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Accounting

Level 3

Model Answers
Series 3 2008 (Code 3012)
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Accounting Level 3
Series 2 2008

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International Qualifications. The contents of this booklet are divided into 3 elements:

(1) Questions – reproduced from the printed examination paper

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see in the answers to each question in the examination paper,
plus a fully worked example or sample answer (where applicable)

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3012/3/08/MA
QUESTION 1

Wool and Looe are in partnership sharing profits in the ratio 4:3 respectively after allowing for a salary
of £3,000 per year for Wool. The following Trial Balance has been extracted at the end of the six
month period ended on 31 March 2008:
£ £
Fixed assets – cost 37,000
accumulated depreciation 15,000
Stock at 1 October 2007 12,300
Debtors 9,750
Provision for doubtful debts 1,200
Bank 2,100
Cash 800
Creditors 4,750
Prepayments 425
Accruals 380
Sales 112,300
Purchases 78,100
Distribution costs 12,100
Administrative expenses 9,200
Partners’ accounts – Wool 14,175
Looe ______ 9,770
159,675 159,675

The following additional information is available:


(1) Stock at 31 March 2008 cost £14,100
(2) Bad debts (to be charged to administrative expenses) of £150 are to be written off and the
provision for doubtful debts adjusted to 6% of debtors
(3) Depreciation is to be charged at 20% per year, on a straight-line basis, on fixed assets costing
£25,000. Depreciation is to be charged at 30% per year, on a reducing balance basis, on the
remaining fixed assets which have accumulated depreciation of £4,800. All depreciation is to be
charged to administrative expenses
(4) Prepaid distribution costs have been overstated by £140 and accrued administrative expenses
have been understated by £180
(5) Cheques totalling £520 were sent out before 31 March 2008, but not recorded. Of this amount
£300 is for distribution costs and the remainder for administrative expenses. These expenses
have not been included in accruals.

REQUIRED

(a) Prepare the Trading, Profit and Loss and Appropriation Account of the partnership for the six
months ended 31 March 2008 and a Balance Sheet at that date.
(21 marks)

Wool and Looe are unhappy with the net profit calculated in (a) above. Wool suggests that the easiest
way to improve it would be to increase the value placed on stock at 31 March 2008. Looe is not
convinced, suggesting that this change would reduce profit as well as not being acceptable accounting
practice.

REQUIRED

(b) Briefly discuss whether or not Looe is correct. (4 marks)

(Total 25 marks)

3012/3/08/MA Page 1 of 12
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 1

(a) Wool and Looe


Trading, Profit and Loss and Appropriation Account
Six Months ended 31 March 2008

£ £
Sales 112,300
Less: Cost of Goods Sold: Opening stock 12,300
Purchases 78,100
90,400
Closing stock 14,100 76,300
Gross Profit 36,000
Less: Administrative expenses (Working 1) 12,706
Distribution costs (Working 2) 12,540 25,246
Net Profit 10,754
Salary – Wool (3,000 x 0.5) 1,500
Balance – Wool (4/7) 5,288
Looe (3/7) 3,966 10,754

Workings:
1. Administrative expenses -
Per Trial Balance 9,200
Bad debts written off 150
Reduction in provision for doubtful debts [0.06 (9,750 – 150) – 1,200] (624)
Straight-line depreciation (0.2 x 25,000 x 0.5) 2,500
Reducing balance depreciation {[(37,000 – 25,000) – 4,800] x 0.3 x 0.5} 1,080
Accrual increase 180
Unrecorded cheque (520 – 300) 220
12,706
2. Distribution costs -
Per Trial Balance 12,100
Prepayment reduction 140
Unrecorded cheque 300
12,540

3012/3/08/MA Page 2 of 12
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 1 CONTINUED

Wool and Looe Balance Sheet at 31 March 2008

£ £ £
Cost Acc. Dep. NBV
Fixed Assets 37,000 18,580* 18,420
Current Assets
Stock 14,100
Debtors (9,750 – 150) 9,600
Less: Provision 576 9,024
Prepayments (425 – 140) 285
Cash 800
24,209
Less: Current Liabilities
Creditors 4,750
Accruals (380 + 180) 560
Bank overdraft (2,100 + 520) 2,620 7,930
Net Current Assets 16,279
34,699

£
Represented by:
Partner’s Accounts – Wool (14,175 + 1,500 + 5,288) 20,963
Looe (9,770 + 3,966) 13,736
34,699
* 15,000 + 2,500 + 1,080 = 18,580
(21 marks)

(b) Looe is incorrect in suggesting that increasing closing stock value would reduce profit – it will
increase it.
2

However Looe is correct to say that increasing stock value would not be acceptable accounting
practice – stock must be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. 2

3012/3/08/MA Page 3 of 12
QUESTION 2

Hull is trying to decide between two investment projects. Each would require the immediate purchase
of machinery costing £100,000 and lasting 5 years, with a disposal value of £20,000 at the end of 5
years.

