk¦© wnmv‡e †`Lv w`‡j, G‡K we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b e‡j|
cvk¦© cwieZ©‡bi KviY : e¯‘i
cÖwZwU we›`yi we¤^ `c©‡Yi
cðv‡Z D³ we›`y n‡Z AswKZ
Awfj‡¤^i Dci `c©Y n‡Z mgvb ` ﾁ ‡ i
MwVZ nq e‡j cvk¦© cwieZ©b N‡U|
D`vniY : GKwU KvM‡R 'P' A¶i wj‡L
mgZj `c©‡Yi mvg‡b ai‡j we¤^‡K Ô
Õ-Gi gZ †`Lvq A_©vr, e¯‘i mv‡c‡¶
we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b N‡U| wPÎ :
mgZj `c©‡Y we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b
cÖkœ : 12| mgZj `c©‡Y wb‡æv³ e¯‘i we¤^ wKiƒc †`Lv‡e?
(K) K (L) 4 (M) P (N) H (O) N (P) M
DËi : mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó we‡¤^i ` ﾁ iZ¡ j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb nIqvi Rb¨ we‡¤^i
cvk¦© cwieZ©b N‡U d‡j j¶¨e¯‘i Wvb I evg cvk¦© Av‡jvKxq we‡¤^i
h_vµ‡g evg I Wvb cvk¦© wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ GB cwieZ©‡b we‡¤^i
AvKvi I j¶¨e¯‘i AvKvi GKB _v‡K| wb‡æ cÖ`Ë e¯‘¸‡jvi we¤^ mgZj `c©‡Y
wKiƒc n‡e Zv eY©bv Kiv nj−
K. mgZj `c©‡Y ÔKÕ Gi we¤^ : we‡¤^i AvKvi j¶¨e¯‘ ÔKÕ Gi Abyiƒc
n‡e| wKš‘ we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `c©‡Y Zv D‡ëv †`Lv
hv‡e|
L. mgZj `c©‡Y Ô4Õ Gi we¤^ : we‡¤^i AvKvi j¶¨e¯‘ Ô4Õ Gi Abyiƒc
n‡e, we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b NU‡jI Ô4Õ A¶iwU cÖwZmg nIqvq Zv
†evSv hv‡e bv|
M. mgZj `c©‡Y 'P' Gi we¤^ : we‡¤^i AvKvi j¶¨e¯‘ 'P' Gi Abyiƒc
n‡e| wKš‘ we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `c©‡Y Zv D‡ëv †`Lv
hv‡e|
N. mgZj `c©‡Y `H' Gi we¤^ : we‡¤^i AvKvi j¶¨e¯‘ 'H' Gi Abyiƒc
n‡e, we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b NU‡jI 'H' A¶iwU cÖwZmg nIqvq Zv
†evSv hv‡e bv| A_©vr j¶¨e¯‘i Abyiƒc †`Lv hv‡e|
O. mgZj `c©‡Y 'N' Gi we¤^ : we‡¤^i AvKvi j¶¨e¯‘ 'N' Gi Abyiƒc
n‡e| wKš‘ we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `c©‡Y Zv D‡ëv †`Lv
hv‡e|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 53

P. mgZj `c©‡Y 'M' Gi we¤^ : we‡¤^i AvKvi j¶¨e¯‘ 'M' Gi Abyiƒc n‡e|
we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b NU‡jI 'M' A¶iwU cÖwZmg nIqvq Zv †evSv
hv‡e bv| A_©vr j¶¨e¯‘i Abyiƒc †`Lv hv‡e|
cÖkœ : 13| mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó we‡¤^i ˆewkó¨ ¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
DËi : mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó we‡¤^i wb‡æv³ ˆewkó¨mg ﾁ n i‡q‡Q :
1. `c©Y †_‡K e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡ hZ, `c©Y †_‡K we‡¤^i `ﾁ iZ¡ ZZ|
2. e¯‘ I we¤^ †h mij‡iLvq Aew¯’Z, †mwU `c©Y‡K j¤^fv‡e †Q` K‡i|
3. we¤^ Am` Ges †mvRv|
4. we‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©b N‡U|
5. we‡¤^i AvKvi e¯‘i AvKv‡ii mgvb|
cÖkœ : 14| GKwU fvj mgZj `c©‡Yi ˆewkó¨ wK wK? (ewi.†ev. 2002)
DËi : fvj mgZj `c©‡Yi ˆewkó¨ : GKwU fvj mgZj `c©‡Yi wbæwjwLZ
ˆewk󨸇jv _vKv Avek¨K :
1. `c©‡Yi Zj `ywU mgvš ﾏ ivj n‡Z n‡e| `c©YwU‡K gy‡Li m¤§y‡L a‡i
Wv‡b-ev‡g, m¤§y‡L-wcQ‡b miv‡j hw` gy‡Li we‡¤^i †Kvbiƒc
cwieZ©b bv nq Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e `c©‡Yi Zj `ywU mgZj I mgvš ﾏ ivj|
2. `c©‡Yi wcQ‡bi cÖ‡jc fvj n‡Z n‡e| †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ `c©‡Y e¯‘i gZ
D¾¡j †`Lv‡j `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b fvj cÖ‡jc †`qv eyS‡Z n‡e|
3. `c©‡Yi KuvP cvZjv n‡Z n‡e| `c©‡Yi Dci GKwU Av½yj ivL‡j hw`
Dnvi we¤^ `c©‡Yi Lye Kv‡Q _v‡K Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e `c©YwUi KuvP
cvZjv|
4. `c©‡Yi KuvP evqy ey`ey` k ﾁ b¨ n‡Z n‡e|
5. `c©Y eY©nxb n‡Z n‡e|
cÖkœ : 15| †Mvjxq `c©Y Kv‡K e‡j? †Mvjxq `c©Y KZ cÖKvi I wK
wK? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi `c©‡Yi msÁv `vI|
DËi : †Mvjxq `cY© :
msÁv : †Kvb `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj hw` †Kvb †Mvj‡Ki Ask we‡kl nq ev
†Mvjxq nq, Z‡e Zv‡K †Mvjxq `c©Y e‡j| A_ev, †h gm„Y †Mvjxq Z‡j Av‡jvi
wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb nq Zv‡K †Mvjxq `c©Y e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f` : †Mvjxq `c©Y `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
1. AeZj `c©Y
2. DËj `c©Y|
1. AeZj `c©Y : Av‡jv‡Ki cÖwZdjb hw`
†Mvjxq `c©‡Yi AeZj ev wbPz c„ô n‡Z
msNwUZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K AeZj `c©Y e‡j|
A_ev †h gm„Y †Mvjxq AeZj c„ô n‡Z
Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdj‡b cÖwZdwjZ
54 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

n‡q wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K AeZj `c©Y e‡j|

wPÎ : AeZj `c©Y

2. DËj `c©Y : Av‡jv‡Ki cÖwZdjb hw`

†Mvjxq `c©‡Yi DËj ev ùxZ c„ô n‡Z
msNwUZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K DËj `c©Y e‡j|
A_ev, †h gm„Y †Mvjxq DËj c„‡ô
Av‡jv‡Ki wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K
DËj `c©Y e‡j|

wPÎ : DËj `c©Y

cÖkœ : 16| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î wPÎmn msÁv `vI :
1. †gi“ 4. cÖavb A¶ 6. cÖavb †dvKvm (Kz. †ev.
2001; Kz.†ev. 2005)
2. eµZvi †K›`ª 5. †MŠY A¶ 7. †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ (P. †ev. Õ99)
3. eµZvi e¨vmva© (P. †ev. Õ99)
A_ev, AeZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î wPÎmn msÁv `vI| (h.†ev. 2006)
(i) cÖavb A¶ (ii) cÖavb †dvKvm
DËi : 1. †gi“ : †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi
cÖwZdjK Z‡ji ga¨we›`y‡K H `c©‡Yi
†gi“we›`y e‡j| wP‡Î A nj MAM′ `c©‡Yi
†gi“we›`y|

wPÎ : †Mvjxq `c©Y

2. eµZvi †K›`ª : †Kvb †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask we‡kl
†mB †Mvj‡Ki †K›`ª‡K H `c©‡Yi eµZvi †K›`ª e‡j| wP‡Î C nj MAM′ `c©‡Yi
eµZvi †K›`ª|
3. eµZvi e¨vmva© : †Kvb †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask
we‡kl †mB †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K H `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j| G‡K r
Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wP‡Î AC nj MAM′ `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva©|
4. cÖavb A¶ : †Kvb †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi eµZvi †K›`ª I †gi“we›`yi ms‡hvRK
mij‡iLv‡K `c©YwUi cÖavb A¶ e‡j| wP‡Î ACA′ †iLv nj MAM′ `c©YwUi
cÖavb A¶|
5. †MŠY A¶ : †gi“we›`y Qvov cÖwZdjK c„‡ôi Dci¯’ †h †Kvb we›`y I
eµZvi †K‡›`ªi ga¨ w`‡q MgbKvix mij‡iLv‡K †MŠY A¶ e‡j|
6. cÖavb †dvKvm : †Mvjxq `c©‡Y AvcwZZ cÖavb A‡¶i wbKUeZ©x
mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q cÖwZdj‡bi ci AeZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡ÎÑ hw` Giv cÖavb
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 55

