A a¨vq

cÖ
_g Aa¨vq
19
w̄’i Zw
or ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi cÖkœ : 4| Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv ej‡Z wK
cÖkœ : 1| Nl©Y Øviv wKfv‡e Zwo‡Zi †evS? †`LvI †h, F = qE. (ewi.†ev.
m„wó nq? (h.†ev. 2004) Xv.ev. 2005; h.†ev. 2006 2002;
cÖkœ : 2| Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ wK? Kz.†ev. 2005; 2002; Õ99; wm.†ev.
(Xv. †ev. Õ99) 2003)
cÖkœ : 3| Zwor Av‡ek Kv‡K e‡j? A_ev, †`LvI †h, Zwor †¶‡Î †Kvb we›`y‡Z
(P. †ev. 2001 ; h. †ev. 2000; ¯’vwcZ †Kvb we›`y Avav‡bi Dci
2006; ewi.†ev. 2006) wµqvkxj ej H we›`yi ZxeªZv Ges
cÖkœ : 4| Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv ej‡Z wK ¯’vwcZ Avav‡bi ¸Y d‡ji mgvb|
†evSvq? ( iv.†ev. Õ04; ewi.†ev. Õ05; (Kz.†ev. 2005; h.†ev. Õ99; P.†ev.
P. †ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. Õ06; Õ02; h.†ev. 2003)
2002; wm.†ev. 2003 ; P.†ev. 2003) A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, Zwor †¶‡Î †Kvb
cÖkœ : 5| wefe I wefe cv_©K¨ Kv‡K e‡j? we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ + q Avav‡bi Dci
(h. †ev. Õ99 ; wµqvkxj ej H we›`yi ZxeªZv Ges
Xv. †ev. Õ99; wm.†ev. 2002; ¯’vwcZ Avav‡bi ¸Y d‡ji mgvb|
Xv.†ev. 2001) (Kz.†ev. 2001)
A_ev, Zwor wefe I wefe Aš ﾏ i wK? cÖkœ : 5| Kzj‡¤^i myÎwU wjL Ges GB
(Xv. †ev. 2001) m ﾁ ‡ Îi MvwYwZK cÖKvk cÖwZcv`b
Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. 2005;
P.†ev. wm.†ev. iv.†ev..Õ01 ; h.†ev.
Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK 2005; Õ99; ewi.†ev.Õ04, Õ06, Õ02;
cÖkœ : 1| Avavb ej‡Z wK †evSvq? Xv.†ev.Õ05, Õ03)
AvwnZKiY wK? cix¶‡Yi mvnv‡h¨
A_ev, w¯’i Zwo‡Zi †¶‡Î Kzj‡¤^i m ﾁ ÎwU
†`LvI †h, Nl©‡Yi d‡j Zwo‡Zi m„wó
cÖwZcv`b Ki| ev Kzj‡¤^i m ﾁ ÎwU
nq|
(Kz.†ev. 2006) eY©bv Ki| ( iv. †ev. Õ06, Õ04,
,01; Kz.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 2| we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ Kv‡K e‡j? GB
h‡š ﾐ i MVb eY©bv Ki| wKfv‡e GB A_ev, `ywU AvwnZ e¯‘i AvKl©Y ev
hš ﾐ ‡ K AvwnZ Kiv nq? GB hš ﾐ weKl©YRwbZ e‡ji Kj‡¤^i m ﾁ ÎwU
w`‡q wKfv‡e Avav‡bi cÖK…wZ †jL| Ges GB m ﾁ ‡ Îi MvwYwZK
wbY©q Kiv hvq eY©bv Ki| cÖKvk cÖwZcv`b Ki| (Xv.†ev.
(wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2001; 2002)
Õ99) cÖkœ : 6| Zwor wefe wK e¨vL¨v Ki| abvÍK
cÖkœ : 3| Zwor Av‡ek wK? Av‡ek wefe I FYvZ¡K wefe e¨vLv Ki|
cÖwµqvq †Kvb avZe `ʇK wKfv‡e wefe cv_©K¨ ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
abvÍK I FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ Kiv (Xv.†ev. 2004)
hvq eY©bv Ki| (ewi.†ev. 2006; Xv. AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi
†ev. Õ99 ; h. †ev. 2000; P.†ev.
2001; Xv.†ev. 2002; Õ99)
117 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖkœ : 1| wefe I wefe cv_©K¨ Kv‡K e‡j? AwZwi³ MvwYwZK mgm¨v

Av‡ek cÖwµqvq †Kvb avZe `ʇK mgm¨vÑ1| evqy gva¨‡g 30C GKwU 50C
wKfv‡e abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ Kiv Avavb cici †_‡K wK ` ﾁ i‡Z¡ _vK‡j
hvq wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| (iv.†ev. G‡`i ga¨eZ©x e‡ii gvb 1.35 × 1013N
2003) n‡e? (iv.†ev. 2004)
cÖkœ : 2| c„w_exi wefe k ﾁ b¨ aiv nq †Kb? mgm¨vÑ2| GKwU UªvÝcg©v‡ii gyL¨ KzÊjxi
[iv.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. 2003; cvK msL¨v 30 Ges cÖevn 10
Kz.†ev. 2005; 2002] A¨vw¤•qvi, †MŠY KzÊjxi cvK
msL¨v 180 cÖevn KZ| (P.†ev.
MvwYwZK D`vniYmg ﾁ n 2004)
D`v : 1| GKwU 20 Kzj‡¤^i AvwnZ e¯‘
evqy‡Z Aci GKwU 70 Kzj‡¤^i
AvwnZ e¯‘ †_‡K 50 cm ` ﾁ ‡ i ivLv nj|
G‡`i ga¨eZx© e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki|
D`v : 2| †Kvb Zwor‡¶‡Î 10 Kzj‡¤^i GKwU
AvwnZ e¯‘ ¯’vcb Ki‡j †mwU 10
wbDUb ej jvf K‡i| H we›`y‡Z 15
Kzj‡¤^i GKwU AvwnZ e¯‘ ¯’vcb
Ki‡j e‡ji gvb KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev.
2006; 2004; ewi.†ev. 2006; 2004)

Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v

mgm¨v : 1| 5 Kzj‡¤^i Avavb †_‡K 0.5m
` ﾁ ieZx© †Kvb we›`y‡Z Zwor‡¶‡Îi
ZxeªZv KZ? (Xv.†ev. Õ01; wm.†ev.
Õ02; h.†ev. Kz.†ev. P.†ev. Õ03;
iv.†ev. P.†ev. ewi.†ev. 2006)
mgm¨v : 2| †Kvb Zwor‡¶‡Î 30 Kzj‡¤^i
GKwU PvR© ¯’vcb Ki‡j Zv 15
wbDUb ej jvf K‡i| H we›`y‡Z 20
Kzj‡¤^i GKwU Avavb ¯’vcb Ki‡j
e‡ji gvb KZ? (Kz.†ev. 2005;
Xv.†ev. Õ99; Abyt Xv.†ev. 2002;
iv.†ev. 2002)
mgm¨v : 3| evqygva¨‡g GKwU 30 Kzj¤^ I
GKwU 50 Kzj¤^ Avavb ci¯•i †_‡K 1
wgUvi ` ﾁ ‡ i Av‡Q| G‡`i ga¨eZx©
e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki| (h. †ev. 2005;
Õ99)
mgm¨v : 4| 10 cm e¨vm wewkó 25 Kzj¤^
Avav‡bi AvwnZ e¯‘ evqy‡Z Aci
GKwU 10 cm e¨v‡mi 70 Kzj¤^
Avav‡bi AvwnZ e¯‘ †_‡K 4m `ﾁ i‡Z¡
ivLv nq| G‡`i ga¨eZ©x e‡ji gvb
wbY©q Ki| (Kz. †ev. 2003)
 w¯’i Zwor 118

