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Cochingyan
TAN SEN GUAN & CO. VS. PHILIPPINE TRUST (2) Exhibit D (the certificate of sale to Roman
CO. Catholic Archbishop) shows that all properties to
Phil Trust as Trustee were included in the sale.
Facts: Plaintiff Tan Sen Guan & Co. secured a The only thing reserved from the sale was the
judgment for a sum of P21,426 against the Mindoro standing crops, and it is reasonable to presume
Sugar Co. of which the Philippine Trust is the trustee. that they had also been sold between the date
The plaintiff entered into an agreement with the of the sale and the institution of this action.
defendant Philippine Trust Co. wherein the former Where the real estate, the personal property
assigned, transferred, and sold to the latter the full including animals, and all the bills receivable are
amount of said judgment against Mindoro Sugar Co. sold, it would be a forced construction of the
together with all its rights thereto and the latter contract of agreement to hold that the assets of
offered satisfactory consideration thereto. The the Mindoro Sugar Company had not been sold.
agreement further stipulated that upon signing of the
agreement, Phil Trust shall pay Tan Sen the sum of
P5000; should the Mindoro Sugar be sold or its
ownership be transferred, an additional P10,000 PHIL. AIR LINES, INC. VS. HEALD LUMBER CO.
pesos will be paid to Tan Sen upon perfection of the
sale; in case any other creditor of Mindoro Sugar Facts: Lepanto Consolidated Mines chartered a
obtains in the payment of his credit a greater helicopter belonging to plaintiff Phil. Air Lines to
proportion than the price paid to Tan Sen, the Phil make a flight from its base at Nichols Field Airport to
Trust shall pay to the latter whatever sum may be the former’s camp at Manyakan Mountain Province.
necessary to be proportioned the claim of the The helicopter, with Capt. Gabriel Hernandez and Lt.
creditor. However, if the Mindoro Sugar is sold to any Rex Imperial on board, failed to reach the destination
person who does not pay anything to the creditors or as it collided with defendant’s tramway steel cables
pay them equal or less than 70 percent of their resulting in its destruction and death of the officers.
claim, or should the creditors obtain from other Plaintiff insured the helicopters and the officers who
sources the payment of their claim equal to or less piloted the same for P80,000 and P20,000
than 70 percent, the Phil Trust will only pay to Tan respectively and as a result of the crash, the
Senthe additional sum of P10,000 upon the sale or insurance companies paid to the plaintiff the total
transfer of the Mindoro Sugar as above stated. The indemnity of P120,000. Plaintiff sustained additional
properties of Mindoro Sugar were later on sold at damages totaling P103,347.82 which were not
public auction to the Roman Catholic Archbishop of recovered by insurance. The plaintiff instituted this
Manila and base on the agreement plaintiff Tan Sen action against defendant Heald Lumber Company to
brought suit against defendant Phil Trust for the sum recover the sum paid by the insurance company to
of P10,000. the plaintiff and the additional damages which was
not recovered from the insurance.
Defendant’s argument: Only a portion of the
Mindoro Sugar’s properties were sold. Defendant’s argument: Plaintiff has no cause of
action against defendant for if anyone should due
CFI: Absolved the defendant on two grounds: (a) in defendant for its recovery, it will only be the
the contract, it was only bound as a trustee and not insurance companies.
as an individual; (b) that it has not been proved that
all the properties of the Mindoro Sugar had been Plaintiff’s argument: It asserts that the claim of
sold. the said amount of P120,000 is on behalf and for the
benefit of the insurers and shall be held by plaintiff in
Issues: trust for the insurers. It is appellant’s theory that,
inasmuch as the loss it has sustained exceeds the
(1) W/N the defendant is not personally amount of the insurance paid to it by the insurers,
responsible for the claim of the plaintiff the right to recover the entire loss from the
based on the deed of assignment because wrongdoer remains with the insured and so the
of having executed the same in its capacity action must be brought in its own name as real party
as trustee of the properties of the Mindoro in interest. To the extent of the amount received by
Sugar. it as indemnity from the insurers, plaintiff would then
(2) W/N all the properties of the Mindoro Sugar be acting as a trustee for them. To support this
were sold at public auction to the Roman contention, appellant cites American authorities.
Catholic Archbishop of Manila.
RTC’s Ruling: The court ordered the plaintiff to
amend its complaint to delete the first allegation that
Held: SC reversed CFI’s ruling. insurance companies have paid a portion of the
plaintiff’s damages, since the Court believes that the
(1) The Phil Trust Company in its individual capacity real parties in interest are the insurance companies
is responsible for the contract as there was no concerned or bring in the insurance companies as
express stipulation that the trust estate and not parties plaintiff. And having manifested plaintiff’s
the trustee should be held liable on the contract decision not to amend the complaint, such move of
in question. Not only is there no express plaintiff amounts to a deletion of the portion objected
stipulation that the trustee should not be held to and so the complaint should be deemed limited to
responsible but the ‘Wherefore’ clause of the the additional damages.
contract states the judgment was expressly
assigned in favor of Phil Trust Company and not Issue:
Phil Trust Company, the trustee. It therefore
follows that appellant had a right to proceed (1) W/N the plaintiff is not the real party in
directly against the Phil Trust on its contract and interest respecting the claim for P120,000.
has no claim against either Mindoro Sugar or the
trust estate.
Partnership & Agency | 2B 2008-2009
PARTNERSHIP Digests Atty. Cochingyan
Held: SC affirmed the appealed judgment. parcels. The widow, Paulina Cristobal, and the
children of Epifanio Gomez instituted an action for
(1) In this jurisdiction, we have our own legal the recovery of the three parcels of land from
provision which in substance differs from the Marcelino Gomez.
American law. Art. 2207 of the NCC provides
that if a property is insured and the owner Defendant’s argument: Defendant answered with
receives the indemnity from the insurer the a general denial and claimed to be the owner in his
same is deemed subrogated to the rights of own right of all the property which is the subject of
the insured against the wrongdoer and if the the action. He further claimed that the trust
amount paid by the insurer does not fully agreement was kept secret from Epifanio Gomez,
cover the loss, then the aggrieved party is the and that, having no knowledge of it, he could not
one entitled to recover the deficiency. Under have accepted it before the stipulation was revoked.
this legal provision, the real party in interest And that he has the benefit of prescription in his
with regard to the portion of the indemnity favor, having been in possession of more than 10
paid is the insurer and not the insured. years under the deed which he acquired the sole
(2) Before a person can sue for the benefit of right from his sister.
another under a trusteeship, he must be ‘a
trustee of an express trust.’ The right does not RTC’s ruling: ruled in favor of plaintiffs and found
exist in cases of implied trust, that is, a trust that the property in question belongs to the plaintiffs,
which may be inferred merely from the acts of as co-owners, and ordered the defendant to
the parties or from other circumstances. Also, surrender the property to them and execute an
to adopt a contrary rule to what is authorized appropriate deed of transfer as well as to pay the
by the American statues would be splitting a cost of the proceeding.
cause of action or promoting multiplicity of
suits which should be avoided. Under our Issue: (1) W/N the dissolution of partnership
rules, both the insurer and the insured may between Marcelino and Telesfora destroyed the
join as plaintiffs to press their claims against beneficial right of Epifanio Gomez in the property.
the wrongdoer when the same arise out of the
same transaction or event. This is authorized (2) W/N the partnership agreement of Marcelino
by section 6, rule 3, of the Rules of Court. and Telesfora was a donation in favor of
Epifanio or an express trust.
(3) W/N Marcelino Gomez acquired the property
through prescription.
CRISTOBAL VS. GOMEZ Held: SC declared ownership in favor of plaintiffs.
