nvqK hš

A a¨vq
cÖ
_g Aa¨vq
17
`„
w
óm ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi cÖkœ : 14| nª¯^ `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki Ges
cÖkœ : 1| †Kvb Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki Pkgv
K¨v‡giv ˆZwi Kiv nq? (Xv.†ev. †Kvb †j‡Ýi nIqv DwPZ?
2001) cÖkœ : 15| A‡bK ` ﾁ ‡ ii MvQcvjv, jvBU‡cv÷
cÖkœ : 2| we¤^ ¯’vcb ev P¶zi ms‡hvRb BZ¨vw`‡K †QvU †`Lvq †Kb?
ev P¶zi Dc‡hvRb ej‡Z wK eyS? cÖkœ : 16| `„wó mnvqK hš ﾐ ej‡Z wK
(Kz.†ev. 2001) †evS?
cÖkœ : 3| K) ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg `ﾁ iZ¡ cÖkœ : 17| AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ Kv‡K e‡j?
wK? cÖkœ : 18| `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ wK?
L) ¯•ó `k©‡bi `ﾁ iZg `ﾁ iZ¡ ej‡Z wK cÖkœ : 19| b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ wK?
eyS? (P.†ev. 2000) Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖkœ : 4| †Pv‡Li wbKU we›`y I `ﾁ i we›`y cÖkœ : 1| GKwU K¨v‡givi MVb I Kvh©-
ej‡Z wK eyS? cÖYvwj Av‡jvPbv Ki| (Xv.†ev.
(Kz. †ev. 2000; iv.†ev. 2005) 2004)
cÖkœ : 5| †Kvb e¨w³i ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg cÖkœ : 2| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li wewfbœ As‡ki
`ﾁ iZ¡ 25cm-Gi gv‡b wK? (P.†ev. eY©bv `vI|
2000; Kz.†ev. 2003) cÖkœ : 3| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Kvh©-cÖYvwj
cÖkœ : 6| `k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj ej‡Z e¨vL¨v Ki|
wK eyS? GwU KZ? (P.†ev. 2001) cÖkœ : 4| `„wói cÖavb ΓwUmg ﾁ n wK
cÖkœ : 7| †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKwU R¡jš ﾏ gkvj wK? wKfv‡e G¸‡jv ` ﾁ i Kiv hvq
†Rv‡i Nyiv‡j Avgiv Av¸‡bi GKwU wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki| (Xv.†ev.
e„Ë †`wL †Kb? 2006; h.†ev. 2006; 2004; ewi.†ev.
cÖkœ : 8| `ywU †PvL _vKvi myweav wK? 2004; iv.†ev. P.†ev. 2005; Xv.†ev,
(P. †ev. 2001) P.†ev. 2000; Xv.†ev. iv.†ev. 2002;
wm.†ev. P.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 9| †Pv‡Li cÖavb `ywU ΓwUi bvg
cÖkœ : 5| `xN© `„wó wK? G‡K wKfv‡e `ﾁ i
wjL|
Kiv hvq iwk¥ wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 10| `ﾁ i ev `xN© `„wó ΓwU wK? (Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. P.†ev. 2000; h.†ev,
(h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. 2000; iv.†ev. iv.†ev, Kz.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev.
2005; Xv.†ev. 2006) 2003; iv.†ev. 2005)
cÖkœ : 11| nª¯^`„wó ΓwU wK? cÖkœ : 6| nª¯^ `„wó ΓwU wK? G‡K
(iv, †ev. 2000; Xv.†ev. 2005) wKfv‡e ` ﾁ i Kiv hvq iwk¥ wPÎmn
cÖkœ : 12| nª¯^`„wó †jv‡Ki wK eY©bv Ki|
Amyweav nq? cÖkœ : 7| gvby‡li †PvL I K¨v‡givi Zzjbv Ki|
cÖkœ : 13| `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki wK cÖkœ : 8| GKwU mij AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i
Amyweav nq? eY©bv `vI|
113 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖkœ : 9| GKwU †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i (Kz.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. 2004)

eY©bv `vI Ges GB h‡š ﾐ wK K‡i cÖkœ : 2| weea©b ¶gZv ej‡Z wK eyS?
weea©b msNwUZ nq Zv iwk¥ †iLv weea©b KuvP wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv
Øviv eywS‡q `vI| GKwU eo cwi®‹vi I wPwýZ wP‡Îi
cÖkœ : 10| b‡fvex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i Av‡jvi c_ A¼b mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki|
Ki| wKfv‡e G‡Z weea©b msNwUZ cÖkœ : 3| AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ I `ﾁ iex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i
nq? (ewi.†ev. 2003) g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL|
cÖkœ : 4| ex¶Y †KvY wK?
AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi [Xv.†ev. ewi.†ev. 2006; ewi. †ev.
cÖkœ : 1| wfwUªqvm wnDgvi Ges 2003]
A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi wK? cÖkœ : 5| gvbe †Pv‡Li ΓwU¸‡jv ` ﾁ i Kivi
Dcvq eY©bv Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2004)

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †Kvb Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i K¨v‡giv ˆZwi Kiv nq? (Xv.†ev.
2001)
DËi : K¨v‡giv ˆZwii Z_¨ :
Ò†j‡Ýi GKw`‡K cÖvq wظY †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ e¯‘ ivL‡j Aciw`‡K e¯‘wUi
GKwU ev¯ﾏ e, Dëv I Lwe©Z cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|Ó GB Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË
K‡i K¨v‡giv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ f n‡j Ges j¶¨e¯‘ †jÝ †_‡K 2f Gi †ewk
`ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z n‡j †j‡Ýi Aci cv‡k¦© f Ges 2f Gi g‡a¨ m`, Dëv Ges j¶¨e¯‘i
†P‡q †QvU A_©vr Lwe©Z cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|

Avevi j¶¨e¯‘ wVK 2f ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ _vK‡j cÖwZwe¤^ 2f ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ MwVZ nq Ges

cÖK…wZ m`, Dëv I AvK…wZ j¶¨e¯‘i mgvb nq| Gici j¶¨e¯‘‡K 2f `ﾁ iZ¡ †_‡K
†j‡Ýi wbK‡U Avb‡j weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ cvIqv hvq|
GRb¨ K¨v‡givq Giƒc GKwU DËj †jÝ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i K¨v‡givi †j‡Ýi
mvg‡b j¶¨e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡ 2f Gi †P‡q †ewk nq I K¨v‡givi †j‡Ýi wcQ‡b iw¶Z wd‡j¥
j¶¨e¯‘i m`, Dëv I Lwe©Z cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 114

cÖkœ : 2| we¤^ ¯’vcb ev P¶zi ms‡hvRb ev P¶zi Dc‡hvRb ej‡Z wK

eyS? (Kz.†ev. 2001)
DËi : P¶zi Dc‡hvRb :
†Pv‡L j¶¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi Rb¨ †ckxeÜbx Øviv †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡
wbqš ﾐ Y Kivi cÖwµqv‡K P¶zi ms‡hvRb ev P¶zi Dc‡hvRb e‡j|
1. hLb ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘‡K †`Lv nq; ZLb †PvL wmwjqvix †ckxi mvnv‡h¨ Gi
†j݇K cÖ‡qvRb gZ mi“ ev cvZjv Ae¯’vq cwiewZ©Z K‡i| G Ae¯’vq
P¶z †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ †e‡o hvq|
2. hLb Kv‡Qi e¯‘‡K †`Lv nq; ZLb wmwjqvix †ckxi mvnv‡h¨ Gi †j݇K
cÖ‡qvRbgZ cyi“ Ae¯’vq cwiewZ©Z K‡i Ges P¶z †jÝ-Gi †dvKvm
`ﾁ iZ¡ K‡g hvq| Gfv‡e P¶zi Dc‡hvRb nq|
cÖkœ : 3| K) ¯•ó `k©‡bi
wbKUZg `ﾁ iZ¡ wK?
L) ¯•ó `k©‡bi `ﾁ iZg `ﾁ iZ¡ ej‡Z wK eyS?
(P.†ev. 2000)
DËi : K) ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg `ﾁ iZ¡ :
msÁv : me©v‡c¶v wbK‡Ui †h ` ﾁ iZ¡ ch©š ﾏ P¶z j¶¨e¯‘‡K webv
kÖvwš ﾏ‡Z ¯•ófv‡e †`L‡Z cvq Zv‡K ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg `ﾁ iZ¡ e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : †Pv‡L j¶¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi Rb¨ †ckxeÜbx Øviv †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ wbqš ﾐ Y Kivi cÖwµqv‡K P¶zi Dc‡hvRb e‡j| ¯^vfvweK
†Pv‡Li GB Dc‡hvRb ¶gZv mxgvnxb bq| j¶¨e¯‘ †Pv‡Li KvQvKvwQ GKwU
wbw`©ó `ﾁ iZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv‡K Avi †Pv‡L ¯•ó †`Lv hvq
bv|
¯^vfvweK †Pv‡L ¯•ó `„wói b ﾁ ¨bZg ` ﾁ iZ¡ 25 †mwg. ev 10 BwÂ| GB ` ﾁ iZ¡
gvby‡li eq‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z nq| GKRb wkïi GB `ﾁ iZ¡ 5 †mwg. n‡Z
18 †mwg. Ges GKRb eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki GB `ﾁ iZ¡ 25 †mwg. n‡Z 35 †mwg n‡Z cv‡i|
L) ¯•ó `k©‡bi `ﾁ iZg `ﾁ iZ¡ :
msÁv : ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡L me‡P‡q `ﾁ‡ii †h we›`y ch©š ﾏ j¶¨e¯‘‡K ¯•ó †`Lv
hvq G‡K ¯•ó `„wói `ﾁ i we›`y e‡j Ges GB `ﾁ iZ¡‡K ¯•ó `k©‡bi `ﾁ iZg `ﾁ iZ¡
e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li Rb¨ `ﾁ iwe›`y Amxg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z nq| A_©vr
¯^vfvweK †PvL eû`ﾁ i ch©š ﾏ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq|
†Pv‡L †Kvb ΓwU _vK‡j, e¯‘‡K hw` ` ﾁ ‡ i miv‡Z miv‡Z Ggb GKUv ` ﾁ i‡Z¡
wb‡q hvIqv nq †h Gi †ewk n‡j †PvLwU Avi H e¯‘‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv ZLb H `ﾁ
iZ¡B ΓwUc ﾁ Y© †Pv‡Li Rb¨ ¯•ó `k©‡bi `ﾁ iZg `ﾁ iZ¡|
cÖkœ : 4| †Pv‡Li wbKU we›`y I `ﾁ i we›`y ej‡Z wK eyS? (Kz. †ev.
2000; iv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : †Pv‡Li wbKU we›`y :
115 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

