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i) Karan Kumar ii) Mansi Agarwal iii) Pranav Haldar

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The aim of our project was to implement a complete speed control system for a DC
motor.

Traditionally, speed control of the DC motors in the industries is implemented by

interfacing the motor through a Micro-controller which at times is a costly affair.

Thus, (  is to use the Computer¶s processor to control the speed of a simple

D.C. motor.

The hardware consists of discrete elements such as Darlington Pairs [TIP 122 / TIP
127], resistors[1K and 5.6K], diodes[IN4007] and DC motor[9V 500rpm].

The software comprises mainly the coding for a graphical user interface (GUI) and µH-
Bridge Motor Driving Algorithm¶ written in C++.

The interfacing of the DC motor with the PC is done through the LPT port, which is
usually known as Printer Port.
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The Direct Current (DC) motor is one of the first machines
devised to convert electrical power into mechanical power.

Permanent Magnet (PM) direct current converts electrical

energy into mechanical energy through the interaction of
two magnetic fields.

One field is produced by a permanent magnet assembly; the other field is

produced by an electrical current flowing in the motor windings.

These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor. As the
rotor turns, the current in the windings is commutated to produce a
continuous torque output.
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A simple motor has six parts, as

shown in the diagram below:
  Armature or rotor

  Commutator

  Brushes

  Axle

  Field magnet

  DC power supply of some sort

An electric motor is all about

magnets and magnetism: A motor
uses magnets to create motion.
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A simple, permanent- magnet DC motor is an

essential element in a variety of products, such

as toys, servo mechanisms, valve actuators,

robots, and automotive electronics.

When compared to AC or wound field DC motors. PM motors are usually physically

smaller in overall size and lighter for a given power rating.

Furthermore its relationship between torque and speed is very linear, it can provide

relatively high torque at low speeds and PM Field provides some inherent self-breaking

when power to the motor is shut off.

There are several disadvantages through those being mostly being high current during

a stall condition and during instantaneous reversal. Those can damage some motors

or be problematic to control circuitry.

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At the moment a DC motor is started the

armature is stationary and there is no counter EMF being generated. The only
component to limit starting current is the armature resistance, which, in most DC
motors is a very low value (approximately one ohm or less). Thus a very high
starting current flows.

In order to reduce this very high starting current, an external resistance must be
placed in series with the armature during the starting period.

While the this approach works well, it generates heat and hence wastes power.
Thus, simple Pulse Width Modulation DC motor control eliminates this problem.
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ëometimes the rotation direction

needs to be changed.

In normal permanent magnet motors, this rotation is changed by changing the

polarity of operating power (for example by switching from negative power supply

to positive or by interchanging the power terminals going to power supply).

This direction changing is typically implemented using relay or a circuit called ³H

Bridge´.
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Motor speed control of DC motor is nothing new. A simplest method to control the

rotation speed of a DC motor is to control its driving voltage.

The higher the voltage is the higher speed the motor tries to reach.

In many applications a simple voltage regulation would cause lots of power loss on

control circuit, so a Pulse Width Modulation method (PWM) is used in many DC motor

controlling applications.

In the basic Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) method, the operating power to the

motors is turned on and off to modulate the current to the motor. The ratio of ³on´ time

to ³off´ time is what determines the speed of the motor.

  
 

The speed of a permanent magnet DC motor can be altered by varying the voltage

applied to its terminal.

One way of varying the applied voltage is by using the pulse-width modulation (PWM)

technique. Using this technique, a fixed frequency voltage signal with varying pulse-

width is applied to the motor terminal.

The PWM voltage wave forms for the motor can be obtained using a special power

electronic circuit called a DC chopper [Class E].

A DC chopper basically uses power switching devices to switch a constant DC

voltage on and off according to a specified switching scheme in order to obtain the

required voltage and current wave forms.

In this project, we have taken one type of DC chopper configuration called bridge

power converter also known as ³H-bridge converter´.





Pulse-width modulation control works by switching the power supplied to

the motor ON and OFF very rapidly.

The DC voltage is converted to a square-wave signal, alternating

between fully ON and zero, giving the motor a series of power ³kicks´.

By adjusting the duty cycle of the signal i.e., the time fraction it is ³ON´,

the average power can be varied, and hence the motor speed.



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A very popular circuit for driving DC motors is called an ³H-bridge´. It is called that

because it looks like the capital letter µH¶ on classic schematics.

The great ability of an H-bridge circuit is that the motor can be drive forward or

backward at any speed, optionally using a completely independent power source.

An H-bridge design can be really simple for prototyping or really extravagant for

added protection and isolation.

An H-bridge can be implemented with various kinds of switching components

(commonly, Bipolar Transistors, FETs, MOëFETs, etc

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On can alter the states of these four

switches in order to manipulate the

voltage across the motor, and through

that the direction of current flow and

rotation of the motor.

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i
 
The original IBM-PC¶s Parallel Printer

Port had a total of 12 digital outputs

and 5 digital inputs accessed via 3

consecutive 8-bit ports in the

processor¶s I/O space.

8 output pins accessed via the &

  34  .5

5 Input pins (one inverted) accessed via the &&!   36  .5

The remaining 8 pins are grounded.



 
The Coding of the Project has been done in C++.

The coding has been done with the following objective:-

  Coding for Graphic User Interface [GUI]

  Generation of the PWM output on port pins (2, 3, 4, 5), as well as

  ëwitching of the transistors to change the direction of motor.

The ëoftware is mainly divided into 3 parts:-

  Mouse Interfacing

  Graphics

  PWM Generation


 

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„ 

This is from where we started.

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The motor can be started / stopped and made to retain a set speed irrespective of

the load.

The motor can be run as low as 100 rpm and as high as 1200 rpm.

Program interface is user-friendly enabling flexible and simple operation.

H-bride controller drives the motor to reach the speed smoothly and within an

acceptable period of time.

ëince we control the average armature voltage, speed could be controlled only

below the rated speed.

Though PC was used in controlling due to ease of programming and simplicity, in

particular as a demonstrative prototype, the program is used to generate the

signal.
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This project is hardware cum software application, which controls the speed and direction of a DC

motor through mouse click. Thus this project helps in many real life applications where variable

speeds may be required like, drives for blowers and DC powered fans used in electronics,

telecommunications and industrial equipment applications.

The most recent application of this project was in mars rover (spirit, opportunity) in this application

the movement of vehicle and also the camera provided was controlled by same type of speed

control concept in wireless mode.

We can also design a GPë (Global Positioning ëystem) for unmanned spaced vehicle and Robots

by utilizing the similar principle.

Other applications of this project can be in Internet Rovers, Personal Mobility, ëubmersible ROVs,

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Machine Control, Animatronics Props, Force-Feedback

ëystems.
  

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