Facts: Epifanio Gomez owned a property which was (1) The fact that one of the two individuals who
sold in a pacto de retro sale to Luis Yangco have constituted themselves trustees for
redeemable in 5 years, although the period passed the purpose above indicated conveys his
without redemption, the vendee conceded the interest in the property to his cotrustee does
vendor the privilege of repurchase. Gomez apply to a not relieve the latter from the obligation to
kinsman, Bibiano Bañas, for assistance on a comply with the trust.
condition that he will let him have the money if his (2) A trust constituted between two contracting
brother Marcelino Gomez and his sister Telesfora parties for the benefit of a third person is
Gomez would make themselves responsible for the not subject to the rules governing donations
loan. The siblings agreed and Bañas advance the of real property. The beneficiary of the trust
sum of P7000 which was used to repurchase the may demand performance of the obligation
property in the names of Marcelino and Telesfora.. A without having formally accepted the
‘private partnership in participation’ was created benefit of the trust in a public document,
between Marcelino and Telesfora and therein agreed upon mere acquiescence in the formation of
that the capital of the partnership should consist of the trusts and acceptance under the second
P7000 of which Marcelino was to supply the amount par. of article 1257 of the CC. Much energy
of P1500 and Telesora the sume of P5500. It was has been expanded by the attorneys for the
further agreed that the all the property to be appellant in attempting to demonstrate
redeemed shall be named to the two, that Marcelino that, if Epifanio at any time had any right in
should be its manager, that all the income, rent, the property by virtue of the partnership
produce of the property shall be applied exclusively agreement between Marcelino and Telesfora
to the amortization of the capital employed by the such right could be derived as a donation
two parties with its corresponding interest and other and that, inasmuch as the donation was
incidental expenses and as soon as the capital never accepted by Epifanio in a public
employed, with its interest and other incidental document, his supposed interest therein is
expenses, shall have been covered, said properties unenforceable. The partnership should not
shall be returned to Epifanio Gomez or his legitimate be viewed in light of an intended donation,
children. A year after Epifanio’s death, Telesfora but as an express trust.
wanted to free herself from the responsibility which (3) As against the beneficiary, prescription is
she had assumed to Bañas and conveyed to not effective in favor of a person who is
Marcelino her interest and share in the three acting as a trustee of a continuing and
properties previously redeemed from Yangco and subsisting trust. Therefore, Marcelino cannot
both declared dissolved the partnership they acquire ownership over the property
created. With Marcelino as the sole debtor, Bañas through prescription.
required him to execute a contract of sale of the
three parcels with pacto de retro for the purpose of
securing the indebtedness. Marcelino later on paid SALAO VS. SALAO
the sum in full satisfaction of the entire claim and
received from Bañas a reconveyance of the three
Partnership & Agency | 2B 2008-2009
PARTNERSHIP Digests Atty. Cochingyan
Facts: After the death of Valentina Ignacio, her estate documentary evidence. There was no
was administered by her daughter Ambrosia. It was resulting trust in this case because there
partitioned extrajudically and the deed was signed by never was any intention on the part of Juan,
her four legal heirs namely her 3 children (Alejandra, Ambrosia and Valentin to create any trust.
Juan, and Ambrosia) and Valentin Salao, in There was no constructive trust because the
representation of his deceased father, Patricio. The registration of the 2 fishponds in the names
Calunuran fishpond is the property in contention in of Juan and Ambrosia was not vitiated by
this case. Prior to the death of Valentina Ignacio, her fraud or mistake. This is not a case where to
children Juan and Ambrosia secured a torrens title in satisfy the demands of justice it is
their names a 47 ha. fishpond located at Sitio necessary to consider the Calunuran
Calunuran, Lubao, Pampanga. A decree was also fishpond as being held in trust by the heirs
issued in the names of Juan and Ambrosia for the of Juan Salao Sr. for the heirs of Valentin
Pinanganacan fishpond which adjoins the Calunuran Salao. And even assuming that there was an
fishpond. A year before Ambrosia’s death, she implied trust, plaintiffs’ action is clearly
donated her one-half share in the two fishponds in barred by prescription when it filed an
question to her nephew, Juan Salo Jr. He was already action in 1952 or after the lapse of more
the owner of the other half of the fishponds having than 40 years from the date of registration.
inherited it from his father, Juan Salao Sr. After
Ambrosia died, the heirs of Valentin Salao, Benita
Salao and the children of Victorina Salao, filed a CARANTES VS. CA
complaint against Juan Salao Jr. for the
reconveyance to them of the Canluran fishpond as Facts: A proceeding for expropriation was
Valentin Salao’s supposed one – third share in the commenced by the government for the construction
145 ha. of fishpond registered in the names of Juan of the Loakan Airport and a portion of Lot 44, which
Salao Sr. and Ambrosia Salao. was originally owned by Mateo Carantes, was needed
for the landing field. The lot was subdivided into Lots
Defendant’s argument: Valentin Salao did not Nos. 44-a (the portion which the government sought
have any interest in the two fishponds and that the to expropriate), 44-b, 44-c, 44-d and 44-e.
sole owners thereof were his father and his aunt Negotiations were also under way for the purchase
Ambrosia, as shown in the Torrens titles and that he by the government of lots 44-b and 44-c. When
was the donee of Ambrosia’s one-half share. Mateo Carantes died, his son Maximino Carantes was
appointed administrator of the estate and filed a
Plaintiff’s argument: Their action is to enforce a project of partition of the remaining portion of Lot 44
trust which defendant Juan Salao Jr. allegedly wherein he listed as the heirs of Mateo Carantes who
violated. The existence of trust was not definitely were entitled to inherit the estate, himself and his
alleged in the plaintiff’s complaint but in their brothers and sisters. An ‘Assignment of Right to
appellant’s brief. Inheritance’ was executed by the children of Mateo
and the heirs of Apung Carantes in favor of Maximino
RTC’s Ruling: There was no community of property Carantes for a consideration of P1. Maximino sold to
among Juan, Ambrosia and Valentin when the the government lots nos. 44-b and 44-c and divided
Calunuran and the Pinanganacan lands were the proceeds of the sale among himself and the
acquired; that co – ownership over the real other heirs of Mateo. The assignment of right to
properties of Valentina Ignacio existed among her inheritance was registered by Maximino and the TCT
heirs after her death in 1914; that the co – ownership in the names of the heirs was cancelled and a new
was administered by Ambrosia and that it subsisted one was issued in the name of Maximino Carantes as
up to 1918 when her estate was partitioned among the sole owner of the remaining portions of lot 44. A
her three children and her grandson, Valentin Salao. complaint was instituted by the three children of
It rationalized that Valentin’s omission during his Mateo and the heirs of Apung Carantes against
lifetime to assail the Torrens titles of Juan and Maximino praying that the deed of assignment be
Ambrosia signified that he was not a co-owner of the declared null and void and that the remaining
fishponds. It did not give credence to the testimonies portions of lot 44 be ordered partitioned into six
of plaintiffs’ witnesses because their memories could equal shares and Maximino be accordingly ordered
not be trusted and because no strong evidence to execute the necessary deed of conveyance in
supported the declarations. Moreover, the parties favor of the other heirs.
involved in the alleged trust were already dead.
Plaintiffs’ argument: They executed the deed of
Judgment appealed to CA but the amounts involved assignment only because they were made to believe
exceeded two hundred thousand pesos, the CA by Maximino that the said instrument embodied the
elevated the case to the SC. understanding among parties that it merely
authorized the defendant Maximino to convey
Issue: portions of lot 44 to the government in their behalf to
minimize expenses and facilitate the transaction and
(1) W/N plaintiffs’ massive oral evidence it was only when they secured a copy of the deed
sufficient to prove an implied trust, resulting that they came to know that the same purported to
or constructive, regarding the two assign in favor of Maximino their rights to inheritance
fishponds. from Mateo Carantes.
Held: SC affirmed lower court’s decision.
Defendant’s argument: Filed a motion to dismiss.
(1) Plaintiff’s pleading and evidence cannot be The plaintiffs’ cause of action is barred by the statute
relied upon to prove an implied trust. The of limitations because the deed of assignment was
trial court’s firm conclusion that there was recorded in the Registry of Property and that
no community of property during the ownership over the property became vested in him
lifetime of Valentina Ignacio or before 1914 by acquisitive prescription ten years from its
is substantiated by defendant’s registration in his name of Feb. 21, 1947.