msÁv : †PvL n‡Z me‡P‡q wbK‡Ui †h we›`y ch©š ﾏ j¶¨e¯‘‡K webv kÖvwš
ﾏ‡Z †Pv‡L ¯•ó †`Lv hvq Zv‡K ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKU we›`y e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : †Pv‡L j¶¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi Rb¨ †ckxeÜbx Øviv †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ wbqš ﾐ Y Kivi cÖwµqv‡K †Pv‡Li Dc‡hvRb e‡j| ¯^vfvweK
†Pv‡Li GB Dc‡hvRb ¶gZv mxgvnxb bq| j¶¨e¯‘ †Pv‡Li KvQvKvwQ GKwU
wbw`©ó `ﾁ iZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv‡K Avi †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv|
¯^vfvweK †Pv‡L ¯•ó `„wói b ﾁ¨bZg `ﾁ iZ¡ 25 †mwg. ev 10 BwÂ| wKš‘ †Kvb
e¯‘ 25 †mwg. Gi Kg `ﾁ i‡Z¡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z n‡j †mwU †`L‡Z †ek Kó
nq| Kv‡RB ¯^vfvweK `k©‡bi Rb¨ †Pv‡Li wbKU we›`y 25 †mwg. ` ﾁ ‡ i
Aew¯’Z|
†Pv‡Li `ﾁ i we›`y :
msÁv : ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡L me‡P‡q `ﾁ‡ii †h we›`y ch©š ﾏ j¶¨e¯‘‡K ¯•ó †`Lv
hvq Zv‡K ¯•ó `k©‡bi †Pv‡Li `ﾁ i we›`y e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : ¯^vfvweK †PvL Amxg `ﾁ‡ii e¯‘‡KI †`L‡Z cv‡i| GB Rb¨ Amxg ` ﾁ‡i
Aew¯’Z †Kvb we›`y ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li Rb¨ `ﾁ i we›`y e‡j a‡i †bqv nq|
cÖkœ : 5| †Kvb e¨w³i ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg `ﾁ iZ¡ 25cm-Gi gv‡b wK?
(P.†ev. 2000; Kz.†ev. 2003)
DËi : †Kvb e¨w³i ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg `ﾁ iZ¡ 25cm-Gi A_© n‡”Q−
i) H e¨w³ b ﾁ ¨bZg 25cm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z †Kvb e¯‘‡K webv kÖvwš ﾏ ‡ Z
¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq| A_©vr H e¨w³i †PvL ¯^vfvweK; †Kvb ΓwU †bB|
ii) H e¨w³i †Pv‡Li mvg‡b 25cm Gi mgvb ev †ewk wKš‘ Kg bq Ggb
` ﾁ i‡Z¡ e¯‘ ivL‡j P¶z †jÝ-G cÖwZmi‡Yi ci cÖwZwe¤^ †Pv‡Li
†iwUbvq AwfmvwiZ n‡e|
cÖkœ : 6| `k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj ej‡Z wK eyS? GwU KZ? (P.†ev.
2001)
DËi : `k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj :
†Kvb e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ Aw¶c‡U MwVZ n‡j gw¯ ﾏ ‡ ®‹ H e¯‘ m¤^‡Ü
`k©bvbyf‚wZ Rv‡M Ges †PvL n‡Z e¯‘ mwi‡q †bqvi ci 1/10 †m‡KÊ ch©š ﾏ
Gi Abyf‚wZ gw¯ ﾏ ‡ ®‹ †_‡K hvq| GB mgq Kvj‡K `k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj
e‡j| `k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj nj 1/10 †m‡KÊ ev 0.1 †m‡KÊ|
D`vniY : †Kvb NUbvi wew”Qbœ As‡ki A‡bK¸‡jv Qwe wb‡q †Pv‡Li
mvg‡b Zv‡`i 1/10 †m‡KÊ mg‡qi g‡a¨ mwi‡q wb‡j †Pv‡L H NUbvi GKUvbv
Qwe †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœ : 7| †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKwU R¡jš ﾏ gkvj †Rv‡i Nyiv‡j Avgiv
Av¸‡bi GKwU e„Ë †`wL †Kb?
DËi : †Pv‡Li mvg‡b R¡jš ﾏ gkvj †Rv‡i Nyiv‡j Av¸‡bi GKwU e„Ë †`Lv
hvq :
KviY : Avgiv Rvwb, †Kvb e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ Aw¶c‡U MwVZ n‡j gw¯ ﾏ ‡ ®‹ H
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 116

e¯‘ m¤^‡Ü `k©bvbyf‚wZ Rv‡M Ges †PvL n‡Z e¯‘ mwi‡q †bqvi ci 1/10
†m‡KÊ ch©š ﾏ Gi Abyf‚wZ gw¯ ﾏ ‡ ®‹ †_‡K hvq| GB mgq Kvj‡K
`k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj e‡j| †Kvb e¯‘‡K †Pv‡Li m¤§yL †_‡K mwi‡q GK
†m‡K‡Êi `k fv‡Mi GK fv‡Mi g‡a¨ hw` e¯‘‡K Avevi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Avbv nq
Zvn‡j `k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ e¯‘wUi gvSLv‡bi Abycw¯’wZ †Ui
cvIqv hvq bv| GB GKB Kvi‡Y †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKwU Rjš ﾏ gkvj †Rv‡i Nyiv‡j
Avgiv Av¸‡bi GKwU e„Ë †`wL hw`I wewfbœ mg‡q gkvjwU wewfbœ ¯’v‡b
_v‡K|
cÖkœ : 8| `ywU †PvL _vKvi myweav wK? (P. †ev. 2001)
DËi : `ywU †PvL _vKvi myweav :
1. `ywU e¯‘i cÖK…Z Ae¯’vb, Zv‡`i cvi¯•wiK ` ﾁ iZ¡ wbY©q Ges e¯‘
m¤•‡K© wÎgvwÎK aviYv ¯•ó nq|
2. `ywU †Pv‡Li `i“b Aw¶c‡U j¶¨e¯‘i `yB w`K n‡Z GKB mg‡q `ywU
cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i Ges Giv GK ms‡M wg‡j gw¯ ﾏ ‡ ®‹ e¯‘i GKwU
GKK Abyf‚wZi m„wó K‡i|
3. e¯‘ mv‡c‡¶ `ywU †Pv‡Li Ae¯’v‡bi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ Wvb †PvL e¯‘i Wvb
w`‡Ki Ask I evg †PvL e¯‘i evg w`‡Ki Ask fvjfv‡e †`L‡Z cvq|
4. `ywU †PvL w`‡q GKB ms‡M GKwU e¯‘ †`L‡j Aw¶c‡U GKB mg‡q
`ywU wfbœ cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i| GB wfbœ cÖwZwe¤^ `ywU
ci¯•‡ii Dci Av‡ivwcZ nq| GB mgš^‡qi d‡j e¯‘ m¤•‡K© wÎgvwÎK
aviYv ¯•ó nq|
cÖkœ : 9| †Pv‡Li cÖavb `ywU ΓwUi bvg wjL|
DËi : †Pv‡Li cÖavb `ywU ΓwU : †Pv‡L mvaviYZ Pvi ai‡bi ΓwU †`Lv
hvq| h_v−
1. ¶xY `„wó ev n«¯^ `„wó 3. eva©K¨ `„wó ev Pvj‡k
2. `xN© `„wó ev `ﾁ i `„wó 4. welg `„wó ev bKzjvÜZv|
Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb `ywU ΓwU n‡”Q−
1. ¶xY `„wó ev n«¯^ `„wó ΓwU
2. `xN© `„wó ev `ﾁ i `„wó ΓwU|
cÖ_‡gv³ ΓwUi Rb¨ †PvL ` ﾁ ‡ ii wRwbm fvjfv‡e †`L‡Z cvq bv| wKš‘ Kv‡Qi
wRwbm ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq| wØZxq ΓwUi Rb¨ Kv‡Qi wRwbm †`L‡Z cvq bv|
wKš‘ `ﾁ‡ii wRwbm †`L‡Z cvq|
cÖkœ : 10| `ﾁ i ev `xN© `„wó ΓwU wK? (h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. 2000;
iv.†ev. 2005; Xv.†ev. 2006)
DËi : `xN© `„wó ΓwU :
msÁv : hLb †Kvb †PvL ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘‡K †`‡L wKš‘ Kv‡Qi e¯‘‡K †`L‡Z cv‡i bv;
ZLb †Pv‡Li ΓwU‡K `ﾁ i`„wó ev `xN© `„wó ΓwU e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Avgiv Rvwb, ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li wbKU we›`y 25 †mwg, wKš‘
` ﾁ i`„wó m¤•bœ ΓwUc ﾁ Y© †Pv‡Li Awfmvix ¶gZv K‡g hvIqvq wbKU
we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ iwk¥ †j‡Ý cÖwZmvwiZ nIqvi ci †iwUbvi
117 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

evB‡i wcQ‡b AwfmvwiZ nq, d‡j e¯‘wU‡K ¯•ó †`Lv hvq bv|
cÖkœ : 11| nª¯^`„wó ΓwU wK? (iv, †ev. 2000; Xv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : nª¯^`„wó ΓwU :
msÁv : hLb †Kvb †PvL Kv‡Qi wRwbm †`L‡Z cvq wKš‘ ` ﾁ ‡ ii wRwbm
†`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb †Pv‡Li G ΓwU‡K n«¯^`„wó ΓwU e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Avgiv Rvwb, ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li ` ﾁ iwe›`y Amxg (α) ch©š ﾏ
we¯ ﾏ … Z| wKš‘ n«¯^`„wó m¤•bœ ΓwUc ﾁ Y© †Pv‡Li Awfmvix ¶gZv †e‡o
†M‡j A‡bK ` ﾁ ieZx© e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ iwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi ci †iwUbvi
mvg‡b AwfmvwiZ nq, d‡j e¯‘wU‡K ¯•ó †`Lv hvq bv|
cÖkœ : 12| nª¯^`„wó †jv‡Ki wK Amyweav nq?
DËi : nª¯^`„wó †jv‡Ki Amyweav : n«¯^`„wó m¤•bœ †jvK ` ﾁ ‡ ii †Kvb
e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv| KviY-n«¯^`„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki †Pv‡Li Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki
e¨vmva© †Kvb Kvi‡Y e„w× cvq ev P¶z †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ †Kvb Kvi‡Y
n«vm cvq| d‡j †Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ iwk¥¸”Q †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý cÖwZmwiZ n‡q
†iwUbvq MwVZ bv n‡q †iwUbvi mvg‡b MwVZ nq| ZvB †jvKwU ` ﾁ ‡ ii †Kvb
e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv|
D`vniY : n«¯^ `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki iv¯ﾏ v-Nv‡U Pj‡Z, †ev‡W©i †jLv co‡Z
Amyweav nq|
cÖkœ : 13| `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki wK Amyweav nq?
DËi : `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki Amyweav : `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ
†jvK Kv‡Qi e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv| ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li wbKU we›`y 25 †mwg
A_©vr ¯^vfvweK †PvL 25 †m.wg. ch©š ﾏ Kv‡Qi e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq| wKš‘
hw` `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© †Kvb Kvi‡Y n«vm
cvq ev †Kvb Kvi‡Y P¶z †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ e„w× cvq| d‡j †Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K
AvMZ iwk¥¸”Q †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý cÖwZmwiZ n‡q †iwUbvq MwVZ bv n‡q
†iwUbvi wcQ‡b MwVZ nq Ges e¯‘wU‡K †jvKwU ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv|
D`vniY : `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki Rb¨ eB-cy¯ ﾏ K covïbv Kiv ev †Kvb
wjL‡bi KvR Kiv LyeB AmyweavRbK|
cÖkœ : 14| nª¯^ `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki Ges `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ
†jv‡Ki Pkgv †Kvb †j‡Ýi nIqv DwPZ?
DËi : n«¯^ `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki Pkgv AeZj †j‡Ýi Ges `xN© `„wó m¤•bœ
†jv‡Ki Pkgv DËj †j‡Ýi nIqv DwPZ|
KviY : n«¯^ `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ¶gZv †e‡o hvIqvq
Awfmvix ¶gZv Kgvevi Rb¨ Pkgvq mnvqK †jÝ wn‡m‡e Acmvix ev AeZj †jÝ
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ ΓwUc ﾁ Y© †Pv‡Li
`ﾁ iwe›`yi mgvb n‡Z n‡e|
`xN© `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki †Pv‡Li Awfmvix ¶gZv K‡g hvIqvq Awfmvix
¶gZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ Pkgvq mnvqK †jÝ wn‡m‡e Awfmvix ev DËj †jÝ
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 118