A‡¶i Dci Aew¯’Z GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq A_ev DËj `c©‡Yi
†¶‡ÎÑ hw` Giv cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aew¯’Z GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y †_‡K
Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq, Z‡e D³ wbw`©ó we›`y‡K †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi
cÖavb †dvKvm ejv nq| wP‡Î F nj `c©‡Yi cÖavb †dvKvm|
7. †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ : †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †gi“ n‡Z cÖavb †dvKvm ch©š ﾏ
` ﾁ iZ¡‡K †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ ejv nq| G‡K f Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq| wP‡Î PF `ﾁ iZ¡ nj †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡|
cÖkœ : 17| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi mvg‡b †h †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ AsK‡bi mgq
Zzwg †Kvb& †Kvb& iwk¥i mvnvh¨ †bqv myweavRbK g‡b Ki?
DËi : †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi mvg‡b †h †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ A¼‡bi Rb¨
myweavRbK iwk¥mg ﾁ n :
†Mvjxq `c©‡Yi mvg‡b †h †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ A¼‡bi mgq wbæwjwLZ
iwk¥¸‡jvi mvnvh¨ †bqv myweavRbK e‡j
Avwg g‡b Kwi−
1. †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZdj‡bi ci
Avevi †mB c‡_ wd‡i hvq|
2. †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ iv‡j AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZdj‡bi ci
cÖavb †dvKvm w`‡q hvq (AeZj `c©‡Y) A_ev cÖavb †dvKvm †_‡K
Avm‡Q e‡j g‡b nq (DËj `c©‡Y)|
3. †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q (AeZj `c©‡Y) ev cÖavb
†dvKvm Awfgy‡L (DËj `c©‡Y) AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb
A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj n‡q hvq|
cÖkœ : 18| ˆiwLK weea©b Kv‡K e‡j? (iv.†ev. Õ05, Õ04; Kz. †ev. 2000;
P.†ev. 2001; wm. †ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2003; Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2005; ewi.†ev. 2004)
DËi : ˆiwLK weea©b :
msÁv : we‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ Ges j¶¨e¯‘i ˆ`‡N©¨i AbycvZ‡K ˆiwLK weea©b
e‡j| G‡K 'M' Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb j¶¨ e¯‘i ˆ`N©¨ l Ges we‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ l′ n‡j−
ˆiwLK weea©b, M =
GKK : we¤^ m` n‡j weea©b ab ivwk Ges we¤^ Am` n‡j weea©b FY
ivwk| weea©b GKB RvZxq `yBwU ivwki AbycvZ e‡j Gi †Kvb GKK †bB|
cÖkœ : 19| †Kvb `c©‡Yi c„ô ¯•k© bv K‡i `c©YwU wKiƒc−wKfv‡e
mbv³ Kiv hvq| (wm.†ev. 2006)
DËi : ¯•k© bv K‡i `c©Y mbv³KiY : ¯•k© bv K‡i `c©Y mbv³ Kiv hvq|
cix¶Yxq `c©‡Yi mvg‡b Gi Lye wbK‡U GKwU Av½yj Lvovfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡j−
1. hw` `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b Av½y‡ji mg AvKv‡ii mgkxl© cÖwZwe¤^ †`Lv
hvq− Z‡e `c©YwU mgZj|
2. hw` `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b Av½y‡ji weewa©Z mgkxl© we¤^ †`Lv hvqÑ
56 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

Z‡e `c©YwU AeZj|

3. hw` `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b Av½y‡ji Lwe©Z mgkxl© we¤^ †`Lv hvq− Z‡e
`c©YwU DËj|
cÖkœ : 20| wewfbœ cÖKvi `c©‡Yi e¨envi Av‡jvPbv Ki| (P.†ev. 2005)
DËi : wewfbœ `c©‡Yi e¨envi : Avgiv Rvwb, wZb cÖKvi `c©Y Av‡Q|
h_v−
1. mgZj `c©Y
2. AeZj `c©Y Ges
3. DËj `c©Y|
`c©Y¸‡jv‡K Avgiv wewfbœ Kv‡R e¨envi K‡i _vwK| `c©‡Yi wewfbœ
e¨envi wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :
mgZj `c©‡Yi e¨envi :
1. `k©‡Ki †Pnviv †`Lvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
2. mij †cwi‡¯‹vc ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
AeZj `c©‡Yi e¨envi :
1. †Kvb e¯‘i weewa©Z we¤^ m„wó Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
2. wPwKrmKMY Mjv, bvK Ges Kv‡bi wfZi cÖwZdjb Øviv Av‡jv XzwK‡q
cix¶vi Rb¨ GB `c©Y cÖwZdjK wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡ib|
3. wewfbœ ai‡bi Mvwoi evwZ‡Z cÖwZdjK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
4. eû`ﾁ i ch©š ﾏ Av‡jvwKZ Kivi Rb¨ GwU mvP©jvBU wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
nq|
5. GwU DËvcK Ges weea©K wn‡m‡eI e¨eüZ nq|
DËj `c©Y Gi e¨envi :
1. GB `c©Y Pvwiw`‡K Av‡jv Qwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i e‡j G‡K iv¯ﾏ vi evwZ‡Z
e¨envi Kiv nq|
2. wcQ‡bi hvbevnb ev c_Pvix †`Lvi Rb¨ GB `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq|
3. RbvKxY© kn‡i †jv‡Ki wfo Gov‡bvi Rb¨ iv¯ﾏ vi gv‡S gv‡S GB `c©Y
e¨eüZ nq|

Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ
jK cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ θ‡jvi cix¶vg ﾁ jK cÖgvY `vI|
DËi : Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ θ‡jvi cix¶vg ﾁ jK cÖgvY :
ZË¡ : Av‡jv hLb evqy ev Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi wfZi w`‡q hvIqvi mgq
Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g evav cvq ZLb `yB gva¨‡gi we‡f`Zj †_‡K wKQy cwigvY
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 57

Av‡jv cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| G‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb e‡j| Av‡jvi mylg
cÖwZdjb `ywU m ﾁ Î †g‡b P‡j; h_vÑ
1. AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZdjb †KvY mgvb|
2. AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ I AvcZb we›`y‡Z cÖwZdjK c„‡ôi Dci
AswKZ Awfj¤^ GKB mgZ‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|
†h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K `c©Y e‡j| cÖwZdjK c„ô
mgZj n‡j Zv‡K mgZj `c©Y e‡j| mgZj `c©‡Yi m¤§y‡L †Kvb e¯‘ ivL‡j
`c©‡Yi wcQ‡b e¯‘wUi GKwU †mvRv, Am` we¤^ MwVZ nq| `c©‡Yi
m¤§y‡L `c©Y †_‡K hZ` ﾁ ‡ i e¯‘ ivLv nq `c©‡Yi wcQ‡b wVK ZZ` ﾁ ‡ i we¤^
MwVZ nq|
Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ θ‡jv mvaviYZ `yB c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Kiv hvq|
1. wcb c×wZ
2. nvU©j-Gi Av‡jvK Pµ c×wZ|
GLv‡b Avgiv wcb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ m ﾁ θ‡jv cÖgvY Kie|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY :
1. GKwU mgZj `c©Y 4. wKQy j¤^v wcb
2. GKwU Wªwqs †evW© 5. †¯‹j I Pv`v Ges
3. eo gv‡ci mv`v KvMR 6. †cwÝj BZ¨vw`|
Kv‡Ri aviv :
1. GK cvZv mv`v KvMR wb‡q
GKwU Wªwqs †ev‡W©i Dci
¯’vcb K‡i Pvi †KvYvq PviwU
wc‡bi mvnv‡h¨ k³fv‡e AvU‡K
†`B|
2. AZtci †cwÝj Øviv KvM‡Ri Dci
GKwU †iLv MOM′ Uvwb|
3. GLb GKwU mgZj `c©Y H †iLvi
Dci Lvov K‡i Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb
Kwi hv‡Z Gi cÖwZdjK Zj D³
†iLvi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| wPÎ :
Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb
4. GLb `yÕwU Avjwcb P Ges Q jB| G‡`i‡K `c©‡Yi mvg‡b Wvbw`‡K
Ggbfv‡e cyuwZ †hb G‡`i cv`Øq †hvM Ki‡j PQ mij‡iLv `c©Y‡K
AvbZfv‡e O we›`y‡Z ¯•k© K‡i|
5. Gevi evg w`K n‡Z `c©Y eivei ZvwK‡q Aci `ywU wcb R I S Ggbfv‡e
¯’vcb Kwi †hb Giv `c©‡Y MwVZ P Ges Q Gi cÖwZwe‡¤^i mv‡_
GKB mij‡iLvq _v‡K|
6. GLb wcb¸‡jv‡K mwi‡q G‡`i Ae¯’vb †cwÝj Øviv m ﾁ wPZ Kwi|
58 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

