A a¨vq

cÖ
_g Aa¨vq
16
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †jÝ ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
(Kz. †ev. Õ99 ; e. †ev. 2001;
iv.†ev. 2003)
cªkœ : 2| †jÝ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
cÖkœ : 3| Acmvix I Awfmvix †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j?
G‡`i †Pbvi Dcvq wK?
cÖkœ : 4| msÁv wjL :
K. cÖavb A¶ (h. †ev. Õ99; P.†ev.
2002)
L. Av‡jvK †K›`ª (m.†ev. Õ98 ;
h.†ev. 2000; Õ99; iv.†ev. 2005)
M. cÖavb †dvKvm
(Kz.†ev. 2005; 2001; P.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev.
2005)
N. †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ (h. †ev. Õ99)
O. †dvKvm Zj (Kz.†ev. 2001)
cÖkœ : 5| DËj †j݇K Awfmvix †jÝ ejv hvq
†Kb?
cÖkœ : 6| AeZj †j݇K Acmvix †jÝ ejv nq
†Kb?
cÖkœ : 7| †j‡Ýi mvg‡b Aew¯’Z †h †Kvb
e¯‘i we¤^ AsK‡bi mgq Zzwg
†Kvb& †Kvb& iwk¥i mvnvh¨ †bqv
myweavRbK g‡b Ki?
cÖkœ : 8| AeZj †jÝ me©`v wKiƒc
cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i?
cÖkœ : 9| wb‡æv³ cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZi
we¤^ †c‡Z n‡j DËj †j‡Ýi mv‡c‡¶
j¶¨e¯‘‡K †Kv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e?
K. ev¯ﾏ e I weewa©Z
L. ev¯ﾏ e I Lwe©Z
M. m` I j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb
N. Am` I weewa©Z|
cÖkœ : 10| GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm
` ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY ` ﾁ ‡ i GKwU j¶¨e¯‘
Av‡Q| we¤^ †Kv_vq m„wó n‡e? Gi
cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZ wKiƒc n‡e?
cÖkœ : 11| GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb
†dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ j¶¨e¯‘ _vK‡j we¤^
†Kv_vq m„wó n‡e? we‡¤^i cÖK…
wZ I AvK…wZ wKiƒc n‡e?
†j Ý ✍
cÖkœ : 12| wP‡ýi m` abvZ¡K cÖ_v wee„Z
Ki|
cÖkœ : 13| ¯•k© bv K‡i GKwU †jÝ wKiƒc
Zv wKfv‡e †evSv hvq? (ewi.†ev.
2004; Xv.†ev. 2000 ; Kz. †ev. Õ99)
cÖkœ : 14| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv ej‡Z wK eyS?
(iv. †ev. 2000 ; P. †ev. Õ99 ;
wm. †ev. 2001)
cÖkœ : 15| †j‡Ýi e¨envi wjL|
(Xv.†ev. 2005)
cÖkœ : 16| †j‡Ýi ¶gZvi GKK wK?
cÖkœ : 17| DËj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv abvÍK bv
FYvÍK?
cÖkœ : 18| †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv + 3d ej‡Z wK
eyS?
(Kz. †ev. Õ99; wm.†ev. 2005)
cÖkœ : 19| †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv −2.5d ej‡Z wK
eyS? (iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev.
2000,2005 ewi.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev.
2005)
Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖkœ : 1| wPÎ Gu‡K †j‡Ýi †dvKvm,
†dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡, Av‡jvK †K›`ª,
cÖavb A¶ †`LvI Ges G‡`i eY©bv
`vI| (h. †ev. Õ99 ; m. †ev. Õ98)
cÖkœ : 2| DËj †j‡Ýi cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j wKfv‡e
cÖwZwe‡¤^i m„wó nq Zv iwk¥
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Gu‡K †`LvI Ges
eY©bv `vI|
cÖkœ : 3| AeZj †j‡Ý wKfv‡e e¯‘i we¤^
m„wó nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI|
cÖkœ : 4| †Kvb DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci
j¶¨e¯‘i wb‡æv³ Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨
cÖwZwe¤^ wKiƒc n‡e wP‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki| (ewi.†ev.
2006; 2002)
K. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i
wظ‡YiI †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡
L. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i
wظY `ﾁ i‡Z¡
M. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi
evB‡i wKš‘ †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i
88 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
wظY `ﾁ i‡Z¡i Kg `ﾁ i‡Z¡
N. j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡jvK †K›`ª Ges cÖavb
†dvKv‡mi g‡a¨|
cÖkœ : 5| DËj †j‡Ý wKfv‡e m` I Am`
we¤^ MwVZ nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
†`LvI| (m. †ev. Õ98)
cÖkœ : 6| GKwU DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo
AvKv‡ii m` I Am` Dfq cÖKvi
we¤^B MVb Kiv m¤¢e Dc‡hvMx
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖkœ : 7| DËj †j‡Ý wKfv‡e Am` we¤^
m„wó nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI|
cÖkœ : 8| †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©‡qi
GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 9| †jÝ wKfv‡e mbv³ Kiv nq, wPÎmn
eY©bv Ki|
(wm. †ev. 2001 ; e. †ev. 2001;
h.†ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2002; Xv.†ev.
2001; Kz.†ev. Õ99; iv.†ev. 2003;
2005)
cÖkœ : 10| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wK D`vniYmn
e¨vL¨v Ki| †j‡Ýi ¶gZvi MvwYwZK
cÖKvk wjL|
AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| DËj †j‡Ýi m¤§y‡L e¯‘i Ae¯’vb
cÖavb †dvKv‡m I Av‡jvK †K‡›`ªi
ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b n‡j we‡¤^i AvKvi,
Ae¯’vb I cÖK…wZ wKiƒc n‡e|
(Kz.†ev. 2004)
cÖkœ : 2| msÁv `vI †j‡Ýi †¶‡Î :
K. eµZvi †K›`ª; L. eµZvi
e¨vmva©|
cÖkœ : 3|DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ 20
†m.wg. ej‡Z wK eyS?
cÖkœ : 4| cv_©K¨ wjL :
K. DËj †jÝ I AeZj †jÝ L. `c©Y I †jÝ
cÖkœ : 5| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv +5D ej‡Z wK eyS ?
(mKj †evW© Õ98; P.†ev. 2005;
2003; ewi.†ev 2004)
cÖkœ : 6| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv −2d ej‡Z wK eyS ?
(Xv. †ev. 2000; P.†ev. 2005)
MvwYwZK D`vniYmg ﾁ n
D`v : 1| †Kvb e¨w³ Pkgv wn‡m‡e 20cm
†dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i AeZj †jÝ e¨envi
K‡ib| †jÝwUi ¶gZv KZ? (Xv.†ev.
2004)
D`v : 2| + 2d ¶gZvm¤•bœ GKwU †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ KZ? †jÝwU DËj bv
AeZj? (iv.†ev. 2002)
Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v
mgm¨v : 1| 25cm †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wewkó
DËj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki|
mgm¨v : 2|
50cm †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wewkó AeZj
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki| (wm.†ev.
P.†ev. 2004)
mgm¨v : 3| + 5d ¶gZvm¤•bœ †jÝwUi
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©q Ki| (Abyiƒc
iv.†ev. 2005; Kz. †ev. 2000;
P.†ev. 2003)
mgm¨v : 4| GKwU Pkgvi †j‡Ýi ¶gZv −2.5d|
Gi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©q Ki|
(Kz.†ev. 2006; 2004; ewi.†ev.
2006; h.†ev. 2000; P.†ev. 2001)

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †jÝ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? (Kz. †ev. Õ99 ; e. †ev. 2001; iv.†ev. 2003)
DËi : †jÝ :
msÁv : `ywU Zj Øviv mxgve× †Kvb GKwU ¯^”Q mgmË¡ gva¨‡gi Zj؇qi
GKwU mgZj Ges Ab¨wU †MvjKxq ev Dfq ZjB †MvjKxq n‡j D³ gva¨g‡K †jÝ
e‡j| †jÝ mvaviYZ KuvP, cvw÷K Ges †KvqvU©R Øviv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
cªkœ : 2| †jÝ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËi : †j‡Ýi cÖKvi‡f` : cÖwZmviK c„‡ôi MVb Abymv‡i †jÝ cÖavbZ `yB
cÖKvi| h_v−
1. DËj ev Awfmvix †jÝ
2. AeZj ev Acmvix †jÝ|
AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i DËj †jÝ wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i−
K. DfveZj †jÝ
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 89

L. mgZ‡jvËj †jÝ
M. AeZ‡jvËj †jÝ|
AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i AeZj †jÝ wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i−
K. D‡fvZj †jÝ
L. mgZjveZj †jÝ
M. DËjveZj †jÝ|

