RJGG
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
The origin of haplogroup I1-M253
in Eastern Europe
Abstract
One of the actual issues of modern genetic genealogy is the origin of a haplogroup. It is not easy to connect data on genetics,
archeology, linguistics, anthropology and other related sciences. In this paper the author tries to find the root of haplogroup I1-
M253 in Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup I1* together with it’s relative sub-
clades I2a* and I2b* is the native European hap-
logroup because its frequencies outside Europe
are extremely small. This spreading of carriers of
this haplogroup gave basis to consider carriers of
I1 as the descendants of Paleo-European popula-
tion. The area of haplogroup I1-M253 is concen-
trated mainly in the north of Europe, in the Scan-
dinavian countries. There are also local of I1 in
England (15,4%) [1], Sicily (up to 18,75%) [2]
and in the centre of European Russia (up to 17%)
[3]. The presence of carriers of haplogroup I1-
M253 at British Isles is associated with the ex-
pansion of the Vikings and the Normans, which
was proved by historical and genealogical stu-
dies, though the ancient migrations are also
possible. In Sicily, haplogroup I1-M253 strongly
correlates with Norman invasions from the terri-
tory of modern France (Normandy, I1 – 11,9%)
and the foundation of the Kingdom of Sicily (Sici-
lian Kingdom) in 1130. However, the presence of
haplogroup I1-M253 with high frequencies in the
center of the European part of Russia brings up a
lot of questions. E.V. Balanovskaya and O.P. Ba-
lanovsky state the following about it in their book
«The Russian gene pool of the Russian Plain»
[4]:
____________________________________________________________
Received: May 11 2010; accepted: May 12 2010; published: May 16 2010
Correspondence: shtrunov@gmail.com
1
Alexander Shtrunov
«Spreading of «Nordic» haplogroup I1a in
Russian area is considered quite unexpected (Fig.
1). The high values of I1a would be predicted
close to Scandinavia in the northwest of Russian
area. There, as well as at the western boundary
«Varangian» influence can be expected in the
form of high frequencies of I1a. However, com-
pact maximum of I1a (11-12%) is located in an
entirely different area at the north-east. This lo-
cal centre stands out against the background of
low frequencies (less than 6%), which are typical
of the rest of the Russian area. The presence of
this center is based on data of three Russian
populations studied by extensive sampling. Of
course, in comparison with frequencies of I1a in
Scandinavia (25-40%), this local maximum is
minor. But its remoteness from the main zone of
high frequencies of this haplogroup in Scandina-
via requires explanation. It is hard to explain this
local maximum by close relations between Scan-
dinavia and regions of Transvolga and basin of
Vychegda excluding other relative Russian re-
gions. Apparently, history of population of haplo-
group I1a is more complicated than a simple ex-
pansion from Scandinavia, and it may include an-
cient relations between the Finno-Ugric peoples
of Eastern Europe and the ancestors of German-
speaking Scandinavians».
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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved

Fig. 1. Map of presence of haplogroup I1 (Balanovsky et al. 2008 [5]).

Krasnoborsk, Archangelsk region 12,1%

Vologda 11,6%
Unzha, Kostroma region 11,5%

Complete the data about the region in question from works of other researchers to compare the
spatial distribution of haplogroup I1:

Vologda Region 17,0% (Roewer et al. 2008 [3]*)

Archangelsk 14,2% (Mirabal et al. 2009 [6])
Ryazan Region 14,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)
Tatarstan 13,0% (Genofond.ru**)
Moksha people from Staro-Shayga district of Mordovia 12,0% (Rootsi et al. 2004 [7])
Penza region 12,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)
Kostroma 11,3% (Underhill et al. 2007 [1])
Tambov region 10,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)
Ivanovo region 10,0% (Roewer et al. 2008)

Data from additional sources confirm the exis- this local maximum can be seen clearly on the
tence of a local maximum of I1-M253 in the cen- map (Figure 2) developed by the author.
tral part of European Russia. The boundaries of