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Nl©Y Øviv wKfv‡e Zwo‡Zi m„wó nq? (h.†ev. 2004)
DËi : Nl©Y Øviv Zwo‡Zi m„wó :
`ywU e¯‘‡K Nl©Y Ki‡j †h Zv‡ci m„wó nq †m Zvc e¯‘w¯’Z B‡jKUªb‡K mwµq
K‡i| d‡j †h e¯‘i B‡jKUª‡bi Avmw³ †ewk †m e¯‘ Ab¨ e¯‘ †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY
K‡i FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ nq| Aci e¯‘wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i abvÍK Avav‡b
AvwnZ nq| Gfv‡eB Nl©‡Yi d‡j e¯‘؇q Zwo‡Zi m„wó nq|
D`vniY : GKwU KuvP `ʇK †ikg Øviv Nl©Y Ki‡j †ik‡gi B‡jKUªb MÖn‡Yi
Avmw³ †ewk _vKvq †m KuvP`Ê †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i FYvÍK Avav‡b
AvwnZ nq| Aci w`‡K KuvP`Ê B‡jKUªb nvwi‡q abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ nq|
cÖkœ : 2| Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ wK?
(Xv. †ev. Õ99)
DËi : Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ :
†h h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Pv‡R©i Aw¯ﾏ Z¡, cÖK…wZ Ges cwigvY Rvbv
hvq, Zv‡K Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j| GB h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ c`v‡_©i
we`y¨r cwievwnZvi Zzjbvg ﾁ jK cix¶vI Kiv hvq|
Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
1. †kvjvej Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ
2. ¯^Y©cvZ Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ|

wPÎ : †kvjvej Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ wPÎ : ¯^Y©cvZ Zworex¶Y hš ﾐ

cÖkœ : 3| Zwor Av‡ek Kv‡K e‡j? (P. †ev. 2001 ; h. †ev. 2000; 2006;
ewi.†ev. 2006)
DËi : iPbvgyjK cÖ‡kœvËi 3bs Gi cÖ_g Aby‡”Q` wjL|
cÖkœ : 4| Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv ej‡Z wK †evSvq? ( iv.†ev. Õ04; ewi.†ev.
Õ05; P. †ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. Õ06; Õ02; h.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2003 ; P.†ev.
2003)
DËi : iPbvgyjK cÖ‡kœvËi 4bs Gi cÖ_g Aby‡”Q` wjL|
119 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖkœ : 5| wefe I wefe cv_©K¨ Kv‡K e‡j? (h. †ev. Õ99 ; Xv. †ev. Õ99;
wm.†ev. 2002; Xv.†ev. 2001)
A_ev, Zwor wefe I wefe Aš ﾏ i wK? (Xv. †ev. 2001)
DËi : iPbvg ﾁ jK cÖ‡kœvËi Gi 6bs †`L|

Abykxjbxi
iPbvg ﾁ jK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Avavb ej‡Z wK †evSvq? AvwnZKiY wK? cix¶‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI †h, Nl©‡Yi d‡j Zwo‡Zi m„wó nq|
(Kz.†ev. 2006)
DËi : Avavb (Charge) :
msÁv : c`v_© m„wóKvix cÖv_wgK KwYKvmg ﾁ ‡ ni †gŠwjK I ˆewkó¨g ﾁ jK
ag©‡K Avavb e‡j|
A_ev− Òhvi w¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb e¯‘‡Z w¯’i we`y¨r, ˆe`y¨wZK †¶Î, w¯’i we`y¨r
kw³i mÂvi nq I e¯‘ †QvU †QvU KvM‡Ri nvjKv UzKiv AvKl©Y Kivi mvg_©¨
iv‡L Ges hvi MwZ‡Z we`y¨r cÖevn, ˆe`y¨wZK †¶Î I †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi D™¢e
nq Zv‡K Avavb ev PvR© e‡j|Ó
e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡Z¨K c`v‡_©i cigvYy wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K NY©vqgvb
B‡jKUªb Øviv MwVZ| wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ `yB ai‡bi KYv _v‡K| h_v−
†cÖvUb I wbDUªb| B‡jKUª‡bi Avavb‡K FYvÍK Ges †cÖvU‡bi Avavb‡K
abvÍK aiv nq| †cÖvUb I B‡jKUª‡bi Avavb mgvb I wecixZ| wbDUª‡bi †Kvb
Avavb †bB| †Kvb cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi NvUwZ n‡j Zv abvÍKfv‡e AvwnZ nq
Ges cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi AvwaK¨ n‡j Zv FYvÍKfv‡e AvwnZ nq|
GKK : Avav‡bi GKK Kzj¤^ (c)|
AvwnZKiY :
msÁv : GKwU PvwR©Z e¯‘i wbKU GKwU APvwR©Z cwievnx‡K Avb‡j
APvwR©Z cwievnx‡Z Pv‡R©i mÂvi nq| †h cÖwµqvq APvwR©Z
cwievnx‡K PvwR©Z Kiv nq Zv‡K PvwR©ZKiY ev AvwnZKiY e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb cigvYy‡Z hZ¶Y ch©š ﾏ B‡jKUªb I †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb
_v‡K ZZ¶Y ch©š ﾏ Zv Zwor wbi‡c¶| wKš‘ cigvYy‡Z G‡`i msL¨v mgvb bv n‡j
cigvYy ZworMÖ¯ ﾏ A_©vr AvwnZ nq| †Kvb cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v K‡g
†M‡j †cÖvU‡bi AvwaK¨ †`Lv hvq| GB Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq abvÍK Avavb AvwnZ
nIqv| Avevi GB wew”Qbœ B‡jKUªb Aci †Kvb cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j †mB
cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v †e‡o hvq, d‡j FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ nq|
Nl©‡Yi d‡j Zwor m„wói cix¶v :
ZË¡ : myweavgZ `yU e¯‘ ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ Nl©Y Ki‡j G‡`i GKwU hZwU
B‡jKUªb nvivq; AciwU wVK ZZwU B‡jKUªb jvf K‡i| d‡j G‡`i GKwU‡Z
abPvR© Ges AciwU‡Z mg cwigvY FYPvR© Drcbœ nq|
 w¯’i Zwor 120

