HRM လူအခြင့္အေရး မွတ္တမ္းျပဳျခင္း လတ္စြဲစာစဥ္မ်ား စာအုပ္ (ND-Burma)

vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;jyKjcif; vufpGJpmpOfrsm;
vlYtcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;jyKjcif;
vufpGJpmpOfrsm;
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH)
'DZifbm 2009 ckESpf?
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef,uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) 1
ndburma2.indd 1 26-Dec-09 13:05:17

jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0jcif;twGuf trSm
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;jyKjcif; vufpGJpmpOfrsm;tm; vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef,uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) rS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;

jyKpkcJh&m 2008 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufpGJpmpOf 13 ckvHk; +yD;pD;cJhygonf? tqdkygpmpOfrsm;tm; uGef,uf. tifwmeufpmrsufESm
(www.nd-burma.org) wGif =unfh&SKEdkifygonf?
uGef,uf. rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufrSkrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh vufpGJpmpOf

rsm;tm; vufawG@toHk;csEdkifap&efjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh National Endowment for Democracy (NED) . tultnDjzifh vufpGJ
pmpOfrsm;tm; t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodk@ 2009 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrS pwif jyefqdkcJhygonf? jrefrmbmom vufpGJpmpOfrsm;tm; pmtkyf
tjzpf rxkwfa0rDS uGef,uftzGJ@0ifrsm;rS jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhygonf? xdk@aemuf People in Need . tultnD
jzifh pmtkyftjzpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
,ckpmtkyfwGif vufpGJpmpOf 13 cktjyif/ vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH) rS jyKpkxm;onfh “uav;rsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;jcif;”

ESifh “t=urf;zufcH&aom trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;” tcef;rsm;udk tcsyfydktaejzifh xyfrHjznfhpGuf xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf?
,ckvufpGJpmpOfrsm;tm; zwf&SKavhvm+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufrSkrsm;udk vufawG@ rSwfwrf;aumuf,laeolrsm; (odk@r[kwf)

vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;jyKjcif;qdkif&m oifwef;ay;aeolrsm;taejzifh tqdkygpmpOfrsm;tonf vufawG@ tajctaeESifh udkufnDr_ &Sd/ r&Sd/
tm;enf;csuf/ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk a0zeft}uHjyKvdkygu uGef,uf&Hk;odk@ tD;ar;vf (office@nd-burma.org) ay;ydk@Edkifygonf? &&Sdvmrnfh
a0zef/ t}uHjyKcsufrsm;tay:tajccHI vufpGJpmpOfrsm;tm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif wnf;jzwf xkwfa0oGm;rnfjzpfygonf?
vufpGJpmpOfrsm;tm; jrefrmbmomjzifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0Edkifap&eftwGuf bmomjyefay;cJhaom tif;0 bmomjyeftkyfpk/ bmomjyef

vufpGJpmpOfrsm;tm; tcsdef,l/ zwf&SK wnf;jzwfay;onfh uGef,uftzGJ@0ifrsm;/ pmtkyfxkwfa0Edkifapa&;twGuf tultnDay;=uonfh
NED ESifh PIN/ awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh tcef;rsm;tm; toHk;jyKcGifhay;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH) wdk@tm;
txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
pDrHcef@cGJa&;tzGJ@
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef,uf (jrefrmEdkifiH)
2009 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv
pmtkyftwGif;tjyif 'DZdkif; - MMM LWIN

yxrt}udrf ta&twGuf uef@owfxkwfa0onf?
yxrt}udrf yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
rlydkif vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef,uf (jrefrmEdkifiH)
xkwfa0onfhckESpf 2009 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ (yxrt=udrf)
xkwfa0ol vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef,uf (jrefrmEdkifiH)
Funded by National Endowment for Democracy (NED) and People In Need (PIN).
qufoG,f&ef office@nd-burma.org
P.O Box 67
CMU Post Office
Chiang Mai 50202
Thailand
2 vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef,uf (jrefrmEdkifiH)

rmwdum
pOf ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm
1? aus;Zl;wifv$m 4
2? vufpGJpmpOfrsm;ta=umif; 5
3? vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef,ufta=umif; 6
4? tcef; (1) rSwfwrf;jyKjcif; csKd;azmufr_udk t"dy`g,fowfrSwfjcif; 9
- rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdrf;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;/ 10
- t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_/ 25
- twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;/ 40
- vlukeful;jcif;/ 54
- owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufjypfjcif;/ 67
- uav;ppfom;rsm; 82
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuef jyKrljcif;yHkpHrsm; 95
- vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&jcif; 110
- t"Ra&$@ajymif;cH&jcif; 124
- vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk csKd;azmufr_ 140
- rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHko¿mefrsm; 154
- yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif; 166
- vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;. csKd;azgufr_ 180
5? tcef;(2) ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif; 197
- taxmuftxm;rsm;udk pepfwuspkpnf;jcif; 198
- tcsuftvufrsm; tiftm;aumif;apjcif; 202
- EdkifiHwumOya't& }uD;av;aom&mZ0wfr_rsm; - vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,f
w&yfvHk;udk qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm; 202
- ed*kH;csKyf 216
6? tcef;(3) tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif; 217
- taxmuftxm;rsm;udkwifjyjcif; 218
- ukvor~. tcef;u¾ 218
- ukvor~&Sd oufqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,f&ef vdyfpmrsm; 258
7? pHjyKar;cGef;v$myHkpHrsm; 264
8? tcsyfydk (1) uav;rsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;jcif; 297
9? tcsyfydk (2) t=urf;zufcH&aomtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; 300

aus;Zl;wifvTm
TvufpGJpmapmifonf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm usL;vGefaeaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; ta=umif;rSwfwrf;ðyae

=uaom tzGJ@aygif; (12) zGJ@udk aygif;pkxm;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uftzGJ@ (jrefrmEdkifiH) (ND-Burma).
óu;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ &v'fwckjzpfygonf? (ND-Burma)onf jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;u vlawG@ar;jref;jcif;ESifh
tjcm;aom tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh pkaqmif;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkpnf;odkrSD;xm;&m
tcsuftvufb%fwckudk wnfaqmufvsuf&Sdygonf? (ND-Burma)onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;. tvm;
tvmudk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf&mY taxmuftuljzpfap&ef/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;a&;wGif wdkufwGef;
wifjyr_rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv w&m;Oya'a&;&mvkyfief;pOfrsm; a&;qGJa&;wGif
taxmuftul jzpfap&efwdk@twGuf TpDrHcsufudk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf? T&nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufa&;
twGuf aqmif&Guf&mY Tpmapmifonf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;ðyenf;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum
vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'ESifhtnD/ (ND-Burma) tzGJ@0ifrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;ay:rSmtajccHv#uf vrf;!Gefcsufrsm;ay;&ef
&nf&G,fxm;aom vufpGJpmpOfrsm;jzpfygonf?
(ND-Burma) onf TpDrHcsuf aygufajrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf ta&;ygaom ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsm;ESifhtcsuf
tvufrsm;jznfhqnf;ay;aom yk~dKvfrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? TpDrHcsufudk a&;qGJ&mYa&m/
pDrH tkyfcsKyf&mYyg twGif;ususyg0ifcJhaom yufx&pf yD;,m;pf(Patrick Pierce). wpdkufrwfrwfaqmif&Gufay;r_ESifh
tusKd; ðyr_wdk@udk (ND-Burma)u txl;wefzdk;xm;ygonf? TvufpGJpmapmifrsm;twGuf a&S@OD;pl;prf;r_rsm;ðy&mESifhyHkpH
xkwf&mwGif wdkifvm *D,efeDeD (Tyler Giannini)ESifh [m;AwfwuUodkvf/ Oya'ausmif;/ vl@tcGifhta&;Xmewdk@. yg0if
aqmif&Gufay;r_udkvnf; rsm;pGm wefzdk;xm;ygonf? TuGef&uftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh aumif;pGm v_yf&Sm;Edkifa&;wGif (ND-
Burma). vuf&if;tzGJ@0ifwckjzpfaom vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH) (HREIB) url TpDrHcsuftwGuf
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&m taxmuftulrsm; yHhydk;ay;cJhygonf?
(ND-Burma) taeESifh rdrdwdk@. tcsdefESifh u|rf;usifr_ynm&yfrsm;udk &ufa&mpGmtoHk;ðyum/ TvufpGJpmapmif
. ta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;/ xifjrifcsufay;jcif; ðycJh=uaom ywfbvdk tufpyifeD,Jvm; (Pablo
Espiniella)ESifhwuG/ ynm&Sifyk~dKvfrsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh
pmapmifudk a&S;OD;xkwfa0cJhpOfu pDppfoHk;oyfay;cJhaom *sdK;ZufaemfvGef; (Joseph Naw Lum)/ rdkufayvm (Mike Paller)/
Cecile Aptel/ David Arnott/ Chris Lewa/ Edkifxl;/ Manav Bhatnagar/ Eric Rutkow/ Gabe Kuris/ Lindsey Finch/ Andrew
Woods/ Adrienne Fricke/ bGefeD 'dkcsmwD (Bonnie Docherty)tm; aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; az:jyvdkygonf?
(ND-Burma) taeESifh Tpmapmifðypka&;ESifh xkwfa0a&;jzpfajrmufatmif b¾ma&;tultnDay;cJhaom

befaumuf/ e,fomvefoH±Hk;ESifh Open Society Institute wdk@udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifa=umif; todtrSwfðyygonf? Tpm
apmifudk atrDtvufZüm; (Amy Alexander)/ *sJ&rD ruf (Jeremy Mak)/ yufx&pf yD;,m;pf (Patrick Pierce)/ wdk@.
yl;aygif;tm;xkwfr_jzifh a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? (ND-Burma) tzGJ@0ifrsm;url pmapmif. tcsuftvuf wdusaocsm
r_/ jynfhpHkr_/ a&S@aemufnD!Gwfr_ &Sdapa&;twGuf ta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI txl;}uD;=uyfjcif;/ wnf;jzwfjcif; ðycJh=u
ygonf?
(ND-Burma) . ±dk;om;ppfrSefaom ar#mfvifhcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH jynfolw&yfvHk; vl@tcGifhta&; &&SdcHpm;&rnfh
ae@qD OD;wnfvsuf rarmEdkifryrf;Edkif aqmif&Gufae=uaom jrefrmEdkifiH. vl@tcGifhta&;bufawmfom;rsm;twGuf
Tpmapmifonf tpGrf;xufaom vufeufw&yf tjzpftusKd;ðyvdrfhrnf jzpfyga=umif;?

vufpGJpmpOfrsm;taMumif;
TvufpGJpmapmifonf vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;/ awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;/

EdkifiHwumOya'csKd;azmufr_&Sd-r&Sd ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;ESifh Tta=umif;rsm;udk tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;enf;wdk@twGuf
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;xm;yg onf?
tcef; (1) - rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;? ? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; ESifhoufqdkifaom EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
udkaz:jyxm;+yD;/ TcsKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;ðyI &EdkifzG,f&Sdaomenf;vrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI vrf;!Gefcsufrsm;
ay;xm;ygonf? xdk@aemuf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vl@tcGifhta&;tajctae/ ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae/ tcsdef
tcgwdk@ta=umif; owif; tcsuftvufrsm; ay;xm;ygonf? xdk@jyif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
erlemtcsuftvufyHkpHay: tajccHv#uf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;twGuf aumif;aomerlemyHkpHESifh nHhzsif;aom erlemyHkpH wdk@
udkvnf; azmfjyay;xm;ygonf?
tcef; (2) - ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;? ? EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufr_tjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf taxmuftxm;
rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf; ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? csKd;azmufr_ taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tm;aumif;aprnf jzpf
aom tvm;tvmrsm;ESifh jzpfaeusyHkpHrsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? tcef; (2) wGif vlrsKd;wHk;
owfjzwfjcif;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: tœ&m,fðyqef@usifaom &mZ0wfr_rsm;uJhodk@aom EdkifiHwum Oya't&
}uD;av;aomtr_rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfa&;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
tcef; (3) - wdkufwGef;pnf;±Hk;jcif;? ? EdkifiHwum yk~dKvfrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHodk@ vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;
azmufr_ taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyjcif;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifygonf? Ttcef; onf
ukvor~. tcef;u¾udk tav;wif; wifjyxm;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI toHk;ðyEdkifaom
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; ta=umif;udk tusOf;±Hk; wifjyxm;ygonf?
tcsyfydkwGif uav;rsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;jcif;ESifh t=urf;zufcH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;
ta=umif;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf?

vlYtcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;uGef,uf taMumif;
jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm; vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;vkyfief;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf

enf;vrf;w&yf jznfhqnf;ay;aomtm;jzifh (2003) ckESpfwGif vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (ND-Burma)udk zGJ@
pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? (ND-Burma) .tzGJ@0if (12)zGJ@wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif rnfodk@aom
'kQa0'emrsm; cHpm;ae&yHkta=umif; tjzpfrSef trSefw&m;udk pkaygif;toHk;ðyum/ avmavmq,f pnf;±Hk;wdkufwGef;wif
jyjcif;enf;vrf;jzifh ppftpdk;&.tm%mudk pkaygif;pdefac:&ef óu;pm;ae=uygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;a&;
umvwGif w&m;r#wr_ESifh wm0efodr_&Sdaom vkyfaqmifcsuftpDtpOffrsm;twGufvnf; óuwifjyifqifxm;&ef óu;pm;
aeygonf? (ND-Burma) onf uGif;qif; tcsuftvufpkaqmif;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;vnf;ay;ygonf?
(Benetech) wDxGifxm;aom vGwfvyfpGm tcrJhoHk;Edkifaom Open-source software udk toHk;ðyvsuf tzGJ@0ifrsm;ay;aom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk nd‡E_dif;+yD;/ bHktcsuf tvufb%frSm xnfhoGif;ygonf? xdk@tjyif yl;wGJ tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;ESifh
pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfwdkufwGef;jcif; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufygonf? tcGifhoifhygu (ND-Burma) onf rdrd. vkyf
ief;e,fy,frSefor#wGif tjcm;aomvl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@rsm;ESifhvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdygonf? (2008)ckESpf/
pufwifbmvupI ,cktxd (ND-Burma) wGif atmufyg tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ae=uygonf?
- All Arakan Students' and youths' Congress (AASYC)
- Assistance Association for Political Prisoners - Burma (AAPPB)
- Burma Issues
- EarthRights International (ERI)
- Human Rights Documenation Unit (HRDU)
- Human Rights Education Institute of Burma (HREIB)
- Human Rights Foundation of Monland (HURFOM)
- Kachin Women’s Association – Thailand (KWAT)
- Lahu Women’s Organization (LWO)
- Palaung Women’s Organization (PWO)
- Ta'ang Students and Youth Organization (TSYO)
- Yoma 3 News Service wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrSmjzpfyGm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_trsKd;tpm;rsm;um; rsm;jym;vSonfjzpff&m (ND-Bur-

ma) . tzGJ@0iftoD;oD;onf rdrdwdk@. owfrSwfxm;aomwm0efESifh txl;oufqdkifaom csKd;azmufr_rsm;udkomtxl;
tm±Hkpdkuf rSwfwrf;wif=uygonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf pnf;rsOf;uef@owfcsufabmifwck ay:ayguf
vma&;wGif OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;wm0efwckrSm uGef&uftzGJ@taeESifh txl;tm±Hkpdkufrnfh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_
trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk “owfrSwfxm;aom a0g[m&rsm;” pm&if;jzifh ðypkxm;=u&efjzpfygonf? T pm&if;udk tajccH vsuf
(ND-Burma) u csKd;azmufr_ (13) ckudk txl;ðyxm;onfh vufpGJpmapmifrsm;ESifh taxGaxG rSwfwrf;ðyjcif; vufpGJ
pmapmifwdk@ yg0ifaom TrSwfwrf;ðyjcif; vufpGJpmapmifrsm;udk a&;om;ðypkxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? TpmpOfrSm atmufyg
vufpGJpmapmifrsm; yg0ifygonf?

1? owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;/
2? rw&m; zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;/
3? uav;ppfom;rsm; toHk;ðyr_/
4? twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;/
5? rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ yHko¿mefrsm;/
6? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuefðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm;/
7? t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_/
8? vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;/
9? yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;/
10? twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;/
11? vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;/
12? vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;/
13? vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk xdyg;aESmuf,Sufr_/
14? taxGaxGrSwfwrf;ðyjcif;
wdk@ jzpfonf?
(ND-Burma)taejzifh trsm;oHk;a0g[m&pm&if;udk aemufxyfvufpGJ pmapmiftjzpfa&;om;ðypkzG,f&Sdygonf?


tcef; (1)
rSwfwrf;jyKjcif; - csKd;azmufrIudk t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfjcif;

rw&m;zrf;qD;rIrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifrIrsm;
Edik if w
H umvl@tcGithf a&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGithf a&;csK;d azmufra_ jrmuf&efrmS csK;d azmufr.
_ t"du t*F g&yfrsm;
jynfhrD&efvdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf Oya'ESifh qef@
usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf &Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHk vdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyf pmwrf;jyXmef;csufrsm;rSaeIay:
xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rðyrD csKd;azmufr_[laom t"d`g,f
udk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? Ttcef;wGif rw&m;
zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifapa&;twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;
az:jyxm;ygonf?
a0g[m&ESifhywfoufIowdðy&ef ? ? EdkifiHwum pmcsKyfpmwrf; jyXmef;csufrsm;onf vlwOD;csif;vGwfvyfr_

qdkif&m csKd;azmufr_ta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;az:jy&mY “zrf;qD;r_” (arrest) ESifh “xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_” (detention)
[laom pum;&yfrsm;udk oHk;pGJyHk a&S@aemufnD!Gwfjcif; r&Sdacs? tcsKd@aompmcsKyfpmwrf; jyXmef;csufrsm;u T
a0g[m&udk zrf;qD;jcif; (apprehension)/ csKyfaESmifjcif; (incarceration)/ axmifcsjcif; (imprisonment) ponfh
pum;&yfrsm; twGufyg toHk;ðyavh &Sd=uonf? a&S@aemufnD!Gwfa&;twGuf Tpmapmifu “zrf;qD;r_”ESifh
“csKyfaESmifr_”[lIom oHk;ygrnf?
(2) t*Fg&yfrsm;
(u) EdkifiHwumOya't&qdkv#if rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_wdk@. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_udk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_w&yftjzpf rSwfwrf;ðy&eftvdk@iSm
1/ t"duusaom tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;u twif;tusyf zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;r_udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; wm;jrpfxm;=uygonf? T Oya'rsm;wGif-

- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf; Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Article 9;
- vlr_tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&; rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (ICCPR), Article 9(1)) wdk@ jzpfonf?
a'oqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;uvnf; twif;tusyf zrf;qD;jcif;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifjcif;udk wm;jrpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;=uygonf? Oyrm- Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf
the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 5(1)) / tmz&duEdkifiHrsm;. oabmwlnDcsuf yÉdnmOfpmwrf; the African Charter (Article 6) / tar&duwdkufEdkifiHrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsuf the American Convention on Human Rights (Article 7) wdk@ jzpfonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@wGif tvm;wl oabmwlnDcsuf&Sdaomfvnf; vufrSwfra&;xdk;&ao;yg?
Oya't&pnf;aESmifr_ r&Sdaomfvnf; twif;tusyfzrf;qD;/ xdef;odrf;r_udk wm;jrpfxm;onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m taxmuftxm;/ rSwfwrf;rsm;&Sdygonf? ‚wdk@rSm- vltm;vHk;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifh rqdk
xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh tusOf;csjcif;rS umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm; Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment . pmudk,f (xdef;odrf;r_qdkif&m tajccH
rlrsm;)/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyKrlqufqHyHktwGuf tajccHrl0g'pHrsm; Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (“Standard Minimum Rules”) / tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyKrlqufqHyHktwGuf
tajccHrlrsm; the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners ukvor~. t&G,fra&mufao;olrsm;udk olwdk@. vGwfvyfcGifh rqHk;&_H;&apa&;twGuf umuG,fay;r_qdkif&mOya'rsm; UN Guide-
lines for the Protection of Juvenile Delinquency, and the UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty / ukvor~. t&G,fra&mufao;olrsm;udk w&m;pD&ifa&;tkyfcsKyfr_
vkyfxHk;rsm;twGuf tedrfhqHk;tajccHrlrsm; UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (“The Beijing Rules”) / Oya'pnf;=uyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm; tiftm;oHk;r_ESifh aoewf/
vufeufrsm;udk toHk;csa&;twGuf tajccHrlrsm; Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials / &mZ0wfr_rsm;wGif om;aumifjzpf&olrsm;twGuf w&m;r#wr_ESifh
tm%m tvGJoHk;pm;jyKr_qdkif&m tajccHrlrsm; xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power / oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&ifr_atmuf
wGif tajccHrlrsm;twdkif; jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk jyKrlqufqHa&;ESifh &mZ0wfr_rsm;wm;qD; umuG,fa&;qdkif&m ukvor~ 7 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf the Seventh UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime
and the Treatment of Offenders in the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary ESifh ukvor~ uav;qdk;rsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m vrf;!$efrlrsm; UN Rules for the Protection of
Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty wdk@ jzpfonf?
T rSwfwrf;rsm;udk azmfjyygtifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif =unfh&_ &,lEdkifygonf? see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (last visited 27 July 2008).

atmufyg t*F g&yf (4) &yf xif&Sm;a=umif;az:jy&ygrnf?1

(u) vlwOD;wa,mufudk zrf;qD;jcif; odk@r[kwf tcsKyfcef;odk@ydk@jcif;?
(c) w&m;Oya'rJh twif;tusyfðyr_?
(*) yk~dKvfa&; vGwfvyfr_udk ±kyfodrf; xdcdkufapjcif;?
(C) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf?
(c) rw&m; zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_qkdonfrSm

tu,fI zrf;qD;r_ESifh csKyfaESmifr_rsm;onf w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDjcif;/ (odk@r[kwf ) ta=umif;jycsufray;Edkifjcif;/
(odk@r[kwf)rwefwqjzpfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf uHaouHr (óuwifwGufcsufI) rajymEdkifjcif; wdk@&Sdaeygv#if rw&m;zrf;qD;r_
ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_[k qdkEdkifygonf?2 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ atmufygtajctaersm;Y zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;
ðyygu w&m;Oya'rJh twif;tusyfðyr_/ tjzpfrSwf,lygonf?
- wpHkwa,mufonf EdkifiHwumOya'u tmrrcHxm;aom tjccHtcGifhta&;w&yfESifhtnD ðyrlaev#ifjzpfap/
- w&m;r#waom w&m;pD&ifr_ tcGifhta&;uJhodk@aom tjccHusaom w&m;Oya'qdkif&m usifhxHk;udk csKd;azmufjcif;
ðyv#if3jzpfap/
- pD&ifcsuftwdkif;jypf'%fuscH+yD;jzpfaeygvsuf odk@wnf;r[kwf vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh&+yD;jzpfaeygvsuf wpHkw
a,mufudk qufvufcsKyfaESmifxm;jcif;uJhodk@aom Oya'tajccH uif;rJhr_rsKd; jzpfaev#ifjzpfap/
- vufcHEdkifavmufaom/ odk@r[kwf vHkavmufaom odk@r[kwf w&m;r#waom/ odk@r[kwf ausmom; &ifom;rcGJ
jcm;aom ta=umif;udPr&Sdv#if4jzpfap?
EdkifiHwumOya'- yk~dKvfa&; vGwfvyfcGifh

EdkifiHwumOya'u yk~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfcGifh rw&m; &kyfodrf;jcif;udk ydwfyifwm;jzpfxm;onf? rw&m;zrf;qD;r_
ESifh xdef; odrf;csKyfaESmifr_wdk@onf yk~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfcGifh rw&m;&kyfodrf;jcif;tjzpf EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufr_
w&yfjzpfonf?
2/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;jyXmef;csufrsm;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh w&m;Oya'pnf;=uyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; vdkufem&rnfh tedrfhqHk;tajccHpHrsm;udk owf

rSwfazmfjyxm;ygonf? w&m;a&;pepfrsm;/ Oya'a&;&mt&m&Sdrsm;/ Oya'pnf;=uyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tjypf'%fay;a&;Xmersm;onf azmfjyygtajccH tedrfhqHk; pH
owfrSwfcsufudk vdkufem&ef vdktyfonf? ta=umif;rSm vlwOD;. yk~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrqHk;&_H;ap&ef vlwOD;. tcGifhta&;udk twif;tusyfwm;qD;ydwfyif&m
a&mufrnfpdk;&drfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
3/ r#wpGm pD&ifydkifcGifhqdkif&m tcGifhta&;[kqdk&mY r#waom w&m;cHk&Hk; &SdydkifcGifh/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom Oya'a&;&mtm%mydkifrsm;u =um;empD&ifEdkifcGifh/ Oya' a=umif;
t& udk,fpm;jyKckcHacsycGifh &&Sda&;udPrsm;yg0ifonf? xdkr#ru yk~dKvfwOD;onfol@udk zrf;qD;&onfh ta=umif;csif;&mudkvnf; aocsmtoday;&ef vdktyfonf? zrf;
qD;oltzGJ@rsm;uvnf; zrf;qD;r_rjyKrDS zrf;qD;cGifh 0&rf;&&Sdvm&efvdktyfonf? atmufazmfjyyg rSwfpkrsm; (6) ESifh (7) udk =unfhyg? tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya't& r#wpGm
pD&ifydkifcGifhtwGuf rnfonfhtcGifhta&; rsm; tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onfudk awG@&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf?
4/ zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;r_rsm;onf EdkifiHwck. jynfwGif;Oya't& aqmif&Gufaomfvnf;/ tu,fI jynfwGif;Oya't& zrf;qD;jcif;ESifh xdef;odrf;jcif; jyK&mwGif twif;
tusyfzrf;qD;jcif;udk w&m;0ifozG,f jyXmef;xm;ygu/ Ttr_onf twif;tusyf zrf;qD;jcif;toGif a&mufEdkifygao;onf?