7. `c©YwU‡K mwi‡q P I Q †K Ges R I S †K `ywU mij‡iLv Øviv hy³ Kwi

Ges ewa©Z Kwi hv‡Z Zviv MOM′ †iLv‡K O we›`y‡Z ¯•k© K‡i|
8. GLb O we›`y‡Z MOM′ Gi Dci ON j¤^ Uvwb|
GLv‡b, PQO = AvcwZZ iwk¥
ORS = cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥
ON = Awfj¤^
∠PON = i = AvcZb †KvY
Ges ∠SON = r = cÖwZdjb †KvY n‡e|
9. AZtci Pv`vi mvnv‡h¨ AvcvZb †Kvb I cÖwZdjb †KvY gvwc| DcwiD³
c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i wewfbœ AvcvZb †Kv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb †KvY
wbY©q Kwi|
ch©‡e¶Y :
1. cix¶vq †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZ‡¶‡ÎB AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi gvb
mgvb n‡”Q| AZGe, cÖwZdj‡bi wØZxq m ﾁ Î cÖgvwYZ nj|
2. Avevi AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Ges AvcZb we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z
Awfj¤^ GKB KvM‡Ri Z‡j Aew¯’Z| AZGe, cÖwZdj‡bi cÖ_g m ﾁ ÎI
cÖgvwYZ nj|
cÖkœ : 2| mgZj `c©Y Kv‡K e‡j? mgZj `c©‡Y wKfv‡e e¯‘i we¤^
MwVZ nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : mgZj `c©Y : (iv. †ev. Õ99; wm.†ev. 2002)
msÁv : †Kvb mgZj c„ô hw` gm„Y nq Ges Zv‡Z Av‡jvi wbqwgZ
cÖwZdjb N‡U Z‡e Zv‡K mgZj `c©Y e‡j|
D`vniY : Avgiv cÖZ¨n †Pnviv †`Lvi Rb¨ †h Avqbv e¨envi Kwi †mwU
mgZj `c©Y| cviv jvMvb ev wmjfvwis KuvPB †h `c©Y Zv bq| †h †Kvb
gm„Y mgZj c„ô; †hgb− w¯’i cvwbi c„ô, cvwjk Kiv †Uwej mgZj `c©‡Yi
D`vniY|
mgZj `c©‡Y we¤^ MVb :
gwb Kwi, MM′ GKwU mgZj `c©Y
Ges O Gi m¤§yL¯’ GKwU
`xwßgvb we›`y e¯‘| O n‡Z GKwU
iwk¥ OM `c©‡Yi Dci Awfj¤^fv‡e
AvcwZZ n‡q MO c‡_B cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q wd‡i hvq| O n‡Z Aci GKwU
iwk¥ OP, P we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q
PQ c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ nq| GLb MO Ges
PQ -†K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 59

Giv I we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| GB I

we›`yB O we›`yi Aev¯ ﾏ e we¤^|
wPÎ : mgZj `c©‡Y we¤^ MVb
eY©bvbymv‡i, OM Ges NP mgvš ﾏ ivj ( DfqB MM′ Gi Dci j¤^)
Ges OP G‡`i †Q`K
∴ ∠ OPN = ∠MOP (GKvš ﾏ i †KvY e‡j)
Avevi OI Ges NP mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges IQ G‡`i †Q`K
∴∠NPQ = ∠OIQ (GKvš ﾏ i †KvY e‡j)
wKš‘ ∠OPN = ∠NPQ (cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i)
∴ ∠MOP = ∠OIQ = ∠MIP
GLb ∆MOP Ges ∆MIP Gi g‡a¨
∠OMP = ∠IMP = 900
∠MOP = ∠MIP
Ges MP evû mvaviY
∴ wÎf‚RØq me©mg
∴ MO = MI ... ... ... (1)
Dc‡ii mgxKiY n‡Z mgZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î Avgiv wbæwjwLZ wm×v‡š ﾏ DcbxZ
n‡Z cvwi|
1. j¶¨e¯‘ `c©‡Yi hZ mvg‡b _v‡K we¤^I `c©‡Yi wVK ZZ †cQ‡b MwVZ
nq| A_©vr e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡ = we‡¤^i `ﾁ iZ¡|
2. e¯‘i AvKvi Ges we‡¤^i AvKvi mgvb|
3. we¤^ Aev¯ﾏ e Ges †mvRv nq|
cÖkœ : 3| mgZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î †`LvI †h, j¶¨e¯‘ `c©‡Yi hZ mvg‡b _v‡K
we¤^ `c©‡Yi wVK ZZUv †cQ‡b
MwVZ nq| (wm.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. h.†ev. 2004; Kz. †ev. 2000)
DËi : mgZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î j¶¨e¯‘ `c©‡Yi hZ Kv‡Q _v‡K we¤^ `c©‡Yi wVK
ZZUv †cQ‡b MwVZ nq| mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó GB ˆewkó¨ wb‡æ cÖgvY Kiv nj
−
mgZj `c©‡Y we¤^ MVb :
g‡b Kwi, MM′ GKwU mgZj `c©Y Ges
O Dnvi m¤§yL¯’ GKwU `xwßgvb
we›`y e¯‘| O n‡Z GKwU iwk¥ OM
`c©‡bi Dci Awfj¤^fv‡e AvcwZZ n‡q
MO c‡_B cÖwZdwjZ n‡q wd‡i hvq| O
n‡Z Aci GKwU iwk¥ OP, P we›`y‡Z
AvcwZZ n‡q PQ c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ nq|
GLb MO Ges PQ †K wcQ‡bi w`‡K
ewa©Z Ki‡j Gi I we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq|
GB I we›`yB Aev¯ﾏ e we¤^| wPÎ :
60 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

mgZj `c©‡Y we¤^ MVb

eY©bvbymv‡i, OM Ges NP mgvš ﾏ ivj ( DfqB MM′ Gi Dci j¤^)
Ges OP G‡`i †Q`K
∴ ∠ OPN = ∠MOP (GKvš ﾏ i †KvY e‡j)
Avevi, OI Ges NP mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges IQ Dnv‡`i †Q`K
∴∠NPQ = ∠OIO (GKvš ﾏ i †KvY e‡j)
wKš‘ ∠OPN = ∠NPQ (cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i)
∴ ∠MOP = ∠OIQ = ∠MIP
GLb ∆MOP Ges ∆MIP Gi g‡a¨
∠OMP = ∠IMP = 900
∠MOP = ∠MIP
Ges MP evû mvaviY
∴ wÎfzRØq me©mg
∴ MO = MI (cÖgvwYZ)|
cÖkœ : 4| cÖgvY Ki †h, †Kvb mgZj `c©Y‡K †h †Kv‡Y Nyivb nq
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Zvi wظY †Kv‡Y Ny‡i hvq|
(h.†ev. Kz.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2006; iv. †ev. 2006; 2001; P.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, †`LvI †h, †Kvb mgZj `c©Y‡K θ †Kv‡Y Nyivb nq Zvn‡j
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ 2θ †Kv‡Y Ny‡i hvq|
(Xv. †ev. 2001; wm.†ev. 2002; e.†ev. 2003)
DËi : †Kvb mgZj `c©Y‡K †h †Kv‡Y Nyivb nq cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Zvi
wظY †Kv‡Y Ny‡i hvq :
AvcwZZ iwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b bv K‡i hw` `c©Y‡K θ †Kv‡Y Nyivb nq Zvn‡j
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ 2θ †Kv‡Y Ny‡i hvq|
g‡b Kwi, OM GKwU mgZj `c©Y| PO iwk¥ `c©‡Y O we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q OR
c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ nj| hw` NO Awfj¤^ nq, Z‡e−
∠PON = AvcZb †KvY = i
Ges ∠NOR = cÖwZdjb †KvY = r
cÖwZdj‡bi wØZxq m ﾁ Î n‡Z Avgiv cvB,
∠PON = ∠NOR
ev, i = r .... .... .... .... (i)
∴ ∠POR = ∠PON + ∠NOR
= i + r wPÎ :
= i + i = 2i (i) bs n‡Z cvB)
GLb `c©YwU‡K θ †Kv‡Y Nywi‡q OM′ Ae¯’v‡b ivLv nj; Zvn‡j Awfj¤^I θ
†Kv‡Y Nyi‡e| g‡b Kwi, wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b Awfj¤^ ON′| myZivs ∠NON′ = θ|
hw` wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ OQ c‡_ hvq, Z‡e
∠PON′ = ∠N′OQ = i + θ
′
∠POQ = ∠PON + ∠NOQ
ev, ∠POQ = (i + θ) + (i + θ) = 2(i + θ) ... ... (2)
`c©YwU Nyivevi d‡j cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ ∠ROQ †Kv‡Y Nyij |
∴ ∠ROQ = ∠POQ − ∠POR
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 61