Project A will require, immediately, additional working capital of £10,000, which will be released at the
end of Year 5. Each unit of output will make a contribution of £50 and production and sales are
expected to be as follows:
Year Units
1 200
2 300
3 500
4 2,000
5 800

Project B will require, immediately, additional working capital of £30,000, which will be released at the
end of year 5. Project B will also require immediate expenditure of £20,000 on an advertising
campaign. Each unit of output will make a contribution of £5 and production and sales are expected to
be as follows:
Year Units
1 16,000
2 8,000
3 6,000
4 6,000
5 4,000

All cash flows are assumed to occur at the end of each year, “immediately” being Year 0.

REQUIRED

Calculate the following for each project:


(a) The cash flows occurring in each of the years 0,1,2,3,4,5. (10 marks)

(b) The payback period. (3 marks)

(c) The net present value using a discount rate of 10%. Relevant discount factors are as follows:
Year Factor
1 0.909
2 0.826
3 0.751
4 0.683
5 0.621
(7 marks)

“Payback period emphasises cash flows, but ignores cash received beyond the payback period and is
therefore useless for project appraisal”.

REQUIRED

(d) Briefly discuss the above statement. (5 marks)

(Total 25 marks)

3012/3/08/MA Page 4 of 12
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 2

(a) Project A: Year £ £


Cash 0 Machinery (100,000)
Flows Working Capital (10,000) (110,000)

1 Contribution (200 x 50) 10,000


2 Contribution (300 x 50) 15,000
3 Contribution (500 x 50) 25,000
4 Contribution (2,000 x 50) 100,000
5 Contribution
(800 x 50) 40,000
Machinery 20,000
Working Capital 10,000 70,000

Project B: Year
Cash 0 Machinery (100,000)
Flows Working Capital (30,000)
Advertising (20,000) (150,000)

1 Contribution (16,000 x 5) 80,000


2 Contribution (8,000 x 5) 40,000
3 Contribution (6,000 x 5) 30,000
4 Contribution (6,000 x 5) 30,000
5 Contribution
(4,000 x 5) 20,000
Machinery 20,000
Working Capital 30,000 70,000

(b) Payback period: Project A

Net Cash Flows


£
Year 0 (110,000) (110,000)
Year 1 (110,000) - 10,000 (100,000)
Year 2 (100,000) - 15,000 (85,000)
Year 3 (85,000) - 25,000 (60,000)
Year 4 (60,000) - 100,000 40,000

∴ 3 years + 60,000 x 1 year


100,000

= 3.6 years or approximately 3 years 7 months

: Project B
Net Cash Flows
£
Year 0 (150,000) (150,000)
Year 1 (150,000) - 80,000 (70,000)
Year 2 (70,000) - 40,000 (30,000)
Year 3 (30,000) - 30,000 Nil

= 3 years

3012/3/08/MA Page 5 of 12
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 2 CONTINUED

(c) Net Present Value: Project A £


1 10,000 x 0.909 9,090
2 15,000 x 0.826 12,390
3 25,000 x 0.751 18,775
4 100,000 x 0.683 68,300
5 70,000 x 0.621 43,470
152,025
0 110,000
42,025

Project B £
1 80,000 x 0.909 72,720
2 40,000 x 0.826 33,040
3 30,000 x 0.751 22,530
4 30,000 x 0.683 20,490
5 70,000 x 0.621 43,470
192,250
0 150,000
42,250

(d) Payback does emphasise cash flows and does ignore cash received beyond the payback period.

However it is not “useless” as:


(1) If a project does not payback it is not worth pursuing.
(2) Projects with very long payback periods are likely to be rejected as too risky.