Partnership & Agency | 2B 2008-2009
PARTNERSHIP Digests Atty. Cochingyan
RTC’s ruling: Ruled in favor of defendant Maximino September 4, 1958, the same in barred by
Carantes stating that since an action based on fraud extinctive prescription.
prescribes in four years from the discovery of the
fraud, and in this case the fraud allegedly
perpetrated by defendant must deemed to have
been discovered on march 16, 1940 when the deed MUNICIPALITY OF VICTORIAS VS. CA
of assignment was registered, the plaintiff’s right of
action had already prescribed when they filed the Facts: Norma Leuenberger, respondent, inherited a
action in 1958. And even assuming co-ownership parcel of land from her grandmother, Simeona Vda.
existed, the same was completely repudiated by the de Ditching in 1941. In 1963, she discovered that a
said defendant by performance pf several acts such part of the parcel of land was being used by
as the execution of deed of sale in favor of the petitioner Municipality of Victorias as a cemetery. By
government in 1939, hence ownership had vested in reason of the discovery, respondent wrote a letter to
the defendant by acquisitive prescription. the Mayor of Victorias demanding payment of past
rentals over the land used a cemetery and
CA reversed. requesting delivery of the illegally occupied land by
the petitioner. The Mayor replied that the
Issue: municipality bought the land but however refused to
show the papers concerning the sale. Apparently, the
(1) W/N the deed of assignment is void ab initio municipality failed to register the Deed of Sale of the
on the ground of fraud and the action to lot in dispute.
annul it has prescribed.
(2) W/N a constructive trust exist making an Respondent filed a complaint in the Court of
action for reconveyance based on First Instance of Negros Occidental for recovery of
constructive trust imprescriptable. possession of the parcel of land occupied by the
municipal cemetery. In its answer, petitioner
Municipality alleged ownership of the lot having
Held: SC dismissed the complaint and set aside CA’s bought it from Simeona Vda. de Ditching sometime
decision. in 1934. The lower court decided in favor of the
petitioner municipality.
(1) When the consent to a contract was
fraudulently obtained, the contract is On appeal, petitioner presented an entry in
voidable. Fraud or deceit does not render a the notarial register form the Bureau of Records
contract void ab initio, and can only be a Management in Manila of a notary public of a sale
ground for rendering the contract voidable purporting to be that of the disputed parcel of land.
or annullable pursuant to article 1390 of the Included within it are the parties to the sale, Vda. de
NCC by a proper action in court. The present Ditching, as the vendor and the Municipal Mayor of
action being one to annul a contract on the Victorias in 1934, as vendee. The Court of Appeals
ground of fraud, its prescriptive period is 4 however claimed that this evidence is not a sufficient
years from the time of discovery of fraud. Deed of Sale. It therefore reversed the ruling of the
The weight og authorities is the effect that CFI and ordered the petitioner to deliver the
the registration of an instrument in the possession of the land in question to respondents.
Office of the Register of Deeds constitutes a
constructive notice to the whole world, and, Issue: W/N the notary public of sale is sufficient to
therefore, discovery of fraud is deemed to substantiate the municipality’s claim that it acquired
have taken place at the time of the the disputed land by means of a Deed of Sale. Yes.
registration. In this case, the deed of
assignment was registered on March 16, Held: The fact that the notary public of sale showed
1940. The 4 years period within which the the nature of the instrument, the subject of the sale,
private respondents could have filed the the parties of the contract, the consideration and the
present action consequently commenced on date of sale, the Court held that it was a sufficient
march 16, 1940, and since they filed it only evidence of the Deed of Sale.
in September 4, 1958, it follows that the
same is barred by the statute of limitations. Thus, when Norma inherited the land from
(2) No express trust was created in favor of the her grandmother, a portion of it has already been
private respondents. If trust there was, it sold by the latter to the Municipality of Victorias in
could only be a constructive trust, which is 1934. Her registration of the parcel of land did not
imposed by law. In constructive trusts there therefore transfer ownership but merely confirmed it.
is neither promise nor fiduciary relation; the As the civil code provides, where the land is decreed
so called trustee does not recognize any in the name of a person through fraud or mistake,
trust and has no intent to hold the property such person is by operation of law considered a
for the beneficiary. An action for trustee of an implied trust for the benefit of the
reconveyance based on implied or persons from whom the property comes.
constructive trust is prescriptable and Consequently, she only held the land in dispute in
prescribes in 10 years. In this case, the ten – trust for the petitioner hence private respondent is in
year prescriptive period began on march 16, equity bound to reconvey the subject land to the
1940, when the petitioner registered the cestui que trust, the Municipality of Victorias.
deed of assignment and secured the
cancellation of the certificate of title in the
joint names of the heirs of Mateo Carantes
and, in lieu thereof, the issuance of a new
title exclusively in his name. Since the MARIANO VS. DE VEGA
present action was commenced only on
Issue: What kind of trust was created? Express or Trial Court: Since the creditors were not parties to
implied trust? Implied trust. the action, the cancellation of the annotations on the
certificate of title in favor of the creditors of Kilayco
cannot be sustained.
2. The two lots covered by the certificate were CA: Resolved in favor of respondents, declaring that
mistakenly registered in the name of the sale to intervenor-petitioners did not terminate
Kilayco; and the trust relationship between the appellants and the
appellees. The sale in favor of petitioners shall be
3. The court did not have jurisdiction to enforced against the ¼ share of respondents as heirs
confirm the title of the two lots for the of Fausto.
reason that no petition for title was filed, no
trial was held, no evidence was presented, Issue: Was the disputed land held in trust by Fausto
and no judgment was rendered regarding Soy for his sisters, Emilia, Cornelia and Anastacia
these two lots in the land registration (mothers of herein respondents)?
proceedings.
Ruling: CA decision reversed, order for partition
Kilayco was, in effect, merely holding the title of the dismissed.
property in trust of Laureano. The creditors of
Kilayco could acquire no higher or better right than Fausto, being predecessor-in-interest, had appeared
Kilayco had in the property, which, in this case, was to be the registered owner of the lot for more than
nothing. Hence, Laureano can rightfully recover the 30 years and his dominical rights can no longer be
two parcels of land included in the title of Kilayco challenged. Any insinuation as to the existence of an
through mistake. implied or constructive trust should not be allowed.
April 1965, Respondents Rosita Lopez, Gavino Respondents had literally slept on their rights
Cayabyab, Agueda and Felipa Ubando, Pedro presuming they had any and can no longer dispute
Soriano, Teosidia Lopez and Federico Ballesteros the conclusive and incontrovertible character of
(nieces and nephews of Fausto) filed the instant Fausto’s title as they are deemed to have acquiesced
complaint for partition against Fausto Soy. On the therein.
same day they filed a notice of lis pendens and had it
annotated on the OCT. Fausto answered and
contested plaintiffs claims, asserting exclusive title in
his name. Fausto countered that the questioned land ADAZA V. CA
was never registered in the names of his parents
Eugenio and Ambrosia, and that he had been the Facts: In 1953, Victor Adaza Sr. executed a Deed of
registered owner of the premises since 1932. Donation, covering the disputed land in this case,
located in Sinonok, Zamboanga del Norte in favor of
On the basis of evidence adduced ex-parte, the Trial Respondent Violeta. The land being disposable public
Court held that respondents and Fausto were co- land had been held and cultivated by Victor, Sr. With
owners of the lot and ordered the partition thereof. the help of her brother, Horacio, Violeta filed a
Parties were enjoined to partition amongst homestead application over the land and a free
themselves and were to submit the same to the patent was issued in 1956. An OCT was issued in
lower court for confirmation. Upon execution, the 1960. In 1962, Violeta and husband, Lino obtained a
sheriff was unable to effect apportionment due to a loan from PNB by executing a mortgage on the land,
3rd party claim of Juanito and Coronacion Gonzales, while Homero Adaza, brother of Violeta remained
stating that they were registered owners of 480 sq. administrator of the same.
m. of the disputed land. The sheriff noted the various
CA: Reversed Trial court decision, declaring that Trial Court: Dismissed the case on the following
though the deed was signed voluntarily, such Deed grounds: (a) Plaintiff has no personality to file the
was without consideration or cause because the land action for reconveyance—the proper party being the
had been unconditionally donated to Violeta alone. Republic of the Philippines; (b) Plaintiff has no
cause of action in the absence of privity of contract
Issue: Who owns the disputed parcel of land? between parties; (c) defendant’s title has become
Ruling: Petition granted. indefeasible and cannot be cancelled; and (d) even
if based on fraud, the action has prescribed.
Deed of donation had a crossed-out provision: That
the donee shall share ½ of the entire property with Issues: Is plaintiff’s action for reconveyance
one of her brothers and sisters after the death of the justified? Was there a trust created?
donor.
Ruling: After the lapse of one year, a decree of
The record is bereft of any indication of any evil registration is no longer open to review or attack,
intent or malice on the part of Homero, Victor, Jr. and although its issuance is attended with fraud.
Teresita (siblings of Violeta) that would suggest However, an action for reconveyance is still available
deliberate collusion against Violeta. Their father had for the aggrieved party if the property has not yet
executed the Deed of Donation with the passed to an innocent purchaser for value. This is
understanding that the same would be divided exactly what plaintiff has done.
between Horacio and Violeta and that Violeta had
signed the Deed of Waiver freely and voluntarily. Plaintiff has not been able to prove fraud and
misrepresentation because of the trial court
Victor Adaza, Sr. left 4 parcels of land divided among dismissal. While plaintiff is not the “owner” of the
the 6 children through the practice of having the land, so that, strictly speaking, he has no personality
lands acquired by him titled to the name of one of his to file this application, he pleads for equity and
children. invokes the doctrine of implied trust under Art.
1456 of the Civil Code: If property is acquired
The property involved in the instant case is owned in through mistake or fraud, the person obtaining it is,
common by Violeta and brother, Horacio even by force of law, considered a trustee of an implied
though the OCT was only in her name. She held half trust for the benefit of the person from whom the
of the land in trust for petitioner Horacio—implied property comes.
trust based on Article 1449 of the Civil Code:
The doctrine of implied trust may be made to
There is also an implied trust when a donation is operate in plaintiff’s favor, assuming that he can
made to person but It appears that although the prove his allegation that defendant had acquired
legal estate is transmitted to the donee, he legal title by fraud.
nevertheless is either to have no beneficial interest
of only a part thereof. A constructive trust is a trust raised by construction
of law or arising by operation of law. If a person
The doctrine of laces is not to be applied obtains legal title to property by fraud or
mechanically as between near relatives. concealment, courts of equity will impress upon the
title a so-called constructive trust in favor of the
defrauded part.
ARMAMENTO V. GUERRERO
Case is remanded to CFI Cotobato. SC: The plaintiffs have not proven any express trusts
neither have they specified the kind of implied trust
contemplated in their action. Either way, such action
may be barred by laches.
RAMOS v RAMOS
In the cadastral proceedings, Jose and wife claimed
Facts: Spouses Martin Ramos and Candida were the 8 lots of the plaintiffs. After the death of Jose, the
survived by three legitimate children: Jose, Agustin said lots were adjudicated to his widow and
and Granada. Martin was also survived by 7 natural daughter. In 1932 Gregoria leased the said lots to
children. A special proceeding was instituted for the Yulo, who in 1934 transferred his lease rights over
settlement of the estate of said spouses. Rafael, Hacienda Calazato to Bonin and Olmedo, husband of
brother of Martin was appointed administrator. A plaintiff Atanacia. Bonin and Olmedo in 1935 sold
project of partition was submitted and the conjugal their lease rights over Hacienda Calaza to Consing.
hereditary estate was appraised at P74,984.93. It
consisted of 18 parcels of land, some head cattle and Those transactions prove that the heirs of Jose had
advances to the legitimate children. It was agreed in repudiated any trust which was supposedly
the project of partition that Jose and Agustin would constituted over Hacienda Calaza in favor of the
pay the cash adjudications to their natural siblings. plaintiffs.
Only the sum of P 37, 492.46 of the P74k
represented the estate of Martin. 1/3 thereof was the The period of extinctive prescription is 10 years.
free portion out of which the shares of the natural Atanacia, Modesto and Manuel, could have brought
children were to be taken: each would get P1,785.35. the action to annul the partition. Maria and Emiliano
The project of partition as well as the intervention of were both born in 1896. They reached the age of 21
Timoteo as guardian of the five minor heirs was in 1917 and could have brought the action from that
approved by the court. Later on, Judge Nepomuceno year.
asked the administrator to submit a report showing
that the shares have been delivered to the heirs as The instant action was filed only in 1957. As to
required which the siblings acknowledged in a Atanacia, Modesto and Manuel, the action was filed
manifestation. The Himalayan cadastre (8 lots) 43 years after it accrued and, as to Maria and
involved in this case were registed in equal shares in Emiliano, the action was filed 40 years after it
the names of Jose’s widow, Gregoria and her accrued. The delay was inexcusable. The instant
daughter Granada. action is unquestionably barred by prescription and
res judicata.
The Plaintiff’s (natural children) contend that while
they were growing up, they had been well supported It was anomalous that the manifestation should
by Jose and Agustin as they had been receiving their recite that they received their shares from their
shares from the produce of the Haciendas in varied administrator, when in the project of partition it was
amounts over the years. Even after the death of Jose, indicated that said shares shall be received in cash
Gregoria had continued giving them money but had from brothers Jose and Agustin. Thus due to this
stopped in 1951 by reason that lessee Lacson was irregularities as well as those of the intestate
not able to pay the lease rental. No accounting had proceedings, the plaintiffs contend that the partition
ever been made to them by Jose nor Gregoria. Upon was not binding on them (except for Timoteo who
the survey of the land, they did not intervene, as Jose considered himself bound by the partition). They ask
and Agustin promised that said lands shall be that the case be remanded to the lower court for the
registered in the names of the heirs. They did not determination and adjudication of their rightful
know that the intestate proceedings were instituted shares.
for the distribution of the estate of their father.
Neither did they have any knowledge that a guardian However, due to the fact that the plaintiffs slept on
was assigned to represent their minor siblings, their rights, the courts can no longer afford them
considering that Modesto and Miguel who were relief
claimed to be such were no longer minors at the time
of the partition. They never received their share in
the estate of their father. Plaintiffs later on
discovered that the property had a Torrens title in VARSITY HILLS, INC v NAVARRO
the name of Gregoria and her daughter when
Modesto’s children had inquired from the Register of Facts: The present action began from a previous
Deeds. Petitioners now bring the present suit for the civil case wherein a petition was filed by herein
reconveyance of the subject parcels of land in their respondents Mejia as heirs of Quintin Mejia and by
favor. Elpidio Tiburcio as assignee of a portion of the estate
left by the latter as plaintiff against petitioners
Petitioners claim that in effect, Gregoria and Tuason et. al. The complaint alleged that Quintin
daughter are holding their shares in trust which was Mejia had obtained a Spanish title to the land and
denied by defendants. Defendants alledge res that he and his successors in interest had occupied
judicata and prescription. the land without interruption until they were forcibly
rejected therefrom and their houses demolished in
LOWER COURT: Dismissed the complaint on the 1934 through a writ of execution. In 1914, the
basis of res judicata as their shares were already defendants Tuason had obtained a decree of
settled in the intestate proceedings. No deed of trust registration covering 35,403 hectares and that they
was alledged and proven. had fraudulently and insidiously included plaintiff’s
Facts: Petitioner Gerona heirs are the legitimate Francisco and Delfin attained the age of majority in
children of Domingo Gerona and Placida de Guzman. 1952 and 1954, thus had 2 years after removal of
On September 1954, the respondent Collector of I. As regards to the residence tax for
Internal Revenue demanded the payment of (1) corporations provided Sec. 2 of
income tax on corporations, (2) real estate dealer’s Commonwealth Act No. 4651, the terms
fixed tax, and (3) corporation residence tax for the “corporation” and “partnership” are used in
years 1945-1949, computed according to the both statutes with substantially the same
assessments made on their properties. meaning. Consequently, petitioners are
subject, also, to the residence tax for
Because of this, the petitioners filed a case against corporations.
the respondents in the Court of Tax Appeals, praying
that the decision of the respondent contained in its
letter of demand be reversed and that they be
1
absolved from the payment of the taxes in question. Entities liable to residence tax—Every
corporation, no matter how created or
Issue: Whether the petitioners are subject to the organized, whether domestic or resident
tax on corporations, real estate dealer’s fixed tax, foreign, engaged in or doing business in the
and corporation residence tax. Philippines shall pay an annual residence tax of
five pesos and an annual additional tax, which
Court of Tax Appeals: The petitioners are liable.
(No explanation for such in the case) in no case, shall exceed one thousand pesos,
in accordance with the following schedule: * * *
Partnership & Agency | 2B 2008-2009
PARTNERSHIP Digests Atty. Cochingyan
II. Lastly, the records show that the petitioners Defendant’s Position: The real agreement
have habitually engaged in leasing the between plaintiff and defendant was one of lease and
properties for a period of 12 years, and that not of partnership; that the partnership was adopted
the yearly gross rentals of the said as a subterfuge to get around the prohibition
properties from 1945 to 1948 ranged from contained in the contract of lease between the
PhP9,599.00 to PhP 17,453.00. Thus, they owners and the plaintiff against the sublease of the
are subject to the tax provided in Section property.
193 (q) of our National Internal Revenue
Code, for “real estate dealers,” inasmuch Trial Court: Dismissal. It is not true that a
as, pursuant to Section 194 (s) thereof: partnership was created between them because
defendant has not actually contributed the sum
“Real estate dealers include any person engaged mentioned in the Articles of Partnership or any other
in the business of buying, selling, exchanging, amount. The agreement is a lease because plaintiff
leasing, or renting property of his own account as didn’t share either in the profits or in the losses of
principal and holding himself out as full ro part-time the business as required by Art 1769 (CC) and
dealer in real estate or as an owner of rental because plaintiff was granted a “guaranteed
property or properties rented or offered to rent for an participation” in the profits belies the supposed
aggregate amount of three thousand pesos or more existence of a partnership.
a year. * * *”
Issue: Was the agreement a contract a lease or a
partnership?
YULO V. YANG CHIAO SENG Ruling: Dismissal. The agreement was a sublease not
a partnership. The following are the requisites of
Facts: Yang Chiao Seng proposed to form a partnership: (1) two or more persons who bind
partnership with Rosario Yulo to run and operate a themselves to contribute money, property or
theatre on the premises occupied by Cine Oro, Plaza industry to a common fund; (2) the intention on
Sta. Cruz, Manila, the principal conditions of the offer the part of the partners to divide the profits among
being (1) Yang guarantees Yulo a monthly themselves (Article 1761, CC)
participation of P3,000 (2) partnership shall be for a
period of 2 years and 6 months with the condition Plaintiff did not furnish the supposed P20,000 capital
that if the land is expropriated, rendered nor did she furnish any help or intervention in the
impracticable for business, owner constructs a management of the theatre. Neither has she
permanent building, then Yulo’s right to lease and demanded from defendant any accounting of the
partnership even if period agreed upon has not yet expenses and earnings of the business. She was
expired; (3) Yulo is authorized to personally conduct absolutely silent with respect to any of the acts that
business in the lobby of the building; and (4) after a partner should have done; all she did was to
Dec 31, 1947, all improvements placed by receive her share of P3,000 a month which cannot be
partnership shall belong to Yulo but if partnership is interpreted in any manner than a payment for the
terminated before lapse of 1 and ½ years, Yang shall use of premises which she had leased from the
have right to remove improvements. Parties owners.
established, “Yang and Co. Ltd.”, to exist from July 1,
1945 – Dec 31, 1947.
In June 1946, they executed a supplementary ESTANISLAO, JR. VS. COURT OF APPEALS
agreement extending the partnership for 3 years
beginning Jan 1, 1948 to Dec 31, 1950. Facts: The petitioner and private respondents are
brothers and sisters who are co-owners of certain
The land on which the theater was constructed was lots at the in Quezon City which were then being
leased by Yulo from owners, Emilia Carrion and Maria leased to SHELL. They agreed to open and operate a
Carrion Santa Marina for an indefinite period but that gas station thereat to be known as Estanislao Shell
after 1 year, such lease may be cancelled by either Service Station with an initial investment of
party upon 90-day notice. In Apr 1949, the owners PhP15,000.00 to be taken from the advance rentals
notified Yulo of their desire to cancel the lease due to them from SHELL for the occupancy of the
contract come July. Yulo and husband brought a civil said lots owned in common by them. A joint affidavit
action to declare the lease for a indefinite period. was executed by them on April 11, 1966. The
Owners brought their own civil action for ejectment respondents agreed to help their brother, petitioner
upon Yulo and Yang. therein, by allowing him to operate and manage the
gasoline service station of the family. In order not to
CFI: Two cases were heard jointly; Complaint of Yulo run counter to the company’s policy of appointing
and Yang dismissed declaring contract of lease only one dealer, it was agreed that petitioner would
terminated. apply for the dealership. Respondent Remedios
helped in co-managing the business with petitioner
CA: Affirmed the judgment. from May 1966 up to February 1967.
In 1950, Yulo demanded from Yang her share in the On May 1966, the parties entered into an Additional
profits of the business. Yang answered saying he had Cash Pledge Agreement with SHELL wherein it was
to suspend payment because of pending ejectment reiterated that the P15,000.00 advance rental shall
suit. be deposited with SHELL to cover advances of fuel to
petitioner as dealer with a proviso that said
Yulo filed present action in 1954, alleging the agreement “cancels and supersedes the Joint
existence of a partnership between them and that Affidavit.”
Yang has refused to pay her shares.
(3) To pay the plaintiffs their lawful shares and IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION FOR
participation in the net profits of the AUTHORITY TO CONTINUE USE OF THE FIRM
business; and NAME ‘OZAETA, ROMULO, ETC.
(4) To pay the plaintiffs attorney’s fees and Facts: Two petitions were filed, one by the surviving
costs of the suit. partners of Atty. Herminio Ozaeta and the other by
the surviving partners of Atty. Alexander Sycip
Issue: Can a partnership exist between members of praying that they be allowed to continue using the
the same family arising from their joint ownership of names of partners who had passed away in their firm
certain properties? names. Both petitions were consolidated.
Trial Court: The complaint (of the respondents) was Petitioners Arguments:
dismissed. But upon a motion for reconsideration of
the decision, another decision was rendered in favor • Under the law, a partnership is not prohibited
of the respondents. from continuing its business under a firm name
which includes the name of a deceased
CA: Affirmed in toto partner. In fact, art. 1840 of the civil code
explicitly sanctions the practice.
Petitioner: The CA erred in interpreting the legal • In regulating other professions, such as
import of the Joint Affidavit vis-à-vis the Additional accountancy and engineering, the legislature
Cash Pledge Agreement. Because of the stipulation has authorized the adoption of firm names
cancelling and superseding the Joint Affidavit, without any restriction as to the use, in such
whatever partnership agreement there was in said firm name, of the name of the deceased
previous agreement had thereby been abrogated. partner, the legislative authorization given to
Also, the CA erred in declaring that a partnership was those engaged in the practice of accountancy –
established by and among the petitioner and the a profession requiring the same degree of trust
private respondents as regards the ownership and /or and confidence in respect of clients as that
operation of the gasoline service station business. implicit in the relationship of attorney and
client – to acquire and use a trade name,
Held: There is no merit in the petitioner’s contention strongly indicates that there us no fundamental
that because of the stipulation cancelling and policy that is offended by the continued use by
superseding the previous joint affidavit, whatever a firm of professionals of a firm name which
partnership agreement there was in said previous included the name of a deceased partner, at
agreement had thereby been abrogated. Said least where such firm name has acquired the
cancelling provision was necessary for the Joint characteristics of a ‘trade name’
Affidavit speaks of P15,000.00 advance rental • The Canon of Professional Ethics are not
starting May 25, 1966 while the latter agreement transgressed by the continued use of the name
also refers to advance rentals of the same amount of a deceased partner in the firm name of a law
starting May 24, 1966. There is therefore a partnership as declared by Canon 33 adopted
duplication of reference to the P15,000.00 hence the by American Bar Association declaring that
need to provide in the subsequent document that it ‘The continued use of the name of a deceased
“cancels and supercedes” the previous none. or former partner when permissible by local
Indeed, it is true that the latter document is silent as custom, is not unethical, but care should be
to the statement in the Join Affidavit that the value taken that no imposition or deception is
represents the “capital investment” of the parties in practiced through this use.’
the business and it speaks of the petitioner as the • There is no possibility of imposition or
sole dealer, but this is as it should be for in the latter deception because the deaths of their
document, SHELL was a signatory and it would be respective deceased partners were well –
against their policy if in the agreement it should be publicized in all newspapers of general
stated that the business is a partnership with private circulation for several days.
respondents and not a sole proprietorship of the • No local custom prohibits the continued use of
petitioner. a deceased partner’s name in a professional
firm name; and
• The use in partnership names of the names of Facts: Menzi Co. was organized in 1921 for the
deceased partners will run counter to Article purpose of importing and selling general
1825 of the CC which provides that names in a merchandise, including fertilizers and fertilizer
firm name of a partnership must either be those ingredients. Sometime in November of that year, the
of living partners and, in the case of non – plaintiff, who had had some experience in mixing and
partners, should be living persons who can be selling fertilizer, went to see Toehl, the manager of
subjected to liability. In fact, art. 1825 prohibits the sundries department of Menzi & Co. (through
a third person from including his name in the which the fertilizer business was carried out) and told
firm name under pain of assuming the liability of him that he had a written contract with the Philippine
a partner. The heirs of a deceased partner in a Sugar Centrals Agency for 1,250 tons of mixed
law firm cannot be held liable as the old fertilizers, and that he could obtain other contracts,
members to the creditors of a firm particularly including one from Calamba Sugar Estates for 450
where they are non-lawyers. With regard to art. tons, but that he did not have the money to buy the
1840, it treats more of a commercial partnership ingredients to fill the order and carry on the
with a good will to protect rather than a business. He offered to assign to Menzi & Co. his
professional partnership, with no saleable good contract with Phil Sugar Centrals Agency and to
will but whose reputation depends on the supervise the mixing of the fertilizer and to obtain
personal qualifications of its individual members. other orders for 50 % of the net profit that Menzi &
Thus, it has been held that a saleable goodwill Co., Inc., might derive therefrom. J. M. Menzi (gen.
can exist only in a commercial partnership and manager of Menzi & Co.) accepted the offer. The
cannot arise in a professional partnership agreement between the parties was verbal and was
consisting of lawyers. confirmed by the letter of Menzi to the plaintiff on
• A partnership for the practice of law cannot be January 10, 1922.
likened to partnerships formed by other
professionals or for business. For one thing, the Menzi & Co. continued to carry on its fertilizer
law on accountancy specifically allows the use of business under this arrangement with the plaintiff. It
a trade name in connection with the practice of ordered ingredients from the US and other countries,
accountancy. ‘A partnership for the practice of and the interest on the drafts for the purchase of
law is not a legal entity. It is a mere relationship these materials was charged to the business as a
or association for a particular purpose.’ It is not a part of the cost of the materials. The mixed
partnership formed for the purpose of carrying in fertilizers were sold by Menzi & Co. between January
a trade or business or of holding property. Thus, 19 and April 1, 1922 under its “Corona” brand.
it has been stated that the used of an assumed
or trade name in law practice is improper. Pursuant to the verbal agreement, the defendant
• The right to practice law is not a natural or corporation on April 27, 1922 entered into a written
constitutional right but is in the nature of a contract with the plaintiff, marked Exhibit A, which is
the basis of the present action. Still, the fertilizer
privilege or franchise. It is limited to persons of
business as carried on in the same manner as it was
good moral character with special qualifications
prior to the written contract, but the net profit that
duly ascertained and certified. The right does
the plaintiff herein shall get would only be 35%. The
not only presuppose in its possessor integrity,
intervention of the plaintiff was limited to supervising
legal standing and attainment but also the
the mixing of the fertilizers in the bodegas of Menzi.
exercise of a special privilege, highly personal
The trademarks used in the sale of the fertilizer were
and partaking of the nature of a public trust.
registered in the Bureau of Commerce & Industry in
• The continued use of a deceased or former
the name of Menzi & Co., Inc. and the fees were paid
partner’s name in the firm names of law
by that company.
partnerships not sanctioned by local custom due
to the possibility of deception upon the public
Prior to the expiration of the contract (April 27,
where the name of a deceased partner continues
1927), the manager of Menzi notified the plaintiff
to be used. The possibility of deception upon the
that the contract for his services would not be
public, real or consequential, where the name of
renewed. Subsequently, when the contract expired,
a deceased partner continues to be used cannot
Menzi proceeded to liquidate the fertilizer business in
be ruled out. A person in search of legal counsel
question. The plaintiff refused to agree to this. It
might be guided by the familiar ring of a
argued, among others, that the written contract
distinguished name appearing in a firm title. In
entered into by the parties is a contract of general
addition, there’s no local custom within our
regular commercial partnership, wherein Menzi was
jurisdiction that sanctions the practice of
the capitalist and the plaintiff the industrial partner.
continued use of a deceased partner’s name.
Courts take no judicial notice of custom. A local
custom as a source of right cannot be Issue: Is the relationship between the petitioner and
considered by a court of justice unless such Menzi that of partners?
Issue: a) W/N plaintiff falsely represented that he had Subsequently, R entered into a management
an exclusive franchise to bottle Mission beverages. contract with CMS Estate Inc. M wrote him re: his
Yes. b) W/N this false representation amounts to contribution to the capital investments as well as his
fraud and may annul the agreement to form a duties as logging superintendent. R replied that he
partnership will not be able to comply with both. M then told R
that the latter’s share will just be 20% of the net
Held: a) As found by the SC, Exhibit J was used by profits. Such was the sharing from 1957 to 1959
plaintiff as an instrument with which to bargain with without complaint or dispute. R took funds from the
the defendant and to close a deal with him, because partnership more than his contribution. M notified R
if plaintiff claimed that all he had was an option to that he dissolved the partnership. R filed an action
exclusively bottle and distribute Mission soft drinks in against M for the recovery of properties and
the Philippines, he would have probably lost the deal accounting of the partnership and damages.
itself. This is further supported by the fact that when
defendant learned that plaintiff did not have an CFI: the partnership of M and R is after P retired is
exclusive franchise, he reduced plaintiff’s one of de facto and at will; the sharing of profits and
participation in the profit to 15 percent, to which the losses is on the basis of actual contributions; there is
plaintiff agreed. no evidence these properties were acquired by the
SC: There was no intention to dissolve the first It may be dissolved at will by any of the partners but
partnership upon the constitution of the second as if it was done in bad faith, such partner shall be liable
everything else was the same except for the fact that for damages. Upon dissolution, the partnership
they took in an industrial partner: they pursued the continues and its legal personality is retained until
same purposes, the capital contributions call for the the complete winding up of its business culminating
same amounts, all subsequent renewals of Timber in its termination. The liquidation of assets is
License were secured in favor of the first partnership, governed by the CC but an agreement between
all businesses were carried out under the registered parties is binding upon them.
articles.