e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖkœ : 15| A‡bK ` ﾁ ‡ ii MvQcvjv, jvBU‡cv÷ BZ¨vw`‡K †QvU †`Lvq
†Kb?
DËi : †Pv‡L GKwU e¯‘ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K ex¶Y †KvY e‡j| †Pv‡L
GKwU e¯‘ eo bv †QvU †`Lv‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i e¯‘ KZ…©K Drcbœ ex¶Y
†Kv‡Yi Dci| ex¶Y †KvY hZ eo e¯‘ ZZ eo †`Lvq| ex¶Y †KvY hZ †QvU e¯‘ ZZ
†QvU †`Lv‡e| A‡bK ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘ †Pv‡L †QvU ex¶Y †KvY Drcbœ K‡i e‡j A‡bK
`ﾁ‡ii MvQcvjv, jvBU †cv÷ BZ¨vw` †QvU †`Lvq|
e¨vL¨v : wP‡Î, A1O1 Ae¯’v‡b e¯‘wU
†Pv‡L ∠A1LO1 ex¶Y †KvY Drcbœ
K‡i‡Q, d‡j †iwUbvq I1B1 cÖwZwe¤^
MwVZ n‡q‡Q| GLb e¯‘wU hw` Avw`
Ae¯’vb †_‡K AviI ` ﾁ ‡ i A1O2 Ae¯’v‡b
_v‡K Z‡e †Pv‡L ∠A2LO2 ex¶Y †KvY
Drcbœ n‡e, d‡j †iwUbvq c ﾁ ‡ e©i
†P‡q †QvU cÖwZwe¤^ I2B2 MwVZ
n‡e|
myZivs ex¶Y †KvY ∠A2LO2, ex¶Y †KvY ∠A1LO2 Gi †P‡q †QvU nIqvq A_©vr
ex¶Y †KvY K‡g hvIqvq e¯‘wU G‡¶‡Î †QvU †`Lvq| myZivs ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘ KZ…
©K †Pv‡L ex¶Y †KvY †QvU nIqvq A‡bK `ﾁ‡ii MvQcvjv, jvBU †cv÷ BZ¨vw`
†QvU †`Lvq|
cÖkœ : 16| `„wó mnvqK hš ﾐ ej‡Z wK †evS?
DËi : `„wó mnvqK hš ﾐ :
msÁv : †h mKj hš ﾐ † Kvb e¯‘ †`Lvi e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i †PvL‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i
Zv‡`i‡K `„wó mnvqK hš ﾐ e‡j|
D`vniY : AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ ev gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc, ` ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ ev †Uwj‡¯‹vc,
evB‡bvKzjvi BZ¨vw` `„wó mnvqK hš ﾐ|
cÖkœ : 17| AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ (Microscope) :
msÁv : †h h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ †Pv‡Li wbKUeZx© ¶z`ª e¯‘‡K eo K‡i †`Lv hvq
Zv‡K AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ ev gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc e‡j|
AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ `yB ai‡bi nq| h_v−
1. mij AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ ev weea©K KuvP
2. RwUj ev †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ|
cÖkœ : 18| `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ wK?
DËi : `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ :
msÁv : ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘‡K fvjfv‡e ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ †h Av‡jvK hš ﾐ e¨envi Kiv nq
Zv‡K `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j|
`ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
119 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

1. cÖwZmiY `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ Ges

2. cÖwZdjK `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ|
1. cÖwZmiY `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ :
msÁv : †h ` ﾁ iex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i Awfj¶¨ †jÝ Øviv MwVZ Zv‡K cÖwZmiY
`ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j|
GB h‡š ﾐ eo D‡b¥l Ges †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i †jÝ _v‡K|
cÖwZmiY `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ Avevi wZb ai‡bi| h_v−
1. b‡fv ev †R¨vwZl `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ
2. f‚-`ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ
3. M¨vwjjxq `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ|
2. cÖwZdjK `‚iex¶Y hš ﾐ :
msÁv : †h ` ﾁ iex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i Awfj¶¨ AeZj `c©Y Øviv MwVZ Zv‡K
cÖwZdjK `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j|
cÖwZdjK `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ Avevi wZb ai‡bi| h_v−
1. wbDU‡bi `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ
2. †MÖMixi `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ
3. nvi‡m‡ji `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ|
cÖkœ : 19| b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ wK?
DËi : b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ (Astronomical telescope) :
msÁv : P›`ª, m ﾁ h©, MÖn, b¶Î cÖf…wZ b‡fvgÊjxq e¯‘ ch©‡e¶‡Y †h
`ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K b‡fv-`ﾁ iex¶Y ev b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j|
†Wbgv‡K©i weL¨vZ †R¨vwZwe©` Ô†KcjviÕ 1611 wLª÷v‡ã GB hš
me©cÖ_g D™¢veb K‡ib|

Abykxjbxi
iPbvgjK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| GKwU K¨v‡givi MVb I Kvh©-cÖYvwj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
(Xv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : K¨v‡giv :
GB h‡š Av‡jvwKZ e¯‘i wPÎ †j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvK-wPÎMÖvnx cv‡Zi Dci
MÖnY Kiv nq| GB Kvi‡Y hšwU Av‡jvK-wPÎMÖvnx K¨v‡giv, ms‡¶‡c
K¨v‡giv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
†j‡Ýi GKw`‡K cÖvq 2f `ﾁ i‡Z¡ †Kvb e¯‘ ivL‡j Aciw`‡K e¯‘wUi GKwU ev¯ﾏ e,
D‡ëv I Lwe©Z we¤^ MwVZ nq| GB Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i K¨v‡giv ˆZwi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| K¨v‡givi MVb I Kvh©-cÖYvwj wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
K¨v‡givi MVb :
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 120

1. K¨v‡giv ev·− AB : GwU fuvR Kiv Kvj Pvgovi ev k³ KvM‡Ri ˆZwi ev·
we‡kl| Gi m¤§y‡L GKwU wQ`ª Av‡Q Ges wfZ‡ii c„ô Kvj is-G iwÄZ|
wQ‡`ªi ga¨w`‡q ev‡·i †`qv‡j Av‡jvK co‡j †`qvj m¤•ﾁ Y© Av‡jvK †kvlY
K‡i, Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb nq bv| ev‡·i †`qv‡ji fuvR i¨vK I wcwbqb
e¨e¯’vq wbqš ﾐ Y K‡i Gi ˆ`N©¨ evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv hvq|
2. K¨v‡giv †jÝ− L : GwU GKvwaK †j‡Ýi ms‡hvR‡b MwVZ Ges K¨v‡giv
ev‡·i wQ`ª c‡_ GKwU KvVv‡gvi mvnv‡h¨ emv‡bv _v‡K| †jݸ‡jv GK‡Î
GKwU Awfmvix †j‡Ýi b¨vq wµqv K‡i Ges j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡q †QvU AvKv‡ii
ev¯ﾏ e, Dëv I eY© weK…wZgy³ cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i|
3. Wvqvd«vg− D : GwU K¨v‡giv †j‡Ýi m¤§y‡L Aew¯’Z GKwU e„ËvKvi
wQ`ªc_| G‡K †QvU-eo K‡i †j‡Ýi D‡b¥l cwieZ©b Kiv nq Ges cÖ‡qvRb
gZ Av‡jvK K¨v‡givi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`qv nq|
4. mvUvi− Sh : GwU we‡klfv‡e wbwg©Z GwU ¶z`ª c_| G‡K B”QvgZ Kg-
†ewk mg‡qi Rb¨ †Lvjv ev eÜ ivLv hvq| AvaywbK ¯^qswµq K¨v‡givq
GK †m‡K‡Êi GK-`kgvsk n‡Z GK-kZvsk mgq ch©š ﾏ wQ`ªwU †Lvjv ivLvi
e¨e¯’v _v‡K|
5. c`©v− S : GwU Kuv‡Pi ˆZwi GKwU c`©v| c`©vwU K¨v‡giv ev‡·i
Af¨š ﾏ ‡i I wcQ‡b, †j‡Ýi wecixZ w`‡K emv‡bv _v‡K| ev‡·i Z_v c`©v n‡Z
†j‡Ýi ` ﾁ iZ¡ evwo‡q ev Kwg‡q e¯‘wUi GKwU ¯•ó cÖwZwe¤^ c`©vq
†djv nq| cÖwZwe¤^wU ¯•ó n‡j c`©vwU mwi‡q †djv nq|
6. Av‡jvK-wPÎMÖvnx †cU :
GwU GKwU ¯^”Q KuvP ev
†mjyj‡q‡Wi cvZ| Gi Dci wmjfvi
n¨vjvB‡Wi (wmjfvi †eªvgvBW
ev Av‡qvWvBW) GKwU Av‡jvK
ms‡e`b cÖ‡jc _v‡K| GB †c‡U
†h wPÎ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K
wb‡MwUf e‡j|
7. úvBW : GwU Kv‡Vi ˆZwi
GKwU P¨vcUv Av‡jvK wbi“×
cÖ‡Kvô| AÜKvi N‡i GB
cÖ‡Kv‡ôi GK cv‡ki GKwU
XvKbv Ly‡j Zvi g‡a¨ Av‡jvK
wPÎMÖvnx †cU ivLv nq| Qwe
†Zvjvi c ﾁ ‡ e© K¨v‡giv n‡Z
c`©v mwi‡q †mB RvqMvq
úvBW †i‡L Zvi XvKbv mwi‡q
†djv nq| wPÎ : K¨v‡givi MVb
Kvh©-cÖYvwj :
1. †Kvb e¯‘i d‡Uv †Zvjvi c ﾁ ‡ e© K¨v‡givq Nlv Kuv‡Pi c`©vwU ewm‡q
hš ﾐ wU‡K j¶¨e¯‘ PQ Gi w`‡K a‡i mvUvi Ly‡j †`qv nq| AZtci K¨v‡giv
121 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