= 2(i + θ) − 2i
= 2i + 2θ − 2i = 2θ (cÖgvwYZ)|
A_©vr mgZj `c©Y †h †Kv‡Y Ny‡i cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Zviv wظY †Kv‡Y Ny‡i|
(cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ : 5| cÖgvY Ki †h, mgZj `c©‡Y wb‡Ri c ﾁ Y© we¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j
`c©‡Yi ˆ`N©¨ `k©‡Ki D”PZvi Kgc‡¶ A‡a©K nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
(e.†ev. 2005; ewi.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. 2002)
DËi : g‡b Kwi, M GKwU mgZj `c©Y| PQ GKRb `k©‡Ki D”PZv| `c©‡Y P′Q′
Zvi cÖwZwe¤^| myZivs PQ = P′Q′
awi, E `k©‡Ki †Pv‡Li Ae¯’vb| GLb EP′,
′
EQ Ges PP′ hy³ Kwi| Dnviv
`c©YwU‡K h_vµ‡g A, B Ges N
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| AZGe, AB `c©‡Yi
†mB b ﾁ ¨bZg D”PZv hvi mvnv‡h¨
`k©K Zvi c ﾁ Y© cÖwZwe¤^ †`L‡Z
cv‡e|
GLb cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AB = × PQ
†h‡nZz PN = N′P Ges PQ , P′Q′ Ges AB ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj wPÎ :

AZGe, AE = AP′
ev, AE = EP′
ev, = ... ... ... (1)

GLb ∆ABE Ges ∆P′Q′E Gi g‡a¨ AB Ges P′Q′ mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges ∠P′EO′ = mvaviY
†KvY
∴ wÎfzRØq m`„k
∴ = ... ... ... (2)
GLb mgxKiY (1) Ges (2) n‡Z Avgiv cvB,
=
′ ′
ev, AB = ×PQ
∴ AB = × PQ
myZivs `c©‡Yi D”PZv = × `k©‡Ki D”PZv| (cÖgvwYZ)
A_©vr mgZj `c©‡Y wb‡Ri c ﾁ Y© we¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡Yi ˆ`N©¨ `k©‡Ki
D”PZvi Kgc‡¶ A‡a©K nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖkœ : 6| mij †cwi‡¯‹v‡ci MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : mij †cwi‡¯‹vc :
msÁv : †Kvb ` ﾁ ‡ ii wRwbm mivmwi ev
†mvRvmywR †`L‡Z evav _vK‡j †h h‡š ﾐ i
62 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

mvnv‡h¨ G e¯‘wU‡K †`Lv hvq Zv‡K mij

†cwi‡¯‹vc e‡j|
e¨envi : fxo Gwo‡q †Ljv †`Lv, kΓ ˆm‡b¨i
MwZwewa ch©‡e¶Y BZ¨vw` Kv‡R GB
hš ﾐ wU e¨envi Kiv nq|
mij †cwi‡¯‹v‡ci MVb :
`ywU mgZj `c©‡Yi µwgK cÖwZdjb e¨envi K‡i
GB hš ﾐ ˆZwi Kiv nq|
GB h‡š ﾐ GKwU bj T Gi g‡a¨ Dnvi `yB
cÖv‡š ﾏ `ywU mgvš ﾏ ivj mgZj `c©Y M1 I M2
ci¯•i gy‡LvgywL K‡i Ggbfv‡e AvUKv‡bv
_v‡K †h Dnviv b‡ji A‡¶i mv‡_ 450 †KvY
Drcbœ K‡i| b‡j Dfq `c©‡Yi m¤§y‡L GKwU
K‡i wQ`ª _v‡K| wPÎ : GKwU mij †cwi‡¯‹vc
Kvh©cÖYvwj :
i) †Kvb e¯‘ n‡Z AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ Dc‡ii wQ`ª w`‡q b‡ji A‡¶i
mg‡Kv‡Y M1 `c©‡Y AvcwZZ nq Ges `c©Y n‡Z cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb
A¶ eivei A_©vr 900 Ny‡i M2 `c©‡Y c‡o|
ii) M2 `c©‡Y cybivq iwk¥¸‡jv 900 Ny‡i A_©vr e¯‘ n‡Z AvMZ iwk¥i
mgvš ﾏ iv‡j wØZxq wQ`ª w`‡q †ei n‡q hvq| d‡j wØZxq wQ‡`ªi
Kv‡Q †PvL ivL‡j e¯‘wU `„wó‡MvPi nq|
GR‡b¨ †Kvb e¯‘‡K †mvRvmywR †`L‡Z evav _vK‡jI †cwi‡¯‹v‡ci mvnv‡h¨
evav Gwo‡qI †`Lv hvq| GLv‡b M1 `c©‡Y e¯‘i cÖwZwe‡¤^i †h
cvk¦©cwieZ©b N‡U M2 `c©Y H cvk¦©cwieZ©b‡K ms‡kvab K‡i|
cÖkœ : 7| AeZj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ Ges eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i g‡a¨
m¤•K© ¯’vcb Ki|
(iv.†ev. P.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2000; wm.†ev. 2003; Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. 2005)
A_ev, †Mvjxq AeZj `c©‡Yi Rb¨ †`LvI †h, †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ eµZvi
e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K| (h.†ev. Õ05; Õ01; Xv.†ev. Õ03; wm.†ev. Õ05)
DËi : †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ :
msÁv : †Mvjxq `c©‡Y AvcwZZ cÖavb A‡¶i wbKUeZ©x mgvš ﾏ ivj
iwk¥¸”Q cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb A‡¶i Dci †h we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq Zv‡K cÖavb
†dvKvm e‡j| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †gi“ †_‡K GB cÖavb †dvKvm ch©š ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡‡K
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j|
G‡K Ôƒ Õ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
eµZvi e¨vmva© :
msÁv : †Kvb †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj †h †Mvjv‡Ki Ask we‡kl †mB
†Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K H `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j| G‡K r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq|
AeZj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ Ges eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i g‡a¨ m¤•K© :
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 63

g‡b Kwi, PB GKwU ¶z`ª

D‡b¥lhy³ †Mvjxq `c©Y| GKwU
Av‡jvKiwk¥ AB, cÖavb A¶ PC
†iLvi mgvš ﾏ ivjfv‡e `c©‡Y
AvcwZZ n‡q cÖwZdj‡bi ci
cÖavb †dvKvm F Gi ga¨ w`‡q
Mgb K‡i| GB †¶‡Î BC †iLv AvcZb
we›`y‡Z Awfj¤^|
GLb AB Ges PC ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj
∴ ∠ABC = ∠BCF wPÎ : AeZj `c©Y
Avevi, ∠ABC = ∠FBC (cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Îvbyhvqx)
∴ ∠BCF = ∠FBC
AZGe, ∆BFC GKwU mgwØevû wÎfzR
∴ BF = FC
†h‡nZz `c©‡Yi D‡b¥l AwZ ¶z`ª, †m‡nZz B we›`y P we›`yi LyeB wbK‡U
Aew¯’Z MY¨ Kiv hvq|
∴ FB = PF
AZGe, FC = PF
ev, PC − PF = PF
ev, 2PF = PC
GLb †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, PF = f, eµZvi e¨vmva©, PC = r ai‡j Avgiv cvB,
2f = r
∴ f =
A_©vr, ¶z`ª D‡b¥‡li GKwU AeZj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ Gi eµZvi
e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K| GwUB wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 8| †`LvI †h, DËj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ Gi eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i
A‡a©K|
(Xv. †ev. 2000 ; m. †ev. Õ98 ; wm. †ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2003; h.†ev. 2005)
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, GKwU †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡-Gi eµZvi
e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K| (Kz. †ev. 2001; iv.†ev. 2003)
DËi : †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ :
msÁv : †Mvjxq `c©‡Y AvcwZZ cÖavb A‡¶i wbKUeZ©x mgvš ﾏ ivj
iwk¥¸”Q cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb A‡¶i Dci †h we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z nq e‡j g‡b
nq Zv‡K DËj `c©‡Yi cÖavb †dvKvm e‡j| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †gi“ †_‡K cÖavb
†dvKvm ch©š ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡‡K †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j| G‡K Ôf Õ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
eµZvi e¨vmva© :
msÁv : †Kvb †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask we‡kl †mB
†Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K H `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j| G‡K r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq|
DËj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ Gi eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K :
g‡b Kwi, PB GKwU ¶z`ª D‡b¥lhy³
64 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