K. D‡fvËj †jÝ L. mgZ‡jvËj †jÝ M. AeZ‡jvËj †jÝ

wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi DËj †jÝ

K. DfveZj †jÝ L. mgZjveZj †jÝ M. DËjveZj †jÝ

wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi AeZj †jÝ
cÖkœ : 3| Acmvix I Awfmvix †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j? G‡`i †Pbvi Dcvq wK?
DËi : Acmvix †jÝ :
msÁv : AvK…wZMZfv‡e †h †j‡Ýi ga¨fvM mi“ I wKbvivi w`K µgk †gvUv
Zv‡K AeZj ev Acmvix †jÝ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq− †h †jÝ mgvš ﾏ ivj
iwk¥¸”Q‡K cÖwZmiv‡š ﾏ Acmvix K‡i Zv‡K AeZj ev Acmvix †jÝ e‡j|
AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i Acmvix †jÝ wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i−
K. DfveZj †jÝ
L. mgZjveZj †jÝ
M. DËjveZj †jÝ|
Awfmvix †jÝ :
msÁv : AvK…wZMZfv‡e †h †j‡Ýi ga¨fvM †gvUv Ges wKbvivi w`K µgk mi“
Zv‡K DËj †jÝ ev Awfmvix †jÝ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq− †h †jÝ mgvš ﾏ ivj
iwk¥¸”Q‡K cÖwZmiv‡š ﾏ Awfmvix K‡i Zv‡K DËj ev Awfmvix †jÝ e‡j|
AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i Awfmvix †jÝ wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i−
K. D‡fvËj †jÝ
L. mgZ‡jvËj †jÝ
M. AeZ‡jvËj †jÝ|
Awfmvix I Acmvix †jÝ †Pbvi Dcvq : nvZ w`‡q ¯•k© K‡i Awfmvix I
Acmvix †jÝ †Pbv hvq| Awfmvix †j‡Ýi (Z_v DËj †j‡Ýi) ga¨fvM †gvUv Ges
90 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖvš ﾏ mi“ _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K Acmvix †j‡Ýi (Z_v AeZj †j‡Ýi) ga¨fvM mi“ I
cÖvš ﾏ †gvUv _v‡K|
cÖkœ : 4| msÁv wjL :
K. cÖavb A¶ (h. †ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2002) N. †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ (h. †ev.
Õ99)
L. Av‡jvK †K›`ª (m.†ev. Õ98 ; h.†ev. 2000; Õ99; iv.†ev. 2005) O.
†dvKvm Zj (Kz.†ev. 2001)
M. cÖavb †dvKvm (Kz.†ev. 2005;
2001; P.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : K. cÖavb A¶ :
msÁv : `ywU †Mvjxq c„ô Øviv †jÝ MwVZ| myZivs †j‡Ýi eµZvi †K›`ª Ges
eµZvi e¨vmva© `ywU| †j‡Ýi Dfq c„‡ôi eµZvi †K‡›`ªi ga¨ w`‡q MgbKvix
mij‡iLv‡K cÖavb A¶ e‡j|
wP‡Î C1C2 nj DËj I AeZj †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶|
Avevi †j‡Ýi GKwU c„ô mgZj I Aci c„ô †Mvjxq n‡j †Mvjxq c„‡ôi eµZvi †K›`ª
†_‡K mgZj c„‡ôi Dci Awfj¤^B n‡e †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶|

wPÎ : DËj †jÝ wPÎ : AeZj †jÝ

L. Av‡jvK †K›`ª :
msÁv : †Kvb Av‡jvKiwk¥ hw` †Kvb †j‡Ýi GK c„‡ô AvcwZZ n‡q
wbM©Z nIqvi mgq AvcwZZ iwk¥i mgvš ﾏ ivjfv‡e wbM©Z nq Zvn‡j
†mB iwk¥ †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci †h we›`y w`‡q hvq †mB we›`y‡K †j‡Ýi
Av‡jvK †K›`ª e‡j| wP‡Î 'O' nj DËj I AeZj †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª|
M. cÖavb †dvKvm :
msÁv : cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q DËj †j‡Ý cÖwZm„Z n‡q †h
wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq ev AeZj †j‡Ý cÖwZm„Z n‡q †h wbw`©ó
we›`y n‡Z Qwo‡q co‡Q e‡j g‡b nq Zv‡K cÖavb †dvKvm ejv nq|
wb‡Pi wP‡Î F nj DËj Ges AeZj †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKvm|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 91

wPÎ : DËj †jÝ wPÎ : AeZj †jÝ

N. †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ :
msÁv : †Kvb †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª n‡Z cÖavb †dvKvm ch©š ﾏ ` ﾁ iZ¡‡K
†j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j| †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡‡K 'f' Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wP‡Î OF
nj DËj I AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡|
O. †dvKvm Zj :
msÁv : †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q Gi cÖavb A‡¶i mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e
†h Zj Kíbv Kiv nq, Zv‡K Gi †dvKvm Zj e‡j|
A_©vr †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKvmMvgx cÖavb A‡¶i Dci j¤^Zj‡K †dvKvm Zj
e‡j| wb‡Pi wP‡Î AB †j‡Ýi †dvKvm Zj|

wPÎ : AB nj †jÝwUi †dvKvm Zj

cÖkœ : 5| DËj †j݇K Awfmvix †jÝ ejv hvq †Kb?

DËi : DËj †j݇K Awfmvix †jÝ ejvi KviY :
mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q‡K †Kvb DËj †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q cvVv‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci H
iwk¥¸”Q GKwU †K›`ªgyLx Awfmvix iwk¥¸‡”Q cwiYZ nq| mgvš ﾏ ivj
iwk¥¸‡jv DËj †j‡Ý cÖwZmi‡Yi ci G‡K Ac‡ii w`‡K GwM‡q G‡m ci¯•i GKwU
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq|
wP‡Î, DËj †j‡Ý mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci E we›`y‡Z AwfmvwiZ
n‡q‡Q|

cÖkœ : 6| AeZj †j݇K Acmvix †jÝ ejv nq †Kb?

DËi : AeZj †j݇K Acmvix †jÝ ejvi KviY :
92 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q †Kvb AeZj †j‡Ýi ga¨

w`‡q cvVv‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci H iwk¥¸”Q
Acmvix ev †K›`ªewngy©Lx iwk¥¸”Q
iƒ‡c wbM©Z nq| mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸‡jv
AeZj †j‡Ý cÖwZmi‡Yi ci G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K
` ﾁ ‡ i m‡i hvIqvi †Póv K‡i Ges
cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥¸‡jv wcQ‡bi w`‡K
ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv GKwU we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq|
wP‡Î, AeZj †j‡Ý mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci F we›`y n‡Z AcmvwiZ
n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq|
cÖkœ : 7| †j‡Ýi mvg‡b Aew¯’Z †h †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ AsK‡bi mgq
Zzwg †Kvb& †Kvb& iwk¥i mvnvh¨ †bqv myweavRbK g‡b Ki?
DËi : †j‡Ýi mvg‡b Aew¯’Z †h †Kvb e¯‘i we¤^ A¼‡bi mgq Avwg
wbæwjwLZ iwk¥¸‡jvi mvnvh¨ †bqv myweavRbK g‡b Kwi|
i) †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª w`‡q AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †mvRvmywR
P‡j hvq|
ii) †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ iv‡j AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZmi‡Yi ci cÖavb
†dvKvm w`‡q hvq (DËj †j‡Ý) ev cÖavb †dvKvm †_‡K Avm‡Q e‡j
g‡b nq (AeZj †j‡Ý)|
iii) †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi ga¨w`‡q (DËj †j‡Ý) ev cÖavb †dvKvm
AwfgyLx (AeZj †j‡Ý) AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZmi‡Yi ci cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj n‡q hvq|
cÖkœ : 8| AeZj †jÝ me©`v wKiƒc cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i?
DËi : AeZj †j‡Ýi mvg‡b j¶¨e¯‘i †h †Kvb Ae¯’v‡b MwVZ we¤^ wbæiƒc nq
−
we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb : †jÝ I e¯‘i gv‡S
we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ : Am` I †mvRv
we‡¤^i AvK…wZ : Lwe©Z|

Dc‡ii wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ AeZj †j‡Ý MwVZ we¤^ wKiƒc nq Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wP‡Î I, II, III BZ¨vw` Ae¯’v‡b j¶¨e¯‘i Rb¨ MwVZ we¤^¸‡jv h_vµ‡g 1, 2, 3
we›`y‡Z MwVZ n‡q‡Q| j¶¨e¯‘ hZ †j‡Ýi mvg‡b m‡i Avm‡e we‡¤^i AvKviI ZZ
eo n‡e wKš‘ KLbB Zv j¶¨e¯‘i AvKv‡ii mgvb n‡e bv|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 93

cÖkœ : 9| wb‡æv³ cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZi we¤^ †c‡Z n‡j DËj †j‡Ýi

mv‡c‡¶ j¶¨e¯‘‡K †Kv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e?
K. ev¯ﾏ e I weewa©Z M. m` I j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb
L. ev¯ﾏ e I Lwe©Z N. Am` I weewa©Z|
DËi : K. ev¯ﾏ e I weewa©Z Gi †¶‡Î j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’vb :
DËj †j‡Ý ev¯ﾏ e I weewa©Z we¤^ †c‡Z n‡j †j‡Ýi mv‡c‡¶ j¶¨e¯‘‡K f Ges 2f
Gi g‡a¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b f nj DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡|

L. ev¯ﾏ e I Lwe©Z Gi †¶‡Î j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’vb :

DËj †j‡Ý ev¯ ﾏ e I Lwe©Z we¤^ †c‡Z n‡j †j‡Ýi mv‡c‡¶ j¶¨e¯‘‡K 2f Gi
(†dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY) †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡ ivL‡Z n‡e| j¶¨e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡ 2f †_‡K hZ
†ewk n‡e ZZ Lwe©Z we¤^ cvIqv hv‡e|

M. m` I j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb Gi †¶‡Î j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’vb : DËj †j‡Ý m` I

j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb we¤^ †c‡Z n‡j †j‡Ýi mv‡c‡¶ j¶¨e¯‘‡K 2f `ﾁ i‡Z¡ ivL‡Z n‡e|
GLv‡b f nj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡|
94 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

N. Am` I weewa©Z Gi †¶‡Î j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’vb : DËj †j‡Ý Am` I

weewa©Z we¤^ †c‡Z n‡j †j‡Ýi mv‡c‡¶ j¶¨e¯‘‡K Av‡jvK †K›`ª I cÖavb
†dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| wP‡Î, O Av‡jvK †K›`ª Ges F1F2 h_vµ‡g cÖ_g I
wØZxq cÖavb †dvKvm|

cÖkœ : 10| GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY ` ﾁ ‡ i GKwU

j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡Q| we¤^ †Kv_vq m„wó n‡e? Gi cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZ
wKiƒc n‡e?
DËi : GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY ` ﾁ ‡ i A_©vr 2f `ﾁ i‡Z¡ j¶¨e¯‘
_vK‡j we¤^ †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY `ﾁ i‡Z¡ MwVZ n‡e|
wP‡Î, LOL′ DËj †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK
†K›`ª O we›`y †_‡K †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY ` ﾁ i‡Z¡
¯’vwcZ PQ j¶¨e¯‘i Rb¨ †j‡Ýi Aci
cv‡k 2f `ﾁ i‡Z¡ P′Q′ we¤^ MwVZ
n‡q‡Q|
we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv
we‡¤^i AvK…wZ : j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb|
cÖkœ : 11| GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ j¶¨e¯‘ _vK‡j
we¤^ †Kv_vq m„wó n‡e? we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZ wKiƒc n‡e?
DËi : GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ j¶¨e¯‘ _vK‡j, j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †h
cv‡k we¤^I †mB cv‡k j¶¨e¯‘i wcQ‡b †dvKv‡mi evB‡i MwVZ n‡e| wP‡Î
′
LOL DËj †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª O Ges cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ PQ j¶¨e¯‘i Rb¨
we¤^ P′Q′ cÖavb †dvKv‡mi evB‡i MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 95

we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ : Am` I †mvRv|

we‡¤^i AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
cÖkœ : 12| wP‡ýi m` abvZ¡K cÖ_v wee„Z Ki|
DËi : wP‡ýi m` abvÍK cÖ_v :
wP‡ýi cyivZb cÖ_v e¨env‡ii d‡j `c©Y Ges †j‡Ýi mvaviY mgxKiY GK nq
bv| GB mg¯ ﾏ Amyweav ` ﾁ i Kivi Rb¨ 1934 mv‡j jÊb¯’ wdwRK¨vj
†mvmvBwU wP‡ýi ixwZ m¤•‡K© GKwU bZzb cÖ_v mycvwik K‡ib| Gi
bvg wP‡ýi bZzb cÖ_v ev m` abvZ¡K cÖ_v| GB cÖ_vi wZbwU wbqg Av‡Q|
h_v−
1. mKj `ﾁ iZ¡ †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª †_‡K cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. mKj m` ` ﾁ iZ¡ abvÍK| m` ` ﾁ iZ¡ ej‡Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ cÖK…Zc‡¶ †h
`ﾁ iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i †mB `ﾁ iZ¡‡K eySvq| A_©vr m` j¶¨e¯‘, m` we¤^
ev m` †dvKv‡mi `ﾁ iZ¡‡K abvÍK aiv nq|
3. mKj Am` ` ﾁ iZ¡ FYvÍK| †h ` ﾁ iZ¡ Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖK…Zc‡¶ AwZµg K‡i
bvÑ AwZµg K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b nq †mB ` ﾁ iZ¡‡K Am` ` ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j| Am`
j¶¨e¯‘, Am` we¤^, Am` †dvKv‡mi `ﾁ iZ¡‡K Am` `ﾁ iZ¡ aiv nq|
GB bZzb cÖ_v Abymv‡i, DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ ab ivwk I AeZj †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ FY ivwk, DËj cÖwZmiY c„‡ói eµZvi e¨vmva© abvÍK Ges
AeZj cÖwZmiY c„‡ôi eµZvi e¨vmva© FYvÍK|
cÖkœ : 13| ¯•k© bv K‡i GKwU †jÝ wKiƒc Zv wKfv‡e †evSv hvq?
(ewi.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2000 ; Kz. †ev. Õ99)
DËi : †jÝ mbv³KiY :
¯•k© bv K‡iI †jÝ mbv³ Kiv hvq| cix¶Yxq †j‡Ýi mvg‡b Lye wbK‡U GKwU
Av½yj Lvovfv‡e ivL‡j−
i) hw` †j‡Ýi Aci w`‡K Av½y‡ji †mvRv I weewa©Z we¤^ †`Lv hvq Z‡e
†jÝwU DËj|
ii) hw` †j‡Ýi Aci w`‡K Av½y‡ji †mvRv wKš‘ Lwe©Z we¤^ †`Lv hvq
Z‡e †jÝwU AeZj|
cÖkœ : 14| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv ej‡Z wK eyS? (iv. †ev. 2000 ; P. †ev. Õ99 ; wm. †ev.
2001)
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZv :
msÁv : DËj †jÝ Øviv Gi Dci AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q‡K AwfmvwiZ Kievi
Ges AeZj †jÝ Øviv Gi Dci AvcwZZ iwk¥¸”Q‡K AcmvwiZ Kievi mvg_©¨‡K
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv e‡j|
†Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv Zvi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i e¨¯ﾏ vbycvwZK| †Kvb †j‡Ýi †dvKvm
`ﾁ iZ¡ f Ges ¶gZv P n‡j−
96 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

WvqvÞvi
P = −
A_©vr wgUv‡i cÖKvwkZ †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wPý cwieZ©b K‡i wecixZ ivwk
wb‡j WvBAÞv‡i †j‡Ýi ¶gZv cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœ : 15| †j‡Ýi e¨envi wjL| (Xv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †j‡Ýi e¨envi : Avgiv Rvwb `yB cÖKv‡ii †jÝ Av‡Q| h_v−
1. DËj †jÝ
2. AeZj †jÝ|
†j‡Ýi A‡bK e¨envi cwijw¶Z nq| wb‡æ Dnv‡`i K‡qKwU e¨envi D‡jL Kiv nj−
DËj †j‡Ýi e¨envi :
1. DËj †j݇K AvZkx KuvP wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| DËj †j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨
Av‡jvK iwk¥‡K GKwU we›`y‡Z †K›`ªxf‚Z K‡i Av¸b R¡vjv‡bvi Kv‡R
e¨eüZ nq e‡j G‡K AvZkx KuvP e‡j|
2. Pkgv, K¨v‡giv, weea©K KuvP, Abyex¶Y hš ﾐ, `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ BZ¨vw`
Av‡jvK h‡š ﾐ GB †jÝ e¨eüZ nq|
AeZj †j‡Ýi e¨envi :
1. cÖavbZ Pkgvq e¨envi Kiv nq|
2. `ﾁ iex¶Y h‡š ﾐ GB †jÝ e¨eüZ nq|
cÖkœ : 16| †j‡Ýi ¶gZvi GKK wK?
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZvi GKK : †j‡Ýi ¶gZvi cÖPwjZ GKK nj WvBAÞvi (dioptre)|
hw`I GwU Gm. AvB GKK bq| GK wgUvi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i †Kvb †j‡Ýi
¶gZv‡K GK WvBAÞvi (d) e‡j|
†j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡‡K wgUv‡i cÖKvk K‡i Zvi wecixZ ivwk wb‡j WvBAÞv‡i
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœ : 17| DËj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv abvÍK bv FYvÍK?
DËi : DËj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv ej‡Z Avgiv eywS DËj †jÝ GK¸”Q mgvš ﾏ ivj Av‡jvK
iwk¥‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci KZ ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ AwfmvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi DËj †jÝ
mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q‡K †h we›`y‡Z AwfmvwiZ K‡i †mUvB Zvi cÖavb
†dvKvm Ges Av‡jvK †K›`ª †_‡K H we›`yi ` ﾁ iZ¡B †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡| AZGe,
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv Gi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i|
Avgiv Rvwb, DËj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p =
†h‡nZz DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ (f) abvÍK †m‡nZz Zvi ¶gZvI abvÍK n‡e|
cÖkœ : 18| †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv + 3d ej‡Z wK eyS? (Kz. †ev. Õ99; wm.†ev.
2005)
DËi : †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv + 3d ej‡Z †evSvq− †jÝwU DËj Ges GwU cÖavb
A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj GK¸”Q Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K †jÝ †_‡K ` ﾁ ‡ i GK we›`y‡Z GKwÎZ
K‡i|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 97

cÖkœ : 19| †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv − 2.5d ej‡Z wK eyS? (iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev.
2000,2005 ewi.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv −2.5d ej‡Z †evSvq− †jÝwU AeZj Ges GwU cÖavb
A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj GK¸”Q Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K Ggbfv‡e Acmvix K‡i †hb g‡b nq
G¸‡jv †_‡K m ev 0.4m `ﾁ‡ii †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q|

Abykxjbxi
iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| wPÎ Gu‡K †j‡Ýi †dvKvm, †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡, Av‡jvK †K›`ª,
cÖavb A¶ †`LvI Ges G‡`i eY©bv `vI|
(h. †ev. Õ99 ; m. †ev. Õ98)
DËi : wb‡Pi wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm, †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡, Av‡jvK †K›`ª,
cÖavb A¶ †`Lv‡bv nj−
wP‡Î, O = †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª
F = cÖavb †dvKvm
OF = †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ = f
Ges C1, C2 mij‡iLv‡K †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶ e‡j|

wPÎ : DËj †jÝ wPÎ : AeZj †jÝ

cÖavb †dvKvm :
msÁv : cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q DËj †j‡Ý cÖwZm„Z n‡q †h
wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq ev AeZj †j‡Ý cÖwZm„Z n‡q †h wbw`©ó
we›`y n‡Z Qwo‡q co‡Q e‡j g‡b nqÑ Zv‡K cÖavb †dvKvm ejv nq| wP‡Î F
nj DËj Ges AeZj †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKvm|
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ :
msÁv : †Kvb †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK n‡Z cÖavb †dvKvm ch©š ﾏ ` ﾁ iZ¡‡K †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j| †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡‡K f Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wP‡Î OF nj DËj I
AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡|
Av‡jvK †K›`ª :
msÁv : †Kvb Av‡jvKiwk¥ hw` †Kvb †j‡Ýi GK c„‡ô AvcwZZ n‡q wbM©Z
98 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

nIqvi mgq AvcwZZ iwk¥i mgvš ﾏ ivjfv‡e wbM©Z nq Zvn‡j †mB iwk¥ †j‡Ýi
cÖavb A‡¶i Dci †h we›`y w`‡q hvq †mB we›`y‡K †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª e‡j|
wb‡Pi wP‡Î 'O' nj DËj I AeZj †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª|

wPÎ : DËj †jÝ wPÎ : AeZj †jÝ

cÖavb A¶ :
msÁv : `ywU †Mvjxq c„ô Øviv †jÝ MwVZ| myZivs †j‡Ýi eµZvi †K›`ª Ges
eµZvi e¨vmva© `ywU| †j‡Ýi Dfq c„‡ôi eµZvi †K‡›`ªi ga¨w`‡q MgbKvix
mij‡iLv‡K cÖavb A¶ e‡j| wP‡Î C1C2 nj DËj I AeZj †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶|
Avevi †j‡Ýi GKwU c„ô mgZj I Aci c„ô †Mvjxq n‡j †Mvjxq c„‡ôi eµZvi †K›`ª
†_‡K mgZj c„‡ôi Dci Awfj¤^B n‡e †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶|
cÖkœ : 2| DËj †j‡Ýi cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j wKfv‡e cÖwZwe‡¤^i m„wó nq
Zv iwk¥ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Gu‡K †`LvI Ges eY©bv `vI|
DËi : DËj †j‡Ý cÖwZwe‡¤^i MVb : g‡b Kwi, AOB GKwU DËj †jÝ| O Gi
Av‡jvK †K›`ª, F1 I F2 h_vµ‡g Gi cÖ_g I wØZxq cÖavb †dvKvm Ges F1OF2
cÖavb A¶|

aiv hvK, †j‡Ýi A¶ F1OF2 Gi Dci cÖavb †dvKvm F1 Gi evB‡i PQ GKwU e¯‘
j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z| e¯‘wUi P we›`y n‡Z GKwU Av‡jvKiwk¥ PR cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ iv‡j †j‡Ýi R we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q wØZxq cÖavb †dvKvm F2 Gi
ga¨w`‡q cÖwZm„Z nj| P we›`y n‡Z Aci GKwU Av‡jvK iwk¥ PO †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK
†K›`ª O Gi ga¨w`‡q GKB c‡_ cÖwZm„Z nj| cÖwZm„Z iwk¥ `ywU P1
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nj| myZivs P1 nj P we›`yi ev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^|
Gevi P1 we›`y n‡Z cÖavb A‡¶i Dci P1Q1 j¤^ AuvwK| AZGe P1Q1 nj PQ e¯‘i
Dëv‡bv ev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^|
j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i DËj †j‡Ý m„ó cÖwZwe¤^ ev¯ﾏ e I Aev¯ﾏ e,
†mvRv I D‡ëv, j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q AvKv‡i †QvU, eo I mgvb n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖkœ : 3| AeZj †j‡Ý wKfv‡e e¯‘i we¤^ m„wó nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 99

†`LvI|
DËi : AeZj †j‡Ý cÖwZwe‡¤^i MVb :

g‡b Kwi, AOB GKwU AeZj †jÝ| O Gi Av‡jvK †K›`ª, F cÖavb †dvKvm Ges
QFO Gi cÖavb A¶|
aiv hvK, GKwU j¶¨e¯‘ PQ †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z| e¯‘wUi P
we›`y n‡Z GKwU Av‡jvKiwk¥ PR cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ iv‡j †j‡Ýi R we›`y‡Z
AvcwZZ n‡q RS c‡_ cÖwZm„Z nj| RS †K †cQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Zv
cÖavb †dvKvm F w`‡q Mgb Ki‡e| P we›`y n‡Z Aci GKwU iwk¥ PO †j‡Ýi
Av‡jvK †K›`ª O Gi ga¨ w`‡q †mvRv OT c‡_ cÖwZm„Z nj| GB cÖwZm„Z
iwk¥ `ywU‡K †cQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv P1 we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| myZivs
P1 nj P we›`yi Aev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^| P1 n‡Z cÖavb A‡¶i Dci P1Q1 j¤^ Uvwb|
Zvn‡j P1Q1 nj PQ e¯‘i wmav I Aev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^|
AeZj †j‡Ý me©`v Aev¯ ﾏ e, †mvRv Ges j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q †QvU AvKv‡ii
cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|
cÖkœ : 4| †Kvb DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci j¶¨e¯‘i wb‡æv³ Ae¯’v‡bi
Rb¨ cÖwZwe¤^ wKiƒc n‡e wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki| (ewi.†ev. 2006;
2002)
K. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظ‡YiI †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡
L. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY `ﾁ i‡Z¡
M. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi evB‡i wKš‘ †dvKvm
`ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY `ﾁ i‡Z¡i Kg `ﾁ i‡Z¡
N. j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡jvK †K›`ª Ges cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨|
DËi : g‡b Kwi, LOL′ GKwU DËj †jÝ| O Gi Av‡jvK †K›`ª| F1 I F2 h_vµ‡g cÖ_g I
wØZxq cÖavb †dvKvm Ges †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f|
aiv hvK, †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶ F1F2 Gi Dci PQ GKwU j¶¨e¯‘| wb‡æ PQ j¶¨e¯‘i
wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡c‡¶ Gi cÖwZwe‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZ
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj−
K. j¶¨e¯‘i †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظ‡YiI †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡ :
P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ iv‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡j
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci G¸‡jv P′ we›`y‡Z
100 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wgwjZ nq| P′ †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci

′ ′
Aw¼Z PQ j¤^B PQ Gi
cÖwZwe¤^|
Ae¯’vb : f I 2f Gi g‡a¨
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : Lwe©Z|
L. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY `ﾁ i‡Z¡ :
P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb
A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci P′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq| P′ †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci
Aw¼Z P′Q′ j¤^B PQ Gi
cÖwZwe¤^|
Ae¯’vb : 2f `ﾁ i‡Z¡
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb|
M. j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡mi evB‡i wKš‘ †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i
wظY `ﾁ i‡Z¡i Kg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ :
P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j
′
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci P we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq| P †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci AswKZ
′ ′
P Q j¤^B PQ Gi cÖwZwe¤^|
Ae¯’vb : 2f Gi †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡
cÖK…wZ : ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
N. j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡jvK †K›`ª Ges cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ :
P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci Giv ci¯•i Acmvix nq| G¸‡jv
wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j P′ we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| P′
†_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z P′Q′ j¤^B PQ Gi cÖwZwe¤^|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 101

Ae¯’vb : j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †h cv‡k, cÖwZwe¤^I †j‡Ýi †mB cv‡k j¶¨e¯‘i

wcQ‡b †dvKv‡mi evB‡i|
cÖK…wZ : Aev¯ﾏ e I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
cÖkœ : 5| DËj †j‡Ý wKfv‡e m` I Am` we¤^ MwVZ nq wP‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| (m. †ev. Õ98)
DËi : DËj †j‡Ý m` I Am` we¤^ MVb :
DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i m` I Am` Dfq cÖKvi we¤^B
MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| MwVZ we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb, AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ †j‡Ýi mvg‡b
Aew¯’Z j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
g‡b Kwi, LOL′ GKwU DËj †jÝ| O Gi Av‡jvK †K›`ª| F1 I F2 h_vµ‡g cÖ_g I wØZxq
cÖavb †dvKvm Ges †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f|
aiv hvK, †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶ F1F2 Gi Dci PQ GKwU j¶¨e¯‘| P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥
Av‡jvK †K›`ª eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ iv‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡j
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci P′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| P′ †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z P′Q′
j¤^B PQ Gi cÖwZwe¤^|
wb‡æ cÖavb A‡¶i Dci wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b DËj †j‡Ý m` I Am` cÖwZwe¤^
wKfv‡e MwVZ nq Zv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nj−
DËj †j‡Ý m` cÖwZwe¤^ MVb : wbæwjwLZ †¶‡Î DËj †j‡Ý m`
cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|
1. j¶¨e¯‘ Amxg ` ﾁ ‡ i Aew¯’Z : Amxg ` ﾁ ‡ i Aew¯’Z j¶¨e¯‘i kxl© †_‡K
AvMZ ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q cÖavb A‡¶i mv‡_ AvbZfv‡e AvcwZZ
n‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †dvKvm Z‡ji P′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| P′ †_‡K cÖavb
A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z P′Q′ j¤^B PQ Gi cÖwZwe¤^|

Ae¯’vb : cÖavb †dvKvm

cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv
AvK…wZ : AZ¨š ﾏ Lwe©Z|
2. j¶¨e¯‘ †jÝ †_‡K 2f Gi †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z :
102 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

Ae¯’vb : f I 2f Gi g‡a¨
cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv
AvK…wZ : Lwe©Z|
3. j¶¨e¯‘ 2f `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z :

Ae¯’vb : 2f Gi †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡

cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv
AvK…wZ : j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb|
4. j¶¨e¯‘ f I 2 f Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z :

Ae¯’vb : 2f Gi †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡

cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv
AvK…wZ : j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb|
5. j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z :
P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ iv‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci G¸‡jv ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj nq| G¸‡jv
Amx‡g wgwjZ nq wKsev wcQ‡bi w`‡K evov‡j Amxg †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q
e‡j g‡b nq|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 103

Ae¯’vb : Amx‡g
cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv A_ev Am` I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : AZ¨š ﾏ weewa©Z|
DËj †j‡Ý Am` cÖwZwe¤^ MVb : wbæwjwLZ †¶‡Î DËj †j‡Ý Am`
cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| h_v−
1. j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z :

Ae¯’vb : Amx‡g
cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv A_ev Am` I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : AZ¨š ﾏ weewa©Z|
2. j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡jvK †K›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z :
P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i
mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci Giv ci¯•i Acmvix nq| G¸‡jv
wcQb w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j P′ we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| P′ †_‡K
cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z P′Q′ j¤^B PQ Gi cÖwZwe¤^|

Ae¯’vb: j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †h cv‡k, cÖwZwe¤^I †j‡Ýi †mB cv‡k j¶¨e¯‘i

wcQ‡b †dvKv‡mi evB‡i|
cÖK…wZ : Am` I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
wm×vš ﾏ : Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv ¯•ó †h−
1. Amxg ` ﾁ iZ¡ †_‡K cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb Ae¯’v‡b
104 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖwZwe¤^ m` nq| cÖavb †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z n‡j cÖwZwe¤^ m`

wKsev Am` nq|
2. cÖavb †dvKvm †_‡K `c©‡bi wbKU Av‡jvK †K›`ª ch©š ﾏ j¶¨e¯‘i †h
†Kvb Ae¯’v‡b cÖwZwe¤^ Am` nq|
cÖkœ : 6| GKwU DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo AvKv‡ii m` I Am` Dfq
cÖKvi we¤^B MVb Kiv m¤¢e Dc‡hvMx wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo AvKv‡ii cÖwZwe¤^ MVb :
DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo AvKv‡ii m` I Am`
Dfq cÖKvi cÖwZwe¤^B MVb Kiv m¤¢e|
g‡b Kwi, LOL′ GKwU DËj †jÝ| O Gi Av‡jvK †K›`ª, F1 I F2 h_vµ‡g cÖ_g I
wØZxq cÖavb †dvKvm Ges †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f|
aiv hvK, †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶ F1F2 Gi Dci PQ GKwU j¶¨e¯‘|
wb‡æ j¶¨e¯‘i wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo AvKv‡ii A_©vr
weewa©Z m` I Am` Dfq cÖwZwe¤^B †h MVb Kiv m¤¢e Zv wP‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv nj−
K. j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo m` cÖwZwe¤^ MVb : wbæwjwLZ `ywU †¶‡Î DËj †j‡Ý
weewa©Z I m` cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
1. j¶¨e¯‘ f Ges 2f Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z : P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª eivei
Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci P′
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| P †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z P′Q′ j¤^B PQ Gi
cÖwZwe¤^|

Ae¯’vb : 2f Gi †ewk `ﾁ i‡Z¡

cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
2. j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z : P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª
eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ iv‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡j
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci G¸‡jv ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj nq| G¸‡jv Amx‡g wgwjZ nq wKsev
wcQ‡bi w`‡K evov‡j Amxg †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 105

Ae¯’vb : Amx‡g
cÖK…wZ : m` I D‡ëv A_ev Am` I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : AZ¨š ﾏ weewa©Z|
L. j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q eo Am` cÖwZwe¤^ MVb : wbæwjwLZ `ywU †¶‡Î DËj
†j‡Ý weewa©Z I Am` cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i−
1. j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z :
(6bs cÖ‡kœi 2bs Ask wjL)
2. j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡jvK †K›`ª I cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ :
(4bs cÖ‡kœi N Ask wjL)

cÖkœ : 7| DËj †j‡Ý wKfv‡e Am` we¤^ m„wó nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨

†`LvI|
DËi : DËj †j‡Ý Am` we¤^ MVb : DËj †j‡Ý MwVZ we‡¤^i Ae¯’vb,
cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZ †j‡Ýi mvg‡b Aew¯’Z j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’vb cÖavb †dvKvm †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Av‡jvK †K›`ª ch©š ﾏ GB `ﾁ i‡Z¡i
g‡a¨ _vK‡j DËj †j‡Ý MwVZ we¤^ Am` n‡q _v‡K|
g‡b Kwi, LOL′ GKwU DËj †jÝ| O Gi Av‡jvK †K›`ª; F1I F2 h_vµ‡g cÖ_g I wØZxq
cÖavb †dvKvm Ges †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f
aiv hvK, †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶ F1F2 Gi Dci PQ GKwU j¶¨e¯‘|
wb‡P j¶¨e¯‘i wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b Am` we¤^ MVb wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj
−
j¶¨e¯‘ cÖavb †dvKv‡m Aew¯’Z :
(6bs cÖ‡kœi (K)-Gi 2 wjL)
j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡jvK †K›`ª Ges cÖavb †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ :
(4bs cÖ‡kœi N Ask wjL)

cÖkœ : 8| †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©‡qi GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|

DËi : †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©‡qi cix¶v : c¨vivj¨v· c×wZ :
ZË¡ : †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges wbKUeZ©x iwk¥¸”Q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci
cÖavb A‡¶i Dci †h we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq Zv‡K cÖavb †dvKvm e‡j| Av‡jvK
†K›`ª †_‡K cÖavb †dvKvm ch©š ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡‡K †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j|
†Kvb DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKv‡m cÖavb A‡¶i mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e hw` GKwU e¯‘
ivLv nq, Zvn‡j H e¯‘ †_‡K wbtm„Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ †j‡Ý cÖwZmwiZ n‡q
cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ iv‡j P‡j hvq| GLb †j‡Ýi wcQ‡b GKwU mgZj `c©Y hw`
cÖavb A‡¶i mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y ivLv hvq Zvn‡j cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥¸‡jv `c©‡Y
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q GKB c‡_ mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥iƒ‡c wd‡i Av‡m| GB mgvš ﾏ ivj
iwk¥¸‡jv †j‡Ý cÖwZm„Z n‡q cybivq cÖavb †dvKv‡m wgwjZ nq| d‡j
cÖavb †dvKv‡m j¶¨e¯‘i GKwU Am` we¤^ MwVZ nq| †jÝ †_‡K GB we¤^
ch©š ﾏ `ﾁ iZ¡B †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡|
106 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš ﾐ cvwZ :
i) DËj †jÝ iv) wgUvi †¯‹j
ii) mgZj `c©b v) ÷¨vó I K¬¨v¤•|
iii) j¶wcb
Kv‡Ri aviv :
i) GKwU Lvov ÷¨v‡Êi f‚wgi Dci GKLvwb mgZj `c©b M Ges `c©‡bi
Dci cix¶vaxb †jÝ L ivLv nq| ÷¨v‡Êi Lvov evûi Dci GKwU K¬¨v¤•
AvU‡K Zvi mv‡_ GKwU wcb AvUKv‡bv nq|
ii) K¬¨v¤•wU Lvov evû n‡Z mvgvb¨ AvjMv K‡i ÷¨v‡Êi Mv †e‡q wb‡Pi
w`‡K bvwg‡q †j‡Ýi Dci Z‡ji KvQvKvwQ Avb‡Z nq| Gevi wcbwUi
kxl© mvg‡b wcQ‡b K‡i kxl©‡K †j‡Ýi A¶ eivei Avbv nq|

wPÎ : †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©‡qi c¨vivj¨v· c×wZ

iii)Gevi K¬¨v¤•mn wcbwU‡K ÷¨v‡Êi Mv †e‡q Dc‡i Zz‡j Ggb D”PZvq
÷¨v‡Ê AvUKv‡bv nq †hb wc‡bi we‡¤^i kxl© Ges wc‡bi kxl© GB
`yB‡qi g‡a¨ c¨vivj¨v· ev `„wóåg bv _v‡K A_©vr GB Ae¯’vq GK
†PvL eÜ K‡i gv_v Wv‡b ev‡g miv‡j we¤^ I wc‡bi kxl© hw`
GKmv‡_ Gw`‡K Iw`‡K m‡i Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb duvK m„wó bv nq
Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb c¨vivj¨v· †bB| GB Ae¯’vq wc‡bi
kxl© †jÝwUi †dvKvm we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i|
iv) †jÝ †_‡K wc‡bi kxl© ch©š ﾏ ` ﾁ iZ¡B †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡| GKwU
wgUvi †¯‹‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GB `ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©q Kiv nq|
v) DcwiD³ c×wZ K‡qKevi cybive„wË K‡i Zv‡`i Mo ` ﾁ iZ¡ †ei K‡i †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©q Kiv nq|
cÖkœ : 9| †jÝ wKfv‡e mbv³ Kiv nq, wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
(wm. †ev. 2001 ; e. †ev. 2001; h.†ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2002; Xv.†ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. Õ99;
iv.†ev. 2003; 2005)
DËi : †jÝ mbv³KiY : DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †Kvb j¶¨e¯‘ ivL‡j
†mB e¯‘i Aev¯ﾏ e, †mvRv I weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| Avevi AeZj
†j‡Ýi mvg‡b j¶¨e¯‘ _vK‡j Zvi Aev¯ﾏ e, †mvRv I Lwe©Z cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ
nq| GB Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i †jÝ mbv³ Kiv hvq|
mbv³KiY c×wZ : cix¶Yxq †j‡Ýi mvg‡b Gi Lye wbK‡U GKwU Av½yj
Lvovfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡j−
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 107

1. hw` †j‡Ýi Aci w`‡K Av½y‡ji †mvRv I weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ †`Lv

hvq Z‡e †jÝwU DËj|
2. hw` †j‡Ýi Aci w`‡K Av½y‡ji †mvRv wKš‘ Lwe©Z cÖwZwe¤^ †`Lv
hvq Z‡e †jÝwU AeZj|
e¨vL¨v : 1
g‡b Kwi, LOL′ GKwU DËj †jÝ| O Gi Av‡jvK †K›`ª| F1 I F2 h_vµ‡g cÖ_g I
wØZxq cÖavb †dvKvm Ges †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f |
aiv hvK, †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶ F1F2 Gi Dci PQ GKwU j¶¨e¯‘ ev Av½yj| Av½y‡ji
m‡e©v”P cÖvš ﾏ P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª eivei Ges GKwU iwk¥
cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci Giv ci¯•i Acmvix nq|
G¸‡jv‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j P′ we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq|
′ ′ ′
P †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z P Q j¤^B Av½y‡ji Aev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^|

Ae¯’vb : j¶¨e¯‘ †j‡Ýi †h cv‡k, cÖwZwe¤^I †j‡Ýi †mB cv‡k

j¶¨e¯‘i wcQ‡b †dvKv‡mi evB‡i|
cÖK…wZ : Aev¯ﾏ e I †mvRv
AvK…wZ : weewa©Z|
e¨vL¨v : 2
Av½y‡ji †h †Kvb Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ AeZj †j‡Ýi †¶‡Î wbæwjwLZfv‡e we¤^
MwVZ nq|
g‡b Kwi, AOB GKwU AeZj †jÝ| O Gi Av‡jvK †K›`ª, F cÖavb †dvKvm Ges QFO
cÖavb A¶|
aiv hvK, †j‡Ýi cÖavb A¶ QFO Gi Dci PQ GKwU Av½y‡ji Ae¯’vb| Av½y‡ji
m‡e©v”P cÖvš ﾏ P †_‡K GKwU iwk¥ cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj Ges GKwU
iwk¥ Av‡jvK †K›`ª eivei we‡ePbv Ki‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi ci Giv ci¯•i Acmvix nq|
G¸‡jv‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j P′ we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq|
′ ′ ′
P †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Aw¼Z P Q j¤^B Av½y‡ji Aev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^|
108 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wPÎ, PQ Av½yj I, II, I III Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡j Gi cÖwZwe¤^ h_vµ‡g 1,2,3 Ae¯’v‡b
MwVZ nq| cÖwZwe¤^ me©`v †jÝ I Av½y‡ji gv‡S Ges Aev¯ﾏ e, †mvRv I
AvKv‡i Av½y‡ji †P‡q †QvU nq| Av½yj hZ †j‡Ýi w`‡K m‡i Avm‡e
cÖwZwe‡¤^i AvKviI ZZ eo n‡e| wKš‘ KLbB Zv Av½y‡ji AvKv‡ii mgvb n‡e
bv|
cÖkœ : 10| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wK D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki| †j‡Ýi ¶gZvi
MvwYwZK cÖKvk wjL|
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZv :
msÁv : DËj †jÝ Øviv Gi Dci AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q‡K AwfmvwiZ Kievi
Ges AeZj †jÝ Øviv Gi Dci AvcwZZ iwk¥¸”Q‡K AcmvwiZ Kievi mvg_©¨‡K
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv e‡j|
e¨vL¨v :
†h †jÝ GK¸”Q mgvš ﾏ ivj Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q‡K hZ †ewk Awfmvix ev Acmvix
iwk¥¸‡”Q cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi ¶gZv ZZ †ewk| Avevi †h †j‡Ýi †dvKvm
` ﾁ iZ¡ hZ Kg †mwU GK¸”Q mgvš ﾏ ivj Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q‡K †m ZZ †ewk
Awfmvix ev Acmvix iwk¥¸‡”Q cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Kv‡RB †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv Zvi †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i e¨¯ﾏ vbycvwZK|
†Kvb †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f Ges ¶gZv p n‡j−
p = − WvqvÞvi
A_©vr wgUv‡i cÖKvwkZ †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i wPý cwieZ©b K‡i wecixZ ivwk
wb‡j WvBAÞvi †j‡Ýi ¶gZv cvIqv hvq|
†j‡Ýi ¶gZvi MvwYwZK cÖKvk :
†h †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ hZ Kg Zvi ¶gZv ZZ †ewk| myZivs †j‡Ýi ¶gZv Zvi
†dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i e¨¯ﾏ vbycvwZK| A_©vr ¶gZv ∝ =
†j‡Ýi ¶gZvi cÖPwjZ GKK nj WvBAÞvi hw`I GwU Gm. AvB. GKK bq| G
wgUvi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv‡K GK WvBAÞvi (d) e‡j| †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡‡K wgUv‡i cÖKvk K‡i Zvi wecixZ ivwk wb‡j WvBAÞv‡i †j‡Ýi
¶gZv cvIqv hvq| †Kvb †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f wgUvi Ges ¶gZv P WvBAÞvi
n‡j,

AwZwi³
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 109

cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| DËj †j‡Ýi m¤§y‡L e¯‘i Ae¯’vb cÖavb †dvKv‡m I Av‡jvK
†K‡›`ªi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b n‡j we‡¤^i AvKvi, Ae¯’vb I cÖK…wZ wKiƒc
n‡e| (Kz.†ev. 2004)
DËi : Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK 4bs cÖ‡kœi (N) As‡ki DËi `ªóe¨|
cÖkœ : 2| msÁv `vI †j‡Ýi †¶‡Î :
K. eµZvi †K›`ª; L. eµZvi e¨vmva©|
DËi : K. eµZvi †K›`ª : †j‡Ýi †Kvb cÖwZmviK Zj †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask †mB
†Mvj‡Ki †K›`ª‡K †jÝwUi H cÖwZmviK Z‡ji eµZvi †K›`ª e‡j| wP‡Î C1 Ges C2
nj DËj I AeZj †j‡Ýi eµZvi †K›`ª|

L. eµZvi e¨vmva© : †j‡Ýi †Kvb cÖwZmviK Zj †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask †m

†Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K †jÝwUi H cÖwZmviK Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î r1 Ges r2 nj eµZvi e¨vmva©|
cÖkœ : 3| DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ 20 †m.wg. ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ 20 †m.wg. ej‡Z wbæwjwLZ welq¸‡jv
eySv hvq−
i) †jÝwUi †dvKvm Dnvi Av‡jvK †K›`ª n‡Z 20 †mwg. `ﾁ‡i Aew¯’Z|
ii) †j‡Ý Av‡jv‡Ki †K›`ª n‡Z Dnvi †dvKvm Z‡ji `ﾁ iZ¡ 20 †mwg.|
iii) H †j‡Ý cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj Av‡jvK iwk¥mg ﾁ n cÖwZmi‡Yi ci
cÖavb A¶‡K Av‡jvK †K›`ª n‡Z 20 †mwg. `ﾁ‡i †Q` K‡i|
iv) †jÝ n‡Z j¶¨e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡ 20 †mwg. n‡j e¯‘wUi cÖwZwe¤^ Amxg `ﾁ i‡Z¡
MwVZ n‡e|
v) †jÝ n‡Z j¶¨e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡ 2f = 2 × 20 †mwg. n‡j H e¯‘i AvKv‡ii mgvb AvKv‡ii
ev¯ﾏ e I Dëv cÖwZwe¤^ cvIqv hv‡e|
vi) †jÝwUi ¶gZv, P = − + 5 WvBAÞvi
cÖkœ : 4| cv_©K¨ wjL :
K. DËj †jÝ I AeZj †jÝ
L. `c©Y I †jÝ
DËi : DËj †jÝ I AeZj †j‡Ýi cv_©K¨ :
cv_©‡K¨i DËj †jÝ AeZj †jÝ
110 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

welq
1. `ywU Zj Øviv mxgve×
GKwU cÖwZmiY gva¨g
msÁv : hvi ga¨fvM ùxZ I `yB
cÖv‡š ﾏ i w`‡K µgk mi“
Zv‡`i‡K DËj †jÝ e‡j|
`ywU Zj Øviv mxgve×
cÖwZmiY gva¨g hvi
ga¨fvM mi“ Ges `yB cÖv‡š
ﾏ i w`‡K µgkt ùxZ Zv‡K
AeZj †jÝ e‡j|

wPÎ : DËj †jÝ

wPÎ : AeZj †jÝ
2. †j‡Ýi cÖwZmiY gva¨g †j‡Ýi cªwZmiY gva¨g A‡c¶v
A‡c¶v †e÷bKvix gva¨g †e÷bKvix gva¨g jNyZi n‡j
gva¨‡gi jNyZi n‡j GwU Awfmvix GwU Acmvix Ges NbZi n‡j
cÖK…wZ Ges NbZi n‡j GwU Acmvix GwU Awfmvix †jÝ|
: †jÝ|
3. DËj †j‡Ý ev¯ ﾏ e I Aev¯ ﾏ e AeZj †j‡Ý ïaygvÎ Aev¯ ﾏ e
`yB ai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^B cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|
we‡¤^i MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖK…wZ
:
4. j¶¨e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm AeZj †j‡Ý j¶¨ e¯‘i
`ﾁ i‡Z¡i wظY A‡c¶v †ewk cÖwZwe¤^ me©`v e¯‘i
we‡¤^i n‡j cÖwZwe¤^ AvKv‡i †P‡q †QvU nq|
AvK…wZ e¯‘i †P‡q †QvU nq Ges Kg
: n‡j cÖwZwe¤^ AvKv‡i
e¯‘i †P‡q eo nq|
5. Gi ¶gZv abvÍK we‡ewPZ Gi ¶gZv FYvÍK we‡ewPZ
nq| nq|
¶gZvi
cÖK…wZ
:
6. Gi mwbœK‡U GKwU †jLv Gi mwbœK‡U GKwU †jLv
a‡i †jÝwU‡K Wvb cvk¦© a‡i †jÝwU‡K Wvb cvk¦©
D`vniY : n‡Z evg cv‡k¦©i w`‡K n‡Z evg cv‡k¦©i w`‡K
miv‡Z _vK‡j †jLwUi miv‡Z _vK‡j †jLvwUi
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 111

Aev¯ ﾏ e I eo AvKv‡ii Aev¯ ﾏ e I ¶z`ªvKv‡ii

cÖwZwe¤^ evg cvk¦© cÖwZwe¤^ Wvb cvk¦©
n‡Z Wvb cv‡k¦©i w`‡K n‡Z evg cv‡k¦©i w`‡KB
mi‡Z †`Lv hvq| m‡i †h‡Z †`Lv hvq|
L. `c©Y I †j‡Ýi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
cv_©‡K¨i `c©Y †jÝ
welq
1. †Kvb gm„Y cÖwZdjK Zj‡K `yBwU Zj Øviv mxgve×
`c©Y e‡j| cy‡ivcywi ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi Dfq Zj
msÁv : cÖwZdjK Zj †`Lv hvq bv| †MvjKxq A_ev GKwU
mvaviYZ Kuv‡Pi †c‡Ui GK †MvjKxq I AciwU mgZj n‡j H
cv‡k¦© avZe cÖ‡jc w`‡q gva¨g‡K †jÝ e‡j|
`c©Y ˆZwi Kiv nq|
2. GKwU `c©Y mgZj, DËj GKwU †jÝ AeZj ev DËj n‡Z
Ges AeZj n‡Z cv‡i| cv‡i|
cÖKvi‡f`
:
3. mgZj I DËj `c©‡Y j¶¨e¯‘i DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i Ae¯’vb‡f‡`
me©`v Aev¯ ﾏ e I wmav KLbI ev¯ ﾏ e I Dëv Avevi
we‡¤^i Ges AeZj `c©‡Y j¶¨e¯‘i KLbI Aev¯ ﾏ e I wmav
cÖK… Ae¯’vb‡f‡` KLbI ev¯ ﾏ e I cÖwZwe¤^ Drcbœ nq|
wZ : Dëv Avevi KLbI Aev¯ ﾏ e I AeZj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘i me©`v
wmav cÖwZwe¤^ cvIqv Aev¯ﾏ e I wmav cÖwZwe¤^
hvq| cvIqv hvq|
4. mgZj `c©‡Y me©`v e¯‘i e¯‘i Ae¯’vb‡f‡` DËj †j‡Ý
mgvb Ges DËj `c©‡Y KLbI AvKv‡i e¯‘i †P‡q eo
we‡¤^i me©`v e¯‘i †P‡q †QvU Avevi KLbI †QvU
AvK… Ges AeZj `c©‡Y j¶¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ cvIqv hvq|
wZ : Ae¯’vb‡f‡` KLbI e¯‘i †P‡q AeZj †j‡Ý me©`v j¶¨e¯‘i
eo I KLbI †QvU AvKv‡ii †P‡q †QvU AvKv‡ii
cÖwZwe¤^ cvIqv hvq| cÖwZwe¤^ cvIqv hvq|
5. `c©‡Yi m¤§y‡L GKwU †jLv †j‡Ýi m¤§y‡L GKwU †jLv a‡i
a‡i `c©YwU‡K Wvb cvk¦© †jÝwU‡K Wvb cvk¦© n‡Z
D`vniY : n‡Z evg cv‡k¦©i w`‡K evg cv‡k¦©i w`‡K miv‡j
miv‡j †jLvi cÖwZwe¤^ †jLvi Ae¯ ﾏ ve cÖwZwe¤^
GKB w`‡K m‡i †h‡Z †`Lv evg n‡Z Wvb Ges AeZj †j‡Ý
hv‡e| Aev¯ ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^ Wvb
n‡Z evg cv‡k¦©i w`‡K m‡i
†h‡Z †`Lv hvq|
cÖkœ : 5| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv +5D ej‡Z wK eyS ? (mKj †evW© Õ98; P.†ev. 2005;
112 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
2003; ewi.†ev 2004)
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZv +5D ej‡Z Avgiv `ywU welq eyS‡Z cvwi| h_vÑ
1. †jÝwU DËj bv AeZj : DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ abvÍK, myZivs Gi
¶gZvI abvÍK n‡e| myZivs †jÝwU DËj †jÝ|
2. †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ : †jÝwUi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wgUvi ev 20 †m. wg.|
Kv‡RB †jÝwU cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj GK¸”Q Av‡jvK iwk¥‡K †jÝ †_‡K
m (=20cm) `ﾁ‡i GK we›`y‡Z AwfmvwiZ Ki‡e|

cÖkœ : 6| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv −2d ej‡Z wK eyS ? (Xv. †ev. 2000; P.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZv −2d ej‡Z Avgiv `ywU welq eyS‡Z cvwi| h_v-
1. †jÝwU DËj bv AeZj : AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ FYvÍK, myZivs Gi
¶gZvI FYvÍK n‡e| myZivs †jÝwU AeZj|
2. †j‡Ýi †dvKm `ﾁ iZ¡ : †jÝwUi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wgUvi ev −50 †m. wg.|
Kv‡RB †jÝwU cÖavb
A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivj GK¸”Q Av‡jvK iwk¥‡K Ggbfv‡e Acmvix K‡i †hb g‡b
nq G¸‡jv †jÝ †_‡K m (= −50cm) `ﾁ‡i †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q|

MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj I
mgvavb
MvwYwZK
D`vniYmg
ﾁn
D`v : 1| †Kvb e¨w³ Pkgv wn‡m‡e 20cm †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i AeZj †jÝ
e¨envi K‡ib| †jÝwUi ¶gZv KZ? (Xv.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
p = AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, f = − 20
= cm
= − 0.2m
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p = ?
∴ p = − 5d
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p = − 5d.
D`v : 2| + 2d ¶gZvm¤•bœ GKwU †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ KZ? †jÝwU
DËj bv AeZj? (iv.†ev. 2002)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
p = †j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p = + 2d
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, f = ?
ev, f = = ∴ f = 0.5m
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 113

myZivs †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ abvÍK ZvB †jÝwU DËj|

DËi : †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, f = 0.5m Ges †jÝwU DËj|

Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| 25cm †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wewkó DËj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
p = †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, f = 25cm = m
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv p = ?
= = 4m
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p = 4d.
mgm¨v : 2| 50cm †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wewkó AeZj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki|
(wm.†ev. P.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
p = = AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡, f = −
50cm = − m
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv p = ?
= − 2d
DËi : †j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p = − 2d.
mgm¨v : 3| + 5d ¶gZvm¤•bœ †jÝwUi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©q Ki|
(Abyiƒc iv.†ev. 2005; Kz. †ev. 2000; P.†ev. 2003)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
p = †j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p = +
5d
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv f = ?
ev, f =
=
= 0.2m
DËi : †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, f = 0.2m.
mgm¨v : 4| GKwU Pkgvi †j‡Ýi ¶gZv − 2.5d| Gi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡
wbY©q Ki|
(Kz.†ev. 2006; 2004; ewi.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2000; P.†ev. 2001)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
p = †j‡Ýi ¶gZv, p = − 2.5d
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv f = ?
ev, f =
= m
∴ f = − 0.4m
DËi : †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡, f = − 0.4m.
114 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. †h †j‡Ýi ga¨fvM †gvUv I 3. †j‡Ýi eµZvi †K›`ª I eµZvi
cÖvš ﾏ fvM mi“ Zv‡K wK ejv e¨vmva© KqwU?
nq? (Xv.†ev. 2002)
K. AeZj †jÝ ✓ L. DËj †jÝ A_ev, †j‡Ýi eµZvi †K›`ª I eµZvi
M. Acmvix †jÝ N. mg-AÂj †jÝ e¨vmva© KqwU
(ewi.†ev. 2006)
2. Acmvix †j‡Ýi †ejvq wb‡Pi
K. GKwU ✓ L. `ywU
†Kvb Dw³wU wVK?
M. wZbwU N. PviwU
K. Gi ga¨fvM †gvUv I cÖvš mi“ 4. †j‡Ýi GKwU c„ô mgZj I Aci
L. Gi cÖvš I ga¨fvM DfqB c„ô †Mvjxq n‡j †Mvjxq c„‡ôi
†gvUv eµZvi †K›`ª †_‡K mgZj c„‡ôi
M. Gi cÖvš I ga¨fvM DfqB mi“ Dci Awfj¤^‡K wK e‡j?
✓ N. Gi cÖvš †gvUv I ga¨fvM mi“ K. cÖavb †dvKvm ✓ L.
cÖavb A¶
M. †dvKvm `iZ¡ N.
†dvKvm Zj
5. †Kvb Av‡jvKiwk¥ hw` †Kvb
†j‡Ýi GK c„‡ô AvcwZZ n‡q
wbM©Z nIqvi mgq AvcwZZ
iwk¥i mgvšivjfv‡e wbM©Z nq
Zvn‡j †mB iwk¥ †j‡Ýi cÖavb
A‡¶i Dci †h we›`y w`‡q hvq
†mB we›`y‡K wK ejv nq?
✓ K. Av‡jvK †K›`ª L.
†dvKvm Zj
M. cÖavb †dvKvm N.
†dvKvm `iZ¡
6. DËj †j‡Ý j¶¨e¯‘ 2f `i‡Z¡ _vK‡j
we‡¤^i AvK…wZ †Kgb n‡e?
(h.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. Õ02;
Xv.†ev. iv.†ev. 2003)
K. AZ¨š Lwe©Z ✓ L.
j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb
M. AZ¨š weewa©Z
N. Lwe©Z|

AwZwi³
ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
1| DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci f I 2fÑ
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 115

Gi g‡a¨ j¶¨e¯‘ ivL‡Z wKiƒc K. 1wU ✓ L. 2wU

cÖwZwe¤^ n‡e? (P.†ev. Õ06; M. 3wU N. 4wU
2000) 9| mvaviYZ †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK
(ewi.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. 2006; 2004) iwk¥ Mgb Kivi mgq H iwk¥
Kqevi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i?
K. m`, D‡ëv, mgvb (Kz.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev. 2000; h.†ev.
L.D‡ëv, Lwe©Z 2003)
M. Am` D‡ëv, weewa©Z ✓ K. 1 evi ✓ L. 2 evi
N.m` D‡ëv, weewa©Z M. 3 evi N. 4 evi
2| Awfmvix †j݇K wK ejv nq? 10| + 2d ¶gZv m¤•bœ GKwU †j‡Ýi
(iv.†ev. Õ99) †dvKvm `iZ¡ KZ?
(Xv.†ev. 2001; h.†ev. 2000; Xv.†ev.
K. ¶xY ga¨ †jÝ ✓ L. ¯’‚jga¨ ev
2003; P.†ev. wm.†ev. Õ05;
DËj †jÝ ewi.†ev.Õ04)
M. AeZj †jÝ N. Acmvix †jÝ K. 5m ✓ L. 50cm
3| †Kvb e¨w³ Pkgv wn‡m‡e 20cm M. 1.0m N. 2.0m
†dvKvm `i‡Z¡i AeZj †jÝ 11| DËj †j‡Ýi eµZvi †K›`ª KqwU?
e¨envi K‡ib| †jÝwUi ¶gZv KZ? (e.we. 2001)
(iv.†ev. 2002; P.†ev. 2002; Kz.†ev. K. GKwU ✓ L. `ywU
2006; 2000; iv. Õ99; h.†ev. 2004; ) M. wZbwU N. PviwU
K. 2d L. 4d 12| Av‡jvK †K›`ª †_‡K †j‡Ýi cÖavb
M. 5d ✓ N. −5d †dvKvm ch©š `iZ¡‡K †j‡Ýi
4| †j‡Ýi ¶gZv cwigv‡ci GKK †Kvb&wU? wK e‡j?
(h.†ev. Õ99; wm.†ev. 2003) ✓ K. †dvKvm `iZ¡ L. cÖavb
†dvKvm
K. d¨vivW ✓ L. WvBAÞvi
M. †dvKvm Zj N. cÖavb A¶
M. jy‡gb N. wgUvi 13| †Kvb †j‡Ýi ¶gZv +2d, GwU
5| DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡¶i Dci f I 2f Gi cÖavb A‡¶i mgvšivj GK¸”Q
g‡a¨ e¯‘ ¯’vcb Ki‡j m„ó we‡¤^i Av‡jvK iwk¥‡K †jÝ †_‡K KZ `‡i
†¶‡Î †Kvb&wU mwVK bq? GK we›`y‡Z GKwÎZ Ki‡e?
K. we¤^ 2f Gi †ewk `i‡Z¡ n‡e (Kz.†ev. 2001)
(Kz.†ev. Õ99)
K. 2m ✓ L. m
L. we¤^ m` n‡e
M. 4m N. m
M. we¤^ D‡ëv n‡e ✓ N. 14| †Kvb †j‡Ý‡K AvZkx KuvP
we¤^ Lwe©Z n‡e wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq?
6| f †dvKvm `i‡Z¡i GKwU DËj ✓ K. DËj †j݇K L. AeZj †j݇K
†j‡Ýi mvg‡b e¯‘i Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq M. wØ-DËj †j݇K N. wØÑAeZj
n‡j ev¯e I weea©b we‡¤^i †j݇K
m„wó n‡e? (h.†ev. 2002) 15| + 5d ¶gZv m¤•bœ †jÝwUi
✓ K. f I 2f Gi g‡a¨ L. f I Av‡jvK †dvKvm `iZ¡ KZ?
†K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ (iv.†ev. 2001)
M. 2f-Gi evB‡i N. Amxg `i‡Z¡ K. .5m L. 5m
7| †j‡Ýi ¶gZvi gvÎv †Kvb&wU? ✓ M. .2m N. .2cm
(h.†ev. 2000) 16| †h †j‡Ýi ga¨fvM mi“ ev cvZjv
K. ML2T−3 ✓ L. L−1 Ges cÖv‡ši w`K †gvUv ev
M. Z 0
N. F−1 cyi“ Zv‡K wK ejv nq?
8| †j‡Ýi KqwU cÖavb †dvKvm ✓ K. AeZj †jÝ L. DËj †jÝ
_v‡K? (Xv.†ev. Õ05; M. Awfmvix †jÝ N. Acmvix †jÝ
P.†ev. Õ99) 17| DËj †j‡Ýi KqwU Av‡jvK †K›`ª
116 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
_v‡K? (wm.†ev. 2001) ✓ M. Am`, †mvRv, Lwe©Z
✓ K. 1wU L. 2wU N. Am`, †mvRv, weewa©Z
M. 3wU N. 4wU 26| 20cm †dvKvm `iZ¡ m¤•bœ
18| kΓc‡¶i Rvnv‡R Av¸b awi‡q GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv KZ?
†`qvi Rb¨ †K DËj †j݇K AvZkx [Xv.†ev. 2006]
KvP wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib? ✓ K. 5d L. −0.5d
✓ K. AvwK©wgwWm L. M. 0.5d N. −5d
U‡jwg
27| †Kvb †j‡Ýi G‡Kev‡i wbK‡U
M. M¨vwjwjI N. †Kvcvi wbKvm GKwU AvOzj Lvovfv‡e ivL‡j
19| divwm fvlvq ÔAvZkxÕ K_vi hw` †mvRv nq I weewa©Z nq,
A_© wK?
Zvn‡j †jÝwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii n‡e?
K. cvwb L. Pz¤^K [h.†ev. 2006]
M. Av‡jv ✓ N. Av¸b ✓ K. DËj L. AeZj
20| M¨vwjwjI `iex¶Y h‡š wb‡Pi
M. DËj Ges AeZj N.
†KvbwU e¨e¸Z nq?
(Kz.†ev. 2002) mgZjveZj
✓ K. DËj †jÝ L. AeZj †jÝ 28| DËj †j‡Ýi 2ƒ `i‡Z¡ j¶¨e¯‘
M. DËj `c©Y N. AeZj `c©Y _vK‡j cÖwZwe‡¤^i Ae¯’vb
21| DËj †j‡Ý e¯‘i Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq †Kv_vq n‡e? [Kz.†ev. 2006]
n‡j we‡¤^i AvKvi j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb K. ƒ `i‡Z¡
n‡e? (P.†ev. 2003) L. Amxg `i‡Z¡
K. cÖavb †dvKv‡m ✓ M. 2ƒ `i‡Z¡
L. †dvKv‡mi evB‡i
N. ƒ I ƒ Gi ga¨eZx© `i‡Z¡
M. †dvKvm I Av‡jvK †¶‡Îi gvSLv‡b
✓ N. †dvKvm `i‡Z¡i wظY `i‡Z¡ 29| AeZj †j‡Ý MwVZ cÖwZwe¤^
22| DËj ev AeZj †j‡Ýi ¶gZv Zvi wKiƒc n‡e? [iv.†ev. 2005]
†dvKvm `i‡Z¡i wKiƒc? ✓ K. †mvRv Ges †QvU
(Kz.†ev. 2003) L.†mvRv Ges eo
K. mgvb L. M. D‡ëv Ges †QvU N.
mgvbycvwZK D‡ëv Ges eo
✓ M. e¨¯vbycvwZK N.
30| j¶¨e¯‘ Av‡jvK‡K›`ª I cÖavb
wظY
23| DËj `c©‡Yi †dvKvm `iZ¡ †dvKv‡mi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z n‡j
eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i KZ? we‡¤^i cÖK…wZ †Kgb n‡e?
✓ K. A‡a©K L. mgvb (wm.†ev. [Kz.†ev. 2005]
2003) ✓ K. Am` I †mvRv L.
M. wظY M. wZb¸Y| m` I †mvRv
24| †KvbwU‡Z m` we¤^ MwVZ M. Am` I D‡ëv N. m` I D‡ëv
nq? [Xv.†ev. 2006] 31| †jÝ cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi?
K. mgZj `c©Y L. DËj `c©Y [P.†ev. 2004]
M. AeZj †jÝ ✓ N. DËj †jÝ K. GK ✓ L. `yB
25| AeZj †jÝ me©`v wKiƒc M. wZb N. Pvi
cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i?
32| j¶¨e¯‘ †jÝ †_‡K 2ƒ Gi †ewk
[Xv.†ev. 2006]
K. Am`, D‡ëv, Lwe©Z `i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z n‡j we‡¤^i
L. m`, D‡ëv, LweZ© cÖK…wZ †Kgb n‡e?
[Kz.†ev. 2004]
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 117

K. Am`, D‡ëv I LweZ© ✓ K. ¶xY ga¨ †jÝ L. ¯’‚j ga¨ †jÝ

L. m`, D‡ëv I j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb M. DËj †jÝ N. Awfmvix †jÝ
M. m`, †mvRv I LweZ© 35| GKwU AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm
✓ N. m`, D‡ëv I LweZ© `iZ¡ 1m n‡j Gi ¶gZv KZ?
33| †j‡Ýi †Kvb& we›`y w`‡q [iv.†ev. 2004Õ h.†ev. 2005]
AvcwZZ iwk¥ cÖwZmi‡Yi ci K. −2d ✓ L. −d
†mvRvmywR P‡j hvq? M. +d N. +2d
[P.†ev. 2004] 36| †Kvb e¨w³ 10cm †dvKvm
K. †dvKvm we›`y ✓ L. `i‡Z¡i AeZj †jÝ e¨envi K‡ib|
Av‡jvK †K›`ª †jÝwUi ¶gZv KZ WvBAÞvi?
M. eµZvi †K›`ª N. cÖvš we›`y [Kz.†ev. 2004]
34| Acmvix †j݇K wK ejv nq? ✓ K. −10 d L. 10 d
[wm.†ev. 2004] M. 2d N. 5d