cix¶v : GKwU B‡evbvBU `‡Êi gv_vq GKwU ckgx Uzwc jvMv‡bv nq| Uzwc
Øviv N‡l `ÊwU‡K PvwR©Z Kiv nq| Uzwc jvMvb Ae¯’vq `ÊwU‡K GKwU
¯^Y©cvZ Zworex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i PvKwZi wbKU Avb‡j h‡š ﾐ i ¯^Y©cvZØq duvK
n‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| G‡Z eySv hvq− `Ê I Uzwci GKwÎZ Ae¯’vq PvR© †bB|
GLb Uzwc I `Ê Avjv`v K‡i c„_K c„_K fv‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki PvR© cix¶v Ki‡j †`Lv
hvq B‡evbvBU `‡Ê FYPvR© Ges Uzwc‡Z abPvR© i‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz `Ê I Uzwc
GK‡Î PvR©nxb †`Lvq| AZGe, G‡`i PvR© ci¯•i mgvb I wecixZ| G PvR©
Nl©‡Yi d‡jB Drcbœ nq|

wPÎ : Nl©‡Y we`y¨‡Zi mÂvi

wm×vš ﾏ : Dc‡ii cix¶v †_‡K eySv hvq− Nl©‡Yi d‡j Zwo‡Zi m„wó nq|
cÖkœ : 2| we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ Kv‡K e‡j? GB h‡š ﾐ i MVb eY©bv Ki|
wKfv‡e GB hš ﾐ ‡ K AvwnZ Kiv nq? GB hš ﾐ w`‡q wKfv‡e Avav‡bi
cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiv hvq eY©bv Ki| (wm.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2001; Õ99)
DËi : we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ :
msÁv : †h h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Avav‡bi Aw¯ﾏ Z¡ I cÖK…wZ wbY©q
Kiv hvq Zv‡K we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j|
A_ev− †h h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Pv‡R©i Aw¯ ﾏ Z¡, cÖK…wZ Ges
cwigvY Rvbv hvq, Zv‡K we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ e‡j|
GB h‡š ﾐ i mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ c`v‡_©i we`y¨r cwievwnZvi Zzjbvg ﾁ jK
cix¶vI Kiv hvq|
we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
1. †kvjvej we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ|
2. ¯^Y©cvZ we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ|
wb‡æ ¯^Y©cvZ we`y¨rex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i MVb eY©bv Kiv nj|
◆ h‡š ﾐ i MVb :
1. wcZ‡ji PvKwZ I †mvbvi cvZ :
GB h‡š ﾐ GKwU wcZ‡ji `‡Êi GK
cÖv‡š ﾏ GKwU wcZ‡ji PvKwZ Geys
Aci cÖv‡š ﾏ `ywU nvjKv †mvbvi
cvZ ÔaaÕ jvMvb _v‡K|
2. Kv‡Pi †ejRvi I wQwc : wcZ‡ji
`ÊwU GKwU Aš ﾏ iK wQwc E Gi
ga¨w`‡q cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q GKwU
Kuv‡Pi †ejRv‡ii g‡a¨ Ggbfv‡e ivLv
_v‡K− hv‡Z avZe PvKwZwU I `‡Êi
wKQy Ask evB‡i _v‡K| wPÎ :
121 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

¯^Y©cvZ we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ
3. wU‡bi cvZ : `ywU wU‡bi cvZ ÔbbÕ ¯^Y©cvZ؇qi gy‡LvgywL
Ae¯’vq Kuv‡Pi †ejRv‡ii wfZ‡ii Mv‡q AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| wU‡bi cvZØq
f‚mshy³ Kiv _v‡K|
4. wb‡ivaK e¯‘ : cv‡Îi wfZ‡ii evqy‡K ﮋ ivLvi Rb¨ cv‡Îi
Zjvq wKQy cwigvY wb‡ivaK e¯‘ CaCl2 Gi `vbv ivLv nq|
AvwnZKiY c×wZ :
1. abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZKiY : GKwU KvP`ʇK †ikg w`‡q Nl‡j KuvP`‡Ê
abvÍK Avav‡bi D™¢e nq| H AvwnZ KuvP`ʇK Zworex¶‡Yi PvKwZ ev
†Mvj‡Ki Mv‡q ¯•k© Kiv‡j `Ê n‡Z LvwbKUv Avavb PvKwZ‡Z P‡j hvq|
GB Avavb mycwievnx avZe `‡Êi ga¨w`‡q †mvbvi cvZ؇q †cuŠ‡Q| d‡j
†mvbvi cvZ `ywU GKB RvZxq Avavb †c‡q ci¯•i‡K weKl©Y K‡i Ges
ci¯•i †_‡K `‡i m‡i hvq ev we‡ùvwiZ nq| G Ae¯’vq KuvP`Ê mwi‡q wb‡j
hw` cvZ؇qi ga¨eZx© duvK bv K‡g, Zvn‡j hš ﾐ wU abvÍK Avav‡b
AvwnZ n‡e|
2. FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZKiY : hš ﾐ ‡ K FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡j
GKwU B‡evbvBU `ʇK d¬v‡bj Øviv N‡l FYvÍK Avavbhy³ K‡i DcwiD³
cÖwµqvq PvKwZ ¯•k© Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j ¯^Y©cvZ `ywU FYvZ¡K
Avavb †c‡q ci¯•i †_‡K ` ﾁ ‡ i m‡i duvK n‡q hv‡e Ges †mB Ae¯’vqB
_vK‡e| Avavb hZ †ewk n‡e, avZecvZwUI ZZ †ewk cwigvY duvK n‡q
hv‡e|
Avav‡bi cÖK…wZ wbY©q :
GwU wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g ¯^Y©cvZ we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ ‡ K Rvbv Pv‡R©
PvwR©Z Ki‡Z n‡e| G Ae¯’vq ¯^Y©cvZØq duvK n‡q hv‡e| GLb cix¶Yxq
PvwR©Z e¯‘‡K GKwU Aš ﾏ ixZ nvZ‡ji mvnv‡h¨ ax‡i ax‡i h‡š ﾐ i PvKwZi
wbKU Avb‡j hw` cvZ `ywUi duvK AviI e„w× cvq- Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e e¯‘wU I
we`y¨rex¶Y hš ﾐ wU mgRvZxq Pv‡R© PvwR©Z| Avi hw` duvK µgkt K‡g
hvq− Z‡e eySv‡Z n‡e †h, cix¶Yxq e¯‘wU we`y¨rex¶Y h‡š ﾐ i wecixZagx©
Pv‡R© PvwR©Z|
cÖkœ : 3| Zwor Av‡ek wK? Av‡ek cÖwµqvq †Kvb avZe `ʇK
wKfv‡e abvÍK I FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ Kiv hvq eY©bv Ki|
(ewi.†ev. 2006; Xv. †ev. Õ99 ; h. †ev. 2000; P.†ev. 2001;
Xv.†ev. 2002; Õ99)
DËi : Zwor Av‡ek :
GKwU PvwR©Z e¯‘‡K GKwU Aš ﾏ ixZ cwievnxi wbK‡U Avb‡j mvgwqKfv‡e
cwievnxi wbKU cÖv‡š ﾏ wecixZ PvR© I `ﾁ iZg cÖv‡š ﾏ mgRvZxq Pv‡R©i
m„wó nq| PvwR©Z e¯‘‡K mwi‡q wb‡j cwievnxi PvR©I mv‡_ mv‡_ P‡j
hvq|
 w¯’i Zwor 122