_____________________________________________________________

*Calculation of frequency of haplogroup I1 was carried out by predictor,

** data was taken from the atlas at Genofond.ru)
2

The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
Fig. 1. Map of distribution of frequencies of haplogroup I1-M253.
Due to the fact that detailed studies (for) cla-
rifying the reason of such high local frequencies
of haplogroup I1 on such a wide area still don`t
exist, let us try to fill up the gap by analyzing da-
ta from published papers, linking data of genet-
ics, archeology, linguistics, anthropology and
other related sciences.
Since there is no reliable data about historical
migrations from Scandinavia, which could have
left such a significant mark on the territory of
modern Russia, we will try to consider all availa-
ble variants.
Goths of Ermanaric. Ermanaric (died in 376)
was the king of the Goths from the Amali clan.
Gothic historian Jordanes wrote about Ermanaric
[8]: «Soon after Geberich, king of the Goths, had
passed away from human deeds, Hermanaric, the
noblest of the Amali, succeeded to the throne. He
subdued many warlike peoples of the north and
made them obey his laws. Many ancient authors
had justly compared him to Alexander the Great.
Among the tribes he conquered were the Gol-
thescytha, Thiudos, Inaunxis, Vasinabroncae, Me-
rens, Mordens, Imniscaris, Rogas, Tadzans,
Athaul, Navego, Bubegenae and Coldae». (Here
the researchers assume the prototype of enume-
ration from Russian Chronicles: Rus, Chud and all
languages: Ves, Merya, Mordvins (?)...)
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Ermanaric and his Goths probably could not
have made a significant mark on the territory of
modern Russia - especially in this region, be-
cause the existence of such vast empire is quite
doubtful (Fig. 3). Even if this Empire had existed,
its age wasn`t long because of the invasion of
Huns. Goths are associated with Chernyakhov
archaeological culture (III century AD), and
therefore we should look for descendants of
Goths among the mountain population of the
Crimean Tartars (Tata) and the Greeks of Azov
region, comparing their haplotypes with the hap-
lotypes of population of northern Spain and Got-
land.
Varangians. Varangian invasions (IX-XII cc.)
could also made their mark in the gene pool of
Eastern Europe, though basic routs of Varangians
had passed away from examined areas. The finds
related to the Scandinavians point rather at trade
relations, than expansion. Therefore the Varan-
gians had to be excluded from the list of possible
contenders who could have left a significant mark
in the gene pool of eastern Europe. Though it`s
quite possible that a part of the Normans could
have settled and assimilated with the local popu-
lation of this region [10].
 RJGG
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved

Fig. 3. «Empire of Ermanaric» in IV century AD and the assumed itinerary of III-IV centuries AD (by BA Rybakov).
a – peoples mentioned in the list of Jordanes; b – the order of the peoples; c – the main areas of Cherniakhov culture in II-IV
centuries AD.; d – direction of sea expansions in III century AD; e – direction of Slavic colonization in III-IV centuries AD. [9].

Ancient migrations. Probably, we deal with
ancient migrations on the territory of Eastern Eu-
rope, assumed by The Balanovskys. That seems
reasonable, given the exclusively European area
of haplogroup I-M170.
If haplogroup I1-M253 is linked with the an-
cient population of Europe, it is quite possible
that they were the speakers of Paleo-European
language.
Examples of substrate toponyms with end-
ings:
– ga (Yuzga – branch of Moksha, Arga –
branch of Alatyr, Vyazhga – branch of Moksha
and Volga)
– ta (Pushta – branch of Satis, etc.);
– sha (Ksha – branch of Sura, Shoksha);

Researches of Serebrennikov BA [11] have – ma (Losma – branch of Moksha, Shalma –

showed that the ancient substrate toponyms of
unknown origin (i.e. non-Uralic and non-Indo-
European) are presented on the territory between
Volga and Oka rivers. Also it is widely spread in
the Nizhny Novgorod area (no data), Chuvashia
(7,5% I1), Kirov region (no data), Vologda region
(17% I1), Archangelsk region (14,2%), in Karelia
(8,6% I1) and in the west of Smolensk region
(2% I1).
branch of Sivin);
– da (Amorda) [12].
On the basis of Serebrennikova’s study Tre-
tyakov PN offered a hypothesis that this Paleo-
European language belonged to the creators of
the Neolithic cultures of the comb ceramics (CCC)
[13].

