CHAPTER 2

NUMBER PATTERNS & NUMBER

SEQUENCES

Subject : Mathematics Form 1

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Learning Objective : Number Patterns and Number Sequences

Learning Outcomes :
1. Identify patterns of number sequences.
2. Extend, complete and construct number sequences.
3. Recognize odd and even numbers and explore their general properties.
4. Identify prime numbers.
5. Understand factors and prime factors.
6. Find the common factors and highest common factors (HCF).
7. Understand multiples.
8. Find the common multiples and lowest common multiples (LCM).

2.1 Number Patterns & Number Sequences

- A list of numbers that follow a certain pattern is called number sequence. Describe the number patterns for these number sequences.

- In a number sequence, we can see how the number pattern is form. 1. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19

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 Pattern : begin with 3 and add 4 to the number before it (+4) 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28

2. 305, 300, 295, 290, 285 3. Subtract 3 from whole number from 13 to 1
Pattern : begin with 305 then minus / subtract 5 from the number before it (- 5) 13, 10, 7, 4, 1

3. 2, 6, 18, 54, 162 4. Multiply 4 to whole numbers from 2 to 128

Pattern : begin with 2, then multiply each number by 3 (x3) 2, 8, 32, 128

4. 64, 32, 16, 8, 4

Pattern : begin with 64 then divide each number by 2 (÷ 2) 2.2 Even Numbers & Odd Numbers
- Even numbers are whole numbers that can be divided by 2 exactly (no remainder).
Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …
Complete the missing number in the number sequences - Odd numbers are whole numbers that cannot be divided by 2 exactly (has remainder).
1. 3, 6, 9 , 12, 15 , 18 Example: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, …
Pattern : +3 - ‘0’ is neither an add number nor an even number

Determine whether these numbers are even numbers or odd numbers

2. 64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 29

Pattern : -8 1. 214 214 ÷ 2 = 107 therefore 214 is an even number

2. 735 735 ÷ 2 = 367 remainder 1 therefore 735 is an odd number

3. 7, 21, 63, 189, 567, 1761 3. 2 579 2 579 ÷ 2 = 1 289 remainder 1 therefore 2 579 is an odd number
Pattern : x3
4. 5 550 5 550 ÷ 2 = 2 775 therefore 5 550 is an even number

4. 800, 400, 200, 100, 50, 25

Pattern : ÷ 2

Relation Between Even Numbers And Odd Numbers

List the number sequences for these number patterns
1. List down the whole numbers between 30 to 37 SUM ( + ) DIFFERENCE ( - ) PRODUCT (X )
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36
2 even numbers
2. Add 5 to whole numbers from 3 to 28 a) 4 and 10 14 (even) 6 (even) 40 (even)
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b) 8 and 12 20 (even) 4 (even) 96 (even) 1. 31 31 ÷ 1 = 31 31÷ 31 = 1

31 can only be divided by 1 and itself. 31 is a prime number

2 odd numbers
a) 3 and 7 10 (even) 4 (even) 21 (odd) 2. 65 65 ÷ 1 = 65 65 ÷ 65 = 1 65 ÷ 5 = 13

b) 5 and 13 18 (even) 8 (even) 65 (odd) 65 can be divided by 1, itself and also 5. 65 is not a prime number

3. 71 71 ÷ 1 = 71 71÷ 71 = 1
1 even number &
71 can only be divided by 1 and itself. 71 is a prime number
1 odd number
a) 6 and 11 17 (odd) 5 (odd) 66 (even)
b) 5 and 8 13 (odd) 3 (odd) 40 (even) 4. 93 93 ÷ 1 = 93 93 ÷ 93 = 1 93 ÷ 3 = 31

93 can be divided by 1, itself and 3. 93 is not a prime number

Conclusion

1 Even & 1 Odd Number

2 Even Numbers
Even + Even = Even
Even – Even = Even
Even x Even = Even
2 Odd Numbers Even + Odd = Odd
Odd + Odd = Even Even – Odd = Odd
Odd – Odd = Even Even x Odd = Even
Odd x Odd = Odd Or
Odd +Even = Odd
Odd – Even = Odd
Odd x Even = Even

2.3 Prime Numbers

Sieve Of Erastosthenes
- Prime number is a whole number that can only be divided by itself and number 1
- A method of finding prime numbers between 1 to 100 (25 numbers)
- The number 1 is not a prime number because it can only be divided by itself
- All the prime numbers are odd numbers except for 2
Step 1: list down all whole numbers between 1 to 100
- Example : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, …
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Determine whether this number is a prime number or not
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
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31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 List all the factors of these numbers
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 1. 6 1x6 factors of 6 = 1, 2, 3, 6
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
2x3
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 2. 18 1 x 18 factors of 6 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 2x9
3x6
Step 2: Cross out 1, because 1 is not a prime number.
Step 3: Circle 2 and cross out all numbers that can divided by 2. 3. 45 1 x 45 factors of 6 = 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45
Step 4: Circle 3 and cross out all numbers that can divided by 3. 3 x 15
Step 5: Circle 5 and cross out all numbers that can divided by 5. 5x9
Step 6: Circle 7 and cross out all numbers that can divided by 7.
Step 7: Circle all remaining numbers and list down. The remaining numbers are the
4. 88 1 x 88 factors of 6 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 22, 44, 88
prime numbers between 1 to 100.
2 x 44
4 x 22
Answer: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,
8 x 11
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.

Determine whether

1. 9 is a factor of 54 54 ÷ 9 = 6 (exact division, no remainder)

Therefore 9 is a factor of 54

2. 7 is a factor of 48 48 ÷ 7 = 6 remainder 6 (not exact division)

Therefore 7 is not a factor of 48

2.4 Factors
- A factor of a given number is the number that can divide the given number exactly 2.5 Prime Factors
without any remainder. - Prime factors of a given number are factors which are also prime numbers.
- The number 1 is a factor of all numbers. - Example: Factors of 6: 1, 2, 3, 6
- Every number is a factor of itself Prime numbers: 2 and 3
- A whole number may have more than 2 factors. Prime factors of 6: 2 and 3

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List all the prime factors of these numbers. 5 5
1. 24 1
Method 1 : List the factors
Factors of 24 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 4. 156
Prime Factors : 2 and 3 Method 2 : Continuous Division
2 156 Use the smallest prime number as the divisor.
Method 2 : Continuous Division
2 78
2 24 Use the smallest prime number as the divisor.
3 39 The prime factors of 156 are 2, 3 and 13
2 12
13 13
2 6 The prime factors of 24 are 2 and 3 1

3 1
1 Determine whether

1. 2 is a prime factor of 18 18 ÷ 2 = 9 (exact division, no remainder)

2. 63 Therefore 2 is a prime factor of 18
Method 2 : Continuous Division
3 63 Use the smallest prime number as the divisor. 2. 7 is a factor of 46 46 ÷ 7 = 6 remainder 4 (not exact division)
3 21 Therefore 7 is not a prime factor of 46

7 7 The prime factors of 63 are 3 and 7

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3. 4 is a factor of 200 200 ÷ 4 = 50 (exact division, no remainder)

4 is a factor of 200 but 4 is not a prime number

Therefore 4 is not a prime factor of 200

2.6 Common Factors & Highest Common Factors (HCF)

3. 60
Method 2 : Continuous Division Common Factors
2 60 Use the smallest prime number as the divisor. - Common factor is a number that is a factor of two or more numbers.
- 1 is a common factor of all numbers.
2 30

3 15 The prime factors of 60 are 2, 3 and 5

Find all the common factors of these numbers.

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1. 8 and 12 - HCF of two or more numbers is the largest common factor of these numbers.
Factors of 8 : 1, 2, 4, 8
Factors of 12 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 Find the HCF of the followings.
Common factors of 8 and 12 : 1, 2, 4 1. 12 and 36
Use the continuous division
2. 6, 12 and 18 2 12 , 36 divide by common factors only.
Factors of 6 : 1, 2, 3, 6
2 6 , 18
Factors of 12 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
3 3 , 9
Factors of 18 : 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Common factors of 6, 12 and 18: 1, 2, 3, 6 1 , 3 stop dividing when no more common factors

3. 27, 36 and 81 The HCF of 12 and 36 = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12

Factors of 27 : 1, 3, 9, 27
Factors of 36 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 2. 4, 16 and 20
Factors of 81 : 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 Use the continuous division

4. Common factors of 27, 36 and 81: 1, 3, 9 2 4, 16 , 20 divide by common factors only.

2 2 , 8 , 10
Determine whether
1, 4 , 5 stop dividing when no more common factors
1. 6 is a common factor of 12, 18 and 24

12 ÷ 6 = 2 (exact division, no remainder) The HCF of 4, 16 and 20 = 2x2 = 4

18 ÷ 6 = 3 (exact division, no remainder)
24 ÷ 6 = 4 (exact division, no remainder)
Therefore 6 is a common factor of 12, 18 and 24

2. 9 is a common factor of 63 and 120 3. 52 and 78

63 ÷ 9 = 7 (exact division, no remainder) Use the continuous division
120 ÷ 9 = 13 remainder 3 (not exact division) 2 52 , 78 divide by common factors only.
Therefore 9 is a not common factor of 63 and 120.
13 26 , 39

2 , 3 stop dividing when no more common factors

Highest Common Factors ( HCF )

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 1. 48 is a multiple of 4
The HCF of 52 and 78 = 2 x 13 = 26
48 ÷ 4 = 12 (exact division, no remainder)
Therefore 48 is a multiple of 4
2.7 Multiples
- The multiples of a number is the product of that number with any whole number except 2. 26 is a multiple of 3
zero. 26 ÷ 3 = 3 remainder 2 (not an exact division, has remainder)
- Multiples are also a sequence. Therefore 26 is not a multiple of 3

List the first five multiples of these numbers. 2.6 Common Multiples & Lowest Common Multiples (LCM)
1. 3
3x1=3
Common Multiples
3x2=6
- Common multiple is a number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.
3x3=9
- Example 8 is a common multiple of 2 and 4
3 x 4 = 12
Multiple of 2 : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 ,… ( 8 is multiple of 2 )
3 x 5 = 15
Multiple of 4 : 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, … ( 8 is multiple of 4 )
The first five multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15
Therefore 8 is a common multiple of 2 and 4

2. 9
Find the first three common multiples of these numbers.
9x1=9
1. 2 and 3
9 x 2 = 18
Multiple of 2 : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 , 14, 16, 18, 20, …
9 x 3 = 27
Multiple of 3 : 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, …
9 x 4 = 36
Therefore the first three common multiples of 2 and 3 are 6, 12, and 18
9 x 5 = 45
The first five multiples of 3 are 9, 18, 27, and 45
2. 3, 4 and 6
List all the multiples of these numbers.
Multiple of 3 : 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36,..
1. Multiples of 2 between 13 to 27
Multiple of 4 : 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, ..
14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26
Multiple of 6 : 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, ..
Therefore the first three common multiples of 3, 4 and 6 are 12, 24 and 36
2. Multiples of 5 from 50 to 70
50, 55, 60, 65, 70
Determine whether

Determine whether 1. 50 is a common multiple of 2 and 5

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 50 ÷ 2 = 25 (exact division, no remainder) 2. 8 and 20
50 ÷ 5 = 10 (exact division, no remainder)
Method 2 : Use the continuous division
Therefore 50 is a common multiple of 2 and 5
2 8 , 20 divide by the smallest prime number

2 4 , 10
2. 120 is a common multiple of 3, 4 and 9
120 ÷3 = 40 (exact division, no remainder) 2 2 , 5
120 ÷4 =30 (exact division, no remainder)
5 1 , 5 carry 5 to next line
120 ÷ 9 = 13 remainder 3 (not exact division)
1 , 1 stop dividing when all become 1
Therefore 120 is not a common multiple of 3, 4 and 9
The LCM of 8 and 20 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 = 40
Lowest Common Multiples ( LCM )
- LCM of two or more numbers is the smallest common multiple of these numbers. 3. 12, 16 and 24
Method 2 : Use the continuous division
Find the LCM of the followings. 2 12 , 16 , 24 divide by the smallest prime number

1. 6 and 36 2 6 , 8 , 12
Method 1 : Listing the multiples
2 3 , 4 , 6
Multiple of 6 : 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, .
2 3 , 2 , 3
Multiple of 9 : 9, 18, 27, 36, …
The LCM of 6 and 9 is 18 3 3 , 1 , 1

1 , 1 , 1 stop dividing when all become 1

The LCM of 12, 16 and 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48

Method 2 : Use the continuous division

2 6 , 9 divide by the smallest prime number

3 3 , 9 carry 9 to next line

3 1 , 3

1 , 1 stop dividing when all become 1

The LCM of 6 and 9 = 2 x 3 x 3 = 18

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