(C) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufqdkonfrSm

vlyk~dKvfwpHkwa,muftaeESifh ol-olr. yk~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfcGifh ±kyfodrf;cHae&onfh umvrSmyifv#if tedrf h
qHk; &Sdtyfaom csKyfaESmifr_tajctae rjynfhpHkygu tpdk;&rsm;taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya't& aqmif&Guf&rnfh rdrdwdk@.
wm0ef 0W&m;rsm;udk csKd;azmuf&m a&mufEdkifayonf?5
EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_ ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfu
vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd;jzpf&ef vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSmtajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwumtodtrSwfðy ydkif
eufe,fajr&Sdvlrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&efóu;yrf;aom trsKd;om;(EdkifiHawmftqifh)
tzGJ@tpnf;”6udk &nf!$ef;jcif;jzpfygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_wGif
wm0ef&Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;&t&m &SdwOD;u
rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_wckudk usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? 7 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifh aomfvnf;
aumif; jzpfyGm;aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufI
vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&. ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf?8 om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&ygv#if/
rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh csKyfaESmifr_wdk@ usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&
taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf?
5/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyKrlqufqHa&;qdkif&m tedrfhqHk; tajccHvrf;!$efrlrsm; The Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners onf xdef;odrf;
xm;&rnfhae&mXme tajctaetwGuf tedrfhqHk;vdktyfcsuf jzpfygonf? Trlrsm;udk ukvor~ yxrt}udrfuGef*&ufwGif twnfjyKjyXmef;cJh+yD;/ &mZ0wfr_rsm;
umuG,fa&;ESifh jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk jyKrlqufqHa&;udP 1955 ckESpf/ *sDeDAmtpnf;ta0;wGif csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ukvor~pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDu
‚. qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf 663 (*)663 C (XXIV) 1957 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 31 &ufESifh 1977 ckESpf/ arv 13 &uf qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf 2076 (LXII) t& xyfrHtwnf
jyKcJhygonf? tedrfhqHk; pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;wGif xdef;odrf;cHxm;&olrsm;udk atmufyg tajctaersm; &&Sdatmif tmrcHxm;ygonf?
- ae&mxdkifcif;onf usef;rma&;ESifh nD!Gwfonfh tedrfhqHk; tajctae &Sd&rnf? (yk'fr 10 ESifh 19)
- vlwOD;csif; oef@&Sif;r_ (yk'fr 15)
- oef@&Sif;I vHkavmufaom t0wftpm;&&Sdr_ (yk'fr 17 ESifh 18)
- av[mjyifwGif ae@pOfavhusifhcef; aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh (yk'fr 21)
- vHkavmufaom tpmESifh aomufoHk;a& (yk'fr 20 ESifh 21)
- vHkavmufaom usef;rma&;/ aq;0g;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh oGm;zufqdkif&m apmifha&Smufr_ (yk'fr 22/ 24 ESifh 25)
- rdwfaqGrsm;/ rdom;pkrsm;ESifh qufoG,fcGifh (yk'fr 92)
- bmoma&;t& vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f,Hk=unfcGifh (yk'fr 42)
- avsmfuefaom ynma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &,lydkifcGifh (yk'fr 39 ESifh 40)
- olwdk@udk jyKrlqufqHyHkESifh ywfoufI qifajcapm'u wufydkifcGifhESifh awmif;qdkydkifcGifh (yk'fr 36)
Ttifwmeuf pmrsufESmudk =unfhyg? See http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm.
vlr_tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf (ICCPR)/ vltm;vHk;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh tusOf;
csjcif;rS umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm; Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. pmudk,f/ tusOf;
om;rsm;udk jyKrlqufqHyHktwGuf tajccH rl0g'pHrsm; the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners t&tvm;wl tmrcHcsufESifh umuG,f ay;xm;r_rsm;
&Sdaeygonf?
xdk@tjyif tcsKd@aom trsKd;tpm; xdef;odrf;xm;olrsm;twGuf umuG,fay;r_qdkif&mESifh vrf;!$efcsufrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? Oyrm- trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfonf? (tedrfh
qHk; pHOya'rsm;/ Oya'yk'fr- 53 ESifh 23 (1) udk =unfhyg? uav;rsm;twGufqdkv#if uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ ab*sif;
Oya'owfrSwfcsufrsm;/ ukvor~ uav;qdk;rsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m vrf;!$efrlrsm; UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency ESifh
ukvor~. t&G,fra&mufao;olrsm;udk olwdk@. vGwfvyfcGifh rqHk;&_H;&apa&;twGuf umuG,fay;r_qdkif&m Oya'rsm; UN Guidelines for the Prevention of
Juvenile Delinquency, and the UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty vnf; &Sdaeygonf?
6/ Mary Callahan, Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Coexistence. Washington, DC: East-West
Center Washington, 2007, p. vix, TudPudk jrefrmbmomjzifh &Sif;jy&mwGif (state) [laom (EdkifiHawmf) oabmrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGifr&Sdyg? tpdk;& (govern-
ment) odk@r[kwf EdkifiH (country) pojzifh tajctaet&oHk;pGJygonf?
7/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;[kqdk&mwGif tpdk;&tm%mydkifr_twGif; vkyfaqmiftaumiftxnfazmfaom tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-w&m;Oya'
pnf;=uyfa&;Xmersm;/ jynfol@ppf vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;/ vkyf=uHowfjzwfa&;tzGJ@rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfonf?
8/ rSwfcsufjyK&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&.vkyf&yfudk oufaojy&efrvdktyfyg?
vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu tcef;-2 udk =unfhyg?

(*) zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_onf rnfonfh tcgrsKd;rSm w&m;0ifygoenf;?

rawmfrw&m; ðyvkyfonfr[kwfbJ/ wnfqJ vHkavmufaom/ usifhxHk;qdkif &mOya'pHcsdefpH!$ef;ESifhtnD ðyvkyf
rS omv#if zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_udk ðyvkyfcGifh&Sdygonf?9 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ atmufygtajctae
tcsdefrsKd;rsm;wGif wpHkwa,mufxHrS ol-olr. vGwfvyfcGifhudk w&m;0if&kyfodrf;cGifh &Sdonf?
- wpHkwa,mufudk enf;vrf;wus tr_pGJqdk+yD;/ odk@r[kwf jypfr_usL;vGefonf[k cdkifvHka=umif; pD&ifqHk;jzwf +yD;aom
tajctaersKd;rSm EdkifiHwum usifhxHk;qdkif&m Oya'pHcsdefpH!$ef;ESifhtnD zrf;qD;- csKyfaESmifjcif;ðyv#if/10
- wpHkwa,mufonf t=urf;zuf&mZ0wfr_ wckudk usL;vGefrnf wuJuJvkyfjcif; uJhodk@aom vkyf&yfrsKd;jzifh &yf&Gm
vHkðcHa&;udk jzpfap/ &yf&Gmol &yf&Gmom;wdk@udkjzpfap vlod&Sif=um; +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ðyv#if/
- yk~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfr_udk xdyg;apjcif;onf vufcHzG,fvnf;jzpf/ vdkvnf;vdktyfaom ta&;ay:tajctaeumvrsKd;
jzpfv#if/?
(3) ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;

ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf. toHk;0ifr_onf tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;ol.
xda&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@tñuHESifh pGrf;&nfay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh rlwnfygvdrfhrnf?
tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/
EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;ar;cGef;rsm;ðypk&mY taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? csKd;
azmufr_ t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf;
owfrSwfcsufwck &&SdEdkifygonf?
9/ Fact Sheet No. 26: The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, twif;tusyf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m aumfr&Sifemrif;
}uD;&Hk;? Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/sheets.htm (last visited 30 August
2006).
10/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;u zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;cH&olrsm;onf pD&ifcGifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;t& umuG,fay;r_rsm; (procedural safeguards) &&Sdap&ef/
twif;tusyf zrf;qD;/ xdef;odrf;cH&onfh tajctaerS umuG,fay;&ef jyXmef;xm;=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;t&zrf;qD;/ xdef;odrf;cH
&olrsm;onf atmufyg tcGifhta&;rsm; &Sdygonf?
- zrf;qD;cH&onfh tcsdefwGif rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh zrf;qD;cH&a=umif; today;jcif;? (vlr_tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&; rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsuf ICCPR, Article 9(2); tusOf;csjcif;qdkif&m tajccHrlrsm; Principles on Imprisonment, Principle 10);
- Oya' tm%mydkifrsm; a&S@arSmufwGif zrf;qD;onfhudPudk jyefvnfjiif;qdkEdkifjcif; (UDHR, Article 8; ICCPR, Article 9(4); Principles on Detention, Prin-
ciple 32); ESifh
- Oya'a=umif;t& t=uH^m%f &,lydkifcGifh (UDHR, Article 11; ICCPR, Article 14(3); Standard Minimum Rules, Rule 93; Principles on Detention,
Principles 17 and 18). wdk@ jzpfygonf?
tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;uydkI tao;pdwfusaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh pD&ifxHk;pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;/ vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk w&m;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; w&m;
a&;pepfrsm;/ aqmif&Gufolrsm; twGuf jyXmef;xm;&Sdygonf? Todk@aom pepfrsm;wGif -
- oD;jcm; vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&ifr_atmufwGif tajccHrlrsm;twdkif; jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk jyKrlqufqHa&;ESifh &mZ0wfr_rsm; wm;qD;umuG,fa&;qdkif&m ukvor~
7 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in the Basic Principles
on the Independence of the Judiciary
- w&m;vdk a&S@aersm;. tcef;u¾qdkif&m vrf;!$ef The Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors
- a&S@aersm;. tcef;u¾qdkif&m tajccHrlrsm; The Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers
- Oya'pnf;=uyfa&; t&m&Sdrsm; vdkufem&rnfh usifhxHk;rsm; The Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials ponf wdk@ yg0ifonf?

awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;twGuf t=uHðycsufrsm;- aqmif&ef

- vkHðcHa&;ESifh v#Kd@0Sufa&;twGuf =uyf=uyf*&kpdkuf&ef?
- aemufcHta=umif;jzifh tpcsD+yD;v#if/ ydkI ta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI
aqmif&Gufyg?
- *&kwpdkufem;axmifyg? ajymp&m&Sdonfudk rsufjrifoufaotm; ajymcGifhay;yg?
- v_yf&Sm;pdwfjzifh wkH@jyefr_rsm;udk od&Sdatmif *&kðyyg?
- a&S@aemufrnD!Gwfr_rsm;udk od&Sdatmif *&kðyyg?
- pdwf&Snf onf;cHyg?
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;twGuf t=uHðycsufrsm;- a&Smif&ef
- rSwfcsufcsjcif; odk@r[kwf xifjrifcsufay;jcif; rðyygESifh?
- edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;udk a&SmifusOfyg?
- tjcm;oufaorsm;udk az:jyjcif; rðyygESifh?
- rdrd vkyfray;Edkifaom uwdrsm;udk ray;ygESifh?
- tay:pD;[ef odk@r[kwf ppfa=uma&;vkyfaeaom [efjzifh ar;cGef;ar;jcif;rsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg?
- owif;ESifhywfoufI rdrd.=oZm rv$rf;rdk;rdatmif a&SmifusOfyg?
(u) zrf;qD;r_- xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;

- rnfoltzrf;cH§csKyfaESmifcH&oenf;?
- rnfodk@ jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfhonfh tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mrSm zrf;qD;r_ jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;? zrf;qD;§csKyfaESmifcH&olonf ,ck rnfonfhae&mrSm&Sdae oenf;?
- tjzpftysufudk oifrnfonfhenf;jzifh od&Sdoenf;?
(c) zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifr_onf rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_jzpfa=umif; owfrSwfjcif;

- zrf;qD;§csKyfaESmifr_udk rnfolu OD;aqmifoenf;?
- zrf;qD;§csKyfaESmifcH&ol yk~dKvfudk rnfonfhtr_jzifhpGyfpGJ/ odk@r[kwf w&m;pGJcJhoenf;?
- rdrdudk,frdrd ckcHumuG,fa&;twGuf xdkyk~dKvftm; rnfonfhtcGifhta&;ay;cJhoenf;?
- csKyfaESmifxm;r_ tajctaersm;um; rnfodk@&Sdaeoenf;?
- Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oifrnfonfhenf;jzifh od&Sdoenf;?

(*) vGwfvyfr_ udk &kyfodrf;r_&Sdaeonf[k owfrSwfjcif;

- yk~dKvfwOD; zrf;qD;cH&+yD;aemufydkif;wGif rnfodk@jzpfyGm;oenf;?
- zrf;qD;+yD;aemufwGif xdkyk*~dKvftm; rnfonfhae&modk@ ac:aqmifoGm;oenf;?
- ol§olrudk rnfodk@ xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;oenf;?
- ol§olrudk rnfr#=umonftxd xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;oenf;?
- Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oif rnfonfhenf;jzifh od&Sdoenf;?
(C) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf[k owfrSwfjcif;

- xdef;odrf;§csKyfaESmifr_udk rnfolwdk@uvkyfoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;tenf;? Tzrf;qD;§csKyfaESmifr_ vkyfjcif;
udk rnfolwdk@u ulnDaqmif&Gufay;oenf;?
- TtjzpftysufESifh ywfoufI oifwdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;
r[kwf tb,fha=umifh wdkif=um;jcif;rðyygoenf;? Todk@ Todk@ zrf;qD;§csKyfaESmifr_ rjzpf&atmiftpdk;&u}udK
wifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;ygovm;?
(4) rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;
EdkifiHwumOya'csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifhvkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOfojzifhtqifoifh ay:
vGif xif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfouf
aom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
rSaeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_.
t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus rw&m;zrf;qD;r_
ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsKd; twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHwckudk az:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH ay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaomtaumif;ESifhtqdk; om"
ursm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGm tcsuftvuf
&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyf od&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_rsm; ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?
(u) tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;?

vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; az:xkwfa&;twGuf tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&;vkyf
ief; odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mt
ajctaetcsdeftcgudkem;vnfxm;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuftvuf
&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaomar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul&
Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;r_rðyrD/aemuf
cH owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH

twGif; rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;jzpfyGm;&m ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctaetcsdeftcg

ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuftcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh csKyfaESmifr_rsm;jzpfyGm;&m ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae tcsdef

tcgta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudk pwiftkyfcsKyfcJhaom(1962) ckESpfrS
pI tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod &ufpufjcif;enf;AsL[mjzifh wdkif;jynfudk
tkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umcJhonfhtxd rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;onf
wdkif;jynftESH@tjym;wGif av#mhoGm;onf[lI r&SdbJ/ qufvufjzpfyGm;aecJhonf? t=urf;rzufaomEdkifiHa&;
twdkuftcH v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ ckcHa&;ppf qifE$Jaeaom vlrsKd;pktkyfpkrsm;bufu axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;ESifh tjcm;
aomt&yfom;rsm;onf Todk@aom Oya'rJhzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;twGuf ypfrSwfrsm;jzpfaewwfonf? (2008)
ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrSpI a&wGufv#if zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;onf (2000) ausmf &Sdae
onf? TtxJwGif xif&Sm;aom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ +idrf;csrf;pGmqüjyolrsm;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;/ &[ef;
oHCmrsm;ESifh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif/ oHo,jzpfcH&aom EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh ywfoufae
olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonf?11 odomxif&Sm;aom EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;tcsufr&SdbJ/ tjcm; rw&m;zrf;qD;r_rsm;
vnf;jzpfyGm; onf? trsm;tm;jzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&olqDrS aiG odk@r[kwf tjcm;aom wefpdk;vufaqmifrsm;
n‡pf,l&ef zrf; qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; jzpfonf?
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh/ ntcgrSmjzpfyGm;wwf+yD;/ w&m;0if 0&rf;pmvnf;rygwwfacs?
pGJqdkr_ odk@r[kwf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif&onfh ta=umif;jycsufudkvnf; ajymjyjcif;r&SdbJ/ zrf;qD;cH&oludk ppfa=uma&;
pcef;odk@ wef;ydk@+yD;v#if/ ppfa=uma&;pcef;Y ppfa=umar;jref;jcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ðyonf?
tjypf &Sda=umif; az:xkwf&ef r[kwfrrSefaom 0efcHcsuf odk@r[kwf tppfcHcsufudk n‡pfxkwf,l&mY n‡Of;yef;ESdyf
pufjcif;onf &dk;aeaom omrefðyaeus udPjzpfonf? &Hk;rwifrDS tcsKyfumvESifh ppfa=uma&;umvrsm; twGif;
rSm n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_a=umifh aoqHk;r_rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? TaoqHk;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;avhvmr_rsm; vnf;
vkyfaqmifavh r&Sdacs?12
tcsKyfcH&oltcsKd@udk &uftenf;i,f odk@r[kwf oDwif;ygwftenf;i,ft=umwGif v$wfay;aomfvnf;usef
olrsm;udk tvkyf=urf;pcef;rsm;odk@ vnf;aumif;/ axmif}uD;rsm;odk@vnf;aumif; ydk@wwfonf? tcsKd@aom zrf;
qD;csKyfaESmifcH& olwdk@onf tvG,fyifaysmufqHk;oGm;wwf=uum/ Todk@aysmufqHk;oGm;a=umif; w&m;0if&Sif;jy
jcif; aomfvnf;aumif;/ pHkprf; avhvmjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; r&Sdwwfacs? zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifcH&olwdk@udkyifyef;
qif;&Jaom tajctaersKd;rSm ppfwyftwGuf ay:wmtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyf=urf;orm; tjzpf vnf;aumif;
tvkyfcdkif;apwwfonf? tcsKd@tusOf;om;rsm;udk ppfjzpfyGm;&me,fajrrsm;odk@ ppfwyfESifhtwlvdkufygapygonf
vnf;&Sdonf?13
xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifa&;pcef;rsm;. rESpfòr@zG,f&m qdk;&Gm;vS+yD;/ EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;atmuf rsm;pGmedrfhaeyg
onf? tusOf;om;rsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhrnD!Gwfaom aexdkifr_tajctae/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ vlrqef
pGmqufqHcH&jcif;/ tpmtm[m& 0vifatmif rpm;&jcif;ESifh aq;0g;ukor_ vHkavmufpGmr&jcif;wdk@.'%f
11/ Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, www.aappb.org (last visited September 25, 2008).
12/ Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), May 2006.
13/ Enduring Hunger and Repression: Food Scarcity, Internal Displacement, and the Continued Use of Forced Labor in Toungoo District, Karen
Human Rights Group, September 2004.

rsm;udkcHpm;=u&onf? tusOf;om;rsm;onf npfywfEHkcsmaom ywf0ef;usifrSmaexdkif&jcif;ESifh tjrJwap&dkif;pdkif;

=urf;wrf;pGm qufqHcH&jcif;wdk@a=umifh aoG;wdk;a&m*g/ ESvHk;a&m*g/ emwm&Snftonf;a&mifa&m*g/ tpmtdrf
a&mifa&m*g/ wDbD tqkyfem a&m*g/ qD;csKda&m*g/ &dk;qufa&mifema&m*g/ pdwfusa&m*g/ tm&Hka=umysufpD; r_a&m*g
wdk@udkcHpm;=u&onf? tusOf;om; tjzpfaecJh&aom tajctaersm;a=umifh ESpfESifhcsDI=umvmonfESifhtr#
tusOf;om;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; &mESifhcsDI aoqHk;=uonf? onf
=um;xJ/14 (2006) ckESpfupI EdkifiHwum =uufajceDtzGJ@udk tusOf;axmifrsm;odk@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyfESifh pdwf
csvufcsoGm;a&muf avhvm=unfh&_cGifhrðybJ ydwfyifxm;cJhonf?15
tusOf;om;rsm;onf w&m;&Hk;wifjcif;rcH&bJ odk@r[kwf w&m;Oya'. umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_r&bJ/
tcsKyfcH&onfrSm jzpfaeusudPjzpfonf? tr_rsm;udk w&m;&Hk;odk@ wifonfhtcgrSmyif/ w&m;pGJqdk cH&olwdk@onf
Oya'usifhxHk;qdkif&m umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_udk r&&Sd=uacs? =um;emppfaq;r_rsm;udk wHcg;ydwfI vkyfavh&Sdonf?
a&S@aea&S@&yfrsm;ESifh wdkif yifcGifhvnf;ray;/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh tm%mvnf;r&Sdacs? t"du
tm;jzifh (etz) ppftpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;t& qHk;jzwfcsufu w&m;&Hk;pD&ifcsufrsm;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;onf?16
xdk@tjyif (etz) ppftpdk;&onf (1975) ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;. tœ&m,frS
umuG,fa&; Oya'/ yk'fr (14) udk jyifqifxm;aom Oya'jzpfonfh jynfxJa&;wnfqJ Oya' trSwf 11§91
udkvnf; oHk;avh&Sdum/ &Hk;wifjcif; odk@r[kwf tr_pGJqdkjcif; r&SdbJ/ rw&m;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;aom umvudk
xyfwdk;avh&Sdonf? TOya' t&yif a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if xif&Sm;aom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
rlvpD&ifcsuf oufwrf;ukefoGm;onfhwdkif aetdrftcsKyf odk@r[kwf (etz) ppftpdk;&. tusOf;axmifxJwGif
qufvufI aeae&onf?17 (etz) ppftpdk;&taeESifh csKyfaeSmifxdef;odrf;r_oufwrf;xyfwdk;p&mrvdkaom tjcm;
tusOf;om;rsm;tzdk@rl vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf tm%mydkifrsm;udk aiGtajrmuftjrm;ay;I vmbfxdk;&wwf
onf?
(c) jzpfwwfonfh yHkpHrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf; csKyfaESmifr_rsKd;twGuf tcsuftvuf
yHkpHwckudk atmufrSm Oyrmazmfjyay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk
az: xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f &Sdygonf? rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifhcsKyfaESmifr_wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@
tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh tnD owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufyg tcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? vlwOD;wa,mufudk zrf;qD;jcif; odk@r[kwf tcsKyfcef;odk@ydk@jcif;?
2? w&m;Oya'rJh twif;tusyfðyr_?
3? yk~dKvfa&; vGwfvyfr_udk &kyfodrf; xdcdkufapjcif;?
4? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf wdk@jzpfygonf?
14/ The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma's Interrogation Centers and Prisons, Assistance Association of Political Prisoners of Burma, 2 December
2005.
16/ Myanmar: Justice on Trial, Amnesty International, 30 July 2003; Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2004, Bureau of Democracy, Hu-
man Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 28 February 2005.
17/ Burma Briefing: Issues and Concerns, Vol. 3, Alternative ASEAN Network of Burma, July 2006.

jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH? ? rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_18

udkatmifausmfpdk;onf &efukefwUodkvfrSm ausmif;wufaepOf/ (2004) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;xJ pwifyg0if
cJhonf? olonf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfodk@ tzGJ@0iftjzpf0ifa&muf+yD;v#if/ vli,facgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf
v#Kd@0Sufv_yf&Sm; cJhonf? (2006) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DwGif udkatmifausmfpdk;onf xif&Sm;aom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;qD;jcif;/ vlrsKd;pkaus;&Gmom;rsm;udk ESdyfuGyfjcif;/ wdkif;jynfwGif; ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhr&Sdjcif; ponfwdk@ tyg
t0if ppftpdk;&. vkyf&yftcsKd@udk qef@usifuef@uGufvsuf vufurf;pmapmifwapmif a&;om;cJhonf? olonf
vufurf;pm&Gufudk rdWLtrsm;tjym; yGm;+yD;aemuf/ vufzuf&nfqdkifxdkifolrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qdkif&Sif
rsm;udk jzef@a0ay;cJhonf?
vufurf;pm&Gufrsm;udk jzef@a0ay;+yD; oDwif;ywftcsKd@t=um/ ol@tdrfrSm tdyfaysmfaepOf tdrfa&S@wcg;udk cyf
jyif;jyif; acgufvdkufoHa=umifh vef@Edk;oGm;cJhonf? udkatmifausmfpdk;. tazu tdyf&mrSx+yD;/ xl;onf? odk@&mwGif
wHcg;zGifh ray;&ao;rDrSmyif/ ppf,leDazgif;0wfxm;ol (4) OD;u wHcg;udk ajcESifhuefIzGifh+yD;v#if udkatmifausmfpdk;udk
awG@csifonf [kqdkonf? udkatmifausmfpdk; tdrf,mxJrSx+yD;/ vljrifaumif;atmif t0wfrvJ&ao;rDrSmyif
ppfom;rsm;u ol@ tcef;udk awG@oGm;onf? ol@udk qGJ+yD;/ =urf;jyifay:odk@ wGef;vSJcsvdkufonf? ppfom;wa,mufu
ol@udk vufjyefóu; wkyfaepOfrSmyif/ aemufwa,mufu ol@acgif;rSm t0wftdwf wtdwf pGyfvdkufonf? udk
atmifausmfpdk;. zcifjzpfolu b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ [kar;vdkuf&m ppfom;wa,mufu ol@udkyg;&dkufvdkuf+yD;/
“rar;eJ@? ar;&rSmu cifAsm;om; bma=umifh ckvdk 'kQjzpf&ovJ qdkwmudkbJ ar;&rSm”[k ajymonf?
ppfom;rsm;u udkatmifausmfpdk;udk tdrfxJrSaeIqGJac:oGm;+yD;aemuf um;xJodk@ xnfhvdkuf=uonf? wem&D
cef@ um;armif;oGm;+yD;aemuf udkatmifausmfpdk;udk um;xJrSqGJcsum taqmuftOD;wckxJodk@ ac:oGm;cJh=u
onf? ol@acgif;rS tdwfudk c|wfvdkufaomtcgY olonf tcef;usOf;uav;wckxJ a&mufaeonfudk awG@&onf?
tcef;xJrSm t&m&Sd (3) a,muf &Sdaeonf? wa,mufu udkatmifausmfpdk;a&;cJhaom vufurf;pm. rdWL
wapmifudk udkifxm;onf? t&m&Sdrsm;u vufurf;pm&Gufta=umif;ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrSm v_yf
&Sm; cJhyHkrsm;ta=umif; ol@udkar;onf? ola&;om;cJha=umif;udk 0efrcHaomtcgY ol@udk pI&dkufawmhonf? &dkuf
ae&if;rS ol@vufrsm;udk óu;ESifhwkyf vdkuf+yD;/ “'grS r[kwfr[wfawG ra&;awmhrSm”[kajym&if; vufudk aoewf
'ifESifh t}udrf}udrf xkonf?
wem&D=umr# oJ}uD;rJ}uD;ar;vdkuf/ &dkufvdkufvkyf+yD;aemuf t&m&Sdrsm;u udkatmifausmfpdk;udk uGefu&pf
tcef;usOf;av;wckxJrSm xnfhydwfxm;vdkufonf? olonf tcef;usOf;av;xJrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm wdkufydwfxm;cH
cJh&onf? wae@v#ifw}udrf tapmifhwa,mufu ol@udk xrif;wyef;uefESifh trJom;ykyf wwHk;vmay;onf?
oDwif;wywf v#if w}udrf npfywfaeaom a&wyHk;ay;onf? aomufp&mvnf;Ta&/ csKd;p&mvnf; Ta&yif
jzpfonf? tcef; xJrSm tdrfomvnf; r&Sdojzifh olonf =urf;jyifay:rSmyif usif}uD;/ usifi,fpGef@&onf? ol@rSm
ausmcif;tdyfp&m bmwckr# r&Sdacs? tcef;usOf;av;xJrSm ºuufESifh jcrsm;vnf;aygonf? TtajctaersKd;jzifh
(2)v=umatmifae+yD;aomtcgY udkatmifausmfpdk;onf t}uD;tus,f emrusef;jzpfawmhonf? olonf
tjyif; zsm;onfhtjyif 0rf;Adkuf uvnf; tjyif;txef emonf? atmhtefp ðyvm+yD; qD;oGm;&mYvnf; aoG;
ygvmonf? olu tapmifhrsm;tm; ol@udkaq;&Hkodk@ydk@ay;&ef awmif;awmif;yefyef ajymqdkcJhaomfvnf; ydk@ray;=u
acs? olonfh tvGeftm;enf;vmcJhonf?
(5) v=um+yD;aemufwGif udkatmifausmfpdk;&Sd&m tcef;usOf;odk@ ppfom; (2)a,muf a&mufvm+yD;/ ol@udk
ppfa=uma&; tcef;xJodk@ qGJac:oGm;onf? t&m&Sdvkyfolu toifha&;xm;aom xGufqdkcsufudk xkwfay;+yD;
18/ ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdjyKapvdk ygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;jyKazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD; a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wck udk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?

udkatmifausmfpdk;tm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;aponf? xGufqdkcsufxJrSm udkatmifausmfpdk;taeESifh aemufaemif wGif

tpdk;& qef@usifa&;pum;rsm; rajymawmhyga=umif;/ r[kwfrrSefaom ajymqdka&;om;r_rsm;a=umifh '%faiG
tjzpfaiGusyf (200000) ay;aqmif&ef oabmwlyga=umif; yg&Sdonf? udkatmifausmfpdk;. zcifu aiG,lvm
aomtcgY ppfom;rsm;u udkatmifausmfpdk;udk v$wfay;vdkufonf?
vGwf+yD; r=umrDrSmyif udkatmifausmfpdk;onf tm;jyef&Sdvmonf? tm%mydkifrsm;u ol@udk qufvuf
apmifh=unfhae=uonf? udkatmifausmfpdk;. oli,fcsif;rsm;u EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifae=u&m/ olonf
tm%mydkifrsm;u ol@oli,fcsif;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm olygonf[k qGJxnfhrnfudk a=umufae&onf? aemufwcsD
tcsKyfcH&v#if oltouf quf&SifEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf[k awG;a=umuf+yD;v#if olonf jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufajy;um
,cktcgY xdkif;EdkifiHrSm w&m;0if pm&Gufpmwrf;r&SdbJ aexdkifaev#uf&Sdonf?
4?(*) awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;twGuf erlemyHkpH

awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t"duusaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;enf;yif jzpfonf? t"duta=umif;
&if;rSm tjzpftysufwckESifh ywfoufI vlwdk@onf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh
yif jzpfygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;aomvkyfief;twGuf tajccHusonfjzpf&m/ awG@qHk
ar; jref;jcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk taumif;qHk; &&Sdxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk bufaygif;pHkrSaeI
tao;pdwfusus az:xkwfa&;wGif aomhcsufwckjzpfygonf? txufaz:jyyg jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHudk tajccHxm;aomawG@qHkar;
jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSm az:jyxm;ygonf? yxr awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aomawG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"u jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd, awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpfyg
onf? om"uwckpD. atmufajcwGif ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf?
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH - (nHh)

ar; - 'gjzifh/ cifAsm;udk ppfwyfu zrf;wmaygh/ [kwfovm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - [kwfygw,f? a=umufp&mygbJ? csKyfxm;wkef;rSm usaemfawmh toufquf&Sifawmhr,fawmifrxif
ygbl;? &dkufxm;wJh '%fawGa=umifh usaemhfvufawG ckxd emaewkef;ygbJ?
ar; - cifAsm;u (NLD) xJrSmyg+yD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfcJhvdk@ tzrf;cHcJh&wmaygh?
atmifausmfpdk; - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udk w&m;r#wwJh =um;emppfaq;r_ rcHcJh&bl;aygh?
atmifausmfpdk; - rwifcJhygbl;? usaemfhudk b,fw&m;&Hk;rSmrS rwifcJhygbl;? w&m;ol}uD;wdk@bmwdk@udk jrifawmifrjrifcJh&
ygbl;?
ar; - cifrsm;udk xdrf;odrf;a&;pcef;rSmxm;cJhw,faygh?
atmifausmfpdk; - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udk zrf;wm tpdk;&t&m&SdawGvm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - tpdk;&t&m&Sdvdk@ xifwmbJ? usaemfhudk ppfom;awGu zrf;oGm;=uwmyg?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onfh tb,fha=umifh nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&ygoenf;?

nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; jzpf&onfhrSm ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGm &Sdygonf? yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf?
csKd;azmufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðy&efwnf;[laom awG@qHkar;
jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkudk tao;pdwfay:vGifapa&;twGuf ar;cGef;rsm;vHk
avmufjcif; r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onfjzpf&yf. yHkum;csyfudk tjynfht0az:jya&;wGif txl;ta&;}uD;
ygonf?
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm udkatmif
ausmfpdk; taeESifh rnfodk@ ajz=um;oifha=umif; t&dyftuJjyonfhoabm jzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf”odk@
r[kwf “r[kwfyg”[kajzaeygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk usefoGm;Edkif+yD;awG@qHk ar;jref;
ol taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif udkatmif
ausmfpdk; bufuvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol
=um;vdkaom tajzrsm;udk ay;onfhoabmydkrsm;oGm;Edkifygonf?
wwd,tcsuf- TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf awG@qHkar;jref;ol rlvuwnf;u oHo,&Sdaeaom csKd;azmufr_
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm; csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh csKyfaESmifr_jzpf&yfrsm;onf tjcm;aomvl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk
vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh udkatmifausmfpdk; xdef;odrf;cHae&pOfumvtwGif;rSm jzpfyGm;cJhonfh tjcm;&mZ0wfr_usL;vGef
r_rsm; uJhodk@aom usL;vGefr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- udkatmifausmfpdk;. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk
TawG@qHk ar;jref;jcif; rSaeI r&&Sdacs? udkatmifausmfpdk;. owif;udk yHhydk;twnfðya&;twGuf oufaot
axmuftxm;&Sd-r&Sd/ odk@r[kwf q&m0efaq;ppfcsufuJhodk@aom tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;&Edkif - r&Edkifudk
ol@tm; ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom rSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf?
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH - (aumif;)

ar; - udkatmifausmfpdk; ArmjynfuaexGufvmzdk@ bma=umifhqHk;jzwfcJh&w,fqdkwmudk ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - usaemf jrefrmEdkifiHuxGufzdk@ jzpfvmcJhygw,f? aemufxyf ppfwyfzrf;rSmudk usaemf awmfawmfa=umuf
ygw,f? aemufxyf xdrf;odrf;cH&&if usaemf touf&Sifawmhr,f rxifygbl;?
ar; - ppfwyfu zrf;vdrfhOD;r,fvdk@ bma=umifh cifAsm;xifygovJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - xdef;odrf;&muae usaemfvGwfvm+yD;wJhtcg (NLD) ygwDxJrSm wufwufºuºuv_yf&Sm;ae=u ao;wJh
usaemfholi,fcsif;awG&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_xJ usaemf ygw,fvdk@ ppfwyfuqGJxnfhrSmudk usaemfa=umufyg
w,f?
ar; - cifAsm;tzrf;cH&wJh tcg bmawGjzpfcJhovJqdkwmudk ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - ajymjyEdkifygw,f? (2006) ckESpf/ ZM0g&Dvwkef;u usaemfhudk zrf;ygw,f? ,leDazgif;0wf ppfom; (4)
a,muf usaemfhtdrfudk a&mufvmygw,f? usaemfhudk vufjyefóu;wkyf/ acgif;rSm t0wftdwfpGyf+yD;/
&efukefòr@tjyifbufu xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;wckqDudk ac:oGm;cJhygw,f? usaemf (5)v=umatmif xdef;
odrf;cH cJh&ygw,f? t}uD;tus,f 'kQa&mufcJhygw,f?

ar; - bma=umifh cifAsm;udk zrf;wmygvJ?

atmifausmfpdk; - usaemfhudk bma=umifhzrf;w,fqdkwmudk b,folrSwdwdusus rajymjyygcJhygbl;? 'gayr,fh (NLD) rSm
usaemfygcJhvdk@ zrf;w,fxifygw,f? usaemfu (NLD) rSm vli,facgif;aqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ wm0ef
,lcJh+yD;/ tzrf; rcH&cif (2) ywfavmufu tpdk;&&J@vkyf&yfawGudk qef@usifwJh vufurf;pmapmif
wapmifudk usaemfa&;+yD; jzef@cJhygw,f? usaemfhudk ppfa=uma&;vkyfawmh (NLD)xJrSmusaemfv_yf
&Sm;cJhyHkawGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ awmfawmfar;ygw,f? olwdk@vufxJrSmvnf; usaemfhvufurf;pmawG
&xm;ygw,f? +yD;awmh/ usaemfhudk v$wfray;cifrSm (NLD) xJrSm ryg awmhygbl;vdk@ oabmwla=umif;
vufrSwf xdk;cdkif;cJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udk b,folu zrf;wmygvJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - ppftpdk;&&J@ b,fXmevJ/ bmvJ usaemf aoaocsmcsmrodygbl;? usaemfhtdrfudk vmzrf;wmuawmh
tpdk;&ppfom;awG ygbJ?
ar; - olwdk@u tpdk;&ppfom;awGvdk@ cifAsm;bma=umifhajymEdkifygovJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - tpdk;& ppfom;awG 0wfaeus ,leDazgif;awG0wfxm;=uvdk@ od&wmyg?
ar; - zrf;oGm;+yD;wJhaemuf bmawGjzpfygovJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - olwdk@u (NLD) xJrSm usaemfv_yf&Sm;cJhyHkawG ta=umif;ar;ygw,f? vufurf;pm&Gufudkusaemf
a&;cJhwm/ usaemf[m ab;tœ&,frsm;wJh t,ltqawGudk jzef@aewm olwdk@oda=umif;ajymyg w,f?
usaemfhudk cyf=urf;=urf;&dkufygw,f? usaemfhvufawGudk aoewf'ifawGeJ@ &dkufacsygw,f? 'grS r[kwf
r[wfawG ra&;awmhrSmvdk@vnf; ajymygw,f? aemufawmh usaemfhudk (5) vavmuf tcef;xJrSm
ydwfxm;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udk w}udrfwavrS &Hk;rxkwfbl;vm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - rxkwfygbl;? tcef;xJrSmbJ ydwfxm;cJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;cJhwmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;taeeJ@ wdkifwef;vdk@&Edkifr,fxifygovm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - usaemfawmh &Edkifr,f rxifygbl;? wu,fvdk@ &Edkifr,fqdk&ifvnf; b,fvdk wdkifwef;&r,f qdkwmudk
usaemf rodygbl;? Armjynf&J@ pepf}uD;wckvHk;udk ppfwyfu zsufqD;xm;cJhvdk@ wdkifwef;vnf; bmrSxl;
r,f rxifygbl;? tzrf;cHvdkuf&+yDqdk&if bmrSvkyfvdk@r&awmhygbl;?
ar; - xdef;odrf;xm;wJhae&mrSm tajctae b,fvdk&SdygovJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - tajctaeuawmh wu,fhudk a=umufp&mygbJ? usaemfhudk tcef;usOf;av;xJrSm wa,mufxJxm;
ygw,f? usaemfhqDudkb,fol@udkrS vmcGifhray;ygbl;? usaemfhudkae@wdkif; pm;p&menf;enf;av; avmuf
yJay;ygw,f? 'gawmif òrvdk@rusavmufwJh[mawGyg? aomufp&meJ@ csKd;p&ma& vHkvHkavmufavmuf
r&wJhtjyif/ tdrfomoGm; p&mvnf;r&Sdygbl;? 'DtajctaeawGa=umifh usaemf rrmrusef; jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemfhudk q&m0efeJ@awG@cGifh ray;ygbl;?
ar; - xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;rSm b,folawGu wm0ef,lae=uwmvJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - usaemfudkzrf;wJh wyfbJvdk@usaemfxifygw,f? tapmifhawGa&m t&m&SdawGygtm;vHk;yJ/ usaemfhudk zrf;
wJh ppfom;awGeJ@ ,leDazgif; wqifxJ0wfxm;=uygw,f?

ar; - cifAsm; b,fvdkvkyf+yD; vGwfvmygovJ?

atmifausmfpdk; - wae@rSm ppfom;wcsKd@ usaemfhudk tcef;xJuae vmac:xkwfoGm;ygw,f? aemufudk EdkifiHa&;rvkyf
awmhygbl;qdkwJh uwdcH0efcsufrSm vufrSwfxdk;&if xGufoGm;vdk@&w,fvdk@ usaemfhudkajymygw,f? +yD;
awmh '%faiGusyf (200˜000) ay;&r,fvdk@vnf;ajymygw,f? usaemfvnf; axmifxJrSm aoroGm;
csifwmeJ@/ 0efcHuwdudk vufrSwf xdk;cJhygw,f? '%faiGu usaemfh rdom;pktzdk@ awmfawmfhudkrsm;yg
w,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfhtazu tdrfeD;csif;awGqDu acs;,lcJhygw,f? aemufawmh olwdk@usaemfhudk
v$wfay;ygw,f? bma=umifh usaemfhudk v$wfay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhw,fqdkwmudk usaemfrodygbl;?
ar; - vGwf+yD;aemufrSm b,fvdkjzpfygovJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - tazeJ@twl usaemftdrfudkjyefygw,f? usaemfoli,fcsif;awGu owif;=um;+yD;/ tdrfudkvmvnf=u
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tm%mydkifawGu usaemfhudkapmifh=unfhae=uwm/ usaemfhtdrf vmwJhvlawGudk ol
wdk@odae=uw,fqdkwmudk usaemfodygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh/ ppfom;awGuwcgwcg usaemfh
tdrfudkvm+yD;/ usaemfhqD b,fol awG vmovJ? bmawG aqG;aEG;=uovJqdkwmawGudk ar;=uvdk@ygyJ?
apmapmu usaemfajymcJhwJhtwdkif; ppfwyfu usaemfh oli,fcsif;awG&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_xJ usaemfygw,f
qkd+yD; qGJxnfhrSmudk usaemfa=umufygw,f? 'geJ@yJ/ usaemf jrefrmEdkifiHuae xGufvmcJhygw,f?
ar; - xdef;odrf;&muae vGwfvm+yD;wJh aemufrSm q&m0efwa,mufa,mufqD oGm;awG@cJhygovm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - [kwfuJh? vGwf+yD;aemufrSm/ usaemf q&m0efwa,mufqDoGm;awG@ygw,f? tzsm;&Sdao;wJh tjyif/
tm;vnf;enf;aevdk@ jzpfygw,f? olwdk@ aoewf'ifeJ@xkxm;wkef;u usaemfhvufawG[m ckxdawmf
awmfhudk emae wkef;ygyJ? q&m0efu aq;ay;+yD; tem;,lbdk@ ajymygw,f? xdkif;EdkifiHxJudka&mufvmawmh
usaemfq&m0ef wa,mufqDoGm;jyygao;w,f? vufawGuemaewkef;rdk@ygyJ? olu cGJpdwfukozdk@vdk
w,fvdk@ ajymayr,fh/ usaemfu rwwfEdkifawmh tudkuftcJaysmufaq;yJ pm;ae&ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;rSm aq;ppfcsufrdWL&Sdygovm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - xdkif;xJu q&m0efwa,mufqDuae rdWLwapmifavmuf &Edkifygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm usaemfoGm;
awG@wJh q&m0efqDu aq;ppfcsufrdWLawmh usaemfhrSm r&Sdygbl;? 'gayr,fh toHk;0ifr,fqdk&if ydk@ay;zdk@
usaemfh tarudkrSmvdk@ &Edkifygw,f?
ar; - 'gqdk&ifodyfaumif;wmayghAsm? 'DtwGufcifAsm;tarrSm tœ&m,frjzpfbl;qdk&ifayghAsm? cifAsm; jzpf&yfudk
odxm;wJh vl awGxJu usaemfpum;ajymvdk@&r,fhol wjcm;wa,mufa,muf &Sdygovm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - usaemfhtazeJ@ ajymvdk@&ygw,f? usaemf xGufvm+yD; r=umcifrSmbJ olxdkif;EdkifiHudk a&mufvmcJh+yD;/
ckusaemfeJ@twl ae aeygw,f? usaemftzrf;cH&wkef;u ol&Sdygw,f? usaemfvGwfa&;twGuf ydkuf
qHudk olyJay;ygw,f? olvnf; cifAsm;eJ@ pum;ajymcsifrSmyg?
ar; - aumif;yg+yD? aemufxyfajymp&m &dSygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf usaemfhudk ar;p&mwckck&Sdygovm;?
atmifausmfpdk; - tjzpfu a=umufp&mygbJ? 'DtajctaersKd;rSm xdef;odrf;cH&&if touf&Sifzdk@vrf;r&Sdygbl;? usaemfh
udk wd&d>mefwaumifvdk qufqHcJh=uygw,f? usaemf ñuHcJh&wmawG[m wdkif;jynfrSm jzpfyGm;aewJh
rw&m;r_awG ta=umif;udk trSeftwdkif;az:jy&ma&mufaeygw,f? usaemf[m &mZ0wfaumif
wa,mufr[kwfygbl;? usaemf[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJ@ ta=umuft&GH@r&Sd aeEdkifcGifhudkvdkcsifwm
omjzpfygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@tawG@tñuHudk ajymjywJhtwGuf txl;yJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dvdkajymjyzdk@ awmfawmhfudk r
vG,frSef; usaemfodygw,f? usaemfcifAsm;eJ@ aemufxyf pum;ajymzdk@vdkr,fqdk&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdk

qufoG,fvdk@ &EdkifygrvJ?
atmifausmfpdk; - tcsdefra&G; 'D&Gmudkvm+yD;/ usaemfeJ@pum;ajymEdkifygw,f?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onfh tb,fha=umifh aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&ygoenf;?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm udkatmifausmfpdk;u ol@jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh
jzpfyg onf? yGJOD;xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm; jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ygygonf?
ol.ajz=um;csufrsm;onf csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY
taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if udkatmifausmfpdk;onf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_ESifhywf
oufI atmufygowif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- udkatmifausmfpdk;onf zrf;qD;r_tjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf owif;tcsufrsm;ay;onf? ppfom;rsm;
ol@tdrf odk@a&mufvm+yD;/ ol@udk vufjyefóu;wkyfum/ tdrfxJrSaeI qGJac:oGm;a=umif; ajymjycJhonf? ol@udk
zrf;qD;pOfu ol.taz&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpf&yfta=umif; udkatmifausmfpdk;. ajymjycsufudk twnfðyaz:jy
ay;&eftwGuf zcifjzpfoludkyg awG@qHkar;jref;v#if tusdK;&Sdvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
'kwd,- rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_. oabmobm0tjzpfaz:jya&;twGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;
udk udkatmifausmfpdk;uay;cJhonf? ol@udkrnfodk@pGJqdkcsufjzifh zrf;onf[k ajymjyjcif;r&SdbJ/ zrf;qD;jcif;/ ppfa=um
ar;jref;jcif;ESifh xdef;odrf;jcif;ðyyHkta=umif;udk udkatmifausmfpdk;u &Sif;jycJhonf? ol@twGuf rdrdudk,frdrdckcHum
uG,f&ef odk@r[kwf w&m;&Hk;Y=um;emppfaq;cH&ef tcGifhtvrf; ray;cJha=umif; ajymjycJhonf? EdkifiHa&;vufurf;
pmapmifwapmif a&;om;/ jzef@a0+yD;aemufrSm tzrf;cHcJh&a=umif;/ ol.EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI
aomfvnf;aumif;/ vufurf;pm xkwfa0&mrSm ol. yg0ifr_ESifhywfoufI aomfvnf;aumif; ppfa=umar;jref;
cHcJh&a=umif;ESifh/ xdk@tjyif olonf aemufaemifwGif EdkifiHa&;rvkyfawmhyg[kqdkaom uwdcH0efcsufudk vuf
rSwfa&;xdk; cJh&a=umif;[laom ol.xGufqdkcsuftay:tajccHI awG@&Sd&aomtcsufrSm olonf tajccHvl@
tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfonfh t=urf;rzufaom EdkifiHa&;xkwfaz:r_rSm yg0ifywfoufr_twGuf zrf;qD;/ csKyfaESmif
cHcJh&onf[lI jzpfygonf?
wwd,- awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;u az:jyvdkufonfrSm udkatmifausmfpdk;onf yk~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfcGifh &kyfodrf;
cHcJh&onf[lI jzpfygonf? ol@udk xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;odk@ twif;t"Raz:aqmifoGm;+yD;/ rESpfòr@zG,f&mtajctae
xJrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm csKyfaESmifxm;cJha=umif; udkatmifausmfpdk;u ajymjycJhonf? 0efcHcsufwckudk vufrSwf
xdk;um/ '%faiGay;aqmifvdkufrSom vGwfvmcJha=umif;udkvnf; az:jycJhonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- zrf;qD;r_ESifh csKyfaESmifr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk udkatmifausmfpdk;u
az:jycJhonf? ol@zrf;qD;/ csKyfaESmifr_rSm wm0ef&Sdaom ppfwyf. wyfzGJ@trnf odk@r[kwf wyfzGJ@.wHqdyf trSwf
tom;wdk@udk a&a& &m&mwdwdusus az:xkwf rjyEdkifaomfvnf;/ tpdk;&,leDazgif;0wfxm;a=umif;udkawmh ol
az:jycJhonf? TtcsufESifhyifv#if tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk jyo&ef vHkavmufygonf?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_ESifh qufE$,faeaom n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif; uJhodk@aom
tjcm; csKd;azmufr_rsm; twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;&&Sdygonf? tjyif;txef&dkufESufcHcJh&um/ qufvufI
temw& cHpm;ae&ao;a=umif; olaz:jycJhonf? &dkufESufcH&&mrS &&SdcJhaom ol.temw&jzpfr_rsm;ESifhywf
oufI ol@q&m0ef. rSwfwrf;rsm;onf ol@jzpf&yfudk oufaocHa&;twGuf taxmuftul ay;ygvdrfhrnf?
tjcm;aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk owfrSwfaz:jya&;twGuf aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;ar;&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfEdkif
ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;pGm+yD;qHk;oGm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm atmifausmfpdk;u aemufxyfar;
cGef;rsm;udk ajz=um;ay;rnf[k oabmwl cJhonfhtjyif/ awG@qHkar;jref;oltzdk@vnf; olESifh rnfodk@ qufoG,f
&rnfudk odvdkuf&aoma=umifhjzpfygonf?

(5) ed*Hk;csKyf?
Ttcef;udk zwf+yD;v#if oifhtaeESifh atmufygvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf?
- rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_wdk@. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwfom; od&Sdvmjcif;?
- rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh csKyfaESmifr_ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD; aom
ar;cGef;rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azmufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Guf
jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfhtcef;rsm;u rw&m;zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_wdk@. taxmuf
txm;rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkI tao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

(1) t"r®vkyftm;apcdkif;rI
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ajrmuf&efrSm csKd;azmufr_. t"dut*F g&yf
rsm;jynfhrD&ef vdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf Oya'ESifh
qef@usifaom vkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf &Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHk vdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyf pmwrf;jyXmef;csufrsm;rS
aeI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rðyrDrSm csKd;azmufr_
[laom t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? T
tcef;wGif t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_[laom csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifapa&; twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;
az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_. t"dy`g,fudk owfrSwfjcif;?

(u) EdkifiHwumOya't&qdkv#if t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_udk vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_w&yftjzpf rSwfwrf;ðy&eftvdk@iSm atmufygt*F g&yf (4)&yf
xif&Sm;a=umif;az:jy&ygrnf?
1? tvkyf (vkyftm;) odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_?
2? twif;t"R (qürygbJ) xkwf,ljcif;?
3? tjypfay; '%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;?
4? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf?
1/ t"R vkyftm;cdkif;apr_udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; wm;jrpfxm;aom tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;rSm atmufygwdk@ yg0ifonf?

- vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;? yk'fr-4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 4
- vlr_tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ (ICCPR) yk'fr-8
- aus;u|efjyKr_qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf? yk'fr 1 (1) Slavery Convention, Article 1(1)
- u|efjyKr_/ u|efukeful;r_/ u|efjyKr_ESifh tvm;wljzpfonfh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifusifhoHk;aer_rsm; zsufodrf;jcif;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf
aemufxyfjznfhpGufr_? yk'fr- 7
- tdkift,fvftdk tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf- 29 ILO Convention No. 29
- tdkift,fvftdk tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf (105) ILO Convention No. 105 (t"R vkyftm;cdkif;apr_udk wm;jrpfxm;onf?)
- tdkift,fvftdk tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf? trSwf - 182 yk'fr- 3 (u) ILO Convention No. 182 Article 3(a) uav;rsm;udk tqdk;&Gm;qHk; yHkpHjzifh
tvkyfcdkif;apr_rsm;udk csufcsif;wm;jrpf&efESifh tqHk;owfap&eftwGuf ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef?
- tdkift,fvftdk vkyfom;cef@xm;r_qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf -122 ILO Employment Policy Convention No. 122
- tdkift,fvftdk Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf- 169?
ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169
a'oqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;uvnf; t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_udk wm;jrpfa=umif;azmfjyxm;=uonf? Oyrmtar&duEdkifiHrsm;. oabmwlnDcsufjzpfonf? vkyf
tm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_qdkif&m ajrmuftar&duwdkuf oabmwlnDcsuf North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ESifh tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif
&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf American Convention on Human Rights (Art. 6) rsm;jzpfonf? Oa&mywdkufwGifvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwf
vyfcGifhrsm; umuG,fay;a&; Oa&myEdkifiHrsm; oabmwlnDcsuf European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Art.
4) ESifh Oa&myvlr_a&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf; European Social Charter (Art. 1) wdk@ &Sdaeonf? tmz&duwdkufwGifvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh jynfolrsm; tcGifh
ta&;qdkif&m tmz&duwdkuf a=unmpmwrf; African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples’ Rights (Art. 5) &Sdonf? ta&S@awmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;toif;
(tmqD,H)wGif tvm;wl oabmwlnDcsuf &Sdaomfvnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; rjyK&ao;yg?
t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_udk wm;jrpfxm;onfh Oya't&wif;usyfpnf;aESmifxm;r_r&Sdaom tjynfjynfqdkif&mpmcsKyf/ rSwfwrf;rsm;&Sdygonf? ‚wdk@wGif u|efukeful;r_
wuBm vHk;wGifzsufodrf;a&;ESifh oufqdkifaoma=unmcsuf Declaration Relative to the Universal Abolition of the Slave Trade tdkift,fvftdk. vkyfief;

(c) vkyftm; odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk twif;t"rR odk@r[kwf qENrygbJ xkwf,ljcif;tjzpf rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u az: jy
oenf;?
vkyftm;udk twif;t"R (qürygbJ) xkwf,ljcif; qdkonfrSm vlyk~dKvfwpHkwa,muf tvkyftpDtpOfxJodk@
0ifoGm;yHk 0ifoGm;enf;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? vkyftm; odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_onf oabmwl cGifhðycsuf r&bJjzpfap/ Edkif
xuf uvlðyaom tajctaeatmufrSmjzpfap oGwfoGif;jcif;cH&ygu twif;t"Rxkwf,ljcif;tjzpf rSwf,l&ygonf?
Edkifxufuvlðy vkyftm;xkwf,lr_wGif atmufyg tajctaersm;yg0ifygonf?2
- “aus;u|efb0”jzifhjzpfap/ taESmiftzGJ@cH b0jzifh jzpfap arG;zGm;vmjcif; odk@r[kwf qif;oufvm&jcif;?
- Oya'ESifh qef@usifpGm ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; odk@r[kwf jyefay;qGJjcif;?
- vlyk~dKvfwpHkwa,mufudk tjcm;wpHkwa,muf. ydkifqdkifr_tjzpfodk@ a&mif;csjcif;?
- tusOf;axmif odk@r[kwf udk,fydkifxdef;odrf;a&;pcef; uJhodk@aomae&m&Sd tvkyfcGifxJrSm ydwfxm;jcif;?
- pdwf"gwfa&;t& Edkifxufuvlðyjcif;? (Oyrm -+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;?)
- aºu;wifatmif wrifzefwD;jcif;?3
- tvkyftrsKd;tpm; odk@r[kwf tvkyfvkyf&rnfh umvwmESifhywfoufI vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf
r[kwf rrSef uwday;jcif;?
- vkyfcudk ray;bJ qdkif;iHhxm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf vHk;0 ray;bJxm;jcif;?
- rSwfyHkwif pm&Gufpmwrf;/ odk@r[kwf wefzdk;&Sdaom udk,fydkifyPnf;rsm;udk tusyfudkifonfh oabmjzifh xdef;odrf;
xm;jcif;?
(*) tjypfay; '%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;tjzpf rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u az: jyygoenf;?

“tjypfay; '%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;”qdkonfrSm vlyk~dKvfwpHkwa,mufudk twif;t"Rvkyftm;ap
cdkif;aomtajctaerSm xm;&Sd&eftwGuf toHk;ðyaomenf;vrf;yifjzpfonf? wu,fwrf; tjypfay;'%fcwfjcif;/ odk@r
[kwf tjypfay;'%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;. &v'ftjzpf vkyfay;aomtvkyf/ odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_onf tjypf
cGifwGif tajccHrlrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m a=unmcsuf Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work ESifh t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_qdkif&m
t=uHjyKcsufrsm; (wdkuf&dkuf r[kwfaom wdkufwGef;csuf)- trSwf -35 Forced labor (Indirect Compulsion) Recommendation No. 35. wdk@ &Sdaeonf?
TOya' rSwfwrf;rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESm http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (last visited 27 July 2008). wGif &,lEdkifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (CIL) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? (CIL) onf tpdk;&. a,bk,svkyfaqmifcsufrS
vmonfh Oya'ausm&dk; wckjzpf+yD;/ tcsdef&vmonfESifhtr# pnf;aESmifr_&Sdonfh Oya'wcktjzpf vufcHvm=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHwckonf pOfqufrjywf
TOya'udk jiif;y,fvmcJhygu EdkifiHwckonf TOya't& pnf;aESmifr_r&Sdyg?
t"R vkyftm;cdkif;apr_udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;t& wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf txuf azmfjyyg tjynfjynfqdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;rxm;aomfvnf;/ T tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_ &Sdaeonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf? (odk@r[kwfygu
TOya't& pnf;aESmif;r_r&Sdap&ef tpOftquf jiif;y,fazmfjyr_rsKd; jyKvm&rnfjzpfonf?
vltrsm;pku t"rRvkyftm; cdkif;apr_onf a,bk,s tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'. tpdwftydkif; wckr#om r[kwfbJ jus cogens norm [kvnf;
,lq=uygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHwcku rnfonfhtcgr# rcsKd;azmuf&onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'. tajccH wefzdk;xm;csuf jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;yif? TEdkifiHu
tpOfwpdkuf uef@uGufjiif;y,f vmcJhv#ifaomfrS vdkufem&rnf jzpfonf? wenf; ajym&v#if EdkifiHrsm;onf Twefzdk;xm;csufudk ypfy,fa&mif;pm;jcif; rjyK&yg?
2/ Michaëlle De Cock, “Directions for National and International Data Collection on Forced Labor,” t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_qdkif&m tcsuftvuf
rsm;aumuf,l&mwGif EdkifiHtqifh/ EdkifiHwumtqifhtwGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;? tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;&Hk;? International Labor Office, February 2007;
International Labour Organization, “A global alliance against forced labour: Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fun-
damental Principles and Rights at Work,” 2005.
3/ aºuG;wifatmif wrifzefwD;jcif;qdkonfrSm pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk twkjyKjcif;/ aps;E_ef;rsm;ydka&;jcif;/ xkwfukefESifh0efaqmifr_udk aps;av#mhcsjcif;/ twdk;E_ef;}uD;rm;pGm,l
jcif;jzifh aºuG;wif&aom tajctae qdkufapjcif;jzpfonf?

ay;'%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; tajctaeatmufrSm vkyfay;aomtvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_tjzpf rSwf,l&yg

onf? TtajctaeatmufwGif atmufyg tajctaersm;yg0ifygonf?4
- twif;t"Rvkyftm; apcdkif;cH&oludk aomfvnf;aumif;/ aqGrsKd;rsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ ywfouf&m ywfouf
a=umif; yk~dKvfrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif; udk,fxdvufa&muf t=urf;zufjcif;?
- tusOf;csjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aom udk,fcýmt& csKyfaESmifxm;r_o¿mefoHk;jcif;?
- aiG '%fwyfjcif;rsm;?
- tm%mydkifrsm;xH tyfjcif;?
- vuf&Sd tvkyfrS ðzwfypfjcif;?
- aemufaemifwGif tvkyfrcef@&ef ypfy,fxm;jcif;?
- &yf&Gm odk@r[kwf vlr_a&;b0rS xkwfy,fxm;jcif;?
- tcGifhta&; odk@r[kwf txl;tcGifhta&;rsm; &kyfodrf;jcif;?
- pm;p&mudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ aep&mudkaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif; &kyfodrf;
jcif;?
- ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aom tvkyfcGifodk@ ajymif;a&$@apjcif;?
- vlr_a&;tqifhtwef; qHk;&_H;jcif;?
(C) twif;t"rR vkyftm;apcdkif;r_udk rnfonfh tcgrsKd;rSm cGifhðyEdkifygoenf;?

wdus&Sif;vif;pGmowfrSwfxm;+yD; tvGef&Sm;yg;aom tajctae/ tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSmomv#if twif;t"Rvkyftm;
apcdkif;r_udk cGifhðyygonf? EdkifiHwumOya't&qdkv#if atmufyg rvkyfrae&tvkyfESifh 0efaqmifr_o¿mefrsm;udkomcGifhðy
ygonf?5
- rjzpfrae ppfr_xrf;&jcif;- om"utaeESifh/ ‘ppfa&;oufouf vQ%maqmifaom” vkyfief;rsm;;? (tpdk;&pDrH
udef;vkyfief;rsm; r[kwfbJ/ trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;)?6
- vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf EdkifiHom;wOD;. wm0ef0W&m;rsm;- om"utaeESifh/ w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@0iftjzpf aqmif&Gufay;&
jcif;/ ab;tœ&m,fusa&mufaeolwOD;OD;udk ulnDay;&jcif;?
- tusOf;om;tvkyf - tusOf;axmiftm%mydkifrsm;. }uD;=uyfr_atmufrSmvkyf&aom jypf'%fustusOf;om;rsm;
. tvkyf/ odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_? rnfonfh yk~vdu ydkifvkyfief;rsKd;rSmjzpfap/ tusOf;om;rsm;udk tvkyfapcdkif;cGifh
rðyacs?
4/ Michaëlle De Cock, Ibid.

5/ UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 8(3). ILO Forced Labour Convention, No. 29, Article 2(2). International Labor
Organization, “Eradication of Forced Labour,” 2007, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, “Forced Labour in the 21st Century,”
undated.
6/ ppfwyfu vlopfpkaqmif;cH&olrsm;onf ppfa&;ESifh roufqdkifonfh tjcm;vkyfief;cGifwGifvnf; aqmif&Guf&ef cGifhjyKEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? Tvkyfief;rsKd;udk tjcm;c|if;csuf
atmufY tusKH;0ifEdkifonf? (Oyrm- ta&;ay: tajctaersKd;)

- &kwfw&ufvnf;jzpf/ óuwifIvnf; rodEdkifbJ/ vwfwavm aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfaom vkyfief;rsm;- (om"u

taeESifh/ ppfyGJ/ rD;avmifr_/ a&}uD;r_/ tiwfab; usa&mufjcif;/ ajrivsifab; usa&mufjcif; ponf rsm;) twGuf
tuef@towfESifh vkyfay;&jcif;? (rjzpfrae vkyfay;&aom tvkyfESifh 0efaqmifr_ rsm;. umvwmESifh yrm%wdk@
udk vdktyfonfxuf rydkap&?)
- ti,fpm;&yf&Gmvkyfief;rsm; - &yf&GmtwGuf wdkuf&dkuftusdK;&Sdapaom tao;pm;vkyfief;rsm; (om"u taeESifh
ðyjyifxdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;/ odk@r[kwf vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;) jzpf&rnfhtjyif &yf&Gmudk,fYu vdktyf
onf [k oabmwlxm;aom vkyfief;rsm;jzpf&rnf?
Tc|if;csuf (5) csufonf twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_udk cGifhðyaom om"ursm; jzpfygonf? tjcm;aom
vkyftm;apcdkif;r_ o¿mefrSefor#udk EdkifiHwumOya'u ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;ygonf?
(i) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya't&qdkv#if t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfu vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsKd;jzpf&efvdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSmtajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum todtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sdvl
rsm; ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkcsKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&efóu;yrf;aom trsKd;om;(EdkifiHawmftqifh)tzGJ@ tpnf;”
udk &nf!$ef;jcif;jzpfygonf?7 odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_wGifwm0ef&Sd
onf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;&t&m&Sd wOD;u
t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_wckudk usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpf
onf?8 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;
aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufIvHkavmufpGm
ta&;,l&efaomf vnf;aumif; tpdk;&.ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf?9 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ twif;t"R
tvkyfapcdkif;r_wdk@ usL;vGefaomwOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifhEdkifiHwum
Oya'udk csKd;azmuf&m a&mufygonf?
usL;vGefolrsm; (tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;)
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) qdkonfrSm woD;yk~vvlrsm;/ tkyfpk
rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&.tpdwftydkif;wck r[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ðyaeonf
rsKd;&Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;.tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/
yk~vduaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifonf?
Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf jynfwGif; Oya't&olwdk@vkyf
udkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;& r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;
pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwum Oya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@. vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&ef rvdktyf
onfhtajctae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@usL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf
vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't&
wm0efcH&ef ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpf&ef
twGuf/ tpdk;&u usL;vGefonf jzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tif tm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)
u usL;vGefonfjzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
8/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;[k qdk&mwGif tpdk;&tm%mydkifr_twGif; vkyfaqmif taumiftxnfazmfaom tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-w&m;Oya'

pnf;=uyfa&;Xmersm;/ jynfol@ppf vufeufudkif tzGJ@rsm;/ vkyf=uH owfjzwfa&;tzGJ@rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfonf?
9/ rSwfcsufjyK&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&.vkyf&yfudk oufaojy&efrvdktyfyg?
vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udktœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu tcef;-2 udk =unfhyg?


ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif; tcsuftvuf
rsm; pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf. toHk;0ifr_onf tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;ol.
xda&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaomar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@tñuHESifhpGrf;&nfay:rSm t"dutm;jzifhrlwnfygvdrfhrnf? tcsuf
tvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwumOya'
csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;ar;cGef;rsm; ðypk&mY taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? csKd;azmufr_ t*F g&yf
rsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf; owfrSwfcsufwck
&&SdEdkifygonf?

- aemufcHta=umif;jzifh tpcsD+yD;v#if/ ydkI ta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI aqmif&Gufyg?

1? tvkyfESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk owfrSwfjcif;

- tvkyf&Sifu rnfol jzpfoenf? tvkyform;u rnfoljzpfoenf;?
- rnfonfh tvkyftrsKd;tpm;/ odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk aqmif&GufcJhoenf;?
- tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk rnfhonfh ae&mrSmaqmif&GufcJhoenf;?
- tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk rnfhonfh tcsdeftcgrSm aqmif&GufcJhoenf;?
- Ttvkyfudk rnfr# =um=umaqmif&GufcJhoenf;?