It was not done out of bad faith as it was spurred by
M and R agreed to purchase the interest, share and an interpersonal conflict among the partners.
participation of P and after, they became owners of
the equipment contributed by P. Both considered
themselves as partners as per their letters. It is not a
partnership de facto or at will as it was existing and
ANGELES VS SEC of JUSTICE
duly registered. The letter of M dissolving the
partnership is in effect a notice of withdrawal and
Facts: Angeles spouses filed a criminal complaint of
may be done by expressly withdrawing even before
estafa against Mercado as they claim that M
expiration of the period with or without justifiable
convinced them to enter into a contract of
cause. As to the liquidation of the partnership it shall
antichresis covering 8 parcels of land. Said contract
be divided “share and share alike” after an
was to last for 5 years with PHP210k as
accounting has been made.
consideration. It was agreed that M was to administer
the lands and complete the paperwork. After 3 years,
R is not entitled to any profits as he failed to give the
the A spouses asked for an accounting. M explained
amount he had undertaken to contribute thus, had
that the land earned PHP46k + in 1993, trees bore
become a debtor of the partnership.
no fruit in 1994 and had not given and accounting in
1995. Only after this demand had they discovered
M cannot be liable for damages as R abandoned the that M had put the contract of antichresis over the
partnership thru his acts and also took funds in an land under his and his spouse’s names.
amount more than his contribution.
M insists that there exists an industrial partnership
between him and his spouse as industrial partners
and the A spouses as financiers. This had existed
ORTEGA VS CA since 1991 before the contract of antichresis over the
land. M used his earnings as part of the business
FACTS: The law firm of R,L,S and C was duly capital which he entered into, under his name, in
registered in the Mercantile Registry and behalf of the A spouses. M attached bank receipts
reconstituted with the SEC. There were several showing deposits in behalf of E. Angeles and
amendments to its articles of partnership. contracts under his name for the A spouses. O.
Respondent-Appellees senior and junior partners Angeles stated that there was a written industrial
associated themselves together. Ortega informed partnership agreement wherein capital would come
them through a letter that he is retiring from the firm from A spouses while profit would be divided evenly
of Bito, Misa and Lozada regarding the liquidation of between M and the A spouses.
his participation in it. He later on filed with the SICD a
petition for dissolution and liquidation of partnership. PROVINCIAL PROSECUTION: dismissed estafa
complaint
Hearing Officer: said withdrawal of O did not
dissolve the law partnership and both parties to the On appeal to the SOJ, the A spouses insist that the
case are enjoined to abide by the provisions of the document evidencing the contract of antichresis was
Agreement re: the liquidation of the shares of any executed in the name of the M spouses instead of
retiring or withdrawing partner. the A spouses. This document alone proves M’s
misappropriation of their PHP210k.
SEC: reversed the decision ruling that the withdrawal
had in fact dissolved the partnership of BML as a SOJ: Dismissed appeal. A spouses failed to show
partnership at will, the law firm can be dissolved by sufficient proof that M deliberately deceived them in
any partner at anytime by his withdrawal regardless the antichresis transaction. The document alone in
the name of the M spouses failed to convince the SOJ
SC: The A spouses contributed money to the ISSUE: Should the partnership be declared void?
partnership and not to the land. Mere failure to
register the contract of partnership with SEC does SC: Petition Denied. CA Affirmed.
not invalidate it as long as it has the essential
requisites of a contract. Registration is mere notice The Agreement indubitably shows the existence of a
to third parties. A spouses admit to facts that prove partnership pursuant to Art. 1767. Petitioners would
existence of a partnership: a contract showing an contribute land, respondents would provide the
industrial partnership, contribution of money and industry and expenses and the income would be
industry to a common fund, and division of profits divided.
between A spouses and M.
Contracts bind the parties to the stipulations and
M satisfactorily explained that the documents were in necessary consequences. Courts are not authorized
his name as the A spouses do not want to be the extricate parties from the consequences of their
revealed as financiers. A spouses were not able to acts should the stipulations turn out to be financially
prove that there was deceit or false representation disadvantageous.
on his part for them to part with their money.
Art 1773 was intended primarily to protect 3rd
Accounting of proceeds not proper subject in this persons who may be defrauded when contracting
case. SOJ did not abuse his discretion in dismissing with the partnership. The case at bar does not
the appeal of the A spouses. involve 3rd parties who may be prejudiced.
Therefore, it having been proven that the partnership 1. He is not the real party in interest but A.C.
Campos Rueda & Co. failed for more than 30 days to Aguila & Sons, Co.;
pay its obligations to the herein respondents, the
partnership have the right to a judicial decree 2. The judgment in the ejectment case is a bar
declaring the involuntary insolvency of said to the filing of the complaint for declaration
partnership. of nullity of a deed of sale in this case; and
Facts: The petitioner herein is the manager of A.C. Held: The petition is meritorious. A real party in
Aguila & Sons, Co., a partnership engaged in lending interest is one who would be benefited or injured by
activities, while the private respondent and her late the judgment, or who is entitled to the avails of the
husband were the registered owners of a house and suit. Moreover, under Article 1768 of the New Civil
lot, covered by a transfer certificate of title. Code, a partnership “has a juridical personality
Sometime in 1991, the private respondent and A.C. separate and distinct from that of each of the
Aguila & Sons, Co., represented by the petitioner, partners.” The partners cannot be held liable for the
entered into a Memorandum of Agreement. In this obligations of the partnership unless it is shown that
agreement, a deed of absolute sale shall be executed the legal fiction of a different juridical personality is
by the private respondent in favor of A.C. Aguila & being used for fraudulent, unfair, or illegal purposes.
Sons, Co., giving the former an option to repurchase
and obliging the same to deliver peacefully the In this case, the private respondent ahs not shown
possession of the property to A.C. Aguila & Sons, Co., that A.C. Aguila & Sons, Co., as a separate juridical
within 15 days after the expiration of the said 90 entity, is being used for fraudulent, unfair or illegal
days grace period. purposes. Moreover, the title to the subject property
is in the name of A.C. Aguila & Sons, Co. and the
When the private respondent failed to redeem the MOA was executed between the private respondent,
property within the grace period, the petitioner with the consent of her husband, and A.C. Aguila &
Sons, Co., represented by the petitioner. Hence, it is
Partnership & Agency | 2B 2008-2009
PARTNERSHIP Digests Atty. Cochingyan
the partnership, not its officers or agents, which
should be impleaded in any litigation involving
property registered in its name. Villareal vs. Ramirez
Upon learning the sale, the surviving On her defense, Idos claimed that the check
partner Goquiolay filed a petition to set aside the served only as an “assurance” of Alarilla’s share in
decision of the probate court and annul the sale of the partnership and that it was not supposed to be
the parcels of land by Kong Chai Pin in favor of Sycip deposited until the stocks have been sold. This was
and Lee and their subsequent conveyance in favor of refuted by Alarilla and subsequently Idos was
Insular Devt. Co. in so far as the 3 lots owned by the convicted by the trial court of the offense charged.
partnership is concerned. Kong Chai Pin averred the The CA affirmed the decision of the trial court.
validity of the sale as successor partner, in lieu of the
late Tan Sin An. The complaint was dismissed by the
lower court and appeal was directly taken to the SC
by Goquiolay. Issue: W/N Idos violated BP 22? No
Issue: 1. W/N Kong Chai Pin acquired the managerial Held: One of the elements of the offense penalized
rights of her late husband Tan Sin An – NO. under BP 22 is “the making, drawing and issuance of
2. W/N there was a valid sale of property to Sycip any check to apply for any account or for value.” In
and Lee – YES. this case Idos showed enough evidence that the
3. W/N the consent of the other partner was check was to be funded from receivables to be
necessary to perfect the sale of the partnership collected and goods to be sold by the partnership.
properties to Sycip and Betty – NO. First, only one of the fours check were not encashed
and second, even Alarilla himself admitted that there
Held: 1. The right of exclusive management was no consideration for the issuance of the check.
conferred upon Tan Sin An, being premised upon Hence the check in question was not issued for any
trust and confidence, was a mere personal right that debt of or any account due and payable by the
terminated upon Tan’s demise. The provision in the petitioner.
articles of partnership stating that the deceased
partner shall be represented by his heirs could not Moreover, Idos and Alarilla were still in the
have referred to the managerial rights given to Tan “winding up” of the affairs of the partnership hen the
Sin An but it more appropriately relates to the check was issued as evidenced by the fact that they
succession in the propriety interest of each partner still had to sell the goods on hand and collect the
(heir becomes limited partner only). receivables from debtors. As provided by the Civil
Code: winding-up is the process of settling business
2. However, consonant with the articles of co – affairs after dissolution, i.e. collecting of assets
partnership providing for the continuation of the firm previously demandable; termination is the point in
notwithstanding the death of one of the partners, the time after all the partnership affairs have been
heir of the deceased, by never repudiating or wound up. Thus, since that partnership has not been
refusing to be bound under said provision, became terminated, the petitioner and private complainant
individual partner with Goquiolay upon Tan’s demise. remained as co-partners. The check was thus issued
By allowing Kong Chai Pin to retain control of the by the petitioner to complainant as would a partner
partnership properties from 1942 to 1949, Goquiolay to another and not as payment from a debtor to a
is estopped from denying her legal representation of creditor. Idos did not violate BP 22.
the partnership, with the power to bind it with proper
contracts. By authorizing the widow of the managing
partner to manage partnership property (which a
limited partner could not be authorized to do), the
other general partner recognized her as a general VILLAREAL VS. RAMIREZ
partner, and is now in estoppel to deny her position
as a general partner, with authority to administer Facts:
and alienate partnership property.
In 1984, Villareal, Carmelito Jose and Jesus
3. Strangers dealing with a partnership have the Jose formed a partnership with a capital of P750,000
right to assume, in the absence of restrictive clauses for the operation of a restaurant and catering
in the co – partnership agreement, that every business. Respondent Ramirez joined as a partner in
general partner has the power to bind the the business with the capital contribution of
partnership and has the requisite authority from his P250,000. In 1987, Jesus Jose withdrew from the
co – partners. partnership and within the same time, Villareal and
Carmelito Jose, petitioners closed the business
without prior knowledge of respondents.
On appeal, CA upheld RTC’s decision that In the complaint for the application of the
the partnership was dissolved and it added that appointment of the receiver, it was evident that the
respondents had no right to demand the return of plaintiff did not include the 279 members of the
their capital contribution. However since petitioners Association nor did they show that they were acting
did not give the proper accounting for the liquidation on behalf of the interest of the Association. Therefore
of the partnership, the CA took it upon itself to the judge exceeded his jurisdiction and abused his
compute their liabilities and the amount that is discretion because he should have required the
proper to the respondent. The computation of which inclusion therein of the necessary members of the
was: Association. Moreover, he should have also
considered the fact that in the respondents’
(capital of the partnership – outstanding pleadings, they did not bring the action for
obligation) / remaining partners = themselves and in the name of the Association, or for
the benefit of the other members, or for the persons
amount due to private respondent who might be affected by the remedy applied for.
Without knowledge of Yu, the general partners [TAKEN FROM CLV BLOG] Bautista quoted from
transferred their interests while some of the limited the New York decision in Ames v. Downing, 1 Brad.
Partnership & Agency | 2B 2008-2009
PARTNERSHIP Digests Atty. Cochingyan
(N.Y. Surr. Cit.) 321,[4] to describe the origin and a partnership has always been held to be dissolved
development of limited partnerships, thus -- by the death of the special partner. *** The
The system of limited partnership, which was partnership remains under the dominion of the
introduced by statute into this state, and common law. It has created between the special and
subsequently very generally adopted in many other general partner a tie, which is not subjected to the
states of the Union, was borrowed from the French caprice of unforseen changes; it has produced
Code. (3 Kent. 36; Code de Commerce, 12, 23, 24.) mutual relations of confidence, which the general
Under the name of la societe en commandite, it has partner cannot be forced to extend to strangers.
existed in France from most authentic commercial
records, and in the early mercantile regulations of
Maseilles and Montpelier. In the vulgar latinity of the
middle ages it was styled commanda, and in Italy COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE VS.
accomenda. In the states of Pisa and Florence, it is SUTER
recognized so far back as the year 1166; also in the
ordinance of Louise-le Hutin, of 1315; the statutes of
Marseilles, 1253; of Geneva, of 1588. In the middle Facts: In 1947, A limited partnership, “William J.
ages it was one of the most frequent combinations of Suter ‘Morcoin’ Co., Ltd.”, was formed with William
trade, and was the basis of the active and widely Suter as general partner, Julia Spirig and Gustav
extended commerce of the opulent maritime cities of Carlson as limited partners, each contributing to the
Italy. It contributed largely to the support of the great partnership. In 1948, Suter married Spirig and
and prosperous trade carried on along the shores of thereafter, Carlson sold his share in the partnership
the Mediterranean, was known in Laguedoc, to Suter and his wife. The limited partnership had
Provence, and Lombardy, entered into most of the been filing its income tax returns (ITRs) as a
industrial occupations and pursuits of the age, and corporation w/o objection from the CIR. Later in an
even traveled under the protection of the arms of the assessment, the CIR consolidated the income of the
Crusaders to the city of Jerusalem. At a period when firm and the individual incomes of partner-spouses
capital was in the hands of nobles and clergy, who, resulting in a determination of a deficiency income
from pride of caste, or cannonical regulations, could tax against Suter. Suter protested and requested
not engage directly in trade, it afforded the means of cancellation and withdrawal but was denied by the
secretly embarking in commercial enterprises, and CIR. Suter appealed to the Court of Tax Appeals w/c
reaping the profits of such lucrative pursuits, without reversed CIR’s decision.
personal risk; and thus the vast wealth, which
otherwise could have lain dormant in the coffers of Issues:
the rich, became the foundation, by means of this
ingenious idea, of the great commerce which made
princes of the merchants, elevated to the trading (1) Should the corporate personality of the
class, and brought the Commons into position as an partnership be disregarded for income tax purposes
influential estate in the Commonwealth. Independent since partner-spouses form a single taxable unit?
of the interest naturally attaching to the history of a
mercantile contract, of such ancient origin, but so (2)Was the partnership dissolved after the marriage
recently introduced where the general partnership, of partner-spuses and subsequent sale of Carlson of
known to the common law has hitherto existed alone, his participation in the partnership?
I have been led to refer to the facts just stated, for
the purpose of showing that the special partnership
is, in fact, no novelty, but an institution of Held: CTA decision affirmed. The limited partnership
considerable antiquity, well known, understood and was not a universal partnership but a particular one.
regulated. Ducange defines it to be: "Societas A universal partnership requires either that the
mercatorem qua uni sociorum tota negotiationis cura object of the association be all the present property
commendatur, certis conditionibus." It was always of the partners, as contributed by them to the
considered a proper partnership, societas, with common fund, or else “all that the partners may
certain reserves and restrictions; and in the acquire by their industry or work during the
ordinance of Louis XIV., of 1793, it is ranked as a existence of the partnership”. In the instant case, all
regular partnership. In the Code of Commerce it is of the contributions were fixed sums of money and
classed in the same manner. I may add, as an neither of them were industrial partners. Thus it was
important fact, for the explanation of the distinction not a partnership that spouses were forbidden to
to which I shall shortly advert, that the French Code enter under the 1889 Civil Code.
permits a special partnership, of which the capital
may be divided into shares, or stock, transmissible The capital contributions of partner-spouses were
from hand to hand. In such a case, the death of the separately owned and contributed by them before
special partner does not dissolve the firm, the their marriage; and after they were joined in
creation of transmissible shares being a proof that wedlock, such contributions remained their
the association is formed respectu negotii, and not respective separate property under the Spanish Civil
respectu peronsarum; but even in such a partnership Code. Thus, the individual interest of each did not
the death of the general partner effects a dissolution, become common property of both after their
unless it is expressly stipulated otherwise. But, says marriage.
M. Troplong, in would be wrong to extend the rule
that a partnership, of which the capital is divided into
transmissible shares, is not dissolved by the death of In this case the limited partnership is not a mere
a stockholder, to a special partnership, the capital of business conduit of the partner-spouses; it was
which is not so divided. The statute of New York organized for legitimate business purposes, The
recognizes only the latter kind of partnership, the change in its membership brought about by the
names of the parties being required to be registered, marriage is not a ground for withdrawing the
and any change in the name working a dissolution, partnership from coverage under §24 of the tax code
and turning the firm into a general partnership. Such