3012/3/08/MA Page 6 of 12
QUESTION 3

Deal Ltd acquired 75% of the 400,000 £1 Ordinary Shares of Dover Ltd on 1 January 2002. The credit
balance on Dover Ltd’s Profit and Loss Account was then £26,000. The Profit and Loss Accounts of
each company, for the year ended 31 December 2007, were as follows:
Deal Ltd Dover Ltd
£000 £000
Sales 740 320
Cost of sales (280) (130)
Gross profit 460 190
Distribution costs (40) (30)
Administrative expenses (28) (13)
Dividends received 132 -
Interest expense (5) (3)
Net profit 519 144
Dividends paid (80) (100)
Retained profit for the year 439 44
Retained profit brought forward 173 98
Retained profit carried forward 612 142

The following additional information is available:


(1) Goodwill on the acquisition of Dover Ltd was £140,000. It is being written off evenly over 10
years and is to be charged to administrative expenses in the Consolidated Profit and Loss
Account
(2) Deal Ltd’s share of Dover Ltd’s dividends has been recorded in Deal Ltd’s books
(3) In the year ended 31 December 2007 Deal Ltd sold goods to Dover Ltd for £120,000,
representing cost to Deal Ltd plus a mark-up of 20%. Dover Ltd resold all these goods before 31
December 2007, realising £160,000.

REQUIRED

(a) Prepare the Consolidated Profit and Loss Account of Deal Ltd and its subsidiary Dover Ltd for the
year ended 31 December 2007.
(20 marks)

(b) Calculate the goodwill figure which will appear in the Consolidated Balance Sheet of Deal Ltd at
31 December 2007.
(2 marks)

Goodwill is an example of an intangible fixed asset.

REQUIRED

(c) Give one other example of an intangible fixed asset and two examples of tangible fixed assets.

(3 marks)

(Total 25 marks)

3012/3/08/MA Page 7 of 12
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 3

(a) Deal Ltd


Group Consolidated Profit and Loss Account
for the year ended 31 December 2007

£000
Sales (740 + 320 – 120) 940
Cost of sales (280 + 130 – 120) 290
Gross profit 650
Distribution costs (40 + 30) (70)
Administrative expenses (28 + 13 + 14) (55)
Dividends received [132 – (100 x 0.75)] 57
Interest expense (5 + 3) (8)
Net profit 574
Minority Interest (144 x 0.25) (36)
Group net profit 538
Dividends paid (80)
Retained profit for the year 458
Retained profit brought forward 157 *
Retained profit carried forward 615

£000 £000
*Deal Ltd 173
Less: Goodwill written off (14 x 5) 70 103
Dover Ltd [0.75 x (98 – 26)] 54
157

(b) £000
Consolidated Goodwill at 31.12.07
On acquisition 140
Less: Written off (14 x 6) 84
56

(c) Patents, Trademarks, Licences


Land, Buildings, Machinery, Vehicles

3012/3/08/MA Page 8 of 12
QUESTION 4

Frome plc has for many years been a manufacturing company producing below average results. On
1 January 2003 a new Managing Director was appointed whose aims were as follows:
A. Increase the company’s gross profit percentage
B. Develop services like maintenance and repair work in addition to manufacturing
C. Improve the standing of the company in the financial community
D. Minimise risks for the company shareholders.

The following information for Frome plc relates to the financial year before the new Managing Director
was appointed and to the most recent financial year:
2002 2007
£000 £000
Sales 21,500 43,750
Net profit 1,700 3,500
Cost of goods sold 8,400 11,200
Closing stock 3,200 3,700
Current assets (excluding stock) 3,500 4,100
Current liabilities 2,100 2,400
Price/earnings ratio 10 14
Share price £0.75 £1.10
Average wage per employee £14,175 17,400
Gearing 25% 40%

REQUIRED

(a) Calculate, correct to 2 decimal places, the following ratios for each of the years 2002 and 2007:
(i) Gross profit percentage
(ii) Stock turnover based on closing stock and expressed in days
(iii) Earnings per share
(iv) Acid test
(v) Current.
(12 marks)

(b) Based on the information given and your calculations in (a) above, assess whether or not each of
the aims of the new Managing Director, A to D above, have been achieved. Ignore inflation.

(10 marks)

Rugby plc’s current ratio at 31 December 2007 was 3:1, its acid test ratio at that date was 1.2:1 and
current liabilities were £74,000.

REQUIRED

(c) Calculate Rugby plc’s current assets, current assets excluding stock and stock at 31 December
2007.
(3 marks)

(Total 25 marks)

3012/3/08/MA Page 9 of 12
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 4

(a)
(i) 2002 2007
Gross profit percentage (21,500 – 8,400) x 100 (43,750 – 11,200) x 100
21,500 43,750
= 60.93% = 74.40%

(ii) Stock turnover 3,200 x 365 3,700 x 365


8,400 11,200
= 139.05 days = 120.58 days

(iii) Earnings per share

Price per share = price/earnings ratio


Earnings per share (EPS)

0.75 = 10 1.10 = 14
EPS EPS
∴ EPS = 0.75 ÷ 10 = £0.075 1.10 ÷ 14 = £0.0785

(iv) Acid test 3,500 = 1.67 times 4,100 = 1.71 times


2,100 2,400

(v) Current 3,200 + 3,500 3,700 + 4,100


2,100 2,400

= 3.19 times = 3.25 times

(b)

A. Gross profit percentage increased ∴ aim achieved.

B. Gross profit percentage increase might also indicate sales of services (which would not have a
cost of goods sold).
Stock has increased little, given the increase in sales, also indicating sales of services.
Increase in average wages may indicate employment of skilled workers for service provision
∴ aim B may have been achieved.
C. Earnings per share, share price, price/earnings and average wage have all increased suggesting
higher standing in financial community ∴ aim achieved.

D. Gearing increase represents an increase in financial risk, however stock is being turned over
faster and the liquidity ratios have improved marginally ∴ aim may/may not have been achieved.

(c) Current assets = 3 x 74,000 = £222,000

Current assets excluding stock = 1.2 x 74,000 = £88,800

Stock = 222,000 – 88,800 = £133,200

3012/3/08/MA Page 10 of 12
QUESTION 5

Epsom and Ewell have been in partnership for many years, sharing profits in the ratio 3:1 respectively,
after allowing for a salary of £6,000 per year to Epsom. On 1 July 2007 they admitted Worle to the
partnership. Profits were then shared between Epsom, Ewell and Worle in the ratio 2:2:1 after
allowing for salaries of £2,000 per year to each partner. Worle paid £30,000 for his share of the
partnership goodwill at 1 July 2007.

The following information relates to the revenues and expenses of the partnership for the year ended
31 December 2007:
(1) Total sales were £180,000
(2) 40% of sales value occurred in the six months ended 30 June
(3) Gross profit percentage was 30% in the six months ended 30 June and 40% subsequently
(4) Salaries (including those of the partners) were £12,000 in the six months ended 30 June and
£20,000 in the six months to 31 December
(5) All other expenses totalled £12,000 in the six months to 31 December and 25% less in the six
months ended 30 June.

REQUIRED

(a) Prepare, in columnar form, the Trading, Profit and Loss and Appropriation Accounts of the
partnership for the six months ended 30 June 2007 and for the six months to 31 December 2007.

(13 marks)

(b) Calculate the total goodwill of the partnership at 30 June 2007. (2 marks)

(c) It has been agreed between the partners that goodwill is to remain unrecorded and that
adjustments should be made directly between the partners’ capital accounts. Prepare a journal
entry, without narratives, to record the necessary adjustments in respect of goodwill at 30 June
2007.
(6 marks)

(d) Give two differences between a partnership and a limited company. (4 marks)

(Total 25 marks)

3012/3/08/MA Page 11 of 12
MODEL ANSWER TO QUESTION 5

(a) Partnership Trading, Profit and Loss and Appropriation Account

Six months ended Six months ended


30 June 2007 31 Dec 2007
£ £ £
Sales (40:60) 72,000 108,000
Less: Cost of sales (R) 50,400 64,800
Gross profit (30% of sales, 40% of sales) 21,600 43,200
Salaries (12,000 – 3,000, 20,000 – 3,000) (9,000) (17,000)
Other expenses (75% x 12,000, given) (9,000) (12,000)
Net profit 3,600 14,200
Salary Epsom 3,000
Balance: Epsom (3/4) 450
Ewell (1/4) 150 3,600
Salaries: Epsom 1,000
Ewell 1,000
Worle 1,000
Balance: Epsom (2/5) 4,480
Ewell (2/5) 4,480
Worle (1/5) 2,240 14,200

(b) Total goodwill at 30 June 2007 = 30,000 x 5 £150,000

(c)
Goodwill adjustments: Epsom Ewell Worle
£ £ £
150,000 (3:1) 112,500 Cr 37,500 Cr -
150,000 (2:2:1) 60,000 Dr 60,000 Dr 30,000 Dr
52,500 Cr 22,500 Dr 30,000 Dr

Dr £ Cr £
Ewell 22,500
Worle 30,000
Epsom 52,500

(d) Shareholders have limited liability, partners do not.

Shareholders receive dividends, partners make drawings.

When partners change, a new partnership is formed; when shareholders change, the company
remains the same company.

3012/3/08/MA Page 12 of 12

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