AZGe ejv hvq−ÒGKwU PvwR©Z e¯‘‡K GKwU Aš ﾏ wiZ cwievnxi Kv‡Q G‡b
PvwR©Z e¯‘i cÖfv‡e cwievnx e¯‘‡K mvgwqKfv‡e PvwR©Z Kivi c×wZ‡K
ˆe`y¨wZK Av‡ek ev Zwor Av‡ek e‡j|Ó
cÖfvex e¯‘i PvR©‡K Av‡ekx PvR© I
cÖfvweZ e¯‘i PvR©‡K Avweó PvR© ejv
nq|
wP‡Î A nj GKwU PvwR©Z e¯‘ Ges BC
GKwU Aš ﾏ ixZ cwievnx| A e¯‘i PvR©‡K
Av‡ekx PvR© Ges B I C cÖv‡š ﾏ i PvR©‡K
Avweó PvR© ejv nq|
Av‡ek cÖwµqvq AvwnZKiY : wPÎ :
ˆe`y¨wZK Av‡ek
K) abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZKiY :
1. GKwU cwievnx AB-†K abvÍK Pv‡R© PvwR©Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g GKwU
B‡evbvBU `ʇK (R) d¬v‡b‡ji mv‡_ N‡l G‡K FYvZ¡K Avav‡b AvwnZ
Kwi|
2. Gevi G‡K cwievnK e¯‘wUi A cÖv‡š ﾏ i wbK‡U ai‡j cwievn‡Ki gy³
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv B‡evbvBU `‡Êi B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Øviv weKwl©Z n‡q B
cÖv‡š ﾏ m‡i hv‡e| (wPÎ-K)
3. GLb B‡evbvBU `ÊwU‡K bv mwi‡q AB cwievnKwU nvZ w`‡q ¯•k©
Ki‡j ev †Kvb cwievnK Zvi w`‡q f‚-ms‡hvM Ki‡j gy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv f‚-
c„‡ô P‡j hv‡e| (wPÎ-L)

4. GLb f‚ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Ki‡jI abvÍK Avavb¸‡jv A cÖv‡š ﾏ Ave×

_vK‡e| (wPÎ-M)
5. Gevi R `ÊwU‡K mwi‡q wb‡j abvÍK Avavb¸‡jv e¯‘wUi me©Î Qwo‡q
co‡e, d‡j e¯‘wU abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ n‡e| (wPÎ-N)
L) FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZKiY :
1. AB cwievnK‡K FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU KuvP `ʇK (R)
†ik‡g N‡l abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ K‡i AB cwievn‡Ki A cÖv‡š ﾏ i wbK‡U
ai‡j cix¶Yxq `‡Êi gy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv R `‡Êi abvÍK Avavb KZ…©K AvK…
ó n‡q A cÖv‡š ﾏ m‡i Avm‡e| d‡j, B cÖv‡š ﾏ abvÍK Avav‡bi mÂvi n‡e|
(wPÎ-K)
123 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

2. GLb R `ÊwU‡K bv mwi‡q AB cwievnKwU nvZ w`‡q ¯•k© Ki‡j ev †Kvb

cwievnK Zvi w`‡q f‚-ms‡hvwRZ Ki‡j f‚wg †_‡K B‡jKUªb G‡m B
cÖv‡š ﾏ abvÍK Avavb¸‡jv‡K wbw¯Œq K‡i †`‡e| (wPÎ-L)
3. GLb f‚-ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Ki‡jI Avavb¸‡jv A cÖv‡š ﾏ Ave× _vK‡e|
(wPÎ-M)
4. Gevi R `ÊwU‡K mwi‡q wb‡j FYvÍK Avavb¸‡jv cwievn‡Ki me©Î
Qwo‡q co‡e| d‡j, cwievnKwU FYvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ n‡e| (wPÎ-N)
cÖkœ : 4| Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv ej‡Z wK †evS? †`LvI †h, F = qE.
(ewi.†ev. Xv.ev. 2005; h.†ev. 2006 2002; Kz.†ev. 2005; 2002; Õ99; wm.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, †`LvI †h, Zwor †¶‡Î †Kvb we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ †Kvb we›`y
Avav‡bi Dci wµqvkxj ej H we›`yi ZxeªZv Ges ¯’vwcZ Avav‡bi ¸Y
d‡ji mgvb| (Kz.†ev. 2005; h.†ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, Zwor †¶‡Î †Kvb we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ + q Avav‡bi
Dci wµqvkxj ej H we›`yi ZxeªZv Ges ¯’vwcZ Avav‡bi ¸Y d‡ji
mgvb| (Kz.†ev. 2001)
DËi : Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv :
msÁv : Zwor‡¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`y‡Z GKwU GKK abvÍK Avavb ¯’vcb Ki‡j GwU
†h ej Abyfe K‡i, Zv‡K H we›`y‡Z Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv e‡j| G‡K E Øviv
m ﾁ wPZ Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v :
GKwU AvwnZ e¯‘i wbK‡U Ab¨ GKwU AvwnZ e¯‘ Avb‡j †mwU AvKl©Y ev
weKl©Y ej jvf K‡i| AvwnZ e¯‘i Pviw`‡K †h AÂj Ry‡o GB cÖfve we`¨gvb
_v‡K †mB AÂjB H AvwnZ e¯‘wUi Zwor‡¶Î| Kzj‡¤^i m ﾁ Îvbyhvqx−
Ò`ywU AvwnZ e¯‘i g‡a¨ wµqvkxj AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y e‡ji gvb Zv‡`i
ga¨eZ©x ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯ ﾏ vbycvwZK|Ó Kv‡RB AvwnZ e¯‘‡K
Zwor‡¶‡Îi hZ wbK‡U Avbv hv‡e e¯‘wUi Dci wµqvkxj e‡ji gvb ZZ e„w×
cv‡e| A_©vr Zwor‡¶‡Îi hZ wbKUeZx© nIqv hvq Zwor‡¶‡Îi mejZvI ZZ
e„w× cvq| Zwor‡¶‡Îi mejZv‡K ZxeªZv e‡j|
GKK : Zwor ZxeªZv cwigv‡ci GKK wbDUb/Kzj¤^ (NC−1)|
ivwk : GwU GKwU †fKUi ivwk Ges Gi w`K n‡”Q Zwor‡¶‡Î ¯’vwcZ abvÍK
Avav‡bi Dci wµqvkxj e‡ji w`‡K|
F = qE-Gi cÖgvY :
†`Iqv Av‡Q, E = Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv
q = Avav‡bi cwigvY
F = E ZxeªZvq Zwor‡¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`y‡Z q Avav‡bi Dci Abyf‚Z
ej|
†`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, F = qE.
cÖgvY :
aiv hvK, A GKwU abvÍK Avav‡b
AvwnZ e¯‘ Ges Avav‡bi cwigvY +q′.
 w¯’i Zwor 124