4
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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved

CCC had originally occupied the territory of
the Volga-Oka-Klyazma rivers. In 3rd millennium
BC its carriers moved to the north and north-
west, where they settled on the territory from the
Baltic sea to Vychegda and Pechora.
Craniological data suggest that the carriers of
CCC of Lyalovo type are very heterogeneous.
Lyalovo people was generated by alien Nordic
population of Sami subrace (Fig. 4, at right) and
the aboriginal Mesolithic population of Caucasoid
people of Volga-Oka post-Swiderian culture - as
the carriers of Upper Volga culture [14].

Fig. 4. Sculptural reconstruction of the skull of a man from Valadar* (the lower reaches of the Oka region) [15]
and the skull of a young man from the burial № 19 of the Sakhtysh II sepulcher (Ivanovo region) [16].

Culture of Upper Volga had spread in the cen- are concentrated in the eastern part of its area,
ter of the Russian Plain since the turn of the 6-5th the later – in the central and western areas that
millennium BC until the end of 5 th millennium BC. is apparently due to the arrival of new alien
The earlier monuments of Upper Volga culture population.

Fig. 5. Area of Upper Volga, Volosovo and Fatyanovo cultures [17].

_____________________________________________________________

*This site refers to the culture more ancient than Upper Volga and Volosovo
archaeological cultures, but the sculptural reconstruction reflects more close-
ly the image of Caucasoid population of the Volga-Oka Mesolithic post-
Swiderian tradition
5
 RJGG
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved

At present the hypothesis of origin of Volga-
Oka culture and CCC from the Volga-Oka Meso-
lithic post-Swiderian tradition is the most plausi-
ble, since the transition from Mesolithic to Neo-
lithic was smooth and Butovo culture prevailing in
the end of the Mesolithic in the Volga-Oka region
also succeeded to the Swiderski tradition [18].
The same processes forced the migrations of
the neighboring population of carriers of Ahrens-
burgian tradition, probably allied to the people of
Sviderian culture. This Paleolithic culture existed
in 10-9th millennium BC in Denmark and Northern
Germany; the main occupation of this population
was hunting for reindeer.

Swiderian culture is the archaeological culture In 10th millennium BC people of Ahrensbur-

of the final Paleolithic on the territory of Central gian culture began to move following two direc-
and Eastern Europe. Due to the changes of cli- tions of the retreating ice cover – to the north-
matic conditions in the 11-10th millennium BC west and north-east, passing along both sides of
people of Sviderian culture began to move from the Baltic glacial lake (Fig. 6).
the area of modern Poland, Belarus and Lithuania
to the east and reached the given region of Vol-
ga-Oka rivers in 8th millennium BC.

Fig. 6. Stages of the formation of Baltic Sea basin [19].

1. Baltic Ice Lake (about 16 thousand years BC).
2. Yoldia Sea (about 7,9 thousand years BC).
3. Ancylus Lake (about 6,8 thousand years BC).
4. Littorina Sea (about 5 thousand years BC).

Arensburgian people established a number of
so-called «culture of Maglemose» in 8-6th millen-
nium BC. These are such cultures as Fosna-
Hensbacka in Sweden and Norway, Komsa in the
far north of Scandinavia, including the Kola Pe-
ninsula, Askola and Suomusjärvi in Finland and
Karelia, Veretye in east the lakeside of Ladoga,
Kunda in the Neva region, Estonia, Latvia and
Maglemose in England, Northern Germany and
Denmark.
It is necessary to mantion that most high di-
versity of haplotypes of I1-M253 - a is fixed it in
Denmark [1], which is the starting point of
people of Arensburgian culture.
If the assumption about the relationship be-
tween carriers of Ahrensburgian and Swiderian
cultures is correct, then we will observe similar
anthropological, linguistic and genetic situation in
Scandinavia.

6
 RJGG
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved

Fig. 7. Mesolithic (8.-5. mil BC) roots of Early Iron Age substratum components. [18].
Legend: 1 – Maglemose-Ertebølle tradition (M – Maglemose incl. English Maglemose; F – Fosna; K – Komsa; A – Askola; S – Su-
omusjärvi); 2 – Świdry tradition (Ś – Świdry, Co – Baltic Typical Comb Pottery culture); 3 – area of formation of Pit-and-Comb
Pottery cultures of Central Russia.

Anthropological type of carriers of Ahrensbur- presents features of the ancient North-European

gian culture had a characteristic sharp dolicho-
cranic (Fig.8.) broad-faced Caucasoid type, which
corresponds well to the post-Sviderian aboriginal
type in the Volga-Oka region, who had a dis-
tinctly Caucasoid dolichocranic type with the nar-
row face. The same anthropological type partici-
pated in formation of the Sami. Comparison of
anthropological data shows that Sami type
population and more recent features associated
with penetration of the Mongoloid features to the
north. The combination of the two components
led to the formation of anthropological features of
Sami people. Dentistry also notes the existence
of ancient Northern and recent Mongoloid fea-
tures among Sami [20].

Fig. 8. Examples of different skull types [21].

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The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
In the Sami language two components are al-
so made out. The first is Pre-Finnish substratum,
the second is the Old Finnish, which is close to
the Baltic-Finnic and Finno-Volgaic languages.
The legacy of the Pre-Finnish substratum can be
seen well in the lexicon, less in the morphology,
phonetics and syntax. According to specialists, up
to one third of the Sami lexicon is of substratum
origin, and has no analogies in any of the existing
languages of the world [20].
Genetic evidence suggests that haplogroup I1,
with which we associate Paleo-European popula-
tion of Northern Europe, has the following fre-
quencies in the Sami gene pool: Sami – 28% [7],
the Sami from Sweden – 32% [22], Inari Sami–
34% [23]*, Skolt Sami – 52% [23], Sami from
Lujávri (Lovozero) – 17% [23].
Based on the stated data the hypothesis
about the connection between haplogroup I1 and
Fig. 9. The elk. The skeleton of an elk aged 8700 years was found in a peat bog in 1922 near the town Taderup.
Elk was wounded, in the same bog harpoon was found [26].
_____________________________________________________________
*Haplogroup I1 is not typed in this paper, but the results of other studies [24]
and public DNA projects [25] allow us to declare it
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Paleolithic population of Europe looks very con-
vincing.
Analysis of sources allows us to reconstruct
the population history of haplogroup I1-M253 the
following way:
It is not clear yet how and when carriers of
haplogroup I appeared in Europe, this question is
being dicussed at present. It is not also clear
when and where I1 separated from I. However,
in the Paleolithic era carriers of haplogroup I1
settled in in the northern part of central Europe
of the territory of present Denmark, northern
Germany and Poland. They created such cultures
as Ahrensburgian and Swiderian (the author does
not exclude the role of carriers of I2a in forming
of Swiderian culture); their main occupation was
hunting (predominantly for reindeer, elk (Fig. 9)
and beaver) and gathering.

The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 1, №2, 2010
ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved
In 11-10th millennium BC global climate
changes took place, this led to the melting of the
ice cover in Scandinavia. Vegetation penetrated
to the territories cleared from the ice cover, with
the main food of local population – reindeer – fol-
lowing after it; that caused the migration of Pa-
leolithic hunters. The colonization of Scandinavia,
Baltic and Central Eastern Europe was started.
In the Mesolithic haplogroup I1 faced the
eastern newcomers, who related confidently with
haplogroup N1c. They had Uraloid appearance
(with a Mongoloid and Caucasoid features).
Spreading of Uralic languages in Eastern Europe
is connected with N1c.
Relations between the newcomers and abori-
ginal population were generally peaceful; it is
evident from mixed graves and gradual appear-
ance of mixed anthropological types.
The next important step to the formation of
present situation was made by the carriers of
cord ceramics cultures, who had haplogroup R1a
[27], and were related to the spreading of South-
ern European agricultural and pastoral tribes in
Central Europe.
In the 3rd millennium BC tribes of corded ce-
ramics from Central Europe entered the Baltic
region (Corded ware culture) and the upper and
middle Volga areas (Fatyanovo-Balanovo cul-
tures, (Fig. 5)). Their anthropological type was
sharply dolichocranic with moderately broad-
Caucasoid type [28].
Most likely the tribes of corded ceramics were
quite aggressive and forced out aboriginal popu-
lation (I1/N1c) to the remote areas and partially
assimilated it. Aboriginal population could not
compete with the newcomers economically and
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