2? twif;t"rR xkwf,ljcif; tajctaeudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk aqmif&Gufay;&ef oabmwlnDr_ w&yf &SdcJhygovm;? tb,fha=umifh &SdcJhoenf;?
odk@r[kwf tb,fha=umifh r&SdcJhoenf;?
- tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk rnfolu pDpOfcJhoenf;?
- tvkyfoabmwlnDr_ pmcsKyfrSmygaom tcsufrsm;um;tb,fenf;?
- tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_ESifh ywfoufaom pDrHr_udk tb,fa=umifh xm;&SdcJhoenf;?
3? tjypfay; '%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; tajctaeudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk rnfolu }uD;=uyfoenf;?
- vkyfief;oabmwlnDr_rSm ygaom tcsufrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
- tvkyfudk raqmif&GufrD§aqmif&GufaepOf§ aqmif&Guft+yD;rSm rnfodk@ jzpfyGm;oenf;?
- tu,fI tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk raqmif&Gufvdkyg[k jiif;qefv#if rnfodk@jzpfrnfenf;?
- tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk tb,fha=umifhaqmif&GufcJhoenf;?
4? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- pDpOfr_udk rnfoluðyvkyfoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;oenf;? Tta=umif;udk rnfolwdk@odoenf;? Ttvkyf
apcdkif;r_udk rnfolwdk@u ulnDaqmif&Gufay;oenf;?
- TtjzpfESifh ywfoufI wdkif=um;jcif;ðycJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwf tb,fh
a=umifh wdkif=um;jcif; rðyygoenf;?
EdkifiHwum Oya' csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &Sm
azGpkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifhvkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifhtqif
oifh ay:vGifxif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh
ywfoufaom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;rSaeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;

azmufr_. t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus rw&m;

zrf;qD;r_ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsKd; twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH wckudkaz:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifhywfoufaom taumif;ESifhtqdk; om"u
rsm;udkaz:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGm tcsuftvuf&Sm
azGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf
r_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?

ief; odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m
tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuf tvuf
&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif; odjrifa&;wGiftaxmuf
tul&Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;r_rðy
rD/ aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul &Edkifygonf? atmufrSm az:jyxm;onfrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ESifh ywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctaeaemufcH ta=umif;
tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_jzpfyGm;&m ordkif; qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctaetcsdeftcgta=umif;

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom (1962) ck ESpf
u pI tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod&ufpufjcif; enf;AsL[mjzifhwdkif;
jynfudktkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD (etz) ppftpdk;&onf (1988)
ckESpf/ vlxktHkºur_aemufydkif;wGif twif;t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_udk t}uD;tus,fwdk;I vkyfvmcJhonf?10 twif;
t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf tjzpftrsm;qHk;ESifh tus,fjyef@qHk;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_}uD; w&yfjzpf
+yD;? tdk;tdrftajcysuf pGef@cGmxGufajy;&r_rsm;udk jzpfyGm;apygonf?11 jrefrmhwyfrawmfESifh Ak<bmomu&if
trsKd;tom; tpnf;t&Hk;. wyfrawmf (DKBA) wdk@onf ppfwyfwdk;csJ@a&;ESifh wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&m e,fajr
rsm;wGif vlrsKd;pkolykefrsm;udk wdkuf&efppfwyfrsm; wdk;Icsxm;a&;wdk@twGuf t&yfom;rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmom;rsm;
udk vkyfom;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ay:wmrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; twif;t"Rapcdkif;cJhonf?12
twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf jrefrmEdkifiH. aus;vufa'orsm;wGif txl;ojzifh tjzpfrsm;ygonf?
aus;vuf a'o rsm;Y tvkyform;rsm;udk wESpftwGif; t}udrfrsm;pGmac:+yD;/ em&Daygif;rsm;pGmtvkyfvkyf
cdkif;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif twif;t"Rvkyfcdkif;aom tvkyfrsm;onf tcsdefvnf;ukef/ yifyef;w}uD;vnf;vkyf&/
tœ&m,fvnf;rsm;onf? vkyftm; qifhqdkcH&olrsm;onf ppfwef;vsm;rsm;/ uif;wJrsm;aqmufay;=u&onf?
uwkwfusif;rsm; wl;ay;&onf? aqmufvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom zGH@òz;a&; vkyfief;pDrHudfef;rsm;wGif
tvkyfvkyf=u&onf?13 xdk@tjyif vkyftm;qifhqdkcH&olrsm;onf (etz) ppftpdk;&. pdkufysKd;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
10/ Human Rights Watch, “New Burma Policy Needed After Decade of No Results,” 6 Aug. 1998, http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/1998/08/06/
burma1288.htm (last visited 25 August 2008).
11/ Karen Human Rights Group, “Shouldering the Burden of Militarisation: SPDC, DKBA, and KPF Order Documents and Forced Labour Since
September 2006,” August 2007, http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg0702.pdf, (last visited 2 September 2008).
12/ Union Aid Abroad, “Burma-Forced Labour,” http://www.apheda.org.au/campaigns/burma_campaign/resources/1067568160_29942.html, (last
visited 25 August 2008).
13/ Human Rights Documentation Unit, “Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2006,” National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma,” http://
www.ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/labour.html, (last visited 25 August 2008).

tpDtpOf. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfaom vufzuf/ odk@r[kwf =uufqlyif pdkufcif;rsm;wGifvnf; tvkyfvkyf

ay;=u&onf?14 vkyftm;qifhqdkcH&olrsm;onf vdktyfaomtvkyfESifh oufqdkifonfh u&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;
ESifhyPnf;rsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;=u&avh&Sd+yD;/ owfrSwfay;xm;aom tvkyfwm0efudk t+yD;owfatmifvkyfay;
=u&onf? xdk@tjyif ae@pOfpm;a&;&dQmudkyg ,laqmifoGm;=u&onf? trsKd;orD;/ uav;/ ouf}uD;0g}uD;yk~dKvf
rsm;ESifh emzsm;rusef;olrsm;udkvnf; vkyftm;ay; odk@r[kwf ay:wmtjzpfrS vGwf+idrf;cGifhray;acs? vkyftm;
ay;&jcif;rS vGwf&ef wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm jrefrmppfwyft&m&Sd rsm;udk aiGtajrmuftjrm;ay;I vmbf
xdk;jcif;yif jzpfonf?15
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tjzpfrsm;qHk;aom twif;t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf ay:wmqGJjcif;yifjzpfonf? ay:wm
rsm;udk jrefrmppfwyfu twif;t"RqGJac:um/ ppfwyf&dQmESifh ppfyPnf;rsm;udk a0;vHaomc&D;rSm ajcvsif
o,fydk@cdkif;onf?16 tcsKd@ae&mrsm;Y ay:wmrsm;udk jrefrmppfwyf. ppfa=umif; a&S@uoGm;cdkif;um/ vlom;
rdkif&Sif; u&d,mtjzpf toHk;csonf?17 ay:wmrsm;udk &dQmvnf; xkwfray;onfhtjyif/ ppfom;rsm;u tjrJvdk
vdk vnf;&dkufESufavh&Sdonf? ajrjrKyf rdkif;'%f/ &dkufESufcH&onfh '%f/ iwfjywfonfh '%f/ a&m*gb,'%fESifh
tm;jywf onfh'%frsm;a=umifh ay:wmrsm;aoqHk;cJh&onfrSm axmifESifhcsDcJh+yD jzpfonf?18
twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_a=umifh vltrsm;. pm;0wfaea&;ESifh taxGaxGta&;udPrsm; xdcdkuf=u&
onf? ta=umif;rSm aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;rsm;taeESifh rdrdwdk@.v,f,mrsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;/ ausmif;rsm;/
rdom;pkrsm;ESifh a0;uGmaomae&mrsm;rSm wm&Snfwmarsm tcsdefukefcHcJh&aoma=umifhjzpfonf?19 xdk@tjyif
n‡Of; yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ rk'drf;usifhjcif;/ Oya'rJhowfjzwfjcif; uJhodk@aom tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_
rsm;udktwif; t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;aom tajctaexJrSm usL;vGefcJhonfrSm &dk;ae+yD jzpfygonf?20
(1960) ckvGef ESpfrsm;rSpI EdkifiHwum tvkyform;tzGJ@ (ILO) u jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&tm; twif;t"rR
vkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;udk &yfwef;u&yfay;&ef awmif;qdkvmcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf (1995) ckESpfwGif twif;
t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ yaysmufa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf (1930-ckESpf) udk vufrSwfa&;
xdk;cJhygonf? odk@&mwGif/ EdkifiHwum vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;rsm;or~ (ICFTU) u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfyGm;
aeaom jyif;xef qdk;&Gm;vmaeonfh twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHwifjycJhonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfyGm;aeaom csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wkef@jyefaomtm;jzifh (ILO)
u (1999) ckESpfwGif twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_qdkif&m csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI jynfhpHkaomtuJ
jzwf csufw&yf aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf pHkprf;avhvma&; aumfr&Sifw&yfESifh tqifhjrifhtzGJ@wzGJ@wdk@udk zGJ@pnf;
ay;cJhonf? xGufay:vmaom tpD&ifcHpmu awG@&SdcJhonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tajctaersm;onf (ILO) tzGJ@0if
EdkifiH wEdkifiHtaeESifh “vGefpGmrSyif rtyfpyf”a=umif; [lI jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif t=uHðycsufay;jcif;ESifhrouf
qdkifaom (ILO) . vkyfaqmifcsuftm;vHk; udk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm qdkif;iHhxm;&efvnf; tpD&ifcHpmu t=uHðycJhonf?
14/ Ethnic Community Development Forum, Biofuel by Decree: Unmasking Burma’s Bio-enegery Fiasco, http://www.terraper.org/file_upload/
BiofuelbyDecree.pdf, (last visited 25 August 2008).
15/ Karen Human Rights Group, “Surviving in Shadow: Widespread Militarization and the Systematic Use of Forced Labour in the Campaign for
Control of Thaton District,” January 2006, http://www.khrg.org/khrg2006/khrg0601d.htm, (last accessed 25 August 2008).
16/ Human Rights Documentation Unit, “Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2006,” National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, http://
17? Human Rights Watch, “Burma: Landmines Kill, Maim and Starve Civilians Forced to Serve as Human Minesweepers,” 20 December 2006,
http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/12/20/burma14904.htm, (last visited 25 August 2008).
18/ Burma Humanitarian Mission, “Health Crisis,” http://www.burmamission.org/health_crisis.php, (last visited 25 August 2008).
19/ International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, “Su Su Nway’s Case,” Libertas, Vol. 16, No. 2. pg. 4, Novembber 2004,
http://www.dd-rd.ca/site/publications/index.php?id=2004&page=3&subsection=newsletter (last visited 25 August 2008).

TuJhodk@aom '%fcwfta&;,lr_rsm;udk ñuHawG@ &onfY (etz)onf twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_udk &mZ

0wfr_tjzpf jyefvnf twnfðyay;aomtm;jzifh/ ‚. (1999) ckESpf arv/ trdef@trSwf 1§99 udk jyifqif
jznfhpGuf aomtrdef@w&yfxkwfjyefcJhonf? rsm;r=umao;rD (2007) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (26) &ufae@uyif(ILO)
ESifh (etz) ppftpdk;&wdk@onf aemufqufwGJem;vnfr_wckudk oabmwl csrSwfcJh=uonf? ToabmwlnD
csuft& csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk wdkif=um;a&;ESifh twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_qdkif&m csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk ta&;
,la&;wdk@twGuf wOD;csif; tr_wdkif=um;a&; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk csrSwfcJh=uonf?
TuJhodk@aom pDrHcsufrsm;&Sdaeonfh =um;xJuyif/ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;rsm;or~rsm;
tzGJ@csKyf (FTUB) u (2007) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrSmjzpfyGm;aom twif;t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_aygif; (3˜ 405)
r_udk rSwfwrf;ðy az:jycJhonf?21

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsKd;twGuf tcsuftvuf
yHkpHwckudk atmufrSm Oyrmazmfjyay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk
az: xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f &Sdygonf? twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@
tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh tnD owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufygtcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? tvkyf (vkyftm;) odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_?
2? twif;t"R (qürygbJ) xkwf,ljcif;?
3? tjypfay; '%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;?
4? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ jzpfonf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_22
&Sm;&,f/ ol@orD;i,fESifh udk,f0efonfZeD;wdk@onf npmpm;&ef xdkifvdkufpOfrSmyif wHcg;acgufoH=um;vdkuf
&onf? &Sm;&,f wHcg;oGm;zGifhay;vdkufomtcg aus;&Gm at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD (&tz)tzGJ@0if
wOD;u ol@udk E_wfquf vdkufonf? “(&tz) rSm (etz) ppftpdk;&qDu wtdrfwa,muf vkyftm;ay;ac:ay;zdk@
trdef@a&mufae w,f? eufjzef vkyftm;ay;r,fqdkwJh ta=umif; aus;&Gm&Hk;rSm cifAsm;owif;oGm;ydk@&r,f” [k
xdkoluajymonf?
&Sm;&,fonf rdom;pkudk awmif,mtvkyfjzifh vkyfau|;aeoljzpfonf? ol@awmif,m. pyg;cif;rsm;wGif
pyg;rsm; rSnfhaev#uf&Sdonf? r=umcif &dyfodrf;jcif; rðyygupyg;cif;trsm;pk qHk;&_H;oGm;Edkifonf? odk@&mwGif ol@
rdom;pkrSm olrSvGJI vkyftm;ay;oGm;rnfhol r&Sdacs? (etz) ppftpdk;&u qifhac:aom vkyftm;ay;twGuf
ysufuGufygu (etz) ppf tpdk;&u ol@udk zrf;rnf/ odk@r[kwf onfhxuf qdk;rnfrSef; olodaeonf?
21/ Federation of Trade Unions Burma, “Forced Labor in Burma (Myanmar) Country Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fun-
damental Principles and Rights at Work,” Report to the International Labor Conference, Geneva, June 2007.
22/ ,ckazmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdjyKapvdkygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;jyKazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD;a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yfwckudk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?

tjcm;a&G;p&m vrf;r&Sdojzifh/ aemufwae@reufwGif tjcm;&Gmom; (50) ESifhtwl vkyftm;ay;twGuf

aus;&m&Hk; odk@ oloGm;cJhonf? olwdk@udk olwdk@&GmrS em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vrf;av#mufoGm;&aom ppfwyfpcef;wckodk@
ydk@onf? wyfpcef; ywfywfvnfwGif jcHpnf;&dk; umay;&ef olwdk@udkajymonf? &Gmom;rsm;onf waeukef
tvkyf vkyf=u&onf? ae@vnfpm pm;&ef c%av;omem;&onf? ppfom;trsm;tjym;u &Gmom;rsm;udk
apmifh=unfh }uD;=uyfonf?
&Gmom;rsm;tvkyfvkyfaepOfrSm ppfom;rsm;u olwdk@udk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ &rf;um;jcif;rsm;vkyfonf? wae@
wGif ppfom;wa,mufu tzdk;}uD;wa,mufudk &dkufESufaeonfudk &Sm;&,fjrifvdkuf&onf? &Sm;&,fu
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usKd;oGm;cJhonf? ppfom;u “udk,fh tvkyfudk,foGm;vkyf/ 'gusKyfeJ@ acG;aumiftzdk;}uD;&J@udP?”[k ajymonf?
&Sm;&,fu ol@tvkyfudk oljyefvkyfonf? aemufydkif;wGif ppfom;ESpfa,mufu toufr&Sdawmhaom tzdk;}uD;
. &kyftavmif;udk tvkyfvkyfaeonfh ae&mrSaeI qGJxkwfoGm;onfudk oljrifvdkuf&onf?
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aom pyg;rsm;udk &dyfodrf;I +yD;atmif oltvkyfudk cyfoGufoGuf vkyfawmhonf?
ol awmif,mxJrSm tvkyfvkyfaepOf (etz) ppfom;tcsKd@ ol@qDvmaeonfudk olawG@vdkuf&onf?
teD; tem;&Sd &Gm w&GmqD oGm;&mvrf;udk odovm;[k ol@udkar;onf? odygonf[k olajymvdkufonf?
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om"uwckpD. atmufajcwGif ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf?
1? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH - (nHh)

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wwd,tcsuf- TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf awG@qHkar;jref;ol rlvuwnf;uoHo,&Sdaeaom csKd;azmufr_

udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom twif;t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ jzpf&yfrsm;onf tjcm;aomvl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh =um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk
vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefr_rsm;uJhodk@aom usL;vGefr_trsm;tjym;twGuf taxmuf txm;rsm;
&EdkifzG,f &Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- &Sm;&,f.jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvuf wpHkw&mudk T
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? &Sm;&,f. owif;udk yHhydk;twnfðya&;twGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;
&Sd- r&Sd? odk@r[kwf q&m0efaq;ppfcsufuJhodk@aom tjcm; taxmuftxm;rsm; &Edkif -r&Edkif ol@tm; ar;
=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom rSwfwrf; ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif; jzpfonf?
2? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH - (aumif;)

ar; - &Sm;&,fcifAsm;/ cifAsm;xGufajy;zdk@ bma=umifhqHk;jzwf&ovJqdkwmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmjzpfysufaeyHk
awGudk ajymjy Edkifrvm;?
&Sm;&,f - usaemf xGufajy;vmcJh&wm uawmh/ usaemfhrdom;pkukd quf+yD; vkyfrau|;Edkifawmhvdk@bJ jzpfygw,f? usaemf
u awmifolwa,mufyg? 'gayr,fh ppfwyfuvkyftm;ay;zdk@bJ/ ac:ac:aeawmh/ awmif,mvkyf&w,fvdkudk
r&Sdawmhygbl;? +yD;cJhwJh pyg;&dyfcsdefwkef;u ppfwyfpcef;twGuf jcHpnf;&dk;umay;zdk@ vkyftm;ay; tac:cHcJh&yg
w,f? oDwif;wywf=um+yD;wJhaemuf usaemfawmif,mxJ jyefqif;oGm;awmh/ awmif,mw0ufavmufysuf
pD;aewmudk awG@&ygw,f?
ar - vkyftm;ay; b,fESpf}udrfavmuf tac:cHcJh&zl;ygovJ?
&Sm;&,f - t}udrfawGtrsm;}uD;ygbJ? b,favmufrsm;ovJ qdkwm a&wGufvdk@awmifrxdawmhygbl;? wESpf/ wESpfrSm
ppfwyfu vkyftm;ay;zdk@ t}udrftrsm;}uD;ac:ygw,f? +yD;cJhwJh pyg;&dyfcsdfefwkef;uqdk&if oDwif;ywf(1) ywf
vkyftm;ay;zdk@ w}udrfac:ygw,f? aemufawmh ESpf&ufc&D;avmufa0;wJh &Gmw&Gmudk wdkufuif;twGuf vrf;
jyzdk@ ac:jyefyg w,f? usaemf xGufajy;wm tJ'Dt}udrfwkef;uygbJ?
ar; - yxrt}udrf vkyftm;ay;tac:cH&wkef;u bmawGjzpfcJhygovJ?
&Sm;&,f - pyg;&dyf&r,fhqJqJ jzpfaevdk@ usaemfhtaeeJ@awmif,mxJrSm &Sdae&r,fhtcsdefjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh aus;&Gm
aumifpDvl}uD; wa,mufutdrfudkvm+yD;/ ppfwyfu wtdrfwa,muf vkyftm;ay;&r,fvdk@ trdef@xkwfxm;
a=umif;ajymygw,f? vkyftm;ay; oGm;EdkifwJhvlqdkvdk@ usaemfhtdrfrSm usaemfwa,mufxJ&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh
usaemfhrSm wjcm;bmrS rwwfEdkifygbl;?
ar; - b,fvdktvkyfrsKd; vkyf&ygovJ?
&Sm;&,f - ppfwyfpcef; wcktwGuf jcHpnf;&dk;umcdkif;ygw,f? oDwif;ywf (1)ywf tvkyfvkyfcJh&ygw,f? em;csdef&,f vdk@
awmifr&Sdygbl;?
ar; - tvkyfvkyfay;wJhtwGuf cifAsm;wdk@udk epfema=u;ay;ygovm;?
&Sm;&,f - olwdk@uawmh apwemeJ@ vkyftm;ay;w,fvdk@ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fh wu,fh wu,frSmawmh usaemfwdk@rSm
wjcm; bmrSrwwfEdkifygbl;?
ar; - vkyfray;Edkifbl;vdk@ jiif;qef&if bmawG jzpfvmEdkifygovJ?

&Sm;&,f - jiif;qefvdk@ r&ygbl;? jiif;wJhvlqdk&if tzrf;cH&ygvdrfhr,f? 'grSr[kwf 'Dxufawmif ydkqdk;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f? olwdk@

pdwfwdkif;usatmif vkyfray;wJhvlqdk&if t&dkuftESufcH&ygw,f? usaemf jcHpnf;&dk;umaewkef;rSm tm;r&Sdvdk@
tvkyf rvkyfEdkifwJh tzdk;}uD;wa,mufudk ppfom;wa,mufu &dkufESufaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? tzdk;}uD;udk
aowJhtxd &dkuf=uw,fvdk@ usaemfxifygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh/ aemufydkif;rSm tzdk;}uD;&J@ tavmif;udk
ppfom;ESpfa,muf qGJxkwfoGm;wmudk usaemfawG@vdkuf&vdk@ygyJ?
ar; - tvkyfvkyf&if;/ +cdrf;ajcmufcH&wmwdk@ t&dkuftESuf cH&wmwdk@&Sdygovm;?
&Sm;&,f - tjrJyJ/ +cdrf;ajcmufcHcJh&ygw,f? ppfom;awGu usaemfwdk@udk vlysif;awGqdk+yD;qJygw,f? tzdk;}uD;udk ppfom;
&dkufaewmjrifawmh usaemfu 0ifwm;bdk@ óu;pm;ygw,f? ppfom;u usaemfh eHab;udk aoewf'ifeJ@ xkygw,f?
eH&dk; wcsKd@usdK;oGm;w,fvdk@ xifygw,f? &dkufxm;wJhae&mrSm tckxd emaewkef;ygyJ?
ar; - 'DvdkemaewmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;q&m0efqD oGm;jyygovm;?
&Sm;&,f - òr@xJu tcrJh aq;cef;wcef;udk usaemfoGm;jyygw,f? eH&dk; (2) acsmif; a,mifaeyHk&w,f? usKd;oGm;wm vnf;
jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ aq;cef;uajymygw,f? 'Dxuf tqifhjrifhwJh aq;cef;rSmoGm;jyzdk@ vdkvdrfhr,fvdk@vnf; ajymyg
w,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ aq;rSwfwrf;twGuf tJ'Daq;cef;udk usaemfqufoG,fvdk@&Edkifrvm;?
&Sm;&,f - &Edkifygw,f?
ar; - vkyftm;ay;trdef@udk b,folu xkwfwmygvJ?
&Sm;&,f - usaemfuawmh usaemfwdk@&Gmem;u ppfwyfwyf&if;vdk@xifygw,f? olwdk@wyf eHygwfudkawmh usaemfaoaocsm
csm rodygbl;?
ar; - jcHpnf;&dk; aqmufvkyfwJh vkyfief;udk b,folu }uD;=uyfygovJ?
&Sm;&,f - Armppfwyfu ppfom;awGyg?
ar; - jcHpnf;&dk;um&r,fqdkwJh trdef@twdkif; oDwif;wywf avmuf=umatmif vkyf+yD;wJhaemuf/ cifAsm;rSm bmawG
jzpfcJhyg ao;ovJ?
&Sm;&,f - usaemf awmif,mxJudk tajy;tv$m;oGm;+yD;/ usefwJhpyg;udk &dyfygw,f? usaemfpyg;&dyfaewkef;rSm ppfom;
wcsKd@a&mufvm+yD;/ wjcm;&Gmw&GmqD vrf;jycdkif;ygw,f? tJ'D&Gmu ajcv#if (2) &uf c&D;avmuf a0;ygw,f?
vrf;w0ufvmuftxd usaemfvdkufjyay;+yD;/ awmif,mqD jyefajy;ygw,f? ppfom;awG vdkufvmvdrfhr,fvdk@
vnf; rxifcJhygbl;? 'gayr,fh olwdk@vdkufvmcJhygw,f? olwdk@ zrf;rSmpdk;vdk@ usaemfxGufajy; vmcJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;jzpf&yfudk odxm;wJhvlawGxJu usaemf pum;ajymvdk@&r,fhol wjcm;wa,mufa,muf&Sdygovm;?
&Sm;&,f - r=umao;cifav;ubJ/ usaemfwdk@&Gmuae e,fpyfudkxGufajy;vmwJh usaemfhrdwfaqGawG&Sdygw,f? usaemfh
tjzpfudk olwdk@odygw,f? olwdk@vnf; cifAsm;eJ@pum;ajymcsifrSmyg?
ar; - 'gqdk odyfaumif;wmaygAsm? cifAsm;rSm aemufxyfajymp&m &dSygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf usaemfhudk ar;p&m
wckck&Sdyg ovm;?
&Sm;&,f - jrefrmjynfrSm usef&pfcJhwJh usaemfhrdom;pktwGuf usaemfpdwfylygw,f? udk,f0efonf usaemfhrdef;reJ@ (3)
ESpft&G,f orD;twGufyg? usaemfh awmif,mudk =unfh&_ay;r,fvlvnf;r&Sd/ olwdk@udk au|;arG;apmifha&Smuf
ay;r,fhvlvnf; r&Sdygbl;? olwdk@udk 'Dudkac:vmzdk@ usaemfydkufqH&Smaeygw,f? 'DvdkrS r[kwf&if olwdk@ b,fvdk
toufqufrvJqdkwm usaemfpOf;pm;vdk@r&ygbl;? usaemfhtzdk@ 'Dta=umif;awGpOf;pm;=unfh&if awmfawmf

armygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@tawG@tñuHudk ajymjywJhtwGuf txl;bJaus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dvdkajymjyzdk@ awmfawmhfudk rvG,frSef;
usaemf odygw,f? cifAsm;eJ@ wdkifyifaz: wdkifyifzufawGxJrSm usaemfeJ@awG@ay;vdk@&r,fholawG &Sd&if usaemfeJ@
awG@ay;Edkifrvm;?
&Sm;&,f - usaemf awG@ay;csifygw,f?
ar; - usaemf cifAsm;eJ@aemufxyf awG@zdk@vdkr,fqdk&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdk qufoG,fvdk@ &EdkifygrvJ?
&Sm;&,f - usaemf òr@xJu aps;rSmtvkyfvkyfaeygw,f? usaemfh tckvuf&Sdae&mrSm r&Sd&if/ òr@xJu usaemf tvkyf
vkyf&m ae&mrSm&Smvdk@ &Edkifygw,f?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm &Sm;&,fu ol@jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh jzpf
ygonf? yGJOD;xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJ ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY ol.ajz=um;csufrsm;onf
taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if &Sm;&,fonf twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_ESifh
ywf oufI atmufyg owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- &Sm;&,fonf tvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_ay;&a=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf vdktyfaom owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;ay;onf? ppfwyfpcef;wcktwGuf jcHpnf;&dk;aqmufvkyfay;&mrSm oltvkyfvkyfay;cJh&
a=umif;udk olajymjycJhonf? tjcm;&Gmw&Gmodk@ ppfom;rsm;udk vrf;jytjzpf vdkufvHydk@aqmifay;&a=umif;udk
vnf; olajymjycJhonf? olESifhw&Gmwnf;ae rdwfaqGxHrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;u ol@jzpf&yfudk twnfðy
ay;ygvdrfhrnf?
'kwd,- vkyftm;udk twif;t"Rxkwf,la=umif; az:jya&;twGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sm;
&,fuay;cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk qifhac:ay;&ef ppfwyf.trdef@ay;jcif;cH&aom aus;&GmaumifpDvl}uD;
xHrSaeI vkyftm;ay;trdef@udk ol&&SdcJha=umif;ukdvnf; olajymjycJhonf? tzrf;cH&rnfpdk;I olvkyfay;cJha=umif;
udkvnf; olaz:jycJhonf? ol. xGufqdkcsuft&qdkv#if vkyftm;udk twif;t"R xkwf,lcJha=umif; ay:vGif
xif&Sm;aeygonf?
wwd,- tjypfay;'%fcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;a=umifh tvkyfvkyfay;cJh&a=umif;udk &Sm;&,futcdkif
trmajymjycJhonf? ppfom;rsm;vkyfcdkif;aomtvkyfudk vkyfray;Edkifyg[k jiif;qefv#if tzrf;cH&rnfjzpfa=umif;
az:jycJhonf? ppfom;rsm;twGuf vrf;jyvdkufay;I rjzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyaomtcgY ol@udkzrf;rnf[k +cdrf;
ajcmufa=umif; ajymjycJhonf? tvkyfvkyfay;olrsm;udk ppfom;rsm; +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ &dkufESufjcif; ðya=umif;vnf;
olxGufqdkcJhonf? aqmuf vkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyfaepOfrSm tzdk;}uD;wa,muf t&dkuf tESuf cH&onfudk oljrif
awG@cJha=umif;ESifh olvnf; aoewf'ifESifh txkcH&a=umif;/ eH&dk;ESpfacsmif; usKd;oGm;onfvm;roda=umif;
olajymjycJhonf? ol@q&m0ef. rSwfwrf;rsm;onf ol@jzpf&yfudk oufaocHa&;twGuf taxmuftulay;yg
vdrfhrnf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- csKd;azmufr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk &Sm;&,fuaz:jycJhonf? vkyf
tm; qifhqdk aom trdef@udk ppfwyfu xkwfcJha=umif;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;udk ppfom;rsm;u apmifh=uyf=unfh&_
cJha=umif; olajymjycJhonf? ppfom;rsm;u tjcm;&Gmw&Gmodk@ vrf;jytjzpf vdkufay;&efvnf; ol@udktrdef@ay;cJh
onf? TtcsufESifhyifv#if tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk jyo&efvHkavmufygonf?

TawG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;rSaeI twif;t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ESifh qufE$,faeonfh owfjzwfjcif;uJhodk@aom

tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;&&Sdygonf? ppfom;wa,mufu tzdk;}uD;wa,muftm;
&dkufESufaeonf udk ol@rsufpdESifh wyftyfjrifawG@cJh&a=umif;/ tzdk;}uD;. tavmif;udk ppfom;ESpfa,muf vkyf
cGifxJrSaeI qGJxkwfoGm;onfudk olawG@cJh&a=umif; &Sm;&,fu az:jycJhonf? &Sm;&,f. rdwfaqGudk awG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;tm;jzifh ol@jzpf&yfudk twnfðy&mY taxmuftul&ygvdrhfrnf?tjcm;aomcsKd;azmufr_rsm;udk
owf rSwfaz:jya&;twGuf aemufxyf ar; cGef;rsm;ar;&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyf Edkifygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf
aumif;pGm+yD;qHk;oGm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm &Sm;&,fu aemufxyf ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz=um;ay;rnf[k oabmwl
cJhonfhtjyif/ awG@qHkar;jref;oltzdk@vnf; olESifh rnfodk@ qufoG,f&rnfudk odvdkuf&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
(3) ed*Hk;csKyf ?
- twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwfom;od&Sdvmjcif;?
- twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom
- csKd;azmufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Guf
jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfhtcef;rsm;u twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;r_. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkItao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

(1) twif;t"r® vufxyfapjcif;

EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ ajrmuf&efrSm csKd;azmufr_. t"dut*F g
&yfrsm; jynfhrD&ef vdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf Oya'ESifh
aeI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif; rðyrDrSm csKd;azmufr_
[laom t"d`g,fudkowfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? T
tcef;wGif twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_ay:vGifapa&;twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif;
&Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) twif;t"rRvufxyfapjcif;. t"dy`g,fudk owfrSwfjcif;?

(u) EdkifiHwumOya't& qdkv#if twif;t"rR vufxyfapjcif;. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_w&yftjzpf rSwfwrf;ðy&eftvdk@iSm atmufygt*F g
&yf (3) &yf xif&Sm;a=umif;az:jy&ygrnf?
1? ESpfOD;ESpfzufudk w&m;0if aygif;zufay;jcif;?
2? EdkifhxufpD;eif; ðyjcif;/ odk@r[kwf owdk@om;/ owdk@orD; wOD;OD;. qüryg&Sdjcif;?
1/ twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;udk wm;jrpfonfh t"du tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif atmufygwdk@ yg0ifonf?

- EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr 16 (2)
- vlr_tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf/ (ICCPR) yk'fr 23 (3)? jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif;
r&Sdyg?
- pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf? (ICESR) yk'fr 10/ jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwf
a&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
- trsKd;orD;rsm;udk enf;aygif;pHkESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; yaysmufapa&; tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ (CEDAW) yk'fr 16 (1-c) taxGaxG
t=uHjyKcsuf trSwf -21 jzifh xyfrHwdk;csJ@xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHu ToabmwlnDcsufudk c|if;csuf jzifh oabmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onf?
- vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;twGuf oabmwljcif;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf? vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;twGuf ti,fqHk;toufESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;
jcif;twGuf rSwfyHkwifjcif;? yk'fr 1 (1)? jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
- u|efjyKr_/ u|efukeful;r_/ u|efjyKr_ESifh tvm;wljzpfonfh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifusifhoHk;aer_rsm; zsufodrf;jcif;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf
aemufxyfjznfhpGufr_? yk'fr 1 (*)/jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;uvnf; twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;udk xif&Sm;odompGm wm;jrpfxm;=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- Oa&my aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuf
trSwf 1468/ 2005 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf/ ESifh tPvrfrpf nDvmcH tzGJ@tpnf; xkwfjyefa=unm csuf (yk'fr -5)/ tvm;wl ta&S@awmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@
(tmqD,H) . oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;&jcif; r&Sdao;yg?
Oya't& pnf;aESmifr_ r&Sdaom twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rSwfwrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh trsKd;orD;
rsm;udk enf;aygif;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHjcif;rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; ukvor*~ xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf (yk'fr 6-2 (u) jzpfygonf?
TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif &,lEdkifygonf? (2008 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 27 aemufqHk; =unfh&_csuft&) (http://www.2.orchr.org/
english/law/)
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (CIL) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? (CIL) onf tpdk;&. a,bk,svkyfaqmifcsufrS
TOya'udk jiif;y,fvmcJhygu EdkifiHwckonf TOya't& pnf;aESmifr_ r&Sdyg?
t"Rvufxyfapjcif;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;t& wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf txufazmfjyyg tjynfjynf
qdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;rxm;aomfvnf;/ Ttjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_&Sdaeonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf? (odk@
r[kwfygu TOya't& pnf;aESmif;r_r&Sdap&ef tpOftquf jiif;y,fazmfjyr_rsKd; jyKvm&rnfjzpfonf? Prosecutor v. Brima et. al, Special Court of Sierra
Leone, Appeals Chamber, 22 February 2008. azaz0g&Dv 22 &uf/ 2008 ckESpf qD&m vD,Gef; txl;w&m;cHk&Hk;ESifh ywfoufI t,lcHcHk&Hk;udPudk =unfhyg?

(c) twif;t"rR vufxyfapjcif;tjzpf owfrSwf&mY rnfonfh aygif;zufay;r_rsKd;ESifh oufqdkifoenf;?

vifr,m;tjzpf aygif;zufay;r_onf tpdk;&. jynfwGif; wnfqJ Oya't& xdrf;jrm;vufxyfay;jcif; jzpfajrmuf&ef
vdktyfonf? EdkifiHwumOya'wGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;ESifh ywfoufI wdusaom t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufryg&Sdacs? odk@
apumrl vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;qdkonfrSm vlESpfOD;ESpfzuf aygif;zufr_jzpfonfukd a,bk,s em;vnfxm;=uygonf?
trsm;tm;jzifh xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;w&yfonf tcGifhtm%m&Sdaom t&yfbufqdkif&mESifh bmoma&;buf qdkif&m
tm%mydkifrsm;. todtrSwfðycHxm;&+yD;/ ‚wGif rdom;pk tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0eftm;vHk;yg&Sdygonf?
a0g[m&ESifhywfoufIowdðy&ef - pDpOfay;aom vufxyfjcif; (Arranged Marriages) ESifh twif;t"rR

vufxyfapjcif; (Forced Marriages)?
pDpOfay;aom vufxyfjcif;qdkonfrSm &nf&G,fxm;aom owdk@om;ESifh owdk@orD;wdk@udk vufxyfay;&ef
qHk;jzwf&mY rdom;pk0ifrsm; OD;aqmifyg0ifaom omref,Ofaus;r_"avhwckjzpfonf? pDpOfay;aom vufxyf
jcif;Y ESpfOD;ESpfbufpvHk;rS aqGrsKd;rsm;. pDpOfay;r_udk vufcHrnfvm;/ jiif;y,frnfvm; a&G;cs,f=uonf?
ESpfOD;ESpfbufu vufxyfjcif;twGuf vGwfvyfpGmoabmwl cGifhðyojzifh pDpOfay;aom vufxyfjcif;onf
twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;[k rqdkEdkifay? odk@&mwGif pDpOfay;aom vufxyfjcif;wGif wbufbufu qür
yg&Sdjcif;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifxufpD;eif;jyKonfh vQ%mtcsKd@yg&Sdaeygu ‚onf twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;
jzpfoGm;Edkifygonf?
(*) oabmwlr_&,ljcif;r&Sdonfhtajctae/ odk@r[kwf twif;t=uyfjyKonfh tajctaejzifh vufxyfapjcif;wkd@.

om"ursm;um;tb,fenf;?
twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;qkdif&m oabmwlr_&,ljcif;r&Sdonfhtajctae/ odk@r[kwf twif;t=uyfjyKonfh
tajctaeqdkonfrSm wOD;OD; odk@r[kwf ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;. vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fcGifhudk vspfvsL&Skonfh taetxm;/
odk@r[kwf pDpnfr_ukd tjynfht0 em;vnfjcif;r&SdbJ qürygvufxyfvdkuf&aom taetxm;udk ac:ygonf? Ttajc
tae tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif atmufygtaetxm;wdk@ yg0ifygonf?2
- rdom;pk0ifrsm;u pdwf"gwfa&;t& zdtm;ay;jcif;?3
- a=umufvef@apjcif;?
- tiftm;oHk;jcif;?
- wOD;wbuf okd@r[kwf ESpfOD;pvHk;udk 'kQay;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;?
- &kyfykdif;qkdif&m odk@r[kwf pdwfykdif;qkdif&m roefpGrf;csdeJ@jcif;? om"utm;jzifh/ roefrpGrf; jzpfaejcif;/ touft&G,f
i,fvGef;jcif;/ rl;,pfaq;0g;jzpfap/ t&ufaopmjzpfap/ tjcm;aq;0g;rsm;jzpfap wdkufau|;xm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?
2/ EdkifxufpD;eif; jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüyg&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm jypfr_usL;vGefol. tjrifzufrS r[kwfbJ epfem&ol um,uH&SifbufrS tjrifomjzpf onf?
usL;vGefolbufu EdkifxufpD;eif;jyKjcif;r&Sd[k ,lqEdkifaomfvnf;/ epfem&ol bufurl EdkifxufpD;eif; twif;tusyfjyKonf[k jrifEdkifonf? TtwGufa=umifh
EdkifxufpD;eif; jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüryg&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm epfem&ol um,uH&Sif. tawG@tñuHt&om qHk;jzwf&rnf?
3/ vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ (txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;udka&mif;csr_) t& epfem&olrsm;udk vl@tcGifhta&;&_axmifhrS avhvm tpD&ifcHwifjyol txl;t&m&Sd
qpf*rm [l'g Sigma Huda, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Aspects of the Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Wom-
en and Children u 2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif azmfjy&mwGif “trsKd;orD;wOD;udk vufxyfap&ef twif;tusyf=oZmjyK&mY ajymif tiftm;oHk;jcif; r[kwfbJ/
pOfqufrjywf zdtm;ay;aejcif; odk@r[kwf vSnfhzsm; toHk;csaejcif; enf;aygif;pHk yg0ifonf? tu,fI oifhawmfoludk jiif;y,fygu &yf&Gmvlr_todkif;t0dkif;tv,f
olr. rdom;pktaeESifh 'kQa&mufvdrfhrnf pojzifh ajymqdkaejcif;onfvnf; tiftm;oHk;jcif;tjzpf em;vnf rSwf,lonf?” [k azmfjyxm;onf?

(C) twif;t"rR vufxyfapjcif;. om"utcsKd@

wOD;wbufrS vGwfvyfr_ESifh tjynfht0oabmwlr_ vHk;0r&SdbJ vufxyfvdkuf&jcif; onf twif;t"R
vufxyfapjcif;ajrmufygonf? wcgw&HY trsm;usifhoHk;avh&Sdaom "avhxHk;pHt& odk@r[kwf &dk;&mtpOftvmt&
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_rsm;onf twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;tjzpfodk@a&mufoGm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azguf&m
a&mufoGm;wwfygonf? xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;tjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;cJhaom twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;. om"u
rsm;rSm-4
- taºu;av#mfypfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf (owdk@om;twGuf) r*Fvma=u;/ odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;tjrwftwGuf
vufxyfapjcif;?
- tarGqufcHjcif;tjzpf vufxyfapjcif;/ om"utaeESifh rkqdk;r§ rkqdk;zdk wOD;tm; aoqHk;ol vifa,mufsm; §
ZeD;. aqGrsKd;wOD;OD;ESifh vufxyfapjcif;?
- w&m;r0ifcsKyfaESmifxm;jcif; odk@r[kwf jyefay;qGJjcif;tm;jzifh vufxyfapjcif;?
- udk,f0ef&Sd+yD;aemufrSm t&Suf&jcif;rjzpf&atmif vufxyfapjcif;?
- ñuH&mvdifqufqHjcif; (vdif&_yfayGjcif;) rðyatmif vufxyfapjcif;?
- rdom;pkwpkrSm rawmfwqaoqHk;apr_ twGuf tavsmfay;onfh taeESifh vufxyfapjcif;?
- r,m;trsm;,lonfh taeESifh vufxyfapjcif;?
- t&G,fra&mufao;olrsm;udk vufxyfapjcif;?
(i) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if twif;t"R vufxyfapr_ ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfuvkyf
aqmifcsufrsKd;jzpf&ef vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum todtrSwfðy ydkifeuf
e,fajr&Sd vlrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óu;yrf;aom trsKd;om; (EdkifiHawmf tqifh)
tzGJ@ tpnf;”5 udk &nf!$ef;jcif; jzpfygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_
wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;& t&m&Sd
wOD;u twif;t"R vufxyfxdrf;jrm;apr_wckudk usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuf twGuf vdktyfonf
rsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0if todtrSwfðyr_jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh
ywfoufI vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomf vnf;aumif; tpdk;&. ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? om"utm;jzifh
az:jy&ygv#if/ twif;t"R vufxyfapr_wdk@ usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay; ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;
v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf?
4/ Tom"ursm;rSm azmfjyIrqHk;Edkifatmif&Sdonf? pdwfwGifrSwfom;xm;&efrSm aygif;zufolESpfOD;. tvdkqü oabmwlnDr_r&SdbJ vufxyfr_tm;vHk;onf tjynf

jynfqdkif&mOya'udk csKd;azmufr_ a&mufapEdkifygonf? Sigma Huda, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Aspects of the Victims of
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children vl@tcGifhta&;aumfrDwD/ Zefe0g&Dv 24 &uf/ 2007 ckESpf?
Center Washington, 2007, p. vix, TudpPudk jrefrmbmomjzifh &Sif;jy&mwGif (state) [laom (EdkifiHawmf) oabmrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGif r&Sdyg? tpdk;& (govern-
ment) odk@r[kwf EdkifiH (country) pojzifh tajctaet& oHk;pGJygonf

usL;vGefolrsm;? (tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;)

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) qdkonfrSm woD;yk~vvlrsm;/
tkyfpkrsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif; wckr[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ðyaeonf
rsKd; &Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;. tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;/ yk~vdu
aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifonf? Todk@ tpdk;&
r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) onf jynfwGif; Oya't& olwdk@ vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_
rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors -
NSA) onf EdkifiHwum Oya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd; &SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t&
olwdk@. vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&ef rvdktyfonfh tajctae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@ usL;vGefaomjypfr_
rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf
owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't&wm0efcH&ef ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfh
t0 rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&u usL;vGefonfjzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non
State Actors - NSA) u usL;vGefonfjzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?

ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf.toHk;0ifr_onf tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;ol.xd
a&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaomar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@tñuHESifhpGrf;&nfay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh rlwnfygvdrfhrnf? tcsuf
tvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwumOya'
csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm;ðypk&mY taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? csKd;azmufr_ t*F g
&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf; owfrSwfcsuf
wck &&SdEdkifygonf?
1? ESpfOD; ESpfzufwdk@. aygif;zufr_tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;

- rnfolwdk@xdrf;jrm; vufxyfjzpfoenf;?
- rnfodk@ jzpfcJhoenf;?
- xdrf;jrm;vufxyfr_onf rnfonfhae&mrSm jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- xdrf;jrm;vufxyfr_udk rnfodk@ pDpOfay;cJhoenf;?
- TudPonf xdrf;jrm;vufxyfr_ jzpfa=umif; oifrnfonfhenf;jzifhodoenf;?
2? oabmwl qENcGifhðycsuf ryg&Sdjcif;/ odk@wnf;r[kwf EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyjcif;tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;?

- xdrf;jrm;vufxyfonfh tjzpfodk@a&muf&ef oifoabmwlcJhygovm;? tb,fha=umifh oabmwlcJhygoenf;? odk@
wnf;r[kwf tb,fha=umifh oabmrwlcJhoenf;?
- xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;rðyrD§ xdrf;jrm;vufxyfyGJtwGif; § xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;ðy+yD;aemufrSm rnfodk@jzpf yGm;cJh

oenf;?
- xdrf;jrm;vufxyfr_onf rnfonfhae&mrSm jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- oifonf tb,fha=umifh xdrf;jrm;vufxyfonfh tjzpfodk@ a&mufcJhygoenf;?
- oifonf xdrf;jrm;vufxyfonfhtjzpfodk@ rnfodk@a&mufcJhygoenf;?

- xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;udPwGif rnfolwdk@uyg0ifcJhoenf;? rnfolu Txdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;udk trdef@ay;cJh
oenf;? T xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;udk rnfolwdk@odoenf;? xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;udk rnfolwdk@u ulnDaqmif
&Guf ay;oenf;?
- T xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;ESifh ywfoufI oifwdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@
wnf;r[kwf tb,fha=umifh wdkif=um;jcif; rðyygoenf;?
- T xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif; rjzpf&atmif tpdk;&u óuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI
ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;ygovm;?

- aemufcHta=umif;jzifhtpcsD+yD;v#if/ ydkIta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI aqmif&Gufyg?