GLb A e¯‘ †_‡K d `ﾁ i‡Z¡ p we›`y‡Z hw`

GKwU Avavb +q ivLv nq Zvn‡j A e¯‘i
+q′ Avav‡bi Rb¨ +q′ AvavbwU GKwU
ej yF jvf Ki‡e|
myZivs Kzj‡¤^i m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i,
wPÎ :
F = k .... .... .... .... .... (1)
A e¯‘i +q′ Avav‡bi Rb¨ P we›`y‡Z m„ó Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv E n‡j Zwor‡¶‡Îi
ZxeªZvi msÁvbymv‡i, P we›`y‡Z GKK ab Pv‡R©i Dci wµqvkxj ej mgvb
+q′ Pv‡R©i Rb¨ H Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv ; A_©vr−
E = k
ev, E = k .... ..... .... .... .... .... (2)
(1) bs mgxKiY‡K (2) bs Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,
= k. ×
ev, = q ∴ F = qE (cÖgvwYZ)|
cÖkœ : 5| Kzj‡¤^i myÎwU wjL Ges GB m ﾁ ‡ Îi MvwYwZK cÖKvk
cÖwZcv`b Ki|
(Kz.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. wm.†ev. iv.†ev..Õ01 ; h.†ev. 2005; Õ99;
ewi.†ev.Õ04, Õ06, Õ02; Xv.†ev.Õ05, Õ03)
A_ev, w¯’i Zwo‡Zi †¶‡Î Kzj‡¤^i m ﾁ ÎwU cÖwZcv`b Ki| ev Kzj‡¤^i
m ﾁ ÎwU eY©bv Ki| ( iv. †ev. Õ06, Õ04, ,01; Kz.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, `ywU AvwnZ e¯‘i AvKl©Y ev weKl©YRwbZ e‡ji Kj‡¤^i
m ﾁ ÎwU †jL| Ges GB m ﾁ ‡Îi MvwYwZK cÖKvk cÖwZcv`b Ki| (Xv.†ev.
2002)
DËi : Kzj‡¤^i m ﾁ Î :
Òwbw`©ó gva¨‡g `ywU we›`y Avav‡bi g‡a¨ AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y e‡ji gvb
Avavb؇qi ¸Yd‡ji mgvbycvwZK, G‡`i ga¨eZ©x ` ﾁ i‡Z¡i e‡M©i
e¨¯ﾏ vbycvwZK Ges GB ej Avavb؇qi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv eivei wµqv K‡i|Ó
e¨vL¨v :
q1 q2
F
r
aiv hvK, q1 I q2 PvR©hy³ `ywU we›`y PvR© ci¯•i n‡Z r `ﾁ i‡Z¡ i‡q‡Q| hw`
G‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯•wiK AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y ej F nq, Z‡e Kzj‡¤^i m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i
−
F ∝ q1p2 , hLb r w¯’i _v‡K
Ges F ∝ , hLb q1 I p2 w¯’i _v‡K
DcwiD³ mgxKiY `ywU n‡Z cvB−
F ∝ (hLb mKj ivwk cwiewZ©Z nq)
125 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

ev, F = k .... .... .... .... .... .... (1)

GLv‡b k GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi gvb mswkó gva¨‡gi Dci
wbf©ikxj| ïb¨¯’v‡b GB aª“e‡Ki gvb
9 × 109Nm2C−2|
GB mgvbycvwZK aª“eK‡K AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A_©vr ïb¨¯’v‡bi Rb¨ k = = 9 × 109 Nm2C−2 nq|
(i) bs mgxKi‡Y k Gi gvb ewm‡q cvB,
F = . .... .... .... .... .... .... (2)
GLv‡b ∈o = †f`b‡hvM¨Zv (k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b) = 8.854 × 10−12CN−1m−2 GwUB Kzj‡¤^i
m ﾁ‡Îi MvwYwZK cÖKvk|
cÖkœ : 6| Zwor wefe wK e¨vL¨v Ki| abvÍK wefe I FYvZ¡K wefe
e¨vLv Ki| wefe cv_©K¨ ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
(Xv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : Zwor wefe :
msÁv (fvlvMZ) : cwievnxi †h we`y¨Zve¯’v Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Ab¨ †Kvb
cwievnx‡Z we`y¨r cÖevn n‡e wK bv Ges n‡j cÖev‡ni AwfgyL †Kvb
w`‡K n‡e Zv wbY©q K‡i, cwievnxi †m we`y¨Zve¯’v‡K ˆe`y¨wZK wefe
ev Zwor wefe e‡j|
msÁv : (MvwYwZK) : Amxg `ﾁ i n‡Z GKwU GKK ab PvR©‡K ˆe`y¨wZK
†¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h cwigvY KvR mvwaZ nq Zv‡K D³ †¶‡Îi `i“b H
we›`yi ˆe`y¨wZK wefe ev Zwor wefe e‡j|
GwU mvaviYZ V Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : Amxg †_‡K q GKK abvÍK Avavb‡K cwievnxi Lye wbKU ev
Zwor‡¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z hw` m¤•bœ Kv‡Ri cwigvY W nq, Z‡e H
cwievnx ev we›`yi wefe
V =
ivwk : GwU GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk|
GKK : Gi GKK †fvë (V)|
wef‡ei cÖKvi‡f` : wefe `yB cÖKvi| h_v−
1. abvÍK wefe
2. FYvÍK wefe|
1. abvÍK wefe : †h kw³i Rb¨ †Kvb abvÍK ZworMÖ¯’ e¯‘, †Kvb
Zwornxb A_ev FYvÍK ZworMÖ¯’ e¯‘i g‡a¨ abvÍK Zwor mÂvwjZ Ki‡Z
cv‡i, †mB kw³‡K abvÍK wefe ejv nq|
2. FYvÍK wefe : †h kw³i Rb¨ †Kvb FYvÍK ZworMÖ¯’ e¯‘, †Kvb
Zwornxb A_ev abvÍK ZworMÖ¯’ e¯‘i g‡a¨ FYvÍK Zwor mÂvwjZ Ki‡Z
cv‡i, †mB kw³‡K FYvÍK wefe ejv nq|
wefe cv_©K¨ :
msÁv : GKK abvÍK Avavb‡K Zwor‡¶‡Îi GK we›`y †_‡K Ab¨ we›`y‡Z
¯’vbvš ﾏ i Ki‡Z m¤•bœ Kv‡Ri cwigvY‡K H `yB we›`yi wefe cv_©K¨ e‡j|
 w¯’i Zwor 126

A_ev− Zwor †¶‡Îi `ywU we›`yi g‡a¨ wef‡ei e¨eavb‡K wefe cv_©K¨ e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : aiv hvK, A I B cwievnK؇qi wefe h_vµ‡g VA Ges VB.
A B
e + +
+ +
+ ++
+ + + +
VA VB