†Mvjxq `c©Y| GKwU Av‡jvKiwk¥

AB, cÖavb A¶ PC †iLvi
mgvš ﾏ ivjfv‡e `c©‡Y AvcwZZ n‡q
cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb †dvKvm F
n‡Z wbM©Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| GB
†¶‡Î BC †iLv AvcZb we›`y‡Z
Awfj¤^|
GLb AB Ges PC ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj
∴ ∠ABE = ∠BCF wPÎ : DËj `c©Y
Avevi, ∠ABE = ∠DBE (cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Îvbyhvqx)
∴ ∠BCF = ∠DBE = ∠FBC
AZGe, BCF GKwU mgwØevû wÎfzR
∴ BF = FC
†h‡nZz `c©‡Yi D‡b¥l AwZ ¶z`ª, †m‡nZz B we›`y P we›`yi LyeB wbK‡U
Aew¯’Z MY¨ Kiv hvq|
∴ FB = PF
AZGe, FC = PF
ev, PC − PF = PF
ev, 2PF = PC
GL‡b †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, PF = f, eµZvi e¨vmva©, PC = r ai‡j Avgiv cvB,
2f = r
∴ f =
A_©vr ¶z`ª D‡b¥‡li GKwU DËj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ Gi eµZvi
e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K| (cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ : 9| AeZj `c©‡Y wKfv‡e †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ MwVZ nq wP‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| (P.†ev. Õ99 ; Kz.†ev. 2001)
DËi : AeZj `c©‡Y †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ MVb :
awi, MAM′ GKwU AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb †Q`| A Gi †gi“we›`y, F cÖavb
†dvKvm, C eµZvi †K›`ª| AC cÖavb A¶ Ges C we›`y‡Z j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z PQ
GKwU e¯‘|
P n‡Z GKwU Av‡jvKiwk¥ PM cÖavb
A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj M we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ
nj| cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv F we›`y w`‡q
hv‡e| P n‡Z Aci GKwU iwk¥ PM′
cÖavb †dvKvm F Gi †fZi w`‡q
`c©‡Yi M′ we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ nj|
cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ iv‡j M′P′ eivei hv‡e|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 65

cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ `y‡Uv P′ we›`y‡Z

wgwjZ nj| myZivs P′ nj P Gi ev¯ ﾏ e
cÖwZwe¤^| P′ n‡Z AC Gi Dci Aw¼Z
j¤^ P′Q′ nj PQ Gi ev¯ ﾏ e I Dëv
cÖwZwe¤^| wPÎ :
GLv‡b cÖwZwe¤^wU eµZvi †K‡›`ª MwVZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv AvKv‡i e¯‘i
mgvb|
cÖkœ : 10| †Kvb AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci j¶¨e¯‘i wb‡æv³
Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ we¤^ wKiƒc n‡e wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki|
K. †gi“ I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨
M. eµZvi †K‡›`ª Ges
L. cÖavb †dvKvm I eµZvi †K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ N. eµZvi †K‡›`ªi
evB‡i|
DËi : aiv hvK, MOM′ GKwU AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb †Q`| AB GKwU j¶¨e¯‘|
wb‡æ AB j¶¨e¯‘i Rb¨ wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡c‡¶ Gi cÖwZwe¤^ A′B′ Gi
Ae¯’vb, cÖK…wZ I AvKvi wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj−
K. j¶¨e¯‘ †gi“ I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi ci Giv ci¯•i Acmvix nq| G¸‡jv‡K
†cQb w`‡K evov‡j A′ we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| A′ †_‡K
cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B AB Gi cÖwZwe¤^|

Ae¯’vb : `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b

cÖK…wZ : Aev¯ﾏ e I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
L. j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKvm I eµZvi †K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv A′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| A′ †_‡K
cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B AB Gi cÖwZwe¤^|
66 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

Ae¯’vb : eµZvi †K›`ª I Amx‡gi g‡a¨

cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
M. j¶¨e¯‘ eµZvi †K‡›`ª :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb
†dvKvm eivei we‡ePbv Ki‡j
′
cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv A we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq| A′ †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′
′
B j¤^B AB Gi cÖwZwe¤^|
Ae¯’vb : eµZvi †K‡›`ª
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : j¶¨ e¯‘i mgvb|
N. j¶¨e¯‘ eµZvi †K‡›`ªi evB‡i :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi e¨vmva©
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi
ci G¸‡jv A′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| A′
†_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B
AB Gi cÖwZwe¤^|
Ae¯’vb : eµZvi †K›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : Lwe©Z|
cÖkœ : 11| AeZj `c©‡Y wKfv‡e m` I Am` we¤^ MwVZ nq wP‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| (P.†ev. Õ99)
DËi : AeZj `c©‡Y m` we¤^ :
awi, MAM′ GKwU AeZj `c©Y Gi cÖavb †Q`| A Gi †gi“we›`y, F cÖavb
†dvKvm, C eµZvi †K›`ª| AC cÖavb A¶ Ges C we›`y‡Z j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z PQ
GKwU e¯‘|
P n‡Z GKwU Av‡jvKiwk¥ PM cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ iv‡j M we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ nj|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 67

cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv F we›`y w`‡q hv‡e| P n‡Z

Aci GKwU iwk¥ PM′ cÖavb †dvKvm F Gi
wfZi w`‡q `c©‡Yi M′ we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ nj|
cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj M′
′ ′
P eivei hv‡e| cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ `y‡Uv P
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nj| myZivs P′ nj P Gi
ev¯ﾏ e we¤^| P′ n‡Z AC Gi Dci Aw¼Z j¤^
′ ′
P Q nj PQ Gi ev¯ﾏ e ev m` I Dëv we¤^|
GLv‡b we¤^wU eµZvi †K‡›`ª MwVZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv AvKv‡i e¯‘i mgvb|
AeZj `c©‡Y Am` we¤^ :
awi, MAM′ GKwU AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb †Q`| A Gi †gi“we›`y, F cÖavb
†dvKvm, C eµZvi †K›`ª, AC cÖavb A¶ Ges A I F Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z PQ GKwU
e¯‘|
P n‡Z GKwU Av‡jvKiwk¥ PL, cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ iv‡j `c©‡Yi L we›`y‡Z
AvcwZZ nj Ges Zv F we›`y w`‡q cÖwZdwjZ nj| P n‡Z Aci GKwU iwk¥ PM,
eµZvi e¨vmva© eivei `c©‡Yi M we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ nj Ges cÖwZdj‡bi ci
GKB c‡_ wd‡i Avmj|

cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ `y‡Uv‡K †cQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv P′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nj| myZivs P′ nj P Gi Am` we¤^| GLb P′ n‡Z cÖavb A‡¶i Dci AswKZ j¤^ P′Q
′
nj PQ Gi Am` I †mvRv we¤^| GLv‡b we¤^ AvKv‡i e¯‘ A‡c¶v eo Ges
`c©‡Yi †cQ‡b MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ : 12| GKwU AeZj `c©‡Y j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo AvKv‡ii m` I Am`
Dfq cÖKvi we¤^B MVb Kiv m¤¢e Dc‡hvMx wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v
Ki|
DËi : 12bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Ges 11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi GKB|
cÖkœ : 13. AeZj `c©‡Y wKfv‡e Am` we¤^ m„wó nq wP‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| (P.†ev. Õ99)
DËi : 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Ges 11bs cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Am` we‡¤^i Ask `ªóe¨|
68 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖkœ : 14| †Kvb GKwU j¶¨e¯‘‡K Amxg ` ﾁ iZ¡ †_‡K `c©‡Yi †gi“i
w`‡K µgvMZ Avb‡Z _vK‡j we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, cÖK…wZ I AvKv‡ii
wKiƒc cwieZ©b nq eY©bv Ki|
DËi : aiv hvK, MOM′ GKwU AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb †Q`| AB GKwU j¶¨e¯‘|
wb‡æ AB j¶¨e¯‘i Rb¨ wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡c‡¶ Gi we¤^ A′B′ Gi Ae¯’vb,
cÖK…wZ I AvKvi wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj−
1. j¶¨e¯‘ Amxg `ﾁ ‡i Aew¯’Z :
Amxg ` ﾁ ‡ i Aew¯’Z j¶¨e¯‘i kxl© †_‡K
AvMZ ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q
cÖavb A‡¶i mv‡_ AvbZfv‡e AvcwZZ
n‡q cÖwZdj‡bi ci †dvKvmZ‡ji A′
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| A′ †_‡K cÖavb
A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B AB Gi
cÖwZwe¤^|
Ae¯’vb : †dvKvmZ‡j
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : AZ¨š ﾏ Lwe©Z|
2. j¶¨e¯‘ Amxg I eµZvi †K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi e¨vmva©
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi ci
G¸‡jv A′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| A′ †_‡K
cÖavb A‡¶i Dci AswKZ A′B′ j¤^B AB
Gi we¤^|
Ae¯’vb : eµZvi †K›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : Lwe©Z|
3. j¶¨e¯‘ eµZvi †K‡›`ª :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb
†dvKvm eivei we‡ePbv Ki‡j
cÖwZdj‡bi ci Zv A′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq| A′ †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′
′
B j¤^B AB Gi we¤^|
Ae¯’vb : eµZvi †K‡›`ª
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb|
4. j¶¨e¯‘ eµZvi †K‡›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi e¨vmva©
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi ci
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 69

Zv A′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| A′ †_‡K

cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B AB Gi
we¤^|
Ae¯’vb : eµZvi †K›`ª I Amx‡gi g‡a¨
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
5. j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKvm :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi e¨vmva©
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi
ci G¸‡jv ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj nq| `c©‡Yi
mvg‡b G¸‡jv Amx‡g wgwjZ nq A_ev
†cQb w`‡K evov‡j Amxg †_‡K
Avm‡Q e‡j g‡b nq|
Ae¯’vb : Amx‡g
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv A_ev Aev¯ﾏ e I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : AZ¨š ﾏ weewa©Z|
6. j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKvm I †gi“i g‡a¨ :
A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi e¨vmva©
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi
ci Giv ci¯•i Acmvix nq| G¸‡jv‡K
†cQb w`‡K evov‡j A′ we›`y †_‡K
Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| A′ †_‡K
cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B AB
Gi we¤^|
Ae¯’vb : `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b
cÖK…wZ : Aev¯ﾏ e I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
cÖkœ : 15| †`LvI †h DËj `c©‡Y cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j me©`vB Am` Ges
e¯‘ †_‡K †QvU we‡¤^i `„wó nq|
DËi : aiv hvK, MOM′ GKwU DËj `c©‡Yi cÖavb †Q`| cÖavb A‡¶i Dci AB
GKwU j¶¨e¯‘| A †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ eµZvi †K›`ª AwfgyLx I GKwU iwk¥
cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZdj‡bi ci Giv ci¯•i Acmvix nq|
G¸‡jv‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K evov‡j A′ we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| A′
†_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z A′B′ j¤^B AB Gi cÖwZwe¤^|
70 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

Ae¯’vb : `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b

cÖK…wZ : Am` I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q †QvU|
A_©vr DËj `c©‡Y cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j me©`vB Am` Ges e¯‘ †_‡K †QvU
we‡¤^i m„wó nq| (cÖgvwYZ)

AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| AeZj `c©‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖgvY Ki †h eµZvi e¨vmva© Gi
†dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY| (Kz.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ :
msÁv : †Mvjxq `c©‡Y AvcwZZ cÖavb A‡¶i wbKUeZ©x mgvš ﾏ ivj
iwk¥¸”Q cÖwZdj‡bi ci cÖavb A‡¶i Dci †h we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq Zv‡K cÖavb
†dvKvm e‡j| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †gi“ †_‡K GB cÖavb †dvKvm ch©š ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡‡K
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j|
G‡K Ôƒ Õ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
eµZvi e¨vmva© :
msÁv : †Kvb †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj †h †Mvjv‡Ki Ask we‡kl †mB
†Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K H `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j| G‡K r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq|
AeZj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ Ges eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i g‡a¨ m¤•K© :
g‡b Kwi, PB GKwU ¶z`ª
D‡b¥lhy³ †Mvjxq `c©Y| GKwU
Av‡jvKiwk¥ AB, cÖavb A¶ PC
†iLvi mgvš ﾏ ivjfv‡e `c©‡Y
AvcwZZ n‡q cÖwZdj‡bi ci
cÖavb †dvKvm F Gi ga¨ w`‡q
Mgb K‡i| GB †¶‡Î BC †iLv AvcZb
we›`y‡Z Awfj¤^| wPÎ 284 c„ôv

GLb AB Ges PC ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj

∴ ∠ABC = ∠BCF wPÎ : AeZj `c©Y
Avevi, ∠ABC = ∠FBC (cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Îvbyhvqx)
∴ ∠BCF = ∠FBC
AZGe, ∆BFC GKwU mgwØevû wÎfzR
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 71

∴ BF = FC
†h‡nZz `c©‡Yi D‡b¥l AwZ ¶z`ª, †m‡nZz B we›`y P we›`yi LyeB wbK‡U
Aew¯’Z MY¨ Kiv hvq|
∴ FB = PF
AZGe, FC = PF
ev, PC − PF = PF
ev, 2PF = PC
GLb †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, PF = f, eµZvi e¨vmva©, PC = r ai‡j Avgiv cvB,
2f = r
∴ f =
ev, r = 2ƒ
A_©vr AeZj `c©‡Yi eµZvi e¨vmva© Gi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY|
(cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ : 2| AeZj `c©b †Pbvi Dcvq wK? (Kz.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †Kvb `c©‡Yi G‡Kev‡i wbK‡U GKwU Av½yj Lvovfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡j hw`
†mvRv we¤^ j¶¨ e¯‘i †P‡q eo nq Zvn‡j `c©YwU AeZj|
cÖkœ : 3| msÁv `vI : AvcwZZ iwk¥, AvcZb we›`y, Awfj¤^,
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥, AvcZb †KvY, cÖwZdjb †KvY|
DËi : awi, MM′ GKwU gm„Y cÖwZdjK c„ô| AO Av‡jvK iwk¥ cÖwZdj‡Ki O
we›`y‡Z c‡o OB c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ nj|
1. AvcwZZ iwk¥ : †h iwk¥
cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci G‡m c‡o Zv‡K
AvcwZZ iwk¥ e‡j| wP‡Î AO nj
AvcwZZ iwk¥|
2. AvcZb we›`y : AvcwZZ iwk¥
cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci †h we›`y‡Z
G‡m c‡o Zv‡K AvcZb we›`y
e‡j| wP‡Î O nj AvcZb we›`y|
3. Awfj¤^ : AvcZb we›`y‡Z
cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci Aw¼Z j¤^‡K
Awfj¤^ e‡j| wP‡Î ON nj Awfj¤^|
wPÎ : Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb
4. cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ : cÖwZdj‡K evav †c‡q †h iwk¥ Av‡Mi gva¨‡g
wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ e‡j| wP‡Î OB nj cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥|
5. AvcZb †KvY : AvcwZZ iwk¥ I Awfj‡¤^i ga¨eZ©x †KvY‡K AvcZb
†KvY e‡j| AvcZb †KvY‡K i Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wP‡Î ∠AON nj AvcZb
†KvY|
6. cÖwZdjb †KvY : cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Awfj‡¤^i mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ
72 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