(4) twif;t"rRvufxyfapjcif;udpPudk tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;ESifh qufpyf=unfhjcif;?

twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;udPonf tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_rsm;ESifh qufpyfaeavh&Sdygonf?
vl@ tcGifhta&;tajctaeESifhywfoufI tcdkiftrm tusqHk;od&SdEdkif&ef tvdk@iSm/ csKd;azgufr_ toD;oD;. ta&;}uD;t*F g
&yfrsm;udk owfrSwfa&;OD;wnfcsufjzifh/ csKd;azgufr_toD;oD;udk jynfhpHkEdkifor# jynfhpHkpGm rSwfwrf;ðyoifhygonf? atmuf
ygwdk@onf twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;ESifhtwl jzpfyGm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_rsm; jzpfygonf?
- rk'drf;usifhjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_o¿mefrsm; - rk'drf;r_ usL;vGefjcif;ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m
t=urf; zufr_wGif EdkifxufpD;eif;/ odk@r[kwf oabmwlcGifhðycsuf rygaom vdifr_qdkif&mvkyf&yfrsm; yg0ifygonf?
twif; t"Rvufxyfapjcif;a=umifh vlwOD;wa,muftzdk@ Todk@ vdifqufqHr_udk vltrsm;vufcHaom quf
qHr_w&yfwGif r&kef;EdkifrxGufEdkif ydwfrdoGm;aponf? oabmwlcGifhðyjcif; r&Sdaom trsKd;om; odk@r[kwf trsKd;
orD;udk twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;tm;jzifh acsmifydwfxm;onfjzpf&m/ oabmwlcGifhðycsufrygaom (tvdkr
wlaom) vdifqufqHr_ vkyf&yfrsm;onf twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;. tusKd;qufrsm; jzpfonf[kqdkEdkifygonf?
Tvkyf&yfrsm;onf vufxyfr_jzpfonfomru/ tu,fI t*F g&yfrsm; jynfhpHkv#ifEdkifiHwum Oya'udk qef@usif
csKd;azguf&mvnf; a&mufygonf?8
- vlarSmifcdkukeful;jcif; - vlarSmifcdkukeful;jcif;onf tjrwfxkwf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh vlrsm;udk ta&mif;t0,f
vkyfjcif; jzpfonf? twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;onf vlarSmifcdkukeful;jcif;. tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuf
w&yf jzpfEdkifonf?9
Tvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;ITpmapmiftwGJrsm;rSmygaom ouf
qdkif&m vufpGJpmapmifrsm;udk=unfhyg?
EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifh vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifh tqifoifh
ay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonfr[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfouf
aom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;rS aeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_.
t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctae tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus rw&m;zrf;qD;r_
ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsKd; twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHwckudk az:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH ay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaomtaumif;ESifhtqdk; om
"ursm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGm tcsuftv
uf&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_rsm; ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?
8/ Michael P. Scharf and Suzanne Mattler, Forced Marriage: Exploring the Viability of the Special Court for Sierra
Leone’s New Crime Against Humanity, Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies, October 2005.
9/ David Weissbrodt, Abolishing Slavery and its Contemporary Forms, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Hu-
man Rights, 2002.


vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; az:xkwfa&;twGuf tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&; vkyf
ief; odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtajc
taetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuftvuf&Sm
azGpkaqmif;ol tzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;oGif; odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul
&Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;r_rðyrD/
aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;ESifh ywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae aemufcH
ta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; twif;t"rRvufxyfay;jcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;&m ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae

aemufcH ta=umif;tcsufrsm;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfcJhaom(1962) ckESpf
upI tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod&ufpufjcif; enf;AsL[mjzifhwdkif;
jynfudktkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm enf;vrf;(2) rsKd;jzifhjzpfyGm;yg
onf? yxrwrsKd;rSm jrefrm r[kwfaom vlrsKd;pktrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk twif;tusyfcdkif;
jcif;/ vdrfnm vSnfhpm;jcif;ESifh zdtm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrm(etz) ppfom;rsm;ESifh vufxyfapjcif;jzpfonf?10
'kwd,wrsKd;rSm jrefrmr[kwfaom vlrsKd;pk trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk ‚wdk@. qüESifhqef@
usifpGm tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif arSmifcdka&mif;csjcif;ESifh r,m;rsm;tjzpf “a&mif;csjcif;” jzpfonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk twif;t"R vufxyfay;jcif; ðyonfqdkaomfvnf; txl;ojzifhtrsKd;
orD;u ppfwyfrdom;pkxJrS jzpfaev#if twif;t"Rvufxyfay;jcif;ðy&mY vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_&Sda=umif; taxmuf
txm;rsm;awG@&ygonf?
vlrsKd;pk a'orsm;Y jrefrmr[kwfaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk t&SufcGJ&efESifh t=urf;zuf&ef vufeuftjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ vlrsKd;oef@pifa&;tpDtpOf. vkyf&yfwck tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;udk
usifhoHk;ygonf? 11 vlrsKd;pk trsKd; orD;rsm;udk vufxyfv#if aiGay;rnf/ rsufESmaumif;&rnf/ &mxl;wdk;ay;rnf[k
jrefrmppfom;rsm;tm; rufvHk;rsm; ay;xm;ygonf? csif;/ &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif ESifh &cdkifvlrsKd;pkrsm;udk jrefrm
ZmwfoGif;a&;ESifh vlrsKd;aoG;aESma&;twGuf Todk@rufvHk;ay;cH&aom jrefrmppfom;rsm;ta=umif;udk rSwf
wrf;ðyxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?12
rk'drf;r_udk azsmufzsuf&eftwGuf twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif; ðya=umif; r=umc% awG@&wwfygonf?
tcsK@d ae&mrsm;Y ppfom;rsm;u jypf'%fuscH &rnfukd a&Smifaomtm;jzifh rk'rd ;f r_usL;vGecf cH &hJ ol trsK;d orD;rsm;udk
twif;t"R vufxyf,l=uonf? jypfr_usL;vGefol ppfom;. wyfrSL;u &Gmom;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rysuf
atmif trsKd;orD;. tdajüudkq,fay;&ef “aphpyfa=uat;”onfhtaeESifh vufxyfa&;udPudk =um;0if
aqmif&Gufay;onf?13 ppfom;rsm; u ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m t,lESifh xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk toHk;csaomtm;jzifh
10/ Tae&mwGifta&;}uD;onfh rSwfcsufwckrSm (etz) ppfom;rsm;ESifh Armr[kwfolwdkif;&if;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;t=um; w&m;0ifvufxyfxdrf;jrm;aygif;oif;jcif;

rsm; vnf;&Syd gonf? tvm;wl tcsK@d aomwdik ;f &if;om;tkypf rk sm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;udk olw@kd tyk pf w
k t
l rsK;d om;rsm;ESihf twif;tusyv
f ufxyfaponfvnf;&Syd gonf?
11/ Amnesty International, “Rape as a Tool of War: A Fact Sheet”, http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-against-women/rape-as-a-tool-of-war/page.
do?id=1108441&n1=3&n2=39 (Last visited 26 May 2008).
12/ Women’s League of Chinland, “Hidden Crimes against Chin Women: The Preliminary Report,” 28 March 2007, http://www.chinwomen.org/
media/reports/The%20Preliminary%20Report(Hidden%20Crimes%20Against%20Chin%20Women).pdf, (last visited 27 August 2008). Belak,
Brenda, “Violence Against Women,” in Gathering Strength: Women from Burma on Their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002, pp. 77-78, http://
burmalibrary.org/docs/GS08.violence-against-women.pdf, (last visited 27 August 2008).
13/ Belak, Brenda, “Violence Against Women,” in Gathering Strength: Women from Burma on Their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002, pp. 77-78,
http://burmalibrary.org/docs/GS08.violence-against-women.pdf, (last visited 27 August 2008).

rk'drf;usifhcH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;udk tjcm;a,mufsm;rsm;u ,lvdrfhrnfr[kwf[kqdkum/ twif;t"R vuf

xyfap=uonf? jrefrmppfom;rsm; vufxyfvdkygonf[k ajymqdkvmjcif;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;bufu jiif;qefyg
u owfjzwfypfrnf qdkonftxd t}uD;tus,f +cdrf;ajcmufcH=u&onf? rdrdwdk@vlr_todkif;t0dkif;=um;rSm
t&Suf&jcif;ESifh ppfwyf. '%fcwfjcif;wdk@udk a=umufojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tzdk@ tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf; r&SdawmhbJ/
ra&Smifom rv$Jom vufxyfvdkuf=u&onf?14
tcsKd@trsKd;orD;rsm;url rk'drf;usifhcH&rnfh tœ&m,fuif;oGm;rnf/ tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_rsm;
qufvufjzpfyGm; awmhrnfr[kwf/ twif;t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;ESifh tEdkifusifhawmif;,lr_rsm; enf;oGm;
vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfudk;um (etz) ppfom;rsm;ESifh vufxyf=uonf?16 odk@&mwGif Todk@vufxyfvdkuf&jcif;
a=umifh a&&SnfrSm rawmfrw&m;r_rsm;rS vGwfuif;Edkifonfawmh r[kwfacs? ppfom;.wyf e,fajymif;oGm;
aomtcgwGif udk,f0ef/ om;orD;/ tjcm;jy\emwdk@ESifhtwl ypfxm;oGm;avh&Sdonf?16
twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;rsm;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;tzdk@ ZD0uRaA'qdkif&mESifh pdW
aA'qdkif&m '%f&m'%fcsufrsm;/ udk,fcHtm;usa&m*g ul;pufjcif; (HIV/AIDS)/ qür&SdbJ udk,f0efaqmif &jcif;/
vlr_ todkif;t0dkif;=um;rSm t&Suf&jcif; wdk@tygt0if usef;rma&;ESifh vlr_a&;jy\em trsKd;rsKd;ESifhñuHawG@&
ygonf?17 twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif; tr_rSmyg0ifaom ppfom;rsm;udkrl ta&;,ljcif;r&Sdacs?18
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aiGa&;a=u;a&;ESifh &yfwnfaexdkifa&;tcuftcJrS vGwfajrmuf&ef &Sm=uHaom trsKd;orD;rsm;
onfvnf; vlarSmifcdk ukeful;olrsm;. pufuGif;xJusa&mufwwfygonf? xdkolrsm;u olwdk@udk EdkifiHjcm;odk@
ac:aqmifoGm;+yD;/ r,m;tjzpfodk@ a&mif;pm;=uonf? 19 (jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlukeful;a&mif;csjcif; ta=umif;ESifh
ywf oufI aemufxyf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfyGm;aeaom
vlukeful;a&mif;csjcif;rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?)
r=umao;cifESpfrsm;twGif;u jrefrmEdkifiHrS/ txl;ojzifh ucsifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ yJcl;wdkif;/ ppfudkif;
wdkif;/ &efukefwdkif;/ rœav;wdkif;wdk@rS trsKd;orD;trsm;tjym;onf w&kwfjynfodk@ arSmifcdkydk@+yD; r,m;tjzpfodk@
a&mif;pm;cHcJh=u&onf?20 w&kwfjynf&Sd a,mufsm;u jrifhjrwfonf[laom tjrifESifh uav;wa,mufwnf;
om&Sd&rnf[laom ay:vpDwdk@a=umifh/ w&kwfrdom;pk tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk@onf rdef;uav; udk,f0efoaýom;
udkzsufcsjcif;/ odk@r[kwf orD;rdef;uav;i,fudk pGef@ypfjcif;ðy=u&onf? Todk@jzifh a,mufsm;-rdef;rtcsKd;
tpm;onf txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;rSm rr#rwjzpfoGm;cJhonf?21 tusKd;quftaeESifh rnf
onfhae&mrSmrqdk wudk,fwnf;orm; w&kwfa,mufsm; om;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. rdom;pkrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHrS owdk@
orD; wOD;v#if ,GrfaiG (4000)rS (20000) txd (tar&duef a':vm 500 rS 2500) ay;I0,f,l=uonf?22
a&mif;pm;cH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmEdkifaom tjzpfrsKd;vnf;&Sdwwfyg
onf? odk@&mwGif bmompum; tcuftcJ&Sdjcif;ESifh e,fajrru|rf;jcif;wdk@a=umifh trsKd;orD; tawmfrsm;rsm;
onf tvdkrwlbJ/ r,m;tjzpfESifh qufvufI w&kwfEdkifiHwGif; &Sdae=u&onf?
14/ Ibid.
15/ Ibid.
16/ Apple, Besty and Veronika Martin, No Safe Place: Burma’s Army and the Rape of Ethnic Women, Refugees International, April 2003, p 46.
17/ Amnesty International, “Rape as a Tool of War: A Fact Sheet”, http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-against-women/rape-as-a-tool-of-war/page.
do?id=1108441&n1=3&n2=39 (Last visited 26 May 2008).
18/ Martin, Veronika and Betsy Apple, “Terrorizing refugees: Burma uses rape against minorities,” International Herald Tribune, 23 April 2003,
http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/04/25/edmartin_ed3_.php, (last visited 27 August 2008).
19/ Belak, Brenda, “Violence Against Women,” in Gathering Strength: Women from Burma on Their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002, pp. 77-78,
http://burmalibrary.org/docs/GS08.violence-against-women.pdf, (last visited 27 August 2008).
20/ xdkif;EdkifiH/ csif;rdkifòr@ tajcpdkuf ucsiftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf? ZGefv 16 &uf/ 2008 ckESpf?
21/ Human Rights Documentation Unit, Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2006, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, http://www.
ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/women.html#marriage, (last visited 27 August 2008).
22/ Ibid.


jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif; tr_rsKd;twGuf tcsuftvuf
yHkpH wck udk atmufrSm Oyrmazmfjyay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk
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2? EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh owdk@om;/ owdk@orD; wOD;OD;.oabmwl qücGifhðycsuf
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touf (16) ESpft&G,f&Sdaom tm'if;onf ausmif;rS tdrfodk@ jzwfvrf;twdkif; awmxJujzwfI jyefvm
aevsuf&SdpOf/ vrf;ay:rSmjrefrmppfom; (3) a,muf &kwfw&ufay:vmonf? ppfom;wa,mufu olr
udk awmxJrSm wa,mufwnf; bmvkyfaeovJ[kar;onf? tm'if;u jyefajzvdkufaomtcg ppfom;u
tem;odk@ wdk;vm+yD;/ “rdef;uav;awG tdrfuae a0;a0;roGm;oifhbl;”[k ajymonf? xdk@aemuf ol.vuf
udkzrf;udkifvdkuf+yD;/ ol@qDodk@ qGJ,lvdkufonf? tm'if;u &kef;onf? odk@aomf ppfom;u ol@udkajr}uD;ay:
wGef;vSJcsvdkuf+yD;/ xbDudk qGJc|wfvdkufonf? ppfom;u tm'if;udk rk'drf;usifhaepOfrSm tjcm;ppfom; (2)
a,mufu &,fvdkuf/ aemufvdkufvkyfae=uonf?
rk'drf;usifh t+yD;wGif/ ppfom;u olrtm; tjzpftysufta=umif;udk rnfol@udkr# rajym&ef owday;onf?
ppfom;rsm; xGufoGm;+yD;aemufwGif tm'if;onf tdrfodk@tjrefjyefajy;onf? a=umufvnf;a=umuf/ &Suf
vnf;&Sufrdonf? ol. rdcifjzpfol acgif*smu ol@orD;wckck jzpfcJha=umif;udk csufcsif;&dyfpm;rd+yD;/ bmjzpfcJh
ovJ[kar;onf? tm'if; idkcsvdkufum/ ta=umif;pHkudk ajymjyonf? tm%mydkifrsm;udk wdkif=um;v#ifvnf;
bmr# ta=umif;xl;rnf r[kwfa=umif; odxm;onfhjyif/ &yfxJ/ &GmxJrSm ol@orD; t&SufwuGJ jzpfrnf vnf;
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jzwfvdkufonf? tm'if;url awmxJrSm jzpfysufcJhonfwdk@udk arhxm;vdkuf&efóu;pm;onf?
tcif;jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf/ wvt=umwGif olwdk@tdrfudk vlwa,muf wHcg;vmacgufonf? tm'if;u wHcg;
oGm;zGifhay; vdkufaomtcg rk'drf;usifhcJhaom ppfom;udkawG@&onf? olronf i,foHygatmif atmfvdkuf
onf? arhvJoGm;rwwfvnf; jzpfoGm;cJhonf? atmfoH=um;&I acgif*sm wHcg;qDodk@ajy;vmonf?
“vGefcJhwJhv awmxJrSmawG@cJhwJhusaemfhudk cifAsm;orD; rSwfrdvdrfhr,fvdk@xifw,f?”[k ppfom;uajymonf?
ol.orD;udk rk'drf;usifhvdkufaom ppfom;rSef; odvdkufojzifh/ acgif*smu ppfom;udkyg;&dkuf&efvufudk
ajr‡mufvdkufonf? r&dkufrdcifrSm ppfom;u ol.vufudk zrf;qGJxm;vdkufonf? “'Daumifrav; yg;pyfydwf
rxm;EdkifrSef; usaemfodw,f? ucsifrawG[m tm;vHk;'Dtwdkif;csnf;yJ? olwdk@aumif;wm wckyJ&Sdw,f? awm
xJrSm usaemfodcJh+yD;+yD?”
a'goxGufvGef;ojzifh acgif*smu “eifbmvdkcsifovJajymprf;? eif igwdk@rdom;pkudk ESdyfpufvdk@ r0ao;bl;
vm;”[k ar;vdkufonf?

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oabmwlcsifwl/ rwlcsifae? cifAsm;orD;udk usaemf vufxyf,lr,f? jiif;qefr,fqdk&ifawmh cifAsm;orD;u
usaemfhudk jzm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifygw,fvdk@ usaemfw&GmvHk; odatmifajymvdkufr,f? b,folrSvnf; cifAsm;
orD;udkvdkcsifrSm r[kwfawmhbl;?” [k ppfom;uajymonf?
xdkodk@ajymaepOfrSm tm'if;u [pfIidkawmhonf? a=umufvGef;Ivnf; wkefwkef,if,if jzpfaeonf? “idkr
aeeJ@? ppfom;wa,mufeJ@ vufxyf&wm eif*k%f,lzdk@aumif;w,f? eifwdk@rsKd;cspfrdom;pk r[kwfbl;vm;? eif
odwJh twdkif;bJ/ wu,fh rsKd;cspfr[kwfwJhvlawGtwGuf axmifxJrSm ae&mawG trsm;}uD;bJqdkwm?”
ppfom;. +cdrf;ajcmufr_ tb,fr#av;eufa=umif;udk em;vnfojzifh tm'if;onf ppfom;udk vufxyf&ef
oabmwlvdkuf&awmhonf? oDwif;wywf=um+yD; aemufwGif/ tm'if;ESifh ppfom;wdk@onf w&m;0if vufxyf
yGJav;wyGJjzifh vufxyfvdkuf=uonf? vufxyfpmcsKyfrSm vufrSwfxdk;ae&if;rSm tm'if; idkcJhygonf?
vufxyf+yD; r=umcifrSmyif/ tm'if;. a,mufsm;onf (3)&uf ajcvsifc&D;a0;aom &Gmw&Gmodk@wdkuf uif;
OD;pD;+yD; xGufoGm;&onf? n nrsm;wGif t&dkuftESufcH&+yD;/ touftœ&m,fvnf; pdk;&drftjzifh xGufajy;&ef
tm'if;qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? noef;acgifavmufwGif xdkif;EdkifiHbufodk@ OD;wnfxGufcGmvmawmhonf? ,ck
tcgY olonf csif;rdkifòr@rSm w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmol wOD;tjzpf aexdkifv#uf&Sdonf?

ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;aomvkyfief;twGuf tajccHusonfjzpf&m/ awG@qHkar;
jref;jcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk taumif;qHk;&&Sdxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk bufaygif;pHkrSaeI
ar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSmaz:jyxm;ygonf? yxrawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;aomawG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"u jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd, awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpfyg
onf? om"uwckpD. atmufajcwGif ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf?

ar; - twif;t"R vufxyfcdkif;vdk@ cifAsm;vufxyfcJh&w,fqdkwm rSefygovm;?
tm'if; - rSefygw,f? usrudk Armppfom;wa,mufu rk'drf;usifh+yD;/ aemufawmh twif;t"R vufxyfcdkif;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;vufxyfwm bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rSmvm;/ 'grSr[kwf t&m&Sdwa,mufa,mufu vufxyfay;wm
vm;?
tm'if; - [kwfygw,f? tcef;tem; ao;ao;av;yg?
ar; - 'gayr,fh vufxyfwJhudPudk cifAsm;oabmwl cGifhðyjcif; r&SdcJhbl;r[kwfvm;?
tm'if; - usru vufxyfcsifwmr[kwfygbl;? usr ausmif;yJ qufaecsifygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;rwwfomvdk@ vufxyfcJh&w,faygh?

tm'if; - [kwfygw,f? usrrSm wjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;r&Sdygbl;?

ar; - cifAsm;&J@ cifyGef;u Armppfwyfu ppfom;vm;?
tm'if; - rSefygw,f? olu usrudk rk'drf;usifh+yD;/ twif;t"R vufxyfcdkif;ygw,f?
ar; - 'Dtr_udk wdkif=um;vdk@r&bl;vdk@ xifygovm;? 'grSr[kwf ol@udk vufrxyfbl;qdk+yD; jiif;vdk@rjzpfbl;vdk@xifyg
ovm;?
tm'if; - [kwfygw,f? b,folurS usrudk ulnDEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ usr rxifygbl;? tzrf;cH&rSmudkvnf; usra=umuf
ygw,f?
ar; - ckvdk tcdsefay;wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onfh tb,fha=umifh t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&ygoenf;?

t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&jcif;rSm ta=umif;tcsuf rsm;pGm&Sdygonf?
yxrtcsuf? wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azgufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; rSwf
wrf;ðy&efwnf;[laom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkufk tao;pdwfay:
vGifapa&;twGuf ar;cGef;rsm;vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onf jzpf&yf. yHkum;csyfudk tjynfh
t0az:jya&;wGif txl; ta&;}uD;ygonf?
'kwd,tcsuf? Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tm'if;
taeESifh rnfodk@ ajz=um;oifha=umif; t&dyftuJjyonfhoabmjzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf” odk@r[kwf
“r[kwfyg” [k ajzaeygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk usefoGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol
taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD; aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ tm'if;bufu
vnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol =um;vdkaom
tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm; oGm;Edkifygonf?
wwd,tcsuf? TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf awG@qHkar;jref;ol rlvuwnf;u oHo,&Sdaeaom csKd;azgufr_
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;rsm;onf tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azgufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyf
jcif;tm;jzifh rk'drf;r_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m usL;vGefr_uJhodk@aom &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefr_rsm; twGuf
taxmuftxm;rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf? tm'if;. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk TawG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? ol.jzpf&yfudk twnfðyay;rnfh rsufjrifoufaoESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;
&Edkif/ r&Edkif tm'if;udk ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaomrSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpf
onf?
(2) awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH - (aumif;)

ar; - tm'if;/ cifAsm;xGufajy;zdk@bma=umifh qHk;jzwf&ovJqdkwmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ jrefrmjynfrSm jzpfysufcJhyHkawGudk
ajymjyEdkifrvm;?