†h‡nZz msÁvbymv‡i k ﾁ b¨ wef‡ei ¯’vb A_©vr f‚wg †_‡K GKK abvÍK

Avavb A cwievn‡K Avb‡Z K…Z KvR VA Ges B cwievn‡K Avb‡Z K…Z KvR
VB. AZGe GKK abvÍK Avavb‡K B we›`y †_‡K A we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z Kv‡Ri
cwigvY A_©vr VA − VB H `yB cwievn‡Ki wefe cv_©K¨|
Avavb GK e¯‘ †_‡K Aci e¯‘‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †h, e¯‘؇qi wefe
Amg|
AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| wefe I wefe cv_©K¨ Kv‡K e‡j? Av‡ek cÖwµqvq †Kvb
avZe `ʇK wKfv‡e abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ Kiv hvq wPÎmn eY©bv
Ki| (iv.†ev. 2003)
DËi : 1g As‡ki Dˇii Rb¨ wek` cÖkœ 6bs `ªóe¨|
abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ KiY :
1. AB cwievnxwU‡K abvÍK Pv‡R© PvwR©Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g GKwU
B‡evbvBU `ʇK (R) d¬v‡b‡ji mv‡_ N‡l G‡K FYvÍK Av`v‡b AvwnZ Ki|
2. Gevi G‡K cwievnK e¯‘wUi A cÖv‡š ﾏ i wbK‡U ai‡j cwievn‡Ki gy³
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv B‡evbvBU `‡Êi B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Øviv weKwl©Z n‡q B
cÖv‡š ﾏ m‡i hv‡e [wPÎ K]|
3. GLb B‡evbvBU `ÊwU‡K bv mwi‡q AB cwievnKwU nvZ w`‡q ¯•k©
Ki‡j ev †Kvb cwievnK Zvi w`‡q f‚-ms‡hvwRZ Ki‡j gy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv
f‚Ñc„‡ô P‡j hv‡e [wPÎ L]|
4. GLb f‚Ñms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Ki‡jI abvÍK Avavb¸‡jv A cÖv‡š ﾏ Ave×
_vK‡e [wPÎ M]|
5. Gevi R `ÊwU‡K mwi‡q wb‡j abvÍK Avavb¸‡jv e¯‘wUi me©Î Qwo‡q
co‡e, d‡j e¯‘wU abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZ n‡e| [wPÎ N]|
127 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wPÎ : abvÍK Avav‡b AvwnZKiY

cÖkœ : 2| c„w_exi wefe k ﾁ b¨ aiv nq †Kb? [iv.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. 2003;
Kz.†ev. 2005; 2002]
DËi : c„w_exi wefe k ﾁ b¨ : Avgiv Rvwb, †Kvb GKwU †QvU AvKv‡ii
cwievnK abvÍK Avavb jvf Ki‡j Gi wefe e„w× cvq Ges Gi cwigvY wbY©q
Kiv hvq| wKš‘ cwievnKwU hw` AwZ wekvj AvKv‡ii †MvjK nq Zvn‡j G‡Z
abvÍK Avavb e„w×i Kvi‡Y wefvevš ﾏ i cwijw¶Z nq bv| Avgv‡`i c„w_ex
Ggwb GKwU wekvj AvKv‡ii cwievnK| c„w_ex GKwU FYvÍK Avav‡bi wekvj
fvÊvi| ZvB G †_‡K wKQy B‡jKUªb †ei K‡i wb‡j A_ev G‡Z wKQy B‡jKUªb
w`‡j Gi wef‡ei †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| ZvB c„w_exi wefe‡K k ﾁ b¨ aiv nq|

MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj I
mgvavb

MvwYwZK
D`vniYmg ﾁ
n
D`v : 1| GKwU 20 Kzj‡¤^i AvwnZ e¯‘ evqy‡Z Aci GKwU 70 Kzj‡¤^i
AvwnZ e¯‘ †_‡K 50 cm ` ﾁ ‡ i ivLv nj| G‡`i ga¨eZx© e‡ji gvb wbY©q
Ki|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
F = . q1 = 20cm, q2 = 70cm
= 9 × 109Nm2C−2 × r = 50 Cm = 0.5m
∴ F = 5.04 × 1013N = 9 × 109Nm2C−2,
F = ?
DËi : ga¨eZx© e‡ji gvb, F = 5.04 × 10 N. 13

D`v : 2| †Kvb Zwor‡¶‡Î 10 Kzj‡¤^i GKwU AvwnZ e¯‘ ¯’vcb Ki‡j

†mwU 10 wbDUb ej jvf K‡i| H we›`y‡Z 15 Kzj‡¤^i GKwU AvwnZ e¯‘
¯’vcb Ki‡j e‡ji gvb KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev. 2006; 2004; ewi.†ev. 2006; 2004)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E = F1/q1 ej, F1 = 10N
= Avavb, q1 = 10C
= 1 NC−1 Avavb, q2 = 15C

Avevi, E = F/ ej, F2 = ?
2 q2
ev, F2 = q2E
 w¯’i Zwor 128

= 1NC−1 × 15C
= 15N
DËi : e‡ji gvb, F2 = 15N.

Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| 5 Kzj‡¤^i Avavb †_‡K 0.5m ` ﾁ ieZx© †Kvb we›`y‡Z Zwor‡¶‡Îi
ZxeªZv KZ? (Xv.†ev. Õ01; wm.†ev. Õ02; h.†ev. Kz.†ev. P.†ev. Õ03
(iv.†ev. P.†ev. ewi.†ev. 2006)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E = . Avavb, q = 5C
= 9 × 109Nm2C−2 × `ﾁ iZ¡, d = 0.5m
= 1.8 × 1011NC−1 Zwor †¶‡Îi ZxeªZv, E =
?
DËi : Zwor †¶‡Îi ZxeªZv, E = 1.8 × 1011NC−1.
mgm¨v : 2| †Kvb Zwor‡¶‡Î 30 Kzj‡¤^i GKwU PvR© ¯’vcb Ki‡j Zv 15
wbDUb ej jvf K‡i| H we›`y‡Z 20 Kzj‡¤^i GKwU Avavb ¯’vcb Ki‡j
e‡ji gvb KZ? (Kz.†ev. 2005; Xv.†ev. Õ99; Abyt Xv.†ev. 2002; iv.†ev. 2002)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
E = F1/q1 PvR©, q1 = 15C
= ej, F1 = 15N
∴ E = 1NC−1
Avevi PvR©, q2 = 20C
Avevi, E = F2/q2
ej, F2 = ?
ev, F2 = q2E
= 1NC−1 × 20C
∴ F2 = 20N
DËi : e‡ji gvb, F2 = 20N.
mgm¨v : 3| evqygva¨‡g GKwU 30 Kzj¤^ I GKwU 50 Kzj¤^ Avavb
ci¯•i †_‡K 1 wgUvi `ﾁ ‡i Av‡Q| G‡`i ga¨eZx© e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki|
(h. †ev. 2005; Õ99)
mgvavb:
evqygva¨‡g, GLv‡b,
= 9 × 10 Nm C
9 2 −2
Avavb, q1 = 30C
Avgiv Rvwb, F = . Avavb, q2 = 50C
`ﾁ iZ¡, d = 1m
ej, F = ?
= 9 × 109Nm2C−2 ×
129 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

∴ F = 1.35 × 1013N
DËi : e‡ji gvb, F = 1.35 × 1013N.
cÖkœ : 4| 10 cm e¨vm wewkó 25 Kzj¤^ Avav‡bi AvwnZ e¯‘ evqy‡Z
Aci GKwU 10 cm e¨v‡mi 70 Kzj¤^ Avav‡bi AvwnZ e¯‘ †_‡K 4m `i‡Z¡
ivLv nq| G‡`i ga¨eZ©x e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki| (Kz. †ev. 2003)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
F = × 1g Avavb, q1 = 25 c
= (9 × 109 N m2c−2) × 2q Avavb, q2 = 70 c
= 9.84 × 1011 N (Ans.) ga¨eZ©x `iZ¡, d = 4 m
evqyi gva¨‡g, = 9 × 109 Nm2c−2
ga¨eZ©x ej, F = ?

