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(a) (10 points) Find the stationary states and the corresponding energies.
8 h 2π 2 2
Answer: ψ nxny nz ( x, y, z ) = 3
sin( n xπ x / L ) sin( n y πy / L ) sin( n z πz / L ) and E = 2
(nx + n y2 + nz2 )
L 2mL
Solution: In this case the V(x,y,z) = V(x)+V(y)+V(z) and we look for stationary state solutions
of the form ψ ( x, y, z ) = X ( x)Y ( y ) Z ( z ) and Schrödinger’s equation becomes
1 ⎛ h2 d 2 X ⎞ 1 ⎛ h 2 d 2Y ⎞ 1 ⎛ h2 d 2Z ⎞
⎜⎜ − 2
+ V ( x ) X ⎟
⎟ + ⎜
⎜ − 2
+ V ( y )Y ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − 2
+ V ( z ) Z ⎟⎟ = E
X ⎝ 2 m dx ⎠ Y ⎝ 2m dy ⎠ Z ⎝ 2 m dz ⎠
and hence
1 ⎛ h2 d 2 X ⎞
⎜⎜ − + V ( x ) X ⎟⎟ = E x
X ⎝ 2m dx 2 ⎠
1 ⎛ h 2 d 2Y ⎞
⎜⎜ − 2
+ V ( y )Y ⎟⎟ = E y
Y ⎝ 2m dy ⎠
1 ⎛ h2 d 2Z ⎞
⎜⎜ − 2
+ V ( z ) Z ⎟⎟ = E z
Z ⎝ 2m dz ⎠
where the Ei is constants and Ex +Ey +Ez = E. The problem breaks into three one dimensional
infinite wells and we know that the solution to the one dimensional problem is
2 h 2π 2 2
X n x ( x) = sin( nxπx / L) with En x = nx where nx = 1, 2, 3, …
L 2mL2
2 h 2π 2 2
Yn y ( y ) = sin(n yπy / L) with En y = n y where ny = 1, 2, 3, …
L 2mL2
2 h 2π 2 2
Z nz ( z) = sin(nzπz / L) with En z = nz where nz = 1, 2, 3, …
L 2mL2
Thus,
8
ψ nxnynz ( x, y, z ) = X nx ( x)Yny ( y ) Z nz ( z ) = 3 sin( nxπx / L) sin( n yπy / L) sin( nzπz / L) ,
L
and
h 2π 2 2
E = E n x + En y + E n z = 2
(nx + n y2 + nz2 ) .
2mL
(b) (5 points) Call the energies E1, E2, E3, …, in order of increasing energy. Find E1, E2, E3, E4,
E5, and E6. Determine the degeneraries (i.e. the number of different states with the same
energy).
Answer:
Energy nx ny nz Number of States
E1= 3h 2π 2 /(2mL2 ) 1 1 1 1
E2= 6h 2π 2 /(2mL2 ) 2 1 1
E2 1 2 1
E2 1 1 2 3
E3= 9h π /(2mL2 )
2 2 2 2 1
E3 2 1 2
E3 1 2 2 3
E4= 11h π /(2mL2 )
2 2 3 1 1
E4 1 3 1
E4 1 1 3 3
E5= 12h π /(2mL2 )
2 2 2 2 2 1
E6= 14h 2π 2 /(2mL2 ) 1 2 3
E6 1 3 2
E6 2 1 3
E6 2 3 1
E6 3 1 2
E6 3 2 1 6
(c) (5 points) What is the degeneracy of E14, and why is this case interesting?
Answer: The degeneracy of E14 is 4.
Solution: The combinations after E6 are E7(322), E8(411), E9(331), E10(421), E11(332), E12(422),
E13(431), and then E14(333 and 511). Simple combinatorics account for the degeneracies of 1 (nx
= ny = nz), 3 (two the same, one different), and 6 (all three different). But in the case of E14 there
is a numerical “accident”: 32 + 32 +32 = 27 and 52 +12 +12 = 27, so the degeneracy is greater than
combinatorial reasoning alone would suggest.
Problem 2 (20 points): A particle of mass m and E < 0 is placed in a finite spherical well
⎧− V r ≤ R
V (r ) = ⎨ 0
⎩ 0 r>R
(a) (10 points) Find the ground state by solving the radial equation with l = 0.
Solution: The radial equation is given by
h 2 d 2U (r ) l (l + 1)h 2
− + V ( r )U ( r ) = EU ( r ) where V ( r ) = V ( r ) + ,
2m dr 2
eff
2mr 2
eff
where U(r) = rR(r). In the region for r < L (region 1) with l = 0 we have
d 2U (r ) 2m( E + V0 ) h 2k 2
=− U (r ) = −k U (r ) where k = 2m( E + V0 ) / h and E =
2 2
− V0
dr 2 h2 2m
and U1 (r ) = A sin(kr ) + B cos(kr ) and R1 (r ) = A sin(kr ) / r + B cos(kr ) / r . The second term
diverges as r → 0 and hence B = 0. In the region for r > L (region 2) with l = 0 we have
d 2U (r ) 2mE h 2κ 2
= − U ( r ) = κ 2
U ( r ) where κ = − 2 mE / h 2
and E = −
dr 2 h2 2m
−κr +κr
and U 2 (r ) = Ce + De . The second term diverges as r → ∞ and hence D = 0.
The boundary condition at r = R are
U1 ( R) = U 2 ( R) which implies (1) A sin(kR) = Ce−κR
dU1 dU 2
= which implies (2) kA cos(kR) = −κCe−κR
dr r =R dr r =R
We see by dividing (1)/(2) that
tan(kR) 1 κ
=− or − cot(kR) = .
k κ k
2 2
hk hκ2 2
2mV
Note that E = − V0 = − and hence κ 2 = 2 0 − k 2 .
2m 2m h
Let y = kR then
κ 2mV0 R 2 / h 2 − y 2
= = ( y0 / y) 2 − 1 where y0 = 2mV0 R 2 / h 2
k y
− cot( y) = ( y0 / y ) 2 − 1
h2 y2
and E = − V0 . We now let f(y) = -cot(y) and g ( y ) = ( y0 / y) 2 − 1 and plot.
2mR 2
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
5
4
y0 = 2π
3
f(y)
2 g(y)
0
0.0 1.6 3.1 4.7 6.3 7.9 y 9.4
-1
We see that g(y) = 0 (and then becomes imaginary) at y = y0 and hence there is no bound state
for y0 < π/2. If y0 ≥ π/2 then the ground state (i.e. lowest energy state) lies in the region
π/2 ≤ y ≤ π and the ground state energy lies in the range
h 2π 2 h 2π 2
− V0 ≤ E ≤ − V0 .
8mR 2 2mR 2
(b) (5 points) Show that there is no bound state if V0 R 2 < π 2h 2 / 8m.
Solution: We see from (a) that there is no bound state if
π
y0 = 2mV0 R 2 / h 2 < which implies V0 R 2 < π 2h 2 / 8m.
2
(c) (5 points) What are the l = 0 bound state energies for the case V0 R 2 = 2π 2h 2 / m ?
h 2π 2 h 2π 2
Answer: There are two bound states E1 ≈ −1.63 and E 2 ≈ −0.59
mR 2 mR 2
Solution: In this case y0 = 2mV0 R 2 / h 2 = 2π and V0 = 2π 2h 2 /(mR 2 ) and there are two
solutions (see the plot). The ground state occurs when y ≈ 2.698 with energy
h 2π 2 h 2π 2 2h 2π 2 h 2π 2
E1 ≈ 0.37 − V0 = 0.37 − = − 1 .63 .
mR 2 mR 2 mR 2 mR 2
For the 1st excited state I get y ≈ 5.2845 with energy
h 2π 2 2h 2π 2 h 2π 2
E2 ≈ 1.41 − = −0.59 .
mR 2 mR 2 mR 2
Problem 3 (20 points): What is the most probable value of r, in the ground state of hydrogen?
Express your answer in terms of the Bohr radius r0, where
h2 ⎛ h ⎞⎛ hc ⎞ D e Ke 2 h
r0 = = ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟⎜ 2⎟ = with α = and D e = .
⎝ me c ⎠⎝ Ke ⎠ α
2
me Ke hc me c
Answer: The most probable value is r0
Solution: The probability of finding the electron between r and r+dr is
2π π
4
ρ (r ) = ∫ ∫ψ 100
∗
(r ,θ ,φ )ψ 100 (r ,θ ,φ )r 2 sin θdθdφ = 3 r 2e − 2 r / r0
0 0
r0
and the most probable value occurs when
dρ ( r ) 4 ⎛ r 2 − 2 r / r0 − 2 r / r0 ⎞ 8re −2 r / r0 ⎛ r ⎞
⎜
= 3 ⎜− 2 e + 2re ⎟
⎟= ⎜⎜ − + 1⎟⎟ = 0
dr r0 ⎝ r0 ⎠ r03 ⎝ r0 ⎠
which implies that rmax = r0.
Problem 4 (20 points): The (time independent) momentum space wave function in three
dimensions is defined by
r 1 r r r
3/ 2 ∫
φ ( p) = e − i ( p ⋅r ) / hψ (r )d 3r .
(2πh)
(a) (10 points) Find the momentum space wave function for the ground state of hydrogen. Use
r r r
spherical coordinates and set the polar axis along the direction of p so that p ⋅ r = pr cosθ .
3/ 2
r 1 ⎛ 2r ⎞ 1
Answer: φ ( p ) = ⎜ 0 ⎟
π ⎝ h ⎠ (1 + (r0 p / h) 2 ) 2
Solution: For the ground state of hydrogen we have
∞ 2π π
r 1 r r
3/ 2 ∫ ∫ ∫
φ ( p) = e − i ( p⋅r ) / h
ψ 100 (r ,θ ,φ )r 2 sin θdθdφ
(2πh) 0 0 0
∞ 2π π
1 1
∫ ∫∫e
− i ( pr cos θ ) / h − r / r0
= e r 2 sin θdθdφ
(2πh ) 3/ 2
πr03 0 0 0
∞π
1 2π
∫∫e
− i ( pr cos θ ) / h − r / r0
e r 2 sin θdθ
(2πh ) 3/ 2
πr03 0 0
π 1
∫e
− i ( pr cos θ ) / h
sin θdθ = ∫ e − i ( prξ ) / h dξ =
pr
(
ih − ipr / h
e )
− e + ipr / h =
2h
pr
sin( pr / h ) and
0 −1
∞
r 1 4πh
φ ( p) =
(2πh) p πr0 0
3/ 2 3 ∫ e − r / r0 r sin( pr / h)dr
∞
1 2h − r / r0
p ∫0
= e r sin( pr / h)dr
π 2 (hr0 ) 3/ 2
Now
1 ⎡ − r / r0 ipr / h ⎤
∞ ∞ ∞
0
2i ⎣ 0 0 ⎦
1 ⎡ ( −1 / r0 + ip / h ) r ⎤
∞ ∞
= ⎢ ∫ re dr − ∫ re − (1 / r0 + ip / h ) r dr ⎥
2i ⎣ 0 0 ⎦
∞
1⎡ ⎛ r 1 ⎞⎤
= ⎢e ( −1 / r0 + ip / h ) r ⎜⎜ − ⎟
2 ⎟⎥
2i ⎣ ⎝ − 1 / r0 + ip / h (−1 / r0 + ip / h) ⎠⎦ 0
∞
1⎡ ⎛ r 1 ⎞⎤
− ⎢e − (1 / r0 + ip / h ) r ⎜⎜ − ⎟
2 ⎟⎥
2i ⎣ ⎝ − (1 / r0 + ip / h) (1 / r0 + ip / h ) ⎠⎦ 0
1⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1 4ip /(r0h)
= ⎢ − 2⎥
=
2i ⎣ (1 / r0 − ip / h ) 2
(1 / r0 + ip / h) ⎦ 2i ((1 / r0 ) 2 + ( p / h ) 2 ) 2
4r03 p /(h )
=
(1 + (r0 p / h ) 2 ) 2
and hence
3/ 2
r 1 2h 4r03 p /(h) 1 ⎛ 2r ⎞ 1
φ ( p) = = ⎜ 0⎟ .
π 2 (hr0 ) 3/ 2
p (1 + (r0 p / h) ) 2 2
π ⎝ h ⎠ (1 + (r0 p / h) 2 ) 2
r
(b) (5 points) Show that φ ( p ) is normalized.
Solution: We see that
∞ 3∞
r 2 3 4π ⎛ 2r0 ⎞ p2
∫ φ = π ∫0 φ =
π 2 ⎝ h ⎠ ∫0 (1 + (r0 p / h ) 2 ) 4
2 2
| ( p ) | d p 4 | | p dp ⎜ ⎟ dp .
and hence
∞
x2 1 π π
∫0 (a 2 + x 2 )4 dx = 16a5 2 = 32a5 .
Thus,
∞ ∞
p2 1 p2 1 π 1 π
∫0 (1 + (r0 p / h)2 ) 4 dp = 8 ∫
(r0 / h ) 0 ((h / r0 ) + p )
2 2 4
dp = 8
(r0 / h ) 32(h / r0 ) 5
= 3
(r0 / h ) 32
and
3∞ 3
r 2 3 32 ⎛ r0 ⎞ p2 32 ⎛ r ⎞ 1 π
∫ | φ ( p ) | d p = ⎜ ⎟ ∫
π ⎝ h ⎠ 0 (1 + (r0 p / h) )
2 4
dp = ⎜ 0 ⎟
π ⎝ h ⎠ (r0 / h) 32
3
= 1.
r
(b) (5 points) Use φ ( p) to calculate <p2>, in the ground state of hydrogen.
h2
Answer: < p 2 >=
r02
Solution:
∞ 3∞
r 32 ⎛ r ⎞ p4
< p >= ∫ p | φ ( p) |2 d 3 p = 4π ∫ | φ |2 p 4 dp = ⎜ 0 ⎟ ∫
2 2
dp .
0
π ⎝ h ⎠ 0 (1 + (r0 p / h) 2 ) 4
From the integral tables I see that
x4 a2 x 7x x 1
∫ (a 2 + x 2 )4 dx = 6(a 2 + x 2 )3 − 24(a 2 + x 2 )2 + 16a 2 (a 2 + x 2 ) + 16a3 tan ( x / a)
−1
and hence
∞
x4 1 π π
∫0 (a 2 + x 2 )4 dx = 16a3 2 = 32a3 .
Thus,
3∞ 3 ∞
32 ⎛ r0 ⎞ p4 32 ⎛ r0 ⎞ 1 p4
< p >= ⎜ ⎟ ∫
π ⎝ h ⎠ (r0 / h)8 ∫0 ((h / r0 ) 2 + p 2 ) 4
2
dp = ⎜ ⎟ dp
π ⎝ h ⎠ 0 (1 + (r0 p / h) 2 ) 4
3
32 ⎛ r ⎞ 1 π h2
= ⎜ 0⎟ =
π ⎝ h ⎠ (r0 / h)8 32(h / r0 )3 r02
Problem 6 (20 points): The three components of the vector hermitian operator
r
J = J x xˆ + J y yˆ + J z zˆ obey the “lie algebra”: [Ji,Jj] = iεijkJk, where J1 = Jx, J2 = Jy, and J3 = Jz.
(a) (3 points) Prove that [J2,Jk] = 0 (k=1,2,3), where J2 = Jx2 + Jy2 + Jz2.
Solution:
Problem 7 (10 points): Two particles of mass m are attached to the ends of a massless rigid rod
of length a. The system is free to rotate in three dimensions about the center (but the center point
itself is fixed).
(a) (5 points) Show that the allowed energies of this rigid rotator are
h 2 n(n + 1)
En = where n = 0, 1, 2, …
ma 2
Solution: We first have to construct the Hamiltonian. The energy is
⎛1 ⎞ (amv) 2 L2
E = 2⎜ mv 2 ⎟ = mv 2 = = ,
⎝2 ⎠ ma 2 ma 2
where L is the total angular momentum of the system. Thus, the Hamiltonian is
L2
H op = op2 and the we are looking for the solutions of the eigenvalue equation
ma
L2op
ψ (θ , φ ) = Eψ (θ , φ ) or L2opψ (θ ,φ ) = ma 2 Eψ (θ ,φ ) .
ma 2
We know that Ylm are the eigenfunctions of the (L2)op with eigenvalues l (l + 1)h 2 as follows
L2opYlm (θ ,φ ) = l (l + 1)h 2Ylm (θ ,φ ) = ma 2 EYlm (θ ,φ ) ,
and hence
h l (l + 1)
2
El = where l = 0, 1, 2, …
ma 2
(b) (5 points) What are the normalized eigenfunctions for this system? What is the degeneracy
of the nth energy level?
Answer: The normalized eigenfunction are Ylm(θ,φ) and the nth level has (2n+1) states
corresponding to the (2l+1) m values that occur for each l.