PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Prototype Course Syllabus

Course Title: Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine (Blood Banking)

Course Description:

Immunohematology (Blood Banking) deals with the study of immunologic principles applied in blood group specific antigens and antibodies and its application in transfusion
medicine. It also deals with mechanisms of blood typing and crossmatching, antihuman globulin testing, detection and identification of antibodies, screening of donors for blood donation,
bleeding techniques, preparation of blood components and blood products, their storage and disposal with emphasis on quality systems.

Course Credit: 3 units (2 units lecture, 1 unit laboratory)

Contact Hours: 2 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory per week (36 hours lecture and 54 hours laboratory per semester)

Prerequisites: Biochemistry, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics

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Placement: Fourth Year, 1 Semester

Terminal Competencies: At the end of this course, the student is able to:
1. explain the principles and procedures in Immunohematology, collection, processing, preservation, storage, distribution of blood, its component and derivatives.
2. accurately perform the techniques of blood grouping and compatibility testing and other methods of Immunohematology.
3. explain the concepts in the operation and organization of the Blood Bank.
4. demonstrate quality assurance in the performance of Immunohematology tests.
5. acquire a deep sense of responsibility and ethical attitudes towards Blood Banking practice

References:
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1. AABB Committee. Standards of Blood Banks and Transfusion Services 24 ed. USA: American Association of Blood Banks, 2006.
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2. AABB Committee. Standards of Immunohematology Reference Laboratories 5 ed. USA: American Association of Blood Banks, 2007.
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3. Blaney K.D. and P.R. Howard. Concepts of Immunohematology 2 ed. USA: Mosby, 2008.
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4. Brecher, Mark. Technical Manual of the American Association of Blood Banks 15 ed. USA: American Association of Blood Banks, 2005.
5. Department of Health (DOH). Manual of Standards for Blood Banks and Blood Centers in the Philippines. Manila: DOH, 1996.
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6. Harmening, Denise. Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices 5 ed. Thailand: Book Promotion & Service Co., Ltd., 2005.
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7. Hilyer, Christopher et. al. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles and Practice 2 ed. USA: Churchill Livingstone, 2006.

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 8. Hilyer, Christopher et. al. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Singapore: Elsevier PTE LTD, 2003.
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9. Klein H.G. and D.J. Anstee. Mollison’s Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine 11 ed. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.
10. Marques, Marisa. Quick Guide to Transfusion Medicine. USA: AACC Press, 2007.
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11. McClatchey, Kenneth. Clinical Laboratory Medicine 2 ed. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002.
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12. McCullough J. Transfusion Medicine 2 ed. USA: Churchill Livingstone, 2004.
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13. Mcpherson Richard A. and Matthew R. Pincus. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 21 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc., 2007.
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14. Murphy M.F., D. Weatherall and Pamphilon D.H. Practical Transfusion Medicine 2 ed. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.
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15. Reid M.E. and C. Lomas-Francis. The Blood Group Antigens FactsBook 2 ed. USA: Academic Press, 2003.
16. Rudmann, Sally. Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion. USA: Elsevier, 2005.
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17. Sacher, Ronald and Richard McPherson. Widmann’s Clinical Interpretation of Laboratory Tests 11 ed. Thailand: F.A. Davis, 2000.

Electronic References:
1. http://www.aabb.org
2. http://www.bbguy.org
3. http://www.bloodbook.com/banking.html
4. http://www.bloodline.net/transfusion/index
5. http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/BLDBANK.html

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 Learning Objectives / T.A Teaching Strategies Skills Values Evaluation/Assessme
Intermediate Competencies Content . nt
Lecture Laboratory
At the end of this unit, the student is able I. Introduction Film Showing - Study of Technological Obedience Unit test
to: Lecture: 2 Integrated equipment Skills -follows Performance
1. Trace the development of 1. History of Immunohematology and Blood hrs Method used in a (Uses established Evaluation
Immunohematology and blood Transfusion practice and future trends Lecture/ blood bank technological procedures Checklist
transfusion practice as well as future 2. The Red Cell Membrane PowerPoint facility equipment properly Quizzes
trends in blood banking 2.1. Structure of the red cell membrane Presentation - Lab seatwork accurately, -follows Periodical
2. Correlate the structure of the red cell 2.2. Blood group antigens on the red cell on genetics of properly and protocols as Examinations
membrane with the occurrence of membrane blood group in timely defined in policy Class Participation
blood group antigens and its impact 2.3. Other properties of the red cell membrane systems manner and procedure
in blood storage 3. Basic Principles in Genetics manual.
3. Recall the basic concepts of
Genetics Laboratory: 3
1. Blood Banking Laboratory Equipment Study hrs
2. Collection of blood and specimen preparation for
blood banking tests
3. Genetics of Blood Group Systems
4. Genetic Mating of Blood Groups

At the end of this unit, the student is able II. Fundamentals of Immunology Lecture/ - Lab seatwork Technological Honesty, Unit test
to: Lecture: 2 Multimedia on antigen- Skills Compassion Practical Examination
1. Describe the 1. The antigen hrs Presentation antibody (Uses Accuracy Class Participation
characteristics/functions/structure/si 2. The antibodies Discussion reactions technological Quizzes
gnificance of 3. The Complement system Case study equipment
1.1 antigens 4. Characteristics of Antigen-Antibody reactions accurately,
1.2 antibodies 5. Detection of red cell antigen-antibody reactions properly and
1.3 Complement System in timely
2. Characterize the immune response Laboratory: 3 manner
according to antigen-antibody 1. Antigen-Antibody Reactions hrs
reactions, host factors, suppression 2. Laboratory Safety
and primary and secondary 3. Laboratory Waste Management
responses
2.1 discuss factors affecting
agglutination reactions
3. Compare traditional and
nontraditional laboratory techniques
for detecting antigen-antibody
reactions
At the end of this unit, the student is able III. The Antihuman Globulin Test Lecture/ Actual Analytical and Responsibility Unit test
to: Lecture: 3 Multimedia Laboratory problem Accountability Performance
1. Explain the properties of antihuman 1. Principles and properties hrs Presentation Work solving skills Hard work Practical exam
globulin 2. Preparation of antiglobulin reagent Discussion - DAT Commitment Evaluation
2. Describe the preparation of 3. Types of antiglobulin reagents Case study - IAT Faithfulness Checklist
antiglobulin reagents 4. Methods Quizzes

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3. Differentiate the different types of 4.1. Direct (DAT) Periodical
antiglobulin reagents 4.2. Indirect (IAT) Examinations
4. Discuss the significance of 5. Application of antiglobulin tests Class Participation
antiglobulin test 6. Errors in antiglobulin tests
5. Explain the errors in antiglobulin tests
and their resolutions Laboratory: 6
1. The Antiglobulin Test hrs
1.1. Direct Antiglobulin Tests
1.2. Indirect Antiglobulin Test
2. Laboratory Safety
3. Laboratory Waste Management
At the end of this unit, the student must IV. The ABO and H Blood Group Systems Deductive/ Actual Technical Respect for Life Unit test
be able to: Lecture: 6 Inductive Laboratory Skills Cooperation Performance
1. Describe the reciprocal relationship 1. Discovery/Laws/Properties/Characteristics/Inheritan hrs Method Work Motor/Mobility Commitment Practical exam
between ABO antigens and ce Case Study on - Forward skills Compassion Evaluation
antibodies for blood types O, A, B 2. ABO Typing Techniques ABO Typing (Slide Love of Checklist
and AB 3.1. Slide (Direct) Method discrepancies Method) fellowmen Quizzes
2. Identify the frequencies of the four 3.2. Tube (Direct) Method Report-Back - Forward (Donor/Patient/C Periodical
major blood types in the Filipino 3.3. Reverse Typing Session Typing (Tube o-workers) Examinations
populations as compared to other 3.4. Secretor Studies Lecture/ Method) Class Participation
races 3.5. Emerging Technologies Discussion - Reverse
3. Predict the ABO phenotypes and 3. ABO Subgroups and Variants Case Analysis Typing
genotypes of offspring from various Description on subgroup - Secretor
ABO matings Importance in Blood Transfusion like Ax, Bx, Oh Studies
4. Explain the formation of H, A and B Methods and Post
antigens on the red cells from 4. ABO Discrepancies and their resolutions Conference
precursor substance to
immunodominant sugars Laboratory: 9
5. Describe and illustrate the formation 1. Slide or Direct Method of ABO Typing hrs
of H, A and B red cell antigens and 2. Tube Method (Forward) Method of ABO Typing
soluble substances 3. Reverse ABO Typing
6. Explain the basis of the methods 4. Determination of Secretor Properties
used for the determination of the 5. Laboratory Safety
blood type and secretor status 6. Laboratory Waste Management
7. Identify the subgroups of ABO
systems
8. Relate the importance of
subgroups/variants in blood
transfusions
9. Differentiate the methods used in
subgrouping/detection of variants
10. Interpret the results from an ABO
typing and resolve any discrepancies
if present
At the end of this unit, the student must V. The Rh Blood Group System Class Actual Technical Prudence Unit test
be able to: Lecture: 5 Discussion/ Laboratory Skills Honesty Performance
1. Discuss the principles of the Rh-Hr 1. Discovery hrs Analysis of Work Motor/Mobility Honesty Practical exam

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 system 2. Nomenclature experiences - Rh typing skills Compassion Evaluation
2. Explain the nomenclature of the Rh- 1.1 Weiner and reported (slide method) Responsibility Checklist
Hr System 1.2 Fisher-Race cases - Rh typing Quizzes
3. Discuss the 1.3 Rosenfield Report Back (tube method) Periodical
discovery/characteristics/inheritance 1.4 ISBT Session - Test for Examinations
of the Rh-Hr System 3. Characteristics Case Analysis Weak D Class Participation
4. Illustrate the biochemical structure of 4. Inheritance on Rh
Rh 5. Rh antibodies Discrepancies
5. Compare and contrast the genetic 6. Rh variants
pathways for the inheritance of Rh 7. Techniques in Rh Grouping
antigens and the discrepancies 7.1 Slide Method
resulting to problems in the said 7.2 Tube Method
pathway 7.3 Emerging Technologies
6. Discuss the significance of the weak 7.4 Errors in Rh Grouping
D variants and other miscellaneous 8. Discrepancies and resolutions in Rh typing
Rh antigens
7. Differentiate the Rh antibodies Laboratory: 6
8. Describe the techniques in Rh 1. Slide Method of Rh Typing hrs
grouping 2. Tube Method of Rh Typing
9. Discuss the discrepancies related to 3. Test for Weak D
Rh-Hr blood grouping and their 4. Laboratory Safety
resolutions 5. Laboratory Waste Management

At the end of this unit, the student must VI. Other Blood Group Systems and Blood Group Integrated “Multi-skilling” Prudence Unit test
be able to: Collections Method, facilitate Integrity Performance
1. Trace the discovery of the other Lecture: 3 Lecture/ acquisition of Respect Evaluation
blood group systems and blood 1. Historical Perspectives/ hrs Discussion, knowledge Cooperation Checklist
group collections Significance/Characteristics/Reactions/Antigens/Phe Reporting/Repo from others Commitment Quizzes
2. Explain the basis of the ISBT notypes rt-Back Session Compassion Periodical
nomenclature for the blood group 1.1. Kidd Love of Examinations
systems and blood group collections 1.2. Duffy fellowmen Class Participation
3. Characterize the phenotypes, 1.3. Kell (Donor/Patient/C
antigens and antibodies of other 1.4. P o-workers)
blood group systems and blood 1.5. Lutheran Prudence
group collections 1.6. MNSs Honesty
4. Discuss the frequencies of the 1.7. I/i
antigens and antibodies of the other 1.8. Lewis
blood group systems and blood 1.9. Others Blood Group Systems
group collections 1.10. Other Blood Group Collections/High
5. Explain the importance of the other Incidence Antigens
blood group systems and blood
collections to blood transfusions
At the end of this unit, the student is able VII. Blood Group Associated Diseases Role Play on Hemolytic Time patience, Unit test
to: Lecture: 2 Laboratory Disease of the Management responsibility, Performance
1. Identify diseases associated with 1. Hemolytic Diseases of the Fetus and the Newborn hrs Investigation of Newborn skills logical thinking, Evaluation
transfusion practices (HDFN) transfusion Workup Technical honesty, Checklist
2. Discuss the diseases associated with 1.1. Definition reaction skills awareness Quizzes

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 blood banking practice 1.2. Causes Motor/Mobility Periodical
3. Explain the laboratory investigation of 1.3. Laboratory Investigation skills Examinations
various blood group associated 1.4. Prevention and Treatment Class Participation
diseases 2. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
4. Enumerate measures for the 3. Others
prevention and treatment of blood
group associated diseases where Laboratory: 3
applicable 1. Laboratory Investigation of HDN hrs
At the end of this unit, the student must VIII. Compatibility Testing Case Study on Actual Technical Honesty Unit test
be able to: Lecture: 4 selection of Laboratory Skills Compassion Performance
1. Define compatibility testing 1. Definition of compatibility testing hrs crossmatching Work Motor/Mobility Responsibility Practical exam
2. Discuss the purposes, principles and 2. Purposes of Compatibility Testing method. - Major skills Accuracy Evaluation
methods of compatibility testing 3. Types of Crossmatch Case Analysis Crossmatch Checklist
3. Differentiate major from minor 3.1. Major Crossmatch - Minor Quizzes
crossmatch 3.2. Minor Crossmatch Crossmatch Periodical
4. Perform properly the various 4. Principles and Methods - Antibody Examinations
methods of crossmatching 4.1. Broad Spectrum Compatibility Test Screening Class Participation
5. Explain the new methodologies 4.2. Abbreviated Crossmatch - Antibody
employed in compatibility testing 4.3. Computerized Crossmatch Identification
6. Describe the ways of detecting and 4.4. Other emerging technologies
identifying antigens and antibodies 5. Antibody Screening and Identification
of the other blood group systems 5.1. Purpose
and blood group collections 5.2. Principle
7. Identify the various factors that affect 5.3. Procedures/Techniques
compatibility tests 6. Factors that Affect Compatibility Tests
8. Explain the procedures to resolve 7. Resolution of Incompatible Crossmatches
incompatible crossmatches 7.1. Use of auto controls
7.2. Utilization of Cell Panels
7.3. Emerging Technologies

Laboratory: 6
1. Antibody Screening and Identification hrs
2. Crossmatching
3. Elution of Antibodies
4. Laboratory Safety
5. Laboratory Waste Management
At the end of this unit, the student is able IX. Blood Bank Organization Lecture/ Alternative “Multi-skilling” Prudence Unit test
to: Lecture: 2 Discussion Classroom facilitate Integrity Performance
1. Discuss the legal bases of blood 1. Voluntary blood donation hrs Reinforcement Learning acquisition of Respect Practical exam
donation in the Philippines 2. Criteria for the selection of blood donors Activity on Experience knowledge Evaluation
2. Explain the principles of blood 3. Blood collection / Phlebotomy Informed (ACLE) from others Checklist
donation 4. Blood processing Consent Immersion in Quizzes
3. Discuss the criteria in the selection 5. Preservation and storage of blood Proxy Consent Blood Periodical
and deferral of blood donors 6. Issuance and transport of blood Role Play Letting/Donati Examinations
4. Enumerate the equipment / materials 7. Quality Assurance on Class Participation
for blood collection
5. Explain the process of donor

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 phlebotomy, preservation, storage, Laboratory: 6
issuance and transport of blood 1. Blood Donation hrs
6. Apply the principles of quality 2. Laboratory Safety
assurance in blood banking

At the end of this unit, the student is able X. Blood Component Preparation and Therapy Integrated Actual blood “Multi-skilling” awareness, Unit test
to: Lecture: 4 Method component facilitate appreciation, Performance
1. Define component therapy 1. Indications of blood transfusion hrs Reporting/ preparation acquisition of logical thinking, Practical exam
2. Discuss the purpose and methods of 2. Methods of blood transfusion Discussion ACLE knowledge enthusiasm, Evaluation
blood component therapy 3. Blood component and blood products preparation Reinforcement immersion from others perseverance Checklist
3. Explain blood component 4. Apheresis Activity: Quizzes
preparations 5. Special categories of blood transfusion Students to Periodical
4. Explain blood product preparations report on Examinations
5. Discuss special categories of blood “Primitive” Class Participation
transfusion Laboratory: 6 Method of Blood
6. Discuss the hazards of massive 1. Blood Component Preparation hrs Transfusion.
blood transfusion 2. Laboratory Safety
3. Laboratory Waste Management

At the end of this unit, the student must XI. Transfusion Reactions Lecture/ Transfusion Time enthusiasm, Unit test
be able to: Lecture: 2 Discussion Reaction Management patience, logical Performance
1. Define transfusion reactions 1. Classification of transfusion reactions hrs Case studies on Investigation skills thinking, Evaluation
2. Explain the causes of the different 1.1. Immediate Incompatible Workup Technical cooperation Checklist
transfusion reactions 1.1.1. Immunologic Blood skills Quizzes
3. Categorize the different types of 1.1.2. Nonimmunologic Transfusion Motor/Mobility Periodical
transfusion reactions 1.2. Delayed Panel skills Examinations
4. Recognize the signs and symptoms 1.2.1. Immunologic Discussion on Class Participation
of transfusion reactions 1.2.2. Nonimmunologic Hemolytic
5. Illustrate the scheme of investigation 2. Signs and symptoms of transfusion reactions
of transfusion reactions 3. Investigation of transfusion reactions (Immune
Reaction)
Laboratory 3
1. Investigation of Transfusion Reactions hrs
At the end of this unit, the student is able XII. Medico-Legal Application of Blood Groups Case Study: Parentage Time awareness, Unit test
to: Lecture: 1 hr Analysis of Testing Management enthusiasm, Performance
1. State the principles and laws 1 Principles and Laws of Inheritance of ABO, Rh and cases on Workup skills logical thinking Evaluation
governing blood grouping MNS Systems Paternity Technical Checklist
2. Apply the laws of blood grouping to 2 Application of Principles and Laws Testing skills Quizzes
ABO, Rh and MNS Systems 1.1 Parentage Testing Lecture/ Motor/Mobility Periodical
3. Resolve the medico-legal cases 1.2 Resolution of Medico-legal Cases using Discussion skills Examinations
involving disputed parentage using blood group systems Role play Communicati Class Participation
blood grouping systems on Skills
Laboratory: 3
1. Laboratory Investigation of Disputed Parentage hrs
using Blood Groups

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 Technical Working Group for Prototype Course Syllabi Development
(2007-2008)

Zennie Aceron Frederick Llanera Anacleta Valdez

Petrona Benitez Carina Magbojos Rowen Yolo
Sergia Cacatian Gregorio Martin
Zenaida Cajucom Fe Martinez and other PASMETH members
Edwin Cancino Josephine Milan not cited in this page who in
Jacinta Cruz Ferdinand Mortel one way or another has
De Carlos Leon Magdalena Natividad contributed greatly to the
success of this endeavor…
Oliver Shane Dumaoal Rodolfo Rabor
Bernard Ebuen Ma. Teresa Rodriguez
Nini Lim Celia Roslin

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