AwZwi³ MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨vÑ1| evqy gva¨‡g 30C GKwU 50C Avavb cici †_‡K wK `i‡Z¡
_vK‡j G‡`i ga¨eZ©x e‡ii gvb 1.35 × 1013N n‡e? (iv.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
F = × Avavb, q1 = 30c
ev, d2 = × Avavb, q2 = 50c
ev, d2 = 9 × 109 × ej, F = 1.35 × 1013N
ev, d 2
= 10000 × 10 −4
= 9 × 109Nm2c−2

ev, d2 = 1
d=±
d = 1m
DËi : 1m.
mgm¨vÑ2| GKwU UªvÝcg©v‡ii gyL¨ KzÊjxi cvK msL¨v 30 Ges
cÖevn 10 A¨vw¤•qvi, †MŠY KzÊjxi cvK msL¨v 180 cÖevn KZ| (P.†ev.
2004)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb,
E =. GLv‡b,
= 9 × 109 × Avavb,
= 2.4 × 1011Nc−1 q = 15 Kzj¤^
DËi : 2.4 × 10 Nc−1
11
`iZ¡
d = 75cm
= 0.75 m.
= 9 × 109Nm2c−2
Zwor ZxeªZv E = ?
 w¯’i Zwor 130

ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. c`v_© m„wóKvix cÖv_wgK ✓ K. kw³i L. Avav‡bi
KwYKvmg‡ni †gŠwjK I M. B‡jKUª‡bi N. wef‡ei
ˆewkó¨gjK ag©‡K wK e‡j? 2| Kzj¤^ wK‡mi GKK? (Kz. 2000;
K. AYy L. cigvYy h.†ev. 2000; wm.†ev. 2003)
M. e¯‘ ✓ N. Avavb K. Zwor wefe ✓ L. Avavb
2. †h †Kvb cigvYy Avavb wbi‡c¶, M. †iva N. wefe Aši
Gi KviY wK? KviY cigvYy‡Z 3| 1028 wU B‡jKUªb I mgmsL¨K
_v‡K mgvb msL¨K− (ewi.†ev. †cÖvUb 10m `i‡Z¡ ci¯•i‡K KZ
Õ04, iv.†ev. Õ99) e‡j AvKl©Y K‡i? (P.†ev. 2000)
✓ K. B‡jKUªb I †cÖvUb ✓ K. 1027N L. 1026N
L.B‡jKUªb I wbDÆb M. 10 N
28
N. 1025N
M. †cÖvUb I wbDÆb 4| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU kb¨¯’v‡bi
N.B‡jKUªb I cwRUªb †f`‡hvM¨Zv?
3. Zworex¶Y h‡ši mvnv‡h¨ (P.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. Õ04; e.†ev. 2001;
†Kvb KvRwU Kiv nq? iv.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2000; Õ04,
K. Zwor cÖev‡ni gvb †ei Kiv iv.†ev. 2002)
✓ L. Avav‡bi cÖK…wZ wbY©q ✓ K. 8.854 × 10−11 CN−1M−2
M. Avav‡bi cwigvY wbY©q L. 8.854 × 1011CN−1m−2
N. Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K wbY©q M. 8.854 × 10−11CNm−2
4. †Kvb `yBwU Avav‡bi ga¨eZx© N. 8.854 × 1011CNm−2
`iZ¡ wظY Kiv n‡j, G‡`i
ga¨eZx© e‡ji wK NU‡e? (Xv.†ev. 5| gvbe‡`‡n enb‡hvM¨ †cÖvU‡bi
Õ06; wm.†ev. Õ02; P.†ev. Õ99) msL¨v KqwU? (iv.†ev. Õ99)
K. wظY n‡e ✓ L. GKPZz_©vsk (h.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. 2004; ewi.†ev. 2006;
Xv.†ev. 2003)
M. Pvi¸Y n‡e N. A‡a©K n‡e
K. 1027 ✓ L. 1028
5. w¯’i Zwor ej F, Avavb q I
Zwor‡¶‡Îi ZxeªZv E Gi g‡a¨ M. 1020 N. 1019
m¤•K© wK? (Kz.†ev. 2002; 2000; 6| Zwor ZxeªZv †Kvb& cÖKv‡ii
h.†ev. 2006; Õ99; ivwk? (Kz.†ev. 2005; Õ99)
wm.†ev. 2003; Xv.†ev. iv.†ev. 2005) ✓ K. †f±i L. †¯‹jvi
K. E = qF L. F = q/E M. †gŠwjK N. Dcii †KvbwUB
✓ M. F = qE N. E = q/F. bq
7| Zvgvi cvZ B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i
wKiƒc ZworMÖ¯ nq?
AwZwi³ ✓ K. abvÍK L. FYvÍK (iv.†ev.
ˆbe©¨w³K Õ99)
cÖ‡kœvËi M. PvR©nxb N. †KvbwUB bq
8| Avweó cwievn‡Ki †h cÖvš
1| cwievn‡Ki `y cÖv‡ši wefevši Av‡ekx e¯‘i wbK‡U _v‡K †mB
eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ AbeiZ wK‡mi cÖv‡š †h Avav‡bi mÂvi nq
†hvMvb †`qv cÖ‡qvRb? Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(Xv.†ev. 2001, Kz.2001; iv.†ev. 2000) (Kz.†ev. 2002)
131 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
K. Av‡ekx Avavb L.Avweó Avavb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †K Zworex¶Y
M. gy³ Avavb ✓N. e× Avavb hš D™¢veb K‡ib?
9| c„w_exi wefe KZ? (Kz. 2002; wm. K. wbDUb ✓ L. †e‡bU
2002, 2001) M. AvBb÷vBb N. ievU© i‡qj
iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. 2005; 2001; m.†ev. 17| †Kvb PvR© †_‡K Amxg `i‡Z¡
Õ98)
wef‡ei gvb−
K. 2 †fvë ✓ L. 0 †fvë
✓ K. kb¨ L. mgvb
M. 1 †fvë N. 4 †fvë
10| `ywU Avav‡bi ga¨eZ©x M. GK N. `yB
AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y e‡ji gvb 18| Gm. AvB GK‡K wefe cwigvc
†Kvb&wUi Dci wbf©i Kiv nq−
(h.†ev. 2002; ✓ K. †fvë GK‡K L. Kzj¤^ GK‡K
Xv.Õ99) M. wbDUb GK‡K N. A¨vw¤•qvi
K. Avavb `ywUi cwigv‡Yi Dci GK‡K
L. Avavb `ywUi ga¨eZ©x `i‡Z¡i 19| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z KZwU
Dci
B‡j±«b _v‡K?
M. Avavb `ywU †h gva¨‡g _v‡K
Zvi cÖK…wZi Dci K. 1wU ✓ L. 2wU
✓ N. Avavb `ywUi cÖK…wZi Dci M. 3wU N. 4wU
11| wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ _v‡K− 20| wnwjqvg cigvYy‡Z KZwU
(wm.†ev. 2005) B‡j±«b _v‡K?
K. B‡jKUªb I †cÖvUb L. K. 1wU ✓ L. 2wU
B‡jKUªb I wbDUªb M. 3wU N. 4wU
✓ M. †cÖvUb I wbDUªb N.
21| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z KZwU
B‡jKUªb I cwRUªb
†cÖvUb _v‡K?
12| Zwor wbi‡c¶ KwYKv †KvbwU?
✓ K. 1wU L. 2wU
K. B‡j±«b ✓ L. wbDUªb
M. †cÖvUb N. cwRUªb M. 3wU N. 4wU
13| cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb I †cÖvU‡bi 22| wnwjqvg cigvYy‡Z KZwU
msL¨v ci¯•i− wbDUªb _v‡K?
✓ K. mgvb L. Avmgvb K. 1wU ✓ L. 2wU
M. wظY N. wZb ¸Y M. 3wU N. 0wU
14| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z Av‡Q− 23| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mn‡R cigvYy
✓ K. GKwU †cÖvUb I GKwU B‡jKUªb †_‡K wQbœ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i?
L. GKwU †cÖvUb I GKwU K. wbDwK¬qvm L. †cÖvUb
wbDUªb M. wbDUªb ✓ N. B‡jK±«b
M. GKwU †cÖvUb I `ywU wbDUªb 24| †Kvb& †Rvov‡Z Avavb ci¯•i
N. GKwU †cÖvUb mgvb?
15| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z †bB− K. †cÖvUbÑwbDUªb ✓
(Xv.†ev. 2002)
L.†cÖvUbÑB‡j±«b
✓ K. wbDUªb L. †cÖvUb
M. wbDUªb-B‡j±«b N.
M. B‡jKUªb N. †KvbUvB bq
wbDwK¬qvmцcÖvUb
16| ¯^Y©cvZ Zworex¶Y hš †K
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? (e.†ev. Õ06, 25| †Kvb&wU‡Z FYvÍK Avavb
Õ02) _v‡K?
A_ev, Avav‡bi Dcw¯’wZ I cÖK…wZ ✓ K. B‡j±«‡b L. †cÖvU‡b
 w¯’i Zwor 132

M. wbDUª‡b N. wbDwK¬qv‡m ✓ K. 15 N L. 10 N
26| abvÍK Avav‡bi cwievnK‡K nvZ M. 100 N N. 1 N
w`‡q ¯•k© Ki‡j ev cwievnK Zvi 33| kb¨¯’v‡b Gi gvb KZ? (h.†ev.
Øviv f‚-ms‡hvwRZ Ki‡j wK 2006; Xv.†ev. 2003)
N‡U? K. 9 × 109 Nm2c2✓ L. 9 × 109 Nm2c−2
K. P+ f‚-c„‡ô P‡j hvq (Kz.†ev. 2001) M. 9 × 109 N−2m2c2N. 9 × 1010Nm2c2
✓ L. e- f‚Ñc„‡ô P‡j hvq 34| GKwU KuvP`Û‡K †ikg Øviv
Nl‡j †KvbwU †Kvb Avav‡b
M. f‚wg †_‡K e cwievn‡K Av‡m
AvwnZ nq? (Kz.†ev. 2003)
N. Avavb ¯’vbvšwiZ nq bv K. DfqB abvÍK Avav‡b
27| †h h‡ši mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¯‘‡Z L. DfqB FYvÍK Avav‡b
Avav‡bi Aw¯Z¡ I cÖK…wZ M. †ikg abvÍK Ges KuvP`Û FYvÍK
wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K wK ejv Avav‡b
nq? ✓ N. †ikg FYvÍK Ges KuvP`Û abvÍK
K. A¨vwgUvi L. Avav‡b
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi 35| `yBwU Zwor Avav‡bi
✓ M. Zworex¶Y hš N. †fvë wgUvi ga¨eZ©x `iZ¡ A‡a©K Kiv n‡j,
28| Kzj‡¤^i m‡Î k Gi GKK G‡`i ga¨eZ©x e‡ji wK NU‡e?
†Kvb&wU? (ewi.†ev. 2006) (h.†ev. 2003)
K. Nm2C L. N2mC−2 ✓ K. Pvi¸Y n‡e L. wظY n‡e
M. NM−1C ✓ N. Nm2C−2 M. A‡a©K n‡e N. GK-
29| Zwor †¶Î †Kvb we›`y‡Z GKwU PZz_©vsk n‡e|
GKK abvÍK Avavb ¯’vcb Ki‡j 36| mgcwigvY I mgag©x
†mwU †h ej jvf K‡i Zv‡K H `yBwU Avavb kb¨ gva¨‡g
we›`yi wK ejv nq? ci¯•i 1m `i‡Z¡ †_‡K ci¯•i
ci¯•‡ii Dci hw` 9 × 109N e‡j
✓ K. Zwor ZxeªZv L. Zwor †f`¨Zv
weKl©Y K‡i Z‡e Avavb `yBwUi
M. Zwor †¶Î N. Zwor Pvc
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avav‡bi cwigvY KZ?
30| Zwor ZxeªZvi GKK †Kvb&wU? (Kz.†ev. 2003)
(wm.†ev. Õ05, Õ01; P.†ev.
✓ K. 1 Kzj¤^ L. 9 × 109 Kzj¤^
Õ04)
M. kb¨ N. 2 Kzj¤^
K. wbDUb/Kzj¤^ L.
Kzj¤^/wbDUb (ewi.†ev. Õ05) 37| 5 Kzj‡¤^i Avavb †_‡K 0.5
wgUvi `ieZx© †Kvb we›`y‡Z
✓ M. wbDUb/Kzj¤^ N.
Zwor †¶‡Îi ZxeªZv KZ?
wbDUb/Kzj¤^2
[Kz.†ev. 2006]
31| †Kvb&wU wefe, KvR I Zwor K. 1.8 × 10−11NC−1
Avav‡bi g‡a¨ mwVK m¤•K©?
✓ L. 1.8 × 1011NC−1
✓ K. v = L. v = w + q
M. 1.8 × 1011NC
M. q = wv N. v = w + q
N. 1.8 × 1011C
32| †Kvb Zwor †¶Î 10 Kzj‡¤^i
GKKwU AvwnZ e¯‘ ¯’vcb Ki‡j 38| †KvbwU mwVK?
[P.†ev. 2005]
†mwU 10 N ej jvf K‡i| H we›`y‡Z
15 Kzj‡¤^i GKwU AvwnZ e¯‘
K. 1V = 1J L. 1V = 1C
¯’vcb Ki‡j e‡ji gvb KZ? ✓ M. 1V = 1JC N. 1V = 1J−1
(P.†ev. 2003) 39| †Kvb gva¨‡gi †f`b †hvM¨Zvi
133 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

GKK †Kvb&wU? K. IÕg ✓ L. †fvë

[h.†ev. 2004] M. IqvU N. Kzj¤^
K. CN−1M−2 ✓ L. C N M−2
2 −1
41| †cÖvUb B‡j±«‡bi Z‚jbvq
M. C−2M−2N N. C2M−2N−1 KZ¸Y fvix? [ewi.†ev. 2004]
40| Gm AvB GK‡K wefe cwigvc K. cÖvq 500 ¸Y✓ L. cÖvq 2000 ¸Y
Kiv nq †Kvb GK‡K? M. cÖvq 200 ¸Y N. cÖvq 1500 ¸Y
[wm.†ev. 2004]