tm'if; - [kwfuJh/ ajymjyEdkifygw,f? usrudk Armppfwyfu ppfom;wa,mufu rk'drf;usifhcJhygw,f? aemufawmh twif;

t"R ol@udkvufxyfcdkif;ygw,f? olu usrudk &dkufESufavh&Sdygw,f? aumif;aumif;vnf; rqufqHygbl;? ol
wdkufuif;vSnfhzdk@ xGufoGm;wkef;rSm usru xdkif;EdkifiHxJudk xGufajy;zdk@qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;rk'drf;usifh cHcJh&w,fvdk@ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dvdkajymjyzdk@ awmfawmhfudkrvG,frSef; usaemfem;vnfygw,f?
aus;Zl;ðy +yD;/ usaemfhudk tcsdefenf;enf;avmufay;yg? cifAsm; &yfypfcsifwJh tcsdefrSm&yfypfvdk@&ygw,f? usaemfh
udk rk'drf;r_ jzpfyGm;cJhyHk ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
tm'if; - vGefcJhwJh (5) v avmufwkef;uyg? usr ausmif;uae tdrfudktjyefrSmjzpfcJhwmyg? vrf;rSm ppfom; (3) a,muf
eJ@wdk;ygw,f? wa,mufu usrudk ajr}uD;ay:qGJvSJcs+yD;/ rk'drf;usifhcJhygw,f? usrawmfawmfvef@oGm;cJhyg
w,f?
ar; - 'Dtr_eJ@ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;wdkifwef;cJhygao;ovm;?
tm'if; - rwdkifcJhygbl;? wdkifvnf; ta=umif;xl;rSm r[kwfbl;vdk@ tarupOf;pm;ygw,f? tm%mydkifawGu olwdk@ ppfom;
ajymwmudk,Hk+yD;/ usrajymwmudk ,HkrSmr[kwfygbl;? ppfom;wa,muf r[kwfwm vkyfcJhwmudkod&ifawmif
b,fwkef;urS ta&;,lcJhwm r[kwfygbl;?
ar; - tJ'Dvdkjzpf+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm bmawGjzpfcJhygovJ?
tm'if; - bmrS rjzpfygbl;? usr tarhudkajymjycJhygw,f? wvavmuft=umrSm ppfom;u usrwdk@tdrfudkvm+yD;/ usr
ol@udk vufxyf&r,fvdk@ ajymygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; b,fvdk vufxyfcJhygovJ?
tm'if; - ppfAdkvfwa,mufu vufxyfay;ygw,f? ol@ta=umif;udk usr rodygbl;? ppfom;awG&J@ vufxyfyGJtawmf
rsm;rsm;udk oluyJ vkyfay;cJhw,fvdk@ usrxifygw,f? vufxyfpmcsKyfrSm usrwdk@ vufrSwfxdk;cJhygw,f? vuf
xyfyGJu ao;ao;av;yg?
ar; - vufxyfpmcsKyf rdWLwapmifavmuf &Edkifrvm;?
tm'if; - usrtarqDrSm rdWLwapmif&Sdygw,f? ydk@ay;zdk@ tarhqD usr rSm&if &Edkifygw,f?
ar; - ppfom;udk cifAsm; vufxyfvdkwJh qü&SdcJhygovm;?
tm'if; - r&SdcJhygbl;? rwwfomvdk@ ol@udk vufxyfcJh&wmyg?
ar; - bma=umifh ol@udk vufxyfcJh&ygovJ?
tm'if; - usru oleJ@ tdyfcJhw,fvdk@ w&GmvHk;udk ajymr,fqdk+yD;/ +cdrf;ajcmufygw,f? tJ'Dvdkajymvdkuf&if b,fa,mufsm;
urS usrudk vufxyfcsifawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;? vifa,mufsm;r&Sd&if usru rdom;pktzdk@ 0efxkyf0efydk; jzpf
oGm;ygvdrfhr,f? ol@udk vufxyfzdk@vnf; ajymygw,f? jiif;vdkuf&if tzrf;cH&rSmudk usr a=umufygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;tarudk usaemfpum;ajymvdk@&Edkifr,fh enf;vrf;wckckrsm; &Sdrvm;?
tm'if; - rjzpfEdkifygbl;? taru ArmjynfxJu usrwdk@&GmrSmbJae aeygw,f? tareJ@ oGm;awG@zdk@qdk&if tcuftcJ&Sdyg
vdrfhr,f?
ar; - cifAsm;jzpf&yfudk odxm;wJhvlawGxJu usaemf pum;ajymvdk@&r,fhol wjcm;wa,mufa,muf&Sdygovm;?
tm'if; - &Sdygw,f? usr&J@ 0rf;uGJ tpfrwa,mufu ck'Dpm;aomufqdkifrSmbJ tvkyfvkyfaeygw,f? usr xGufvm+yD;
wJhaemufrSm ol 'Dudka&mufvmygw,f? usrbmjzpfcJhw,f/ bma=umifh 'Dudka&mufvmw,f qdkwmawG tm;

vHk;udk olodygw,f? oleJ@ pum;ajymcsif&if/ olnaeus&if 'Dudka&mufvmrSmyg?

ar; - aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'gqdk&if odyfaumif;wmayghAsm? usaemf cifAsm;udk aemufxyf ar;p&mr&Sdawmhygbl;?
aemufxyfajymp&m &dSygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf usaemfhudk ar;p&mwckck&Sdygovm;?
tm'if; - ar;p&mr&Sdygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ tawG@tñuHudk ajymjywJhtwGuf txl;yJaus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dvdkajymjyzdk@ awmfawmhfudk rvG,frSef;
usaemf em;vnfygw,f? cifAsm;eJ@ wdkifyifaz:wdkifyifzufawGxJrSm usaemfeJ@awG@ay;vdk@&r,fh olawG&Sd&if
usaemfeJ@ awG@ay;Edkifrvm;?
tm'if; - usr a,mufsm;eJ@ b,fvdkuGm&Sif;&yghrvJvdk@ usrpOf;pm;aeygw,f? ol@qDudk usr jyefroGm;csifawmhygbl;?
'gayr,fh wae@ae@rSm usrvifaumif;om;aumif; wa,muf,l+yD;/ om;orD;awG arG;csifygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf
usrudk t=uHOm%fay;Edkifrvm;?
ar; - usaemfudk,fwdkifuawmh t=uHOm%f ray;wwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh t}uHOm%fay;Edkifr,fhvl wa,mufa,mufudk
usaemf &Sm=unfhygtHk;r,f? &Edkif- r&Edkif usaemf uwdray;Edkifayr,fh/ twwfEdkifqHk;óu;pm;=unfhyghr,f?
usaemfcifAsm;eJ@aemufxyf awG@zdk@vdkr,fqdk&if cifAsm;udkb,fvdk qufoG,fvdk@&EdkifygrvJ?
tm'if; - usr 'Dpm;aomufqdkifrSmbJ tjrJnaeydkif;rSm tvkyfvkyfygw,f? usrqD tcsdefra&G;vmEdkifygw,f?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm tm'if;u ol. jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh jzpf
ygonf? yGJOD; xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ygygonf? ol.
ajz=um;csufrsm;onf csKd;azgufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mYtaxmuf
tuljzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ tm'if;onf twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif; tr_ESifhywfouf
I atmufyg owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- tm'if;onf olrESiphf pfom;wd@k . vufxyfaygi;f zufrt _ jzpf owfrwS af &;twGuf owif;tcsut f vuf
rsm;ay;onf? xdr;f jrm;vufxyfjcif;udk todtrSwðf yay;ol ppfAv
kd u f usi;f yay;aomtcrf;tem;wck &Scd ahJ =umif;
tm'if;ajymjycJo
h nf? ol.jzpf&yfukd oufaocH&mY vufxyfpmcsKyu f taxmuftulðyay;ygvrd rhf nf?
'kwd,- oabmwlcGifðycsuf rygbJ/ EdkifhxufpD;eif;usaom xdrf;jrm;vufxyfr_. oabmobm0tjzpf
az:jya&;twGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk tm'if;uay;cJhonf? tm'if;onf vufrxyfcifu ol@
udk ppfom; rk'drf;usifhcJha=umif;az:jycJhonf? vufxyfrnf[laom ppfom;.urf;vSrf;vmcsufudk jiif;qefrnf
qdkygu ol.a&S@a&;ESifhywfoufI rnfodk@vkyfvdkufrnf[k ppfom;u +cdrf;ajcmufa=umif;udkvnf; tm'if;u
az:jycJhygonf? ol. xGufqdkcsuftay:tajccHI awG@&Sd&aomtcsufrSm oabmwlcGifðy@csufrygbJ/ Edkifhxuf
pD;eif;usaomenf;jzifh ol@taeESifh xdrf;jrm; vufxyfcJh&onf [lIjzpfygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- twif;t"R vufxyfapr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk tm'if;u az:jycJh
onf? ol@udk twif;t"Rvufxyfapolonf jrefrmppfwyfrS ppfom;wa,mufjzpfonf? TtcsufESifhyif
v#if tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udkjyo&ef vHkavmufygonf? TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI twif;t"R vufxyf
apr_ESifh qufE$,faeaom rk'drf;r_uJhodk@aom tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;&&Sdygonf?
aemufydkif;rSm ol@udk twif;t"R vufxyfapcJhol ppfom;u ol@udk rk'drf;usifhcJha=umif; tm'if;u az:jycJhonf?
ol. 0rf;uGJ nDtpfrawmfoludk awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;tm;jzifh ol.jzpf&yfudk oufaocHa&;twGuftaxmuftul
ay;ygvdrfhrnf?

(3) ed*Hk;csKyf ?
- twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwfom;od&Sdvmjcif;?
- twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom
- csKd;azgufr_w&yfjzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaomawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Gufjcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfh tcef;rsm;u twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif;ydkI tao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

(1) vlukeful;jcif;
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ajrmuf&efrSm csKd;azmufr_.t"du t*F g
&yfrsm;ESifh jynfhrD&efvdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpHn$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf
Oya'ESifhqef@usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfonfh tajctaewpHk jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_ t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyf pmwrf;jyXmef;csufrsm;rS ay:xGufvmcJh
jcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifha&;csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rðyrD csKd;azmuf[laom t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY
vdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? Ttcef;wGif vlukeful;jcif;[laom
csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifapa&;twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif; az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) vlukeful;jcif; t"dy`g,fudk owfrSwfjcif;?

(u) EdkifiHwumOya't& vlukeful;jcif;. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
vlukeful;jcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_w&yftjzpf rSwfwrf;ðyedkif&ef atmufygt*F g&yf (4)&yf xif&Sm;
a=umif;az:jy&ygrnf?1
1? vl (rsm;udk) &SmazG pkaqmif;jcif;?2
2? EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlcGifhðycsuf ryg&Sdjcif;?
3? tjrwfxkwfvdkaom&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdjcif;?
1/ vlukeful;a&mif;csr_rsm; wm;jrpfa&;ESifhywfoufI t"duusaom tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif-

- ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr-4? UN Declaration of Human Rights, Article 4
- ukvor~ uav;rsm;tcGifhta&; tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-35? UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 35
- ukvor~trsKd;orD;rsm;udk enf;aygif;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHaer_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-6? UN Convention on
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Article 6
- ukvor*~ vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;i,frsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;udk umuG,fay;&ef/ ESdyfuGyf&efESifh jypf'%fay;&ef oabm-
wlnDcsuf? yk'fr -3? UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women an Children, Article 3
- tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf/ uav;vkyfom;rsm;udk tqdk;&Gm;qHk;yHkpHjzifh cdkif;apr_ tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf? trSwf 182/ yk'fr-3? ILO
Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention No. 182, Article 3
Oya't& pnf;aESmifr_ r&Sdaomfvnf; vlukeful;a&mif;csr_udk wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aom tjynfjynfqdkif&mrSwfwrf;/ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;rSm - ukvor~. trsKd;
orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr-2? UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (Art. 2),
ukvor~. trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr-8? UN Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination
Against Women (Art. 8) ESifh ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vlukeful;a&mif;csr_qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh vrf;!$eft=uHjyKcsufrsm;
Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
ponfwdk@ yg0ifonf?
TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrS &,lEdkifygonf? see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (last visited 27 July 2008).
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (CIL) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? (CIL) onf tpdk;&. a,bk,svkyfaqmifcsufrS
vluek u f ;l a&mif;csjcif;udk acwfopfaus;u|ejf yKr_. tqd;k &Gm;qH;k yHpk t H jzpf vltrsm;u tjynfjynfqikd &f m "avhx;kH wrf; Oya'rsm;atmufwiG f todtrSwjf yKxm;=uyg
onf? od@k twGuaf =umifh jrefrmEdik if o H nf txufazmfjyyg tjynfjynfqikd &f m oabmwlncD surf sm;udk vufrw S af &;xd;k rxm;aomfvnf;/ Ttjynfjynfqikd &f m"avh xH;k
wrf;Oya'rsm;ESiq hf ufE,G rf &_ adS eonf[k ,lqEdik yf gonf? (od@k r[kwyf gu TOya't&pnf;aESmif;r_r&Sad p&ef tpOftqufjiif;y,fazmfjyr_rsK;d jyK vm&rnfjzpfonf?
vltrsm;u ,lq=u&mwGif vluek u f ;l a&mif;csru
_ kd wm;jrpfjcif;onf tjynfjynfqikd &f m "avhx;kH wrf;Oya'. a,bk,s tpdwt f ydik ;f wcktjzpf aqmif&u G &f rkH #omru
bJ/ wefz;kd xm;&rnfh jus cogens norm vnf;jzpfygonf? qdv k okd nfrmS Ttcsuo f nf tjynfjynfqikd &f mOya'rsm;. tajccHwefz;kd xm;csuw f ckjzpf+yD;/ rnfonfEh ikd if H
ur# (tu,fIolw@kd u pOfqufwav#mufv;kH uef@uu G v f mcJvh #iaf omfr)S csK;d azmufciG rhf &Syd g? wenf;qd&k aomf Edik if rH sm;u Twefz;kd xm;csuu f ckd sK;d azmuf a&mif;pm;cGihf
r&Syd g?
2/ vlukeful;a&mif;0,fr_ESifh ywfoufI vl(vlrsm;) udk &,l pkaqmif;jcif;qdkonfrSm vlpnf;&Hk;pkaqmif;jcif;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;/ vufv$Jajymif;jcif;/ vufcHaexdkif
apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf xdkvludk vufcH&,ljcif; vkyf&yfrsm;yg0ifygonf?

a0g[m&ESifhywfoufI owdðy&ef - vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;ESifh vlcdk;oGif;cdk;xkwfjcif;?

vlarSmifcdkoGif;xkwfjcif; qdkonfrSm aiGa=u;qdkif&m/ odk@r[kwf &kyf0wˆKqdkif&m tusKd;tjrwftwGuf vlrsm;
udk EdkifiH. e,fedrdwfrsm;udkausmfvsuf a&$@ajymif;o,f,ljcif;jzpfonf? vlukeful;jcif;ESifh vlarSmifcdkoGif;xkwfjcif;
wdk@wGif wlnDaomt*F g&yfrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf; ‚wdk@onf wckESifhwck uGmjcm;aom vkyf&yfrsm;jzpfonf? T
vkyf &yf (2)rsKd;pvHk;wGif tjrwf&a&;twGuf vlrsm;udka&$@ajymif;jcif;yg0ifonf? odk@&mwGif vlukeful;jcif;Yoabm
wlcGifhðycsufrygaom odk@r[kwf EdkifxufpD;eif;vkyfaom enf;vrf;tjyif/ tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufwdk@
yg&Sdonf? tcsKd@aomjzpf&yfrsm;Y csKd;azmufr_onf vlarSmifcdkoGif;xkwfjcif;ESifhpwifwwf+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif vlukef
ul;jcif;jcif;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;oGm;onf? om"utaeESifh az:jy&v#if/ vlwOD;uol@tm; EdkifiHjcm;odk@o,fydk@ay;
&ef oabmwlcGifhðyjcif; &SdEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif vla&mif;0,fol. EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyr_a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ vdrf
vnfvSnfhzsm;r_a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ rawmf rw&m;vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif; TcGifhðycsufonf t&mr
a&mufawmhacs?
(c) EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyaom odk@r[kwf oabmwlcGifhðycsufryg&Sdaom tajctaersm;qdkonfrSm rnfodk@aom tajctaersm;jzpf

ygoenf;?
EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyaom odk@r[kwf oabmwlcGifhðycsufryg&Sdaom tajctaersm;qdkonfrSm ta&mif;t0,fvkyfcH&
ol. vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fcGifh r&Sdonfh tajctaersm;jzpfonf?3 Ttajctaersm;wGif atmufygtajctaewdk@tyg
t0ifjzpfonf?4
- jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;
- tiftm;oHk;jcif;
- w&m;r0ifcsKyfaESmifxm;jcif; (jyefay;qGJjcif;)
- vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;jcif;
- vdktyfaeaom tusKd;cHpm;cGifhudk ay;rnfr[kwf/ odk@r[kwf vkyfay;p&m&Sdonfudk vkyfay;rnfr[kwf [k jcdrf;
ajcmufjcif;/ rdrdudkaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm;olrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif; xdcdkufepfematmifvkyfrnf wuJuJ
jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;
- udk,fcým odk@r[kwf pdwf"gwft& csdeJ@jcif;? om"utm;jzifh roefrpGrf; jzpfaejcif;/ touft&G,f i,fvGef;jcif;/
rl;,pfaq;0g;/ t&ufaopm/ tjcm;aq;0g;rsm;jzpfap wdkufau|;xm;jcif;?
(*) tjrwfxkwfvdkaom&nf&G,fcsuf qdkonfrSm rnfodk@aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzpfygoenf;?

rw&m; odk@r[kwf v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,f onf[k ,lq&aom &nf&G,fcsufwpHkw&mtwGuf vlukeful;jcif;udk EdkifiH
wum Oya't& csKd;azmufr_ajrmufaom tjrwfxkwfr_tjzpf ,lqEdkifygonf? om"u taeeSifhaz:jy&v#if/ atmufyg
wdk@onf vlukeful;jcif;tr_rsm;wGif awG@&avh&Sdaom tjrwfxkwfr_o¿mef tcsKd@jzpfonf?5
3/ EdkifxufpD;eif; jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüyg&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm jypfr_usL;vGefol. tjrifzufrS r[kwfbJ epfem&ol um,uH&SifbufrS tjrifomjzpf
onf? usL;vGefolbufu EdkifxufpD;eif;jyKjcif;r&Sd[k ,lqEdkifaomfvnf;/ epfem&ol bufurl EdkifxufpD;eif; twif;tusyfjyKonf[k jrifEdkifonf? TtwGufa=umifh
EdkifxufpD;eif; jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüryg&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm epfem&ol um,uH&Sif. tawG@tñuHt&om qHk;jzwf&rnf?
4/ vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;i,frsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;udk umuG,fay;&ef/ ESdyfuGyf&efESifh jypf'%fay;&ef oabmwlnDcsuf? yk'fr 3 (u)
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women an Children, Article 3(a).
5/ Tpm&if;onf tjynfhtpHk r[kwfovdk rqHk;Edkifatmif &Sdygonf? vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;i,frsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;udk umuG,fay;&ef/
ESdyfuGyf&efESifh jypf'%fay;&ef oabmwlnDcsuf Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Article 3(a).

- vdifydkif;qdkif&m tjrwfxkwfjcif;
- twif;t"R vkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;
- u|efðyjcif; odk@r[kwf u|efðyjcif;ESifh tvm;wl vkyf&yfrsm;
- udk,ft*F gtpdwftydkif;udk jzwfawmufypfjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?
vlukeful;jcif;ðyonfqdkv#if tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&rnf[kqdkaomfvnf; EdkifiHwumOya'csKd;
azmufr_w&yftjzpf az:jy&mY T&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk jynfhjynfpHkpHk az:jyaep&mrvdkyg? tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuf
w&yf&yfjzifh vlwa,mufa,mufudk a&mif;0,f&ef &nf&G,fonf[kqdkv#if vHkavmufygonf?6
(C) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya't& vlukeful;r_ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd; jzpf&efvdktyfyg
onf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwumtodtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sdvlrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpf
rsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óu;yrf;aom trsKd;om; (EdkifiHawmftqifh) tzGJ@tpnf;”7 udk &nf!$ef;jcif;jzpf
ygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_wGifwm0ef&Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywf
oufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;&t&m&SdwOD;u vlukeful;r_wckudk usL;vGef
onfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?8 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif
w&m;0if todtrSwfðyr_jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_ jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;
azmufr_udk wm;qD;&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufI vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomf vnf;aumif;
tpdk;&. ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf?9 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;
yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf?

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)qdkonfrSm woD;yk~vvlrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm; jzpf+yD;/
tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif; wckr[kwfyg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ ðyaeonfrsKd;&Sdwwf onf?
Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/ yk~vduaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/
a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifonf? Todk@ tpdk;& r[kwfaom tjcm;
tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) onf jynfwGif; Oya't& olwdk@ vkyfudkifaqmif &Gufaer_rsm;twGuf
wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)
onf EdkifiHwum Oya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd; &SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t&
olwdk@. vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&ef rvdktyfonfh tajctae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@ usL;vGefaom
Annotated Guide to the Complete

6/ uBmvHk;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rS xkwfa0onfh ukvor~. vlukeful;a&mif;0,fr_ xdef;csKyfa&;qdkif&mvrf;!$ef tjynfhtpHk
UN Trafficking Protocol, Global Rights, http://www.globalrights.org/site/DocServer/Annotated_Protocol.pdf?docID=2723 (last visited 19 Aug.
2008)
Center Washington, 2007, p. vix, TudPudk jrefrmbmomjzifh &Sif;jy&mwGif (state) [laom (EdkifiHawmf) oabmrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGifr&Sdyg? tpdk;& (govern-
ment) odk@r[kwf EdkifiH (country) pojzifh tajctaet& oHk;pGJygonf?
pnf;=uyfa&;Xmersm;/ jynfol@ppf vufeufudkif tzGJ@rsm;/ vkyf=uH owfjzwfa&;tzGJ@rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfonf?
9/ rSwfcsufjyK&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&. vkyf&yf udk oufaojy&ef rvdktyfyg?

jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_

rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't& wm0efcH&ef ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_
rsm;udk tjynfht0 rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;jzpf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&uusL;vGefonfjzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;
tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) u usL;vGefonf jzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
(3) ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;
rsm; pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf. toHk;0ifr_onf tcsuftvuf&Sm azGpkaqmif;ol.
xda&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@t}uHKESifh pGrf;&nfay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh rlwnfygvdrfhrnf?
tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltaeESifh csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiH
wumOya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm; ðypk&mYtaxmuftuljzpfapygonf? csKd; azmuf
r_ t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaomabmifpnf;urf;owf
rSwfcsufwck &&SdEdkifygonf?
1? vl (rsm;udk) &SmazGpkaqmif;jcif; udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;

- rnfolwdk@yg0ifywfoufoenf;?
- rnfonfhudPrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mrSm jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfhonfh tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- vl&SmazGpkaqmif;r_onf rnfodk@ jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?

2? oabmwlcGifhðycsufrygaom odk@r[kwf EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyaom tajctae tjzpfowfrSwfjcif;?
- T vlukeful;jcif; pDpOfr_rSmyg0ifrnf[koabmwlnDcJhygovm;? tb,fha=umifh oabmwlnD cJhygoenf;? odk@r[kwf
tb,fha=umifh oabmrwlnDcJhygoenf;?
- Tjzpf&yf rjzpfyGm;rD§ jzpfyGm;aepOfumv § jzpfyGm;+yD;aemufrSm rnfonfh udPrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- vlukeful;jcif;onf rnfonfhae&mrSm jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- vlukeful;jcif;vkyfief;onf tb,fha=umifh jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- T vlukeful;jcif;vkyfief;udk rnfodk@ vkyfaqmifcJhoenf;?

3? tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuf&Sda=umif; owfrSwfjcif;?

- Tvkyfief;rS rnfolwdk@ tusKd;tjrwf&&SdcJhoenf;?
- rnffonfh udPrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- vl (rsm;)udk rnfonfhae&modk@ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhoenf;?
- tb,fha=umifh vlta&mif;t0,fudP jzpfyGm;oGm;cJhoenf;?

- T vlukeful;jcif;udk rnfolwdk@u vkyfcJhoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? Tta=umif;udk rnfolwdk@u
odcJhoenf;? T vlukeful;jcif;udk rnfolwdk@u ulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhoenf;?
- TtjzpftysufESifh ywfoufI oifwdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;
r[kwf tb,fha=umifh wdkif=um;jcif;rðyygoenf;?
- Todk@ vlukeful;jcif;rjzpf&atmif tpdk;&u }udKwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI ta&;
,laqmif&Gufay;ygovm;?

- tay:pD;[ef odk@r[kwf ppfa=uma&;vkyfaeaom[efjzifh ar;cGef;ar;jcif;rsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg?

EdkifiHwum Oya' csKd;azmufr_tjzpf owfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazGpkaqmif;
&mY tcsdefESifhvkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifh tqifoifhay:vGif xif
&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufaom
owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;rSaeI
csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_. t*F g&yf
rsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfavh&Sdaom vlukeful;r_rsKd; twