22300 KUALA BESUT, BESUT,

TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN.




PROJECT WORK FOR ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS 2010

PROJECT WORK 1




NAME : NUR ILI FARHANA BT SHUHAIMI
I/C NO: 930609-02-5920
CLASS: 5 IBNU TAIMIYYAH
TEACHER: PN. MASRIZA BT SAID
 CONTENTs

No Contents Page
1 Introduction
2 Appreciation
3 History of Calculus
4 Procedure and Findings
5 Further Exploration
6 Conclusion
7 Reflection

INTRODUCTION
 We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a
project work while we are in Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development
Division, Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us. We are to
choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest. This
project can be done in groups or individually, and I gladly choose to do this
individually.

The aim of carrying out this project work are:-

 To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve

problems
 To promote effective mathematical communication
 To improve thinking skills
 To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in way
that increases student’s interest and confidence
 To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances
effective learning
 To use language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas
precisely
 To develop positive attitude towards mathematics

Appreciation

Alhamdullilah, thank you to Allah SWT for

giving the will to me to complete this Additional
Mathematics project.
 First of all, I would like to say thanks to my
parents for providing everything such as money to
buy anything that are related to this project work.
They also supported me and encouraged me to
complete this task.

Secondly, I would like to thank the principal of

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Nurul Ittifaq,
Madame. Hjh. Wan Sabriah binti Wan Bakar for
giving me the permission to do my task of Additional
Mathematics Project Work.

I also like to thank my Additional Mathematics

teacher, Pn. Masriza binti Said for the guide and
giving useful and important information for me to
complete this project work.

What is ‘CALCULUS’?????
Calculus is a branch in mathematics focused on limits, functions,
derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major
part of modern mathematics education. It has two major branches,
differential calculus and integral calculus, which are related by the
fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus is study of change, in the same
way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operation
s and their application to solving equations. A course in calculus is a
gateway to other, more advance courses in mathematics devoted to the study
of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has
widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can
solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.

Historically, calculus was called ‘the calculus of infinitesimals’, or

‘infinitesimal calculus’. More generally, calculus may refer to any method or
system of calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions.
Some examples of other well-known propositional calculus, variational
calculus, lambda calculus, pi calculus and join calculus.

History
The product rule and chain rule, the notion of higher derivatives, Taylor
series, and analytical functions were introduced by Isaac Newton in an
idiosyncratic notation which he used to solve problems of mathematical
physics. In his publications, Newton rephrased his ideas to suit the
mathematical idiom of the time, replacing calculations with infinitesimals by
equivalent geometrical arguments which were considered beyond reproach.
He used the methods of calculus to solve the problem of planetary motion,
the shape of the surface of a rotating fluid, the oblateness of the earth, the
motion of a weight sliding on a cycloid, many other problems discussed in
his Principia Mathematica. In other work, he developed series expensions
for functions, including fractional and irrational powers, and it was clear that
he understood the principles of the Taylor series.

These ideas were systematized into a true calculus of infinitesimals by

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was originally accused of plagiarism by
Newton. He is now regarded as an independent inventor of and contributor
to calculus. His contribution was to provide a clear set of rules for
manipulating infinitesimal quantities, allowing the computation of second
and higher derivatives, and providing the product rule and chain rule, in their
differential and integral forms. Unlike Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of
attention to the formalism – he often spent days determining appropriate
symbols for concepts.

Leibniz and Newton are usually both credited with the invention of calculus.
Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz
developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The basic insights
that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differentiation and
integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an
approximating polynomial series. By Newton’s time, the fundamental
theorem of calculus was known.

Procedure & finding

 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2010

The diagram below shows the gate of an art gallery. A concrete structure is built
at the upper part of the gate and the words ‘ART GALLERY’ is written on it. The
top of the concrete structure is flat whereas the bottom is parabolic in shape.
The concrete structure is supported by two vertical pillars at both ends.
The distance between the two pillars is 4 metres and the height of the pillar is 5
metres. The height of the concrete structure is 1 metre. The shortest distance
from point A of the concrete structure to point B, that is the highest point on the
parabolic shape, is 0.5 metres.

0.5 m

1m B

5m

4m

(a) The parabolic shape of the concrete structure can be represented by

various functions depending on the point of reference. Based on different
points of reference, obtain at least three different functions which can be
used to represent the curve of this concrete structure.
 Solution:

Function 1

Maximum point ( 0 , 0.5 ) and pass through point ( 2 , 0 )

y = α (b)² + c

b = 0 , c = 0.5
y = α (²
y = α² 
substitute ( 2 , 0 ) into (1)
0 = α(2)² + 0.5

0 = 4 α + 0.5
4 α = - 0.5
α = - 0.5
4

α = - 0.125

y = - 0.125²

Function 2
Maximum point ( 2 , 4.5 ) and pass through point ( 0 , 4 )

y = α(b)² + c

b = 2, c = 4.5

y = α(²

Substitute ( 0 , 4 ) into (2)

4 = α (0 – 2)² + 4.5
4 = α (-2)² + 4.5
4 = 4 α + 4.5
4 α = 4 – 4.5
4 α = - 0.5
α = - 0.5
4
α = - 0.025

y = - 0.125(²

Function 3
Maximum point ( 0 , 4.5 ) and pass through point ( 2 , 4 )

y = α(b)² + c

b = 0 , c = 4.5

y = α (² + 4.5

y = α² + 4.5 (3)

Substitute ( 2 , 4 ) into (3)

4 = α (2)² + 4.5
4 = 4 α + 4.5
4 α = 4 – 4.5
4 α = - 0.5
α = - 0.5
4
α = - 0.125

y = - 0.125² + 4.5

(b) The front surface of this concrete structure will be painted before the
words ‘ART GALLERY’ is written on it. Find the area to be painted.
Solution:

Area to be painted
= Area of rectangle – Area under the curve
=

Further exploration
(a) You are given four different shapes of concrete structures as shown in the
diagrams below. All the structures have the same thickness of 40 cm and
are symmetrical.
 Structure 1 Structure 2

0.5 m
1m
5m

4m

Structure 3 Structure 4

0.5 m 0.5 m
1m 1m 1m
2 2m
5m 5m

4m 4m

(i) Given that the cost to construct 1 cubic metre of concrete is RM840.00,
determine which structure will cost the minimum to construct.

Solution :
Structure 1
Area =
Thickness = 40 cm
= 0.4 m

Volume = Area x Thickness

= m² x 0.4 m

= m³

Cost = m³ x RM 840

= RM

Structure 2

Area = Area of Rectangle – Area of Triangle

 =

Volume = Area x Thickness

=

Cost =

Structure 3

Area = Area of Rectangle – Area of Trapezium

=
 =

Volume = Area x Thickness

Cost =

Structure 4

Area = Area of Rectangle – Area of Trapezium

=
 =

Volume = Area x Thickness

Cost =

Structure will cost the minimum to construct, that is RM .

(ii) As the president of the Arts Club, you are given the opportunity to
decide on the shape of the gate to be constructed. Which shape
would you choose? Explain and elaborate on your reasons for
choosing the shape.

Answer:

As the president of Arts Club, I will decide Structure as the shape f the
gate to be constructed. It is because structure will cost the minimum and
it is easier to be constructed compared to structure which is a curve.
 (b) The following questions refer to the concrete structure in the diagram
below.
If the value of k increases with a common difference of 0.25 m;
(i) complete Table 1 by finding the values of k and the corresponding
areas of the concrete structure to be painted.

4m

0.5 m
1m
k

Answer :

Area to be painted (m2)

k(m)
(correct to 4 decimal places)
0.00 (4 x 1) - 0 + 4 x 0.5 = 3
2
0.25 (4 x 1) - 0.25 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.9375
2
0.50 (4 x 1) - 0.50 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.875
2
0.75 (4 x 1) - 0.75 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.8125
2
1.00 (4 x 1) - 1.00 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.75
 2
1.25 (4 x 1) - 1.25 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.6875
2
1.50 (4 x 1) - 1.50 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.625
2
1.75 (4 x 1) – 1.75 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.5625
2
2.00 (4 x 1) - 2.00 + 4 x 0.5 = 2.5
2

(ii) observe the values of the area to be painted from Table 1. Do you
see any pattern? Discuss.

Answer :

The area to be paint decreases as the k increases 0.25 m and form a series of
numbers :

3 , 2.9375 , 2.875 , 2.8125 , 2.75 , 2.6875 , 2.625 , 2.5625 , 2.5

We can see that the difference between each term and the next term is the
same.

2.9375 – 3 = -0.0625
2.875 – 2.9375 = -0.0625
2.8125 – 2.875 = -0.0625
2.75 – 2.8125 = -0.0625
2.6875 – 2.75 = -0.0625
2.625 – 2.6875 = -0.0625
2.5625 – 2.625 = -0.0625
2.5 – 2.5625 = -0.0625

 we can deduce that is series of numbers in an Arithmetic Progression

(AP), with a common difference, d = -0.0625

In conclusion, when k increases 0.25m, the area to be painted decreases

by -0.0625m².

(c) Express the area of the concrete structure to be painted in terms of k.

Find the area a k approaches the value of 4 and predict the shape of the
concrete structure.

Answer :
The area of the concrete structure to be painted

=
=

Area of concrete structure to be painted =

The shape of the concrete structure will be a rectangle with length 4m and
breadth 0.5m, which may look like this :

Conclusion

After doing research, answering question, drawing graphs and

some problem solving, I saw that the usage of calculus is important
in daily life. It is not just widely used in science, economics but
also in engineering. Without it, marvelous buildings can’t be built,
human beings will not lead a luxurious life and many more. So, we
 should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of
calculus.

REFLECTION
While you were conducting the project, what have you learnt? What moral values
did you practise? Represent your opinions or feelings creatively through usage of
symbols, illustrations, drawings or even in a song.

When things go wrong,as they sometimes will,

When the road you’re tudging seems all uphill,
When the funds are low and the dept are high,
And you want to smile but you have to sigh,
When care is pressing you down a bit,
Rest,if you must, but DON’T QUIT!!

Success is failure turned inside out,

The silver tint of the cloud of doubt,
And you never can tell how close you’re,
It may be near when it seems a far.

So,stick to the fight,

When you are hardest hit,
It’s when things go wrong,
THAT I MUST NOT QUIT!!!!!
It’s all about you add math……
Love you, my dear…..