K‡i Zv‡K cÖwZdjb †Kvb e‡j| cÖwZdjb †KvY‡K r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
wP‡Î ∠NOB nj cÖwZdjb †KvY|
cÖkœ : 4| mgZj `c©Y I †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?
DËi : mgZj `c©Y I †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi cv_©K¨ :
cv_©‡K¨i welq mgZj `c©Y †Mvjxq `c©Y
1. msÁv †Kvb mgZj c„ô hw` †Kvb `c©‡Yi cÖwZdjK Zj
gm„Y nq Ges Zv‡Z hw` †Kvb †Mvj‡Ki Ask
Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb we‡kl nq ev †Mvjxq nq,
N‡U Zv‡K mgZj `c©Y Zv‡K †Mvjxq `c©Y e‡j|
e‡j|
2. cÖwZdjK c„ô cÖwZdjK c„ô mgZj| cÖwZdjK c„ô †Mvj‡Ki
wKiƒc Ask|
3. we‡¤^i cÖK… we¤^ me©`v Am`, we¤^ m` I Am` Ges
wZ I AvKvi †mvRv Ges j¶¨e¯‘i AvKv‡i j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q †QvU
AvKv‡ii mgvb nq| Ges eo `yBB n‡Z cv‡i|
4. †dvKvm I Gi †dvKvm I eµZvi †K›`ª †dvKvm I eµZvi †K›`ª
eµZvi †K›`ª `c©‡Yi m¤§y‡L Amxg `c©‡Yi mvg‡b A_ev
`ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z e‡j g‡b nq| †cQ‡b n‡Z cv‡i|
5. e¨envi Avqbv I mij †cwi‡¯‹vc Wv³vix hš ﾐ cvwZ, UP©
ˆZwii Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| jvBU, mvP© jvBU,
hvbevnb Ges †mwfs M-
v‡m e¨eüZ nq|
cÖkœ : 5| AeZj `c©Y I DËj `c©‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?
DËi : AeZj `c©Y I DËj `c©‡Yi cv_©K¨ :
cv_©‡K¨i welq mgZj `c©Y †Mvjxq `c©Y
1. msÁv †h gm„Y †Mvjxq AeZj c„ô †h gm„Y †Mvjxq DËj
n‡Z Av‡jvi wbqwgZ c„‡ô Av‡jvi wbqwgZ
cÖwZdj‡b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K DËj
wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K AeZj `c©Y e‡j|
`c©Y e‡j|
2. cÖavb †dvKvm cÖavb †dvKvm I eµZvi cÖavb †dvKvm I eµZvi
I eµZvi †K‡›`ªi †K‡›`ª cÖwZdjK c„‡ôi †K›`ª cÖwZdjK c„‡ôi
Ae¯’vb m¤§y‡L _v‡K| cðv‡Z _v‡K|
3. Av‡jvK iwk¥i G‡Z GKB we›`y n‡Z G‡Z GKB we›`y n‡Z
cÖwZdj‡bi ci AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv
cÖwZdj‡bi ci we›`yi cÖwZdj‡bi ci Acmvix nq|
Ae¯’vb †f‡` KLbI Acmvix
I KLbI Awfmvix nq|
4. we‡¤^i cÖK… wewfbœ mg‡q, wewfbœ G‡Z we¤^ me©`vB
wZ I AvKvi ¯’v‡b we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ I Am`, †mvRv Ges j¶¨e¯‘i
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 73

AvKvi wewfbœ nq| †P‡q †QvU nq|

5. e¨envi GK¸”Q Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K GK¸”Q Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K
GKwe›`ygyLx Ki‡Z, Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q w`‡Z,
Wv³vix Kv‡R, mvP© iv¯ ﾏ vq I Mvwoi evwZ‡Z
jvB‡U Ges †mwfs Kv‡RI †gvUi mvB‡K‡j, Z_v
e¨eüZ nq| wewfbœ Mvwo‡Z wcQ‡bi
hvbevnb †`Lvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
nq|
cÖkœ : 6| Av‡jvi e¨³ cÖwZdjb wK? (wm.†ev. 2006)
DËi : msw¶ß cÖkœ 1 Gi 2bs c‡q›U `ªóe¨|
ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. †h gm„YZ‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ (wm.†ev. 2004; 2002; P.†ev. Õ99)
cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K wK e‡j? K. †Mvjxq A‡ciY L.
✓ K. `c©Y L. wcÖRg Awfj¤^ AvcZb
M. †jÝ N. we¤^ M. †KŠwYK weea©b ✓
2. mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó we¤^ wKiƒc N.ˆiwLK weea©b
nq? 6. AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci
(Kz.†ev. 2006; Õ01; ewi.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. GKwU j¶¨e¯‘ eµZvi †K›`ª I
Xv.†ev. 2001) cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z|
K. m` L. D‡ëv we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq n‡e?
✓ M. Am` N. weewa©Z (Kz.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. Õ99)
3. †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `iZ¡ K. `c©‡Yi †cQ‡b
Gi eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i ✓ L. eµZvi †K›`ª I Amx‡gi g‡a¨
†Kvb&wU? (ewi.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. M. eµZvi †K‡›`ª
2001) 7. AeZj `c©‡Yi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci
A_ev, †Mvjxq `c©‡bi eµZvq eµZvi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z j¶¨mgn
e¨vmva© †dvKvm `i‡Z¡i we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ wKiƒc n‡e?
KZ¸Y? (h.†ev. 2005) (wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2005; ewi.†ev.
✓ K. A‡a©K L. mgvb 2004)
M. wظb N. GK-Z…Zxqvsk K. Am` I †mvRv L. m` I
4. AeZj `c©‡Y cÖavb A‡¶i †mvRv
mgvšivj AvcwZZ iwk¥i M. Am` I D‡ëv✓ N. m` I
cÖwZdj‡bi ci wK N‡U? D‡ëv|
K. eµZvi †K›`ª w`‡q hvq
L. cÖavb A‡¶i mgvšivj n‡q hvq AwZwi³
✓ M. cÖavb †dvKvm w`‡q hvq ˆbe©¨w³K
N. cÖavb †dvKvm †_‡K Avm‡Q cÖ‡kœvËi
e‡j g‡b nq
5. we‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ I j¶¨e¯‘ ˆ`‡N©¨i 1| fvj mgZj `c©‡bi ˆewkó¨
AbycvZ‡K wK e‡j? †Kvb&wU? (iv.†ev. Õ99)
74 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
✓ K. cyi“Z¡ Kg I mylg K. i > r ✓ L. i = r
L. fvj avZe cÖ‡jc I mgZj c„ô M. r > i N.
M.evqy e`yey`kb¨ KvP 9| “wmjfvwis” wK?
N. Dc‡ii meKwU K. †jvnvi Dci avZzi cÖ‡jc
2| mgZj `c©‡Y wb‡Ri cY© L. wU‡bi Dci avZzi cÖ‡jc
we¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡Yi ˆ`N©¨ M. cvwUbv‡gi Dci avZzi cÖ‡jc
`k©‡Ki D”PZvi Kgc‡¶ KZ nIqv ✓ N. Kuv‡Pi Dci avZzi cÖ‡jc
cÖ‡qvRb?
10| †Kvb mgZj `c©Y‡K †h †Kv‡Y
(wm.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. Õ99)
Nyiv‡bv nq cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥
✓ K. A‡a©K L. mgvb Zvi KZ †Kv‡Y Ny‡i hvq?
M. wظY N. GK Z…Zxqvsk K. wZb ¸Y †Kv‡Y L.Pvi ¸Y †Kv‡Y
3| evqy gva¨g †_‡K KvP gva¨‡g ✓ M. wظY †Kv‡Y N. cuvP ¸Y
Av‡jv hw` j¤^fv‡e AvcwZZ nq †Kv‡Y
ZLb wK cwigvY Av‡jv
cÖwZdwjZ nq? 11| †Mvjxq `c©Y †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask,
(iv.†ev. 2000) †mB †Mvj‡Ki †K›`ª‡K wK e‡j?
(iv.†ev. 2003)
✓ K. 4.5% L. 3.5%
M. 2.5% N. 5.5% K. †gi“ ✓ L. eµZvi †K›`ª
4| 6cm †dvKvm `iZ¡ wewkó M. †dvKvm we›`y N. cÖavb
GKwU AeZj `c©‡Y e¯‘i mgvb †dvKvm
AvKv‡ii ev¯e I D‡ëv we¤^ 12| AeZj `c©‡Y j¶¨ e¯‘‡K †Kv_vq
cvIqvi Rb¨ e¯‘wU‡K `c©‡Yi ¯’vcb Ki‡j j¶¨ e¯‘i mgvb
m¤ßy‡L †Kv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e? AvKv‡ii we¤^ cvIqv hv‡e?
K. 3cm L. 6cm (Xv.†ev. (Kz.†ev. 2002)
2000) K. cÖavb †dvKv‡m L. cÖavb
✓ M. 13cm N. 18cm. †dvKvm I †gi“i g‡a¨
5| wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z m` we¤^ ✓ M. eµZvi †K‡›`ª
MwVZ nq? N. eµZvi †K›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi
(Xv.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. 2002) g‡a¨
K. DËj `c©Y ✓ L. AeZj `c©Y 13| †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi †gi“ I eµZvi
M. mgZj `c©Y N. DËj †jÝ †K‡›`ªi ga¨ w`‡q MgbKvix mij
6| fvj mgZj `c©‡Yi ˆewkó¨ bq †iLv‡K `c©‡Yi wK ejv nq?
†Kvb&wU?
✓ K. cÖavb A¶ L. cÖavb †dvKvm
(h.†ev. 2000; h.†ev. 2003)
M. †dvKvm `iZ¡ N. †MŠY A¶
K. `c©‡Yi c„ôv mgZj n‡Z n‡e
✓ L. `c©‡Yi cyi“Z¡ †ewk I mylg n‡Z 14| AeZj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `iZ¡
n‡e eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i−
M. `c©‡Yi cyi“Z¡ Kg I mylg n‡Z K. `yB Z…Zxqvsk ✓ L.
n‡e A‡a©K
N. `c©‡Yi KvP evqy ey`ey` n‡Z M. GK Z…Zxqvsk N. wظY
n‡e 15| we‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ I j¶¨e¯‘i ˆ`‡N©¨i
7| Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb KqwU mÎ AbycvZ‡K wK e‡j?
†g‡b P‡j? K. we¤^ L. weea©b
K. 1wU L. 4wU M. cÖwZdjb ✓ N. ˆiwLK weea©b
✓ M. 2wU N. 3wU
16| KLb we¤^ `c©‡Yi cÖavb
8| AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZdjb †KvY †dvKv‡m MwVZ nq?
m¤•‡K© wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 75

✓ K. hLb j¶e¯‘ Amxg `yi‡Z¡ _v‡K ✓ K. mgZj `c©Y L. AeZj `c©Y

L. hLb j¶e¯‘ mmxg `i‡Z¡ _v‡K M. DËj `c©Y N. eµ`c©Y
M. hLb j¶e¯‘ wbKUeZ©x _v‡K 26| AvcwZZ iwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b
bv K‡i hw` GKwU mgZj `c©Y 300
N. hLb j¶e¯‘ A‡bK `i‡Z¡ _v‡K †Kv‡b Nyiv‡bv nq Zvn‡j
17| b‡fvÑ`iex‡Y †Kvb `c©Y e¨envi cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ KZ †Kv‡Y
Kiv nq? Nyi‡e? (P.†ev. 2003)
K. DËj `c©Y L. mgZj `c©Y K. 300 L. 450
✓ M. AeZj `c©Y N. †KvbUvB bq ✓ M. 600 N. 900
18| iƒcPP©v, `uvwo KvUvi mgq 27| AeZj `c©‡b j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’vb
†Kvb `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq? †Kv_vq n‡j Am` we¤^ MwVZ
n‡e? (P.†ev. 2003)
K. mgZj `c©Y ✓ L. AeZj `c©Y
K. cÖavb †dvKv‡m
M. AeZj `c©Y N. †KvbUvB bq
✓ L. †dvKvm I †gi“ we›`yi ga¨eZ©x
19| Wv³viiv †PvL, bvK, Kvb I Mjv ¯’v‡b
ch©‡e¶Y Kivi mgq wK e¨envi M. eµZvi †K‡›`ªi evB‡i
K‡ib? (ewi.†ev. 2005; h.†ev. 2001)
N. 2f G
K. `c©Y L. DËj `c©Y 28| AeZj `c©‡Y j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb
M. mgZj `c©Y ✓ N. AeZj `c©Y †dvKvm I †gi“i g‡a¨ _vK‡j
20| †gvUi Mvwoi †nWjvBU ev iv¯vi we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, cÖK…wZ I
jvB‡U cÖwZdjK wn‡m‡e wK AvK…wZ wK iKg n‡e?
e¨envi Kiv nq? (Kz.†ev. 2005) (Kz.†ev. 2003)
✓ K. DËj `c©Y L. AeZj `c©Y ✓ K. `c©‡Yi wcQ‡b, Am`, †mvRv I
weewa©Z
M. mgZj `c©Y N. †KvbUvB bq L. Amx‡g, Am`, †mvRv I
21| mgZj `c©‡Y kZKiv KZ fvM Av‡jv weewa©Z
cÖwZdwjZ nq? M. eµZvi †K‡›`ª, m`, D‡ëv I
(iv.†ev. 2005; h.†ev. 2002) j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb
K. 4.5% ✓ L. 40% N. eµZvi †K‡›`ª I Amx‡gi g‡a¨ m`,
M. 50% N. 45% Dëv I weewa©Z|
22| AvcZb we›`y‡Z cÖwZdj‡Ki Dci 29| ‰iwLK weea©‡bi gvb GK
AswKZ j¤^‡K wK e‡j? Gi †P‡q †QvU n‡j we¤^wU
K. AvcwZZ iwk¥ ✓ L. j¶¨e¯‘i Zzjbvq †Kgb n‡e? [h.†ev.
Awfj¤^ 2006]
M. AvcZb we›`y N. AvcZb †KvY
✓ K. Lwe©Z n‡e L. eo n‡e
23| cÖwZdj‡Ki †h we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ
iwk¥ cwZZ nq Zv‡K wK e‡j? M. mgvb n‡e N. eµ n‡e
K. AvcwZZ iwk¥ L. Awfj¤^ 30| GKwU DËj `c©‡Yi eµZvi
✓ M. AvcZb we›`y N. AvcZb †KvY e¨vmva© 14 †m.wg. n‡j Gi
24| cÖwZdj‡K evav †c‡q †h iwk¥ †dvKvm `iZ¡ KZ?
c‡e©i gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K [Kz.†ev. 2006]
wK e‡j? K. 14 †m.wg. L. 3.5 †m.wg.
K. cÖwZdjb †KvY ✓ L. ✓ M. 7 †m.wg. N. 28 †m.wg.
cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥
31| †Kvb ÷xgv‡ii mvP© jvB‡U
M. Afj¤^ N. AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZdjK wn‡m‡e †Kvb `c©b
25| mij †cwi‡¯‹v‡c †Kvb cÖKvi `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq?
_v‡K? (Kz.†ev. 2000)
[P.†ev. 2006]
76 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
K. mgZj `c©Y L. DËj `c©Y 36| mgZj `c©‡Y m„ó we‡¤^i
✓ M. AeZj `c©Y N. †Mvjxq `c©Y ˆewkó¨ †Kvb&wU?[iv.†ev. 2004]
32| AeZj `c©‡Y j¶¨e¯‘i †Kvb ✓ K. Am` I †mvRv L.
Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ we¤^ m` I D‡ëv m` I †mvRv
A_ev Am` I †mvRv Ges AZ¨š M. Am` I D‡ëv N. m` I D‡ëv
weewa©Z we¤^ cvIqv hv‡e? 37| AeZj `c©‡Y cÖavb A‡¶i Dci
[wm.†ev. 2005] eµZvi †K›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi
K. j¶¨e¯‘ Amx‡g gv‡S ¯’vwcZ e¯‘i m„ó we‡¤^i
L. j¶¨e¯‘ eµZvi †K‡›`ª ˆewkó¨ †Kvb&wU?
[iv.†ev. 2004]
✓ M. j¶¨e¯‘i cÖavb †dvKv‡m
✓ K. m` I weewa©Z L.
N. j¶¨e¯i eµZvi †K›`ª I cÖavb m` I Lwe©Z
†dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ M. Am` I weewa©Z
33| hw` †Kvb j¶¨e¯‘i l ˆ`N©¨ N.Am` I Lwe©Z
Ges we‡¤^i ˆ`N©¨ l′ nq, Zvn‡j 38| †Kvb& i‡Oi Zj me i‡Oi Av‡jv
ˆiwLK weea©K, m = KZ? cÖwZdwjZ K‡i?
[ewi.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2005] [h.†ev. 2004]
✓ K. mv`v L. jvj
K. m = ll′ L. m = M. meyR N. njy`
✓ M. m = N. m = l + l′ 39| GKwU mgZj `c©‡Y 10cm
34| `c©‡b †Kvb&wU N‡U? D”PZvwewkó j¶¨e¯‘i cY©
[X.†ev. 2004] we¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡Yi ˆ`N©¨
K. cÖwZmiY ✓ L. cÖwZdjb Kgc‡¶ KZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb?
[h.†ev. 2004]
M. e¨wZPvi N. mgeZ©b K. 20cm L. 15cm
35| DËj `c©‡Y †Kvb& M. 10cm ✓ N. 5cm
cÖwZwe¤^ Drcbœ nq bv? 40| AeZj `c©‡bi †¶‡Î j¶¨e¯‘
[X.†ev. 2004] Amxg `‡i Aew¯’Z n‡j we¤^
K. Am` L. †mvRv wKiƒc nq? [h. †ev. 2004]
M. AvKv‡i †QvU ✓ N. ✓ K. AZ¨š Lwe©Z L.
ev¯e Lwe©Z
M. weewa©Z N. e¯‘i mgvb