ev‡·i ˆ`N©¨ Kwg‡q-evwo‡q Ggb Ae¯’vq ivLv nq hv‡Z j¶¨e¯‘i GKwU

ev¯ ﾏ e I Dëv cÖwZwe¤^ P′Q′ c`©vi Dci MwVZ nq| Wvqvd«v‡gi
mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZwe¤^wU cÖ‡qvRbgZ D¾¡j Kiv nq|
2. Gevi Kuv‡Pi c`©v mwi‡q mvUvi eÜ Kiv nq Ges H ¯’v‡b Av‡jvK
wPÎMÖvnx †cUmn úvBW emv‡bv nq|
3. GLb úvB‡Wi XvKbv mwi‡q mvUvi I Wvqvd«v‡gi ga¨w`‡q GKwU
wbw`©ó mgq ch©š ﾏ Av‡jvK wPÎMÖvnx †c‡Ui Dci Av‡jvK AvcwZZ
n‡j cybivq Wvqvd«vg eÜ Kiv nq| GB cÖwµqv‡K G·‡cvRvi ev Av‡jvK
m¤•vZ e‡j| GB AvcwZZ Av‡jvK wPÎMÖvnx †c‡Ui †iŠc¨ `ªe‡Y
ivmvqwbK wµqv N‡U|
4. Gevi AÜKvi N‡i wM‡q Av‡jvK wPÎMÖvnx †cUwU‡K úvBW n‡Z †ei
K‡i †Wfjcvi (developer) bvgK GK cÖKvi ivmvqwbK `ªe‡Y Wzwe‡q ivLv
nq| †c‡Ui †h †h As‡k Av‡jvK c‡o, ïay H me As‡ki wmjfvi n¨vjvBW‡K
†Wfjcvi weRviY cÖwµqvq †iŠc¨ avZ‡e cwiYZ K‡i| j¶¨e¯‘i †h Ask hZ
D¾¡j, †c‡Ui †mB As‡k ZZ iƒcv Rgv nq Ges Zv ZZ †ewk Kvj †`Lvq|
Av‡jv‡Ki ZxeªZv I D‡b¥vPbKv‡ji Dci iƒcvi ¯ ﾏ ‡ ii †e‡ai ZviZg¨ wbf©i
K‡i|
5. GLb †cUwU‡K cvwb‡Z ayB‡q nvB‡cv (Sodium thiosulphate) bvgK `ªe‡Y
Wzev‡bv nq| G‡Z †c‡Ui †h †h As‡k Av‡jvK c‡o bv †mB mKj As‡ki
wmjfvi n¨vjvBW M‡j hvq| AZtci cwi®‹vi cvwb Øviv †cUwU‡K
ayB‡q j¶¨e¯‘i GKwU †b‡MwUf wPÎ cvIqv hvq|
6. †b‡MwUf n‡Z cÖK…Z wPÎ A_©vr cwRwUf gyw`ªZ Kivi Rb¨
†b‡MwU‡fi wb‡P wmjfvi n¨vjvBW `ªe‡Yi cÖ‡jc †`qv d‡UvMÖv‡di
KvMR ¯’vcb K‡i Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ †b‡MwU‡fi Dci Av‡jvK m¤•vZ Kiv
nq| Gici c ﾁ ‡ e©i gZ nvB‡cvi `ªe‡Y d‡UvMÖv‡di KvMR Wzwe‡q
cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z ayB‡q cwRwUf cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœ : 2| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li wewfbœ As‡ki eY©bv `vI|
DËi : gvby‡li †PvL :
gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Kvh©cÖYvwj Av‡jvK wPÎMÖvnx K¨v‡givi gZ| K¨v‡givi
mvg‡b †Kvb e¯‘ †i‡L †hgb Zvi Qwe †Zvjv nq †Zgwb †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †Kvb
e¯‘ ivL‡j †Pv‡Li wfZi Zvi Qwe D‡V Ges Avgiv †m e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvB| wP‡Î
gvby‡li †Pv‡Li we‡kl we‡kl Ask †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P Ask¸‡jvi eY©bv †`qv
nj :
1. Aw¶‡MvjK : †Pv‡Li †KvU‡i Aew¯’Z Gi †MvjvKvi Ask‡K Aw¶‡MvjK
e‡j| †MvjKwUi mvg‡b I wcQ‡b wKwÂr P¨vÞv Ges G‡K P¶z †KvU‡ii
g‡a¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvi Pvwiw`‡K Nyiv‡bv hvq|
2. †k¦ZcÖvPxi : GwU Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki evB‡ii mv`v, k³ I Nb Auvkhy³
A¯^”Q AveiY we‡kl| GwU †PvL‡K evB‡ii wewfbœ cÖKvi Awbó n‡Z
i¶v K‡i Ges †Pv‡Li AvK…wZ wVK iv‡L|
3. Kwb©qv : †k¦ZcÖvPx‡ii mvg‡bi Ask‡K Kwb©qv e‡j| †k¦ZcÖvPx‡ii
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 122

GB Ask ¯^”Q Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ask A‡c¶v evB‡ii w`‡K AwaKZi DËj|
4. †Kvi‡qW ev K…òcÖvPxi : GwU Kvj i‡Oi GK cÖKvi wSjx Øviv
MwVZ †k¦Z cÖvPx‡ii wfZ‡ii Mv‡Îi Av”Qv`b we‡kl| GB Kvj i‡Oi Rb¨
†Pv‡Li wfZ‡i cÖweó Av‡jv‡Ki cÖwZdjb nq bv|
5. AvBwik : GwU Kwb©qvi wVK wcQ‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU A¯^”Q c`©v
Ges K…òcÖvPx‡ii GKwU we‡kl Ask| c`v©wU ¯’vb I †jvK we‡k‡l
wewfbœ i‡Oi bxj, Mvp ev`vgx, Kvj BZ¨vw` n‡q _v‡K|
6. gwb ev Zviviܪ : GwU AvBwi‡ki †K›`ª¯’‡j Aew¯’Z gvsm‡ckx hy³
GKwU †MvjvKvi wQ`ªc_| gvsm‡ckxi ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Y Zvivi‡Ü«i
AvKvi cwiewZ©Z nq|
7. †jÝ : GwU AvBwi‡ki wcQ‡b Aew¯’Z †Rwji b¨vq ¯^”Q c`v‡_©i ˆZwi
GKwU DËj †jÝ| Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki cÖvPx‡ii mv‡_ GwU K‡qKwU †ckxeÜbx
Øviv Szjv‡bv _v‡K| GB †j‡Ýi mvg‡bi c„‡ôi eµZvi e¨vmva© wcQ‡bi
c„‡ôi eµZvi e¨vmva© A‡c¶v eo Ges Dcv`v‡bi cÖwZmivsK wfZ‡ii
w`‡K µgk †ewk| †ckxeÜbxi mvnv‡h¨ †j‡Ýi eµZvi e¨vmva© Z_v
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ Kg-†ewk Kiv nq|

wPÎ : †Pv‡Li MVb

8. Aw¶cU ev †iwUbv : GwU K…òcÖvPx‡ii wfZ‡ii w`‡K Ges P¶z

†Mvj‡Ki wcQ‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU Cl`”Q †Mvjvcx Av‡jvKMÖvnx c`©v|
GwU wcQ‡bi K…òcÖvPx‡ii 5/6 Ask Av”Qvw`Z K‡i iv‡L| KZK¸‡jv
i³evnx m ﾁ ¶¥ bvjx I `k©b-øvqyZš‘ Øviv GwU MwVZ Ges Zš‘¸‡jv
gw¯ﾏ®‹ n‡Z AvMZ| †iwUbvi Dci Av‡jvK co‡j H øvqyZš‘‡Z GK cÖKvi
D‡ËRbvi m„wó nq Ges gw¯ﾏ‡®‹ `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ RvMvq|
9. njy` `vM I AÜ `vM : †iwUbvi cÖvq †K›`ª¯’‡j Aew¯’Z AwaK
Av‡jvKMÖvnx As‡ki bvg njy` `vM| njy` `v‡Mi †K›`ª¯’j‡K †dvwfqv
†m›Uªwjm e‡j| øvqyZš‘ I njy` `v‡Mi wgwjZ wµqvq j¶¨e¯‘i AvKvi,
AvK…wZ I iO m¤^‡Ü gw¯ﾏ‡¯‹ mvov Rv‡M|
gw¯ ﾏ ®‹ n‡Z AvMZ Zš‘¸‡jv †h¯’v‡b Aw¶‡Mvj‡K wgwjZ nq †mB
¯’vb‡K AÜ `vM e‡j| AÜ `vM Av‡`Š Av‡jvKMÖvnx bq e‡j H ¯’v‡b
Av‡jv co‡j gw¯ﾏ‡®‹ `k©‡bi †Kvb Abyf‚wZ Rv‡M bv|
123 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

10. Av‡jvKv¶ I `k©bv¶ : ZviviÜ« I †dvwfqv †m›Uªvwj‡mi

mshy³Kvix mij †iLv‡K `k©bv¶ Ges Kwb©qv I †j‡Ýi †K›`ª¯’j
ms‡hvMKvix mij‡iLv‡K Av‡jvKv¶ e‡j| GB `yB †iLvi Aš ﾏ fz©³ †KvY 50
n‡Z 70| †Kvb e¯‘i w`‡K `k©bv¶ eivei ZvKv‡j e¯‘wU me‡P‡q ¯•ó
†`Lv hvq|
11. A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi I wfwUªqvm wnDgvi : †jÝ I Kwb©qvi
ga¨eZx© ¯’vb GK cÖKvi ¯^”Q Zij c`v‡_© fwZ© _v‡K| G‡K ejv nq
A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi| †jÝ I †iwUbvi ga¨eZ©x Ask Avi GK cÖKvi †Rjx
c`v‡_© c ﾁ Y© _v‡K, G‡K ejv nq wfwUªqvm wnDgvi|
cÖkœ : 3| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Kvh©-cÖYvwj e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Kvh©-cÖYvwj :
Kwb©qv, A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi, †jÝ I wfwUªqvm wnDgvi GK‡Î GKwU D”P
kw³m¤•bœ Awfmvix †j‡Ýi gZ wµqv K‡i| Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li AvBwik
Wvqvd«v‡gi gZ KvR K‡i Ges GwU †Pv‡L Av‡jv cÖ‡e‡ki gvÎv wbqš ﾐ Y K‡i|

wPÎ :
†Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K †Pv‡Li Dci AvMZ Av‡jv †j‡Ýi †fZi w`‡q cÖ‡ek Kivi d‡j
cÖwZm„Z nq Ges †Pv‡Li wcQ‡b iwk¥¸‡jv †dvKvm we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q
†iwUbvi Dci e¯‘i ev¯ﾏ e, Dëv I †QvU AvKv‡ii cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i| †iwUbv
AZ¨š ﾏ Av‡jvK ms‡e`bkxj ¯ﾏ i Øviv ˆZwi| AcwUK bvf© I Av‡jvK ms‡e`bkxj
¯ ﾏ ‡ ii wgwjZ wµqvq j¶¨e¯‘i AvKvi, AvK…wZ I iO m¤^‡Ü gw¯ ﾏ ‡ ®‹ mvov
Rv‡M| gw¯ ﾏ ®‹ LeiwU‡K Ggbfv‡e Abyaveb K‡i †h, cÖwZwe¤^wU‡K
Avgiv †mvRvfv‡e †`wL|
wewfbœ `ﾁ i‡Z¡i j¶¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi Rb¨ P¶z †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡I
cwiewZ©Z Ki‡Z nq| wmwjqvix †ckxi gva¨‡g G KvRwU m¤•vw`Z nq|
Gfv‡e †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wbqš ﾐ Y K‡i j¶¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi ¶gZv‡K
†Pv‡Li Dc‡hvRbI ejv nq|
cÖkœ : 4| `„wói cÖavb ΓwUmg ﾁ n wK wK? wKfv‡e G¸‡jv `ﾁ i Kiv
hvq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki|
(Xv.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2006; 2004; ewi.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. P.†ev. 2005; Xv.†ev,
P.†ev. 2000; Xv.†ev. iv.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. P.†ev. 2003)
DËi : `„wói cÖavb ΓwUmg ﾁ n : gvby‡li †Pv‡Li cÖavb ΓwU¸‡jv n‡”Q
−
1. ¶xY `„wó ev n«¯^ `„wó
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 124

2. `xN© `„wó ev `ﾁ i `„wó|

GQvov AviI `yB ai‡bi ΓwU j¶¨ Kiv hvq−
1. eva©K¨ `„wó ev Pvj‡k ΓwU
2. welg `„wó ev bKzjvÜZv|
1. ¶xY `„wó ev nª¯^ `„wó : hLb †Kvb †PvL Kv‡Qi wRwbm †`L‡Z cvq
wKš‘ `ﾁ‡ii wRwbm †`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb †Pv‡Li G ΓwU‡K ¶xY `„wó ev n«¯^
`„wó e‡j|
ΓwUi KviY : K. P¶z †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ n«vm †c‡j A_©vr Awfmvix
¶gZv e„w× †c‡j|
L. †Kvb Kvi‡Y Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© e„w× †c‡j|
G‡¶‡Î Lye ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘ n‡Z AvMZ
mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q P¶z †jÝ L G
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvi m¤§y‡L F
we›`y‡Z cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i| d‡j
P¶z ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘ ¯•ófv‡e †`L‡Z cvq bv|
(wPÎ K)
ΓwUi cÖwZKvi : wPÎ :
K
GB ΓwU ` ﾁ i Kivi Rb¨ †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKwU AeZj †j݇K Pkgv wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Ges †jÝwUi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ n«¯^ `„wói P¶zi `xN©Zg
`ﾁ i‡Z¡i mgvb n‡Z nq|
G ai‡bi †jÝ e¨envi Kivi d‡j Amx‡g ev Lye ` ﾁ ‡ i Aew¯’Z e¯‘ n‡Z AvMZ
mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q †jÝwUi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmiYKv‡j cÖ‡qvRbgZ Acmvix
n‡q P¶z †j‡Ýi Dci c‡o Ges P¶z †j‡Ý cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvq wgwjZ nq|
Acmvix iwk¥¸”Q‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv F we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq|
d‡j ΓwUhy³ P¶zwU `ﾁ‡ii e¯‘‡K F we›`y‡Z †`L‡Z cv‡e|
AZGe, AeZj †jÝwUi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ ΓwUhy³ P¶zi `xN©Zg `ﾁ i‡Z¡i mgvb n‡j
P¶z `ﾁ‡ii e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cv‡e| (wPÎ : L)

wPÎ : L
Avevi n«¯^ `„wói P¶z ¯^vfvweK P¶zi ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg ` ﾁ iZ¡ A‡c¶v
Kg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z e¯‘ ¯•ófv‡e †`L‡Z cvq| wPÎ, N′ n«¯^ `„wói ΓwUhy³ P¶zi
wbKUwe›`y Ges N ¯^vfvweK P¶zi wbKUwe›`y| GB ΓwU `ﾁ i Ki‡Z n‡j Ggb
†dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i GKwU AeZj †jÝ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb N we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ
e¯‘i Aev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^ N′ we›`y‡Z MwVZ nq| myZivs N we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ
GKwU e¯‘‡K ΓwUhy³ P¶z N′ we›`y‡Z †`L‡e| (wPÎt M)
125 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wPÎ : M
GLb P¶z n‡Z N I N′ we›`yi `ﾁ iZ¡ h_vµ‡g U I V n‡j ΓwU ms‡kvabKvix †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ †ei Kivi mgxKiY − = n‡Z Rvbv hvq|
2. `xN© `„wó ev `ﾁ i `„wó : hLb †Kvb †PvL `ﾁ‡ii e¯‘‡K †`‡L wKš‘ Kv‡Qi
e¯‘‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv| ZLb †Pv‡Li ΓwU‡K `xN© `„wó ev `ﾁ i `„wó e‡j|
ΓwUi KviY :
K. P¶z †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ e„w× †c‡j A_©vr Awfmvix ¶gZv n«vm
†c‡j|
L. †Kvb Kvi‡Y P¶z †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© n«vm †c‡j|
G‡¶‡Î ` ﾁ ‡ ii †Kvb e¯‘ n‡Z AvMZ mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q P¶z †j‡Ý cÖwZmi‡Yi ci
†iwUbvi mvgvb¨ wcQ‡b F we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| (wPÎ : N)

wPÎ : N
wKš‘ P¶z Zvi Dc‡hvRb ¶gZvi mvnv‡h¨ Lye ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ †iwUbvi
Dci MVb Ki‡Z m¶g nq| AZGe, G ai‡bi ΓwUhy³ P¶zi ` ﾁ ‡ ii e¯‘ †`L‡Z we‡kl
Amyweav nq bv|
Avevi ¯^vfvweK P¶zi N we›`y n‡Z
AvMZ Av‡jvKiwk¥ P¶z †j‡Ýi ga¨w`‡q
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvi A‡bK wcQ‡b F
′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| wKš‘ P¶z Zvi
Dc‡hvRb ¶gZvi mvnv‡h¨ N we›`y‡Z
Aew¯’Z e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ †iwUbvq
MVb Ki‡Z m¶g nq bv| (wPÎ- O)| d‡j
P¶z Kv‡Qi e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv|
ΓwUi cÖwZKvi : wPÎ :
O
GB ΓwU `ﾁ i Kivi Rb¨ P¶zi mvg‡b myweavgZ †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i GKwU DËj
†j݇K Pgkv wn‡m‡e e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq|
wPÎ ÒPÓ †Z N′ `xN© `„wói ΓwUhy³
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 126

P¶zi wbKUwe›`y Ges N ¯^vfvweK

P¶zi wbKUwe›`y| DËj †jÝwU e¨envi
Kivi d‡j N we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z e¯‘ n‡Z
AvMZ Acmvix Av‡jvKiwk¥ †j‡Ýi wfZi
w`‡q cÖwZmiY Kv‡j cÖ‡qvRbgZ
Awfmvix n‡q P¶z †j‡Ýi Dci c‡o Ges
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvq wgwjZ nq|
†j‡Ý cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥¸‡jv‡K wcQ‡bi
w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv N′ we›`y‡Z
wgwjZ nq| myZivs N we›`y‡Z
¯’vwcZ GKwU e¯‘‡K ΓwUhy³ P¶z N′
we›`y‡Z †`L‡e| (wPÎ - P) wPÎ : P
GLb P¶z n‡Z NI N′ we›`yi `ﾁ iZ¡ h_vµ‡g u I v n‡j ΓwU ms‡kvabKvix †j‡Ýi
†dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡, †j‡Ýi mgxKiY
− = n‡Z Rvbv hvq|
cÖkœ : 5| `xN© `„wó wK? G‡K wKfv‡e ` ﾁ i Kiv hvq iwk¥ wPÎmn
eY©bv Ki|
(Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. P.†ev. 2000; h.†ev, iv.†ev, Kz.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev.
2005)
DËi : 4bs cÖ‡kœvËi `ªóe¨|
cÖkœ : 6| nª¯^ `„wó ΓwU wK? G‡K wKfv‡e ` ﾁ i Kiv hvq iwk¥
wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
DËi : 4bs cÖ‡kœvËi `ªóe¨| (iv. †ev. 2000 ; m. †ev. Õ98; Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2005)
cÖkœ : 7| gvby‡li †PvL I K¨v‡givi Zzjbv Ki|
DËi : gvby‡li †PvL I K¨v‡givi Zzjbv :
Zzjbvi welq K¨v‡giv †PvL
1. Av‡jvKK¨v‡givq Kvj i‡Oi Av‡jvK †Pv‡Li Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki K…
wbi“× ev· wbi“× ev· Av‡jvi òcÖvPxi Av‡jvK wbi“× ev‡·i
cÖwZdj‡b evav †`q| b¨vq KvR K‡i|
2. Av‡jvK K¨v‡givi mvUvi Av‡jvK †Pv‡Li cvZv Av‡jvK
m¤•v‡Zi wbqš m¤•v‡Zi mgq wbqš ﾐ Y m¤•v‡Zi mgq wbqš ﾐ Y K‡i|
ﾐY K‡i|
3. Av‡jv cÖ‡e‡ki K¨v‡givi Wvqvd«vg Av‡jv †Pv‡Li AvBwim Av‡jv
gvÎv wbqš ﾐ Y cÖ‡e‡ki gvÎv wbqš ﾐ Y cÖ‡e‡ki gvÎv wbqš ﾐ Y K‡i|
K‡i|
4. †jÝ K¨v‡givi DËj †j‡Ýi †Pv‡Li Kwb©qv, A¨vKzqvm
mvnv‡h¨ j¶¨ K‡i wnDgvi, P¶z †jÝ,
cÖwZwe¤^ MÖnY Kiv wfwUªqvm wnDgvi GK‡Î
nq| GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi b¨vq KvR
K‡i cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i|
127 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

5. we¤^ m„wó K¨v‡givi Av‡jvK ms‡e`x †Pv‡Li †iwUbvq cªwZwe¤^

nIqvi ¯’vb wd‡j¥ we¤^ MwVZ nq| MwVZ nq|
6. cÖwZwe‡¤^i K¨v‡givi wd‡j¥i Dci gvby‡li †Pv‡Li †iwUbvi Dci
cÖK…wZ I cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq cÖwZwe¤^ GLv‡bI Dëvfv‡e
AvK…wZ Dëvfv‡e| c‡o, wKš‘ AcwUK bv‡f©i
mvnv‡h¨ †iwUbvq
cÖwZwe¤^ cwZZ nIqvi Lei
gw¯ﾏ‡¯‹ †cŠu‡Q †`q|
7. Af¨š ﾏ ixY Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb †iva Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki K…òcÖvPxi
cÖwZdjb Kivi Rb¨ K¨v‡givi wfZ‡i †Pv‡Li wfZ‡i Af¨š ﾏ ixY
Kv‡jv is Kiv _v‡K| cÖwZdjb †iva K‡i|
8. †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ K¨v‡givi †j‡Ýi †dvKvm †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡
`ﾁ iZ¡ wbw`©ó| Gi mv‡_ hy³ †ckx eÜbxi
mvnv‡h¨ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
9. cybt Av‡jv‡Ki ¯’vqx ivmvqwbK `„wói ¯’vwqZ¡ Kvj 0.1
cybt e¨envi wµqvi d‡j GKwU wdj¥ †m‡KÛ e‡j †iwUbv ¯’vqx
cybt cybt e¨envi Kiv c`©viƒ‡c cybt cybt e¨eüZ
hvq| nq|
cÖkœ : 8| GKwU mij AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i eY©bv `vI|
DËi : mij AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ :
†h mg¯ ﾏ † jLv ev †¯‹j ev ¶z`ª e¯‘ †Pv‡L
cwi®‹vi †`Lv hvq bv, Zv ¯•ó I eo K‡i
†`Lvi Rb¨ ¯^í †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i GKwU DËj
†j݇K GKwU nvZjhy³ †d«‡g Ave× K‡i †h
AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K mij
AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ ev weea©K KuvP e‡j|
Lye †ewk weea©b cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡j GUv
e¨eüZ nq| GUv Øviv m ﾁ ¶¥ Kvi“Kvh©,
AwZ¶z`ª †jLv, nv‡Zi Qvc, AwZ ¶z`ª
hš ﾐ cvwZ BZ¨vw` †`Lv nq|
wPÎ : mij AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ
MV‡bi g ﾁ jbxwZ :
DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ GKwU e¯‘ ivL‡j †j‡Ý Gi GKwU
wmav, Aev¯ﾏ e I eo AvKv‡ii cÖwZwe¤^ e¯‘i GKB cv‡k MwVZ nq| e¯‘ hZ
†j‡Ýi wbK‡U Ae¯’vb K‡i cÖwZwe¤^ †j‡Ýi ZZ ` ﾁ ‡ i MwVZ nq A_©vr
weea©b ZZ †ewk nq| †j‡Ýi Aci cv‡k †PvL ivL‡j e¯‘i cwie‡Z© GB
weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ †`Lv hvq| cÖwZwe¤^wU ¯•k© `k©‡bi wbKU
we›`y‡Z MwVZ n‡j G‡K me‡P‡q †ewk ¯•ó †`Lv m¤¢e nq| GUvB mij
AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i wµqv-cÖYvwji g ﾁ jbxwZ|
iwk¥ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Kvh©cÖYvwji e¨vL¨v :
g‡b Kwi, LOL′ ¶z`ª †dvKvm `ﾁ i‡Z¡i GKwU DËj
†jÝ| †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ OF Gi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z PQ
GKwU j¶¨e¯‘| PQ e¯‘wU †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i g‡a¨
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 128

Aew¯’Z nIqvq e¯ﾏ wUi GKwU Am`, weewa©Z

I †mvRv we¤^ P′Q′ MwVZ nq| †j‡Ýi †h cv‡k e¯‘
Av‡Q Zvi wecixZ cv‡k¦© †j‡Ýi Lye KvQvKvwQ
†PvL ivL‡j e¯‘i weewa©Z P′Q′ we¤^ †`Lv hvq|
e¯‘ n‡Z †j݇K Ggb Ae¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
we¤^ P′Q′ †Pv‡Li ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg ` ﾁ iZ¡
(D)-G MwVZ nq| A_©vr we‡¤^i `ﾁ iZ¡ = D nq|
weea©b : ex¶Y h‡š ﾐ ex¶Y †KvY evwo‡q e¯‘i AvcvZ mvBR e„w× Kiv nq|
d‡j e¯‘ †`L‡Z myweav nq| ex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i weea©b GB Kvi‡Y e¯‘ I we¤^
†Pv‡L †h ex¶Y †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Kv‡RB ex¶Y hš ﾐ¸‡jvi
†¶‡Î weea©b ¶gZv,
m =
=
= (wPÎvbymv‡i)
cÖkœ : 9| GKwU †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i eY©bv `vI Ges GB h‡š ﾐ
wK K‡i weea©b msNwUZ nq Zv iwk¥ †iLv Øviv eywS‡q `vI|
DËi : †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ :
1610 wLªóv‡ã weÁvbx M¨vwjwjI GB hš ﾐ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GB h‡š ﾐ i
gva¨‡g AwZ ¶z`ª e¯‘‡K eû¸‡Y weewa©Z K‡i †`Lv hvq|
MVb :
1. DËj †jÝ : †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ `ywU DËj †jÝ _v‡K| GKwU Awfj¶¨
ev e¯‘gyLx †jÝ O Ges Ab¨wU Awf‡bÎ ev P¶z KuvP, E|
2. Awfj¶¨ : GB h‡š ﾐ `ywU DËj †j‡Ýi GKwU
Awfj¶¨ Ges Gi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ I D‡b¥l
†QvU| GwU me©`v j¶¨e¯‘i w`‡K _v‡K|
3. Awf‡bÎ : GB h‡š ﾐ `ywU DËj †j‡Ýi
AciwU Awf‡bÎ| Awf‡b‡Îi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ I
D‡b¥l eo| GwU me©`v `k©‡Ki †Pv‡Li
w`‡K _v‡K|
4. `ywU avZe bj : GB h‡š ﾐ `ywU avZe
bj _v‡K| hvi GKwU g ﾁ j avZe bj I AciwU
Uvbv bj| †jÝ `ywU‡K Uvbv b‡ji g‡a¨
†i‡L g ﾁ j avZe b‡ji `yB cÖv‡š ﾏ
mgv¶fv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z G‡`i
ga¨eZ©x `ﾁ iZ¡ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| g ﾁ j
bjwU GKwU Lvov `‡Êi mv‡_ ¯’vcb Kiv
_v‡K|
5. ¯Œz : GB h‡š ﾐ `ywU ¯Œz _v‡K| GKwU
¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨ g ﾁ j bj‡K DVvbvgv Kiv
nq| Aci ¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨ Awf‡bÎwU‡K
Dc‡i DwV‡q ev wb‡P bvwg‡q e¯‘wUi
GKwU my¯•ó Ges weewa©Z
129 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖwZwe¤^ ¯•ó `„wói b ﾁ ¨bZg ` ﾁ i‡Z¡

MVb Kiv nq| wPÎ : †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ
6. cvUvZb : Awfj‡¶¨i wb‡P ga¨fv‡M wQ`ªhy³ GKwU cvUvZb Lvov
`‡Êi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| j¶¨e¯‘‡K GB cvUvZ‡bi wQ`ª eivei GKwU
KuvPcv‡Îi Dci ivLv nq|
7. AeZj `c©Y : cvUvZ‡bi wQ‡`ªi wb‡P ivLv GKwU AeZj `c©‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jv †d‡j j¶¨e¯‘‡K Av‡jvwKZ Kiv hvq|
wµqv : hš ﾐ wUi bj wb‡P bvwg‡q Awfj¶¨‡K e¯‘i KvQvKvwQ Avbv nq Ges
hZ¶Y ch©š ﾏ ¯•ó I weewa©Z we¤^ †`Lv bv hvq ZZ¶Y bjwU‡K ax‡i ax‡i
Dc‡i DVv‡bv nq|
iwk¥ -wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ weea©‡bi e¨vL¨v :
g‡b Kwi, PQ GKwU ¶z`ª e¯‘| GwU Awfj¶¨ O Gi cÖavb †dvKvm F0 Gi
mvgvb¨ evB‡i Awfj¶¨ I Awf‡b‡Îi mvaviY cÖavb A‡¶i Dci j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z|
P n‡Z wbM©Z Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q Awfj‡¶¨i ga¨w`‡q cÖwZm„Z n‡q P1
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡e| P1 n‡Z cÖavb A‡¶i Dci Q1 we›`y‡Z P1Q1 j¤^ AuvwK|
myZivs P1Q1 nj PQ e¯‘i ev¯ﾏ e, Dëv I weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^|

GLb Awf‡bÎ E †K mwi‡q Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv hvq †hb P1Q1 cÖwZwe¤^wU
Awf‡b‡Îi †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡, FC Gi g‡a¨ c‡o| GLv‡b P1Q1 cÖwZwe¤^ Awf‡b‡Îi
wbKU e¯‘ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j P1 n‡Z AvMZ iwk¥¸”Q Awf‡b‡Î cÖwZmi‡Yi
ci Acmvix n‡e Ges GB Acmvix iwk¥¸”Q‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j P2
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| P2 n‡Z cÖavb A‡¶i Dci P2Q2 j¤^ AuvwK| myZivs P2Q2
n‡e P1Q1 Gi Aev¯ ﾏ e, wmav I LyeB weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^| GLv‡b †kl
cÖwZwe¤^ P2Q2, PQ e¯‘i mv‡c‡¶ Dëv‡bv| Awfj¶¨ I Awf‡b‡Îi ga¨eZx©
`ﾁ iZ¡ Ggbfv‡e ivLv nq †hb P2Q2 cÖwZwe¤^ Awf‡b‡Îi wcQ‡b ¯’vwcZ P¶zi
¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ MwVZ nq| d‡j `k©K webv‡K¬‡k PQ j¶¨e¯‘i
Dëv I weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvb|
weea©b : weea©b ej‡Z cÖwZwe‡¤^i AvKvi I e¯‘i AvKv‡ii AbycvZ‡K
eySvq| †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ weea©b `yB ch©v‡q msNwUZ nq−
cÖ_‡g : Awfj¶¨ Øviv
c‡i : Awf‡bÎ Øviv|
GLv‡b AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i †gvU weea©b m n‡j Avgiv cvB−
m =
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 130

= = ×
= m1 × m2(awi) .... .... .... .... (i)
GLv‡b, m1 = Awfj¶¨ Øviv m„ó weea©b
= = =
A_©vr m1 = .... .... .... .... .... .... ... (ii)
U = Awfj¶¨ n‡Z e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡
V = Awf‡bÎ n‡Z e¯‘i `ﾁ iZ¡|
Avevi, m2 = Awf‡bÎ Øviv m„ó weea©b
= = =
A_©vr m2 =
GLv‡b U′ = C2Q1 = Awf‡bÎ n‡Z P1Q1 Gi
`ﾁ iZ¡
V′ = C2Q2 = Awf‡bÎ n‡Z P2Q2 Gi `ﾁ iZ¡
GLb Awf‡b‡Î cÖwZmi‡Yi †¶‡Î cvB
− = (fe = Awf‡b‡Îi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡)
ev, 1 − = (Dfqc¶‡K V′ Øviv ¸Y K‡i cvB)
ev, = 1+
∴ m2 = = 1+
= 1 + .... .... .... .... .... .... .... (iii)
GLv‡b V′ = D = P¶zi ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg `ﾁ iZ¡
∴ †gvU weea©b, m = m1 × m2
ev, = ( 1 + ) GwUB †hŠwMK AYyex¶Y h‡š ﾐ weea©‡bi
ivwkgvjv|
cÖkœ : 10| b‡fvex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i Av‡jvi c_ A¼b Ki| wKfv‡e G‡Z
weea©b msNwUZ nq? (ewi.†ev. 2003)
DËi : b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ :
†h h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ eû `ﾁ‡ii e¯‘ (P›`ª, m ﾁ h©, MÖn, b¶Î) cwi®‹vifv‡e †`Lv
hvq Zv‡K b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j| GwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †Wbgv‡K©i
†R¨vwZwe©` †Kcjvi|
MVb :
1. DËj †jÝ : b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ cÖavbZ `y‡Uv DËj †jÝ Øviv MwVZ| GKwU
Awfj¶¨ O Ges AciwU Awf‡bÎ E.
2. Awfj¶¨ : GB h‡š ﾐ `y‡Uv DËj †j‡Ýi GKwU Awfj¶¨ Ges Gi †dvKvm
`ﾁ iZ¡ I D‡b¥l eo| Awfj¶¨ me©`v e¯‘i w`‡K _v‡K|
3. Awf‡bÎ : `ywU DËj †j‡Ýi AciwU
Awf‡bÎ| Awf‡b‡Îi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ I
D‡b¥l †QvU| Awf‡b‡Îi wfZi w`‡q
`k©K e¯‘i w`‡K j¶¨ K‡i|
4. Uvbv bj I g ﾁ j bj : GB h‡š ﾐ
131 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

`ywU Uvbv bj I GKwU g ﾁ j bj

_v‡K| †jÝ `ywU‡K `ywU Uvbv
b‡ji cÖv‡š ﾏ † i‡L GKwU j¤^v
g ﾁ j b‡ji `yB cÖv‡š ﾏ mgv¶fv‡e
¯’vcb Kiv nq| d‡j †jÝ `ywUi
ga¨eZx© ` ﾁ iZ¡ cwieZ©b Kiv
hvq| wPÎ : b‡fvex¶Y hš ﾐ
5. wfD dvBÊvi : b‡fvex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i weea©b †ewk A_P `„wó‡¶Î Aí e‡j
Gi Mv‡q wfD dvBÊvi bv‡g GKwU †QvU hš ﾐ jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GB
hš ﾐ wUi weea©b Aí wKš‘ Gi `„wó‡¶Î A‡c¶vK…Z cÖk¯ﾏ|
b‡fvex¶Y h‡š ﾐ Av‡jvi c_ : Kvh©-cÖYvwj :
g‡b Kwi, Awfj¶¨ O n‡Z Lye ` ﾁ ‡ i Aew¯’Z PQ GKwU e¯‘| GwU Awfj¶¨ I
Awf‡b‡Îi mvaviY A‡¶i Dci j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z| e¯‘wU A‡bK `ﾁ‡i Aew¯’Z e‡j Gi
†h †Kvb we›`y n‡Z AvMZ Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K ev iwk¥¸‡jv‡K ci¯•i mgvš ﾏ ivj
we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|

wPÎ :
GLb j¶¨e¯‘i kxl©we›`y P n‡Z AvMZ mgvš ﾏ ivj iwk¥¸”Q PP Awfj‡¶¨i Dci
wZh©Kfv‡e AvcwZZ n‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci Awfj‡¶¨i †dvKvmZ‡j P1 we›`y‡Z
wgwjZ n‡e| P1 n‡Z cÖavb A‡¶i Dci P1Q1 j¤^ AuvwK| myZivs P1Q1 nj PQ e¯‘i
ev¯ ﾏ e, Dëv I AwZkq Lwe©Z cÖwZwe¤^| GwU Awf‡bÎ E Gi wbKU e¯‘
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Uvbv bjwU‡K g ﾁ j b‡ji wfZ‡i †U‡j ev evB‡i †U‡b Awf‡b·K Ggbfv‡e ivLv
nq †hb P1Q1 cÖwZwe¤^ Awf‡b‡Îi †dvKvm Z‡j _v‡K| d‡j Amx‡g Gi GKwU
weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó n‡e| G‡K Amxg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ †dvKvwms e‡j|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ Uvbv b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Awf‡b·K mvgvb¨ wfZ‡ii w`‡K †U‡b †`qv
nq †hb P1Q1 Awf‡b‡Îi †dvKvm ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i wfZ‡i _v‡K| GLb P1Q1 n‡Z AvMZ
Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q Awf‡b‡Îi ga¨w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci GKwU Aev¯ ﾏ e, wmav
(PQ e¯‘i mv‡c‡¶ Dëv‡bv) Ges weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ P2Q2-Gi m„wó n‡e|
Awf‡b·K Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq †hb P2Q2 cÖwZwe¤^ Awf‡b‡Îi wcQ‡b
¯’vwcZ P¶zi ¯•ó `k©‡bi wbKUZg ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ MwVZ nq| G‡K ¯•ó `k©‡bi
b ﾁ¨bZg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ †dvKvwms e‡j|
weea©b :
GLv‡b weea©b, m =
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 132

= (j¶¨e¯‘i `ﾁ i‡Z¡i Zzjbvq `ﾁ iex‡bi ˆ`N©¨ bMY¨ e‡j ∠PC1Q

†K
†Pv‡L Drcbœ †KvY wn‡m‡e aiv hvq|)
= (†KvY¸‡jv †QvU e‡j)
= = × =
Amxg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ MwVZ cÖwZwe‡¤^i †¶‡Î−
m = .... .... .... .... .... .... .... (1)

GLv‡b, fo = Awfj‡¶¨i †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡

fe Awf‡b‡Îi †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡
=
Avevi, ¯•ó `„wói b ﾁ¨bZg `ﾁ i‡Z¡ cÖwZwe¤^ MV‡bi †¶‡Î−
awi, C2Q1 = U Ges C2Q2 = V = D
Zvn‡j, − = −
ev, = + =
∴ U =
∴ weea©b ¶gZv, m = = = fo

AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| wfwUªqvm wnDgvi Ges A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi wK? (Kz.†ev.
2005; iv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK 2bs cÖ‡kœi 11bs c‡q›U `ªóe¨|
cÖkœ : 2| weea©b ¶gZv ej‡Z wK eyS? weea©b KuvP wKfv‡e
KvR K‡i Zv GKwU eo cwi®‹vi I wPwýZ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki|
DËi : weea©b ¶gZv :
†Kvb j¶¨e¯‘i cÖwZwe‡¤^i D”PZv I e¯‘i D”PZvi AbycvZ‡K weea©b ¶gZv
e‡j| A_©vr−
weea©b ¶gZv =
weea©b Kuv‡Pi Kvh©-cÖYvwji g ﾁ jbxwZ :
weea©b KuvP GKwU ¶z`ª †dvKvm `ﾁ iZ¡ wewkó DËj †jÝ| †Pv‡Li wbK‡U
a‡i Kuv‡Pi wfZi w`‡q Awfj¶¨ e¯‘‡K cix¶v Kiv nq| KuvPwU GKwU ¶z`ª
e¯‘‡KI A‡bK¸Y weewa©Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| G †j‡Ýi cÖavb †dvKvm Ges Av‡jvK
†K‡›`ªi ga¨eZx© †Kvb ¯’v‡b GKwU Awfj¶¨ e¯‘‡K ivL‡j †jÝwU H e¯‘i
GKwU Lvov Ges weewa©Z cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i|
wP‡Îi eY©bv :
wP‡Î AB GKwU weea©b KuvP| Gi †dvKvm I
133 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

Av‡jvK †K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ CD Awfj¶¨ e¯‘‡K ivLv

nj| C †_‡K GKwU AvcwZZ iwk¥
CL cÖavb A‡¶i mgvš ﾏ ivjfv‡e G‡m †j‡Ý
cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †dvKvm F w`‡q P‡j hvq| Ab¨
iwk¥ CO †mvRv †K›`ª w`‡q cÖwZmwiZ nq|
GB cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥Øq cðv‡Z ewa©Z Ki‡j
C′ we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| C′ †_‡K cÖavb A‡¶i
Dci C′D′ j¤^ AuvKv n‡j GwUB weewa©Z,
Lvov I Aev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe¤^ n‡e|
Kv‡RB, weea©b KuvP‡K Awfj¶¨ e¯‘i Lye wbK‡U ai‡j Lvov I A‡bK¸‡jv
weewa©Z Aev¯ﾏ e cÖwZwe‡¤^i m„wó n‡e|
cÖkœ : 3| AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ I `ﾁ iex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL|
DËi : AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ I `ﾁ iex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i cv_©K¨ :
ˆewkó¨ AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ
1. msÁv †h h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ †h h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ eû
wbKUeZx© AwZ ¶z`ª ` ﾁ ieZx© e¯‘‡K †Pv‡Li ¯•ó
e¯‘‡K AZ¨waK `k©‡bi wbKUZg ` ﾁ i‡Z¡
weewa©Zfv‡e †`Lv hvq weewa©Zfv‡e †`Lv hvq
Zv‡K AYyex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j| Zv‡K `ﾁ iex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j|
2. D‡b¥l I Awf‡bÎ A‡c¶v Awfj‡¶¨i Awf‡bÎ A‡c¶v Awfj‡¶¨i
†dvKvm D‡b¥l I †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ D‡b¥l I †dvKvm ` ﾁ iZ¡ eo
`ﾁ iZ¡ †QvU nq| nq|
3. Awfj¶¨ I Awf‡bÎ Df‡qi Awf‡bÎ Øviv cÖwZwe¤^
ØvivB cÖwZwe¤^ weewa©Z nq Ges Awfj¶¨
cÖwZwe‡ weewa©Z nq| Øviv cÖwZwe¤^ Lwe©Z
¤^i aib nq|
4. †kl †kl cÖwZwe¤^ j¶¨e¯‘ †kl cÖwZwe¤^ j¶¨e¯‘
cÖwZwe‡ mv‡c‡¶ Dëv nq| mv‡c‡¶ †Kvb `ﾁ iex¶Y h‡š ﾐ
¤^i cÖK… Dëv Ges †KvbwU‡Z wmav
wZ nq|
5. Awfj¶¨ Øviv j¶¨e¯‘i Awfj¶¨ Øviv j¶¨e¯‘i
cÖwZwe¤^ Gi †dvKvm cÖwZwe¤^ Gi †dvKvm Z‡j
cÖwZwe‡ ` ﾁ iZ¡ A‡c¶v AwaK MwVZ nq|
¤^i `ﾁ i‡Z¡ MwVZ nq|
Ae¯’vb
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 134

cÖkœ : 4| ex¶Y †KvY wK? [Xv.†ev. ewi.†ev. 2006; ewi. †ev. 2003]
DËi : ex¶Y †KvY (Angle of vision) :
GKwU e¯‘ hZ ` ﾁ ‡ i m‡i hvq Zv‡K
ZZ †QvU †`Lvq| †Pv‡L GKwU e¯‘
eo ev †QvU †`Lv‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i
e¯‘ Øviv Drcbœ ex¶Y †Kv‡Yi Dci|
†Pv‡L GKwU e¯‘ †h †KvY Drcbœ
K‡i Zv‡K ex¶Y †KvY e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : wP‡Î A1O1 Ae¯’v‡b e¯‘wU
†Pv‡L †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zvi
†P‡q A2O2 Ae¯’v‡b Drcbœ †KvY eo
ZvB GKB e¯‘‡K A1O1 Ae¯’v‡bi †P‡q
A2O2 Ae¯’v‡b eo †`Lv‡e|
wPÎ : ex¶Y †KvY
cÖkœ : 5| gvbe †Pv‡Li ΓwU¸‡jv `ﾁ i Kivi Dcvq eY©bv Ki| (Kz.†ev.
2004)
DËi : Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK 4bs cÖkœ `ªóe¨|

ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. GKwU weea©K KuvP wb‡Êv³ 2. †Pv‡Li †jÝ †iwUbvi Dci †Kvb e¯‘i
†Kvb we¤^wU MVb K‡i? †h we¤^ MVb K‡i, †mwU †Kvb
(Kz.†ev. Õ99; P.†ev. Õ99) ai‡bi nq? (Xv.†ev. Õ05; Õ02;
K. †mvRv I Lwe©Z L. †mvRv iv.†ev. Õ01; 2000)
I mgvb AvKv‡ii K. †mvRv ✓ L. D‡ëv
M. D‡ëv I weewa©Z ✓N. †mvRv M. e¯‘i mgvb N. e¯‘i †P‡q eo
I weewa©Z 3. RwUj AYyex¶Y h‡š MwVZ
P‚ovš we¤^ wK iKg nq?
(P.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2005; Kz.†ev. 2001)
K. D‡ëv I Lwe©Z L.
†mvRv I weewa©Z
✓ M. D‡ëv I weewa©Z
N.†mvRv I Lwe©Z|

AwZwi³
ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
1| b‡fvex¶Y h‡š MwVZ P‚ovš
135 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

we¤^ wK iKg nq? K. Acmvix ✓ L. Awfmvix

(Xv.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. 2000) M. AeZj N. mgZj
K. D‡ëv I Lwe©Z ✓ L. 8| gvby‡li `k©vbvbyf‚wZi
†mvRv I weewa©Z ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj KZ?
M. D‡ëv I weewa©Z N. K. 20 †m‡KÛ L. 3.5 †m‡KÛ
†mvRv I Lwe©Z M. 10 †m‡KÛ ✓ N. 0.1 †m‡KÛ
2| AvaywbK K¨v‡givq Av‡jvK 9| †KvbwU P¶zi Av‡jvK øvqyZš‘i
m¤•v‡Zi mgq KZ? ˆewkó¨ bq?
(iv.†ev. wm.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2000; K. Zxeª Av‡jv‡Z mvov †`qv
Kz.†ev. 2003) (h.†ev. 2001)
✓ K. 0.10S †_‡K 0.001S L. i‡Oi Abyf‚wZ
L. 0.01S †_‡K 0.001S ✓ M. e¯‘i bovPov
M. 0.10S †_‡K 1.00N N. i‡Oi cv_©K¨
N. 0.11.0S †_‡K 0.01S 10| P¶z †j‡Ýi AvK…wZ wKiƒc?
3| †Pv‡Li †KvU‡ii g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z Gi K. wØ-AeZj ✓ L. cÖvq DËj
†MvjvKvi Ask‡K wK e‡j? M. mgZ‡jvËj N. mg-AeZj
(Xv.†ev. 2000) 11| b‡fvex¶Y hšwU cÖavbZ
K. †k¦ZgÊj L. K…ògÊj KqwU †j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi Kiv
M. †Pv‡Li gwY ✓ N. Aw¶‡MvjK nq?
K. wZbwU ✓ L. `ywU
4| †K me©cÖ_g b‡fvex¶Y hš
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? M. PviwU N. QqwU
(P.†ev. 2003; 2005; wm.†ev. 200; Kz.†ev.
12| †Pv‡L cÖavbZ Kq ai‡bi ΓwU
Õ99) †`Lv hvq?
✓ K. `yB ai‡bi L. wZb ai‡bi
K. j¨vcvm ✓ L. †Kcjvi
M. Pvi ai‡bi N. cuvP ai‡bi
M. eªvDb N. †KvcviwbKvm
13| ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li `„wói cvjv KZ
5| ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li Rb¨ ¯•ó ch©š n‡q _v‡K?
`k©‡bi wbKUZg `iZ¡ KZ
K. 25 †_‡K 30 cm
†mw›UwgUvi? (h.†ev. Õ06; Õ02;
Xv.†ev. Õ04; Õ01; m.†ev. Õ98; L. 25 †_‡K 35 cm
iv.†ev. Õ03) ✓ M. 25 cm †_‡K Amxg ch©š
K. cÖvq 35 cm L. cÖvq 45 cm N. Ic‡ii †KvbwUB bq
M. cÖvq 25 cm ✓N. cÖvq 25 cm. 14| Aw¶ †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© K‡g
†M‡j ev †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi †dvKvm
6| ¶xY `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki `iZ¡ †e‡o †Kvb ai‡bi ΓwU
Amyweav †KvbwU? †`Lv hvq?
✓ K. `‡ii wRwbm ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv ✓ K. `xN© `„wó L. n«¯^ `„wó
L. GKwU j¶¨e¯‘‡K `ywU g‡b nq M. K I L DfqB N. †KvbwUB bq
M. `‡ii wKsev Kv‡Qi †Kvb wRwbmB 15| `xN© `„wó mnvqK †jÝ wn‡m‡e
¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv nq?
N. Kv‡Qi wRwbm ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq ✓ K. DËj †jÝ L. AeZj †jÝ
bv M. mgvšivj †jÝ N. Dc‡ii
meKwU
7| P¶z †jÝ wb‡Pi †KvbwUi gZ KvR
16| P¶y †jÝ Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki mv‡_ wb‡Pi
K‡i? (Xv.†ev. 2003)
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 136

†KvbwU Øviv AvUKv‡bv _v‡K? ✓ M. wmjfvi n¨vjvBW

✓ K. mvm‡cÝix eÜbx L. N. †mvwWqvg n¨vjvBW
Ro eÜbx 23| †iwUbvi m„ó D‡ëv
M. †MvjK eÜbx N. wd·÷ eÜbx cÖwZwe¤^‡K cybivq D‡ë †`q
17| †Pv‡Li g‡a¨ †h Zij _v‡K Zv‡K wK †K?
e‡j? (P.†ev. 2003) [iv.†ev. 2006]
A_ev, †iwUbv Ges P¶z †j‡Ýi ✓ K. gw¯®‹ L. AvBwik
ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b †Rjx RvZxq †h
c`v_© _v‡K Zv‡K wK e‡j? M. AcwUK bvf© N.
(ewi.†ev. 2006) †iwUbv
A_ev, AkÖ“ ej‡Z Kv‡K eySv‡bv nq?
(ewi.†ev. 2004)
✓ K. A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi L.
†W‡fjcvi
M. nvB‡cv N. wmjfvi
n¨vjvBW `ªeY
18| †KvbwU‡K nvB‡cv e‡j?
(Xv.†ev. 2001)
A_ev, e¯‘i †b‡MwUf ˆZwii c‡e©
wdj¥‡K cvwb‡Z ay‡h nvB‡cv‡Z
Wzev‡bv nq, nvB‡cvi
ivmvhwbK bvg wK?
(ewi.†ev. 2004)
K. †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU
L. K¨vjwmqvg _v‡qvmvj‡dU
M. †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU
✓ N. †mvwWqvg _v‡qvmvj‡dU
19| †Pv‡Li ¶xY `„wó ΓwU `i Kivi
Rb¨ †Kvb cÖKvi †jÝ e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq? (e.†ev. 2002)
A_ev, ¶xY `„wó m¤•bœ †jv‡Ki
Pkgvi †jÝ wKiƒc nIqv
cÖ‡qvRb? (Kz.†ev. 2002)
K. DËj †jÝ ✓ K. AeZj †jÝ
M. mgZj-DËj †jÝ N. mgZjÑAeZj
†jÝ
20| ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡Li Rb¨ `i
we›`yi `iZ¡ KZ?
✓ K. Amxg L. 25cm (Xv.†ev.
2003)
M. 100 Cm N. 100 m
21| wb‡Êi †Kvb&wU Zxeª
Av‡jv‡Z mvov †`q? (h.†ev. 2003)
K. eo ✓ N. †iwUbv
M. P¶z †jÝ N. †KvY|
22| K¨v‡givi wd‡j¥i Dci wK‡mi
cÖ‡jc _v‡K?
[h.†ev. 2006]
K. wR¼ mvj‡dU
L. †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU
137 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

24| †Pv‡Li `xN© `„wó ΓwU `i [Kz.†ev. 2004]

Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb †j‡Ýi Pkgv K. Kvwb©qv L. P¶z‡jÝ
e¨envi Kiv nq? M. AvBwik ✓ N. ZviviÜ«
[iv.†ev. 2005] 27| †Pv‡Li Af¨šixY cÖwZdjb
K. AeZj L. wØ-AeZj †jÝ †iva K‡i †Kvb&wU?
✓ M. DËj †jÝ N. DËjveZj †jÝ [P.†ev. 2004]
25| wb‡Êi †Kvb&wU P¶z †j‡Ýi ✓ K. K…ògÊj L. †k¦ZgÊj
Dci AvcwZZ Av‡jvi cwigvY M. Kwb©qv N. AvBwik
wbqšY K‡i? [h.†ev. 2004; P.†ev. 28| RwUj AYyex¶Y h‡ši
2006] j¶¨e¯‘‡K wK Øviv Av‡jvwKZ
K. KwY©qv L. †iwUbv Kiv nq? [P.†ev. 2004]
✓ M. AvBwik N. †k¦ZgÊj K. DËj †jÝ L. AeZj †jÝ
26| gvbe P¶zi †Kvb& Ask M. DËj `c©Y ✓ N. AeZj `c©Y
Wvqvd«v‡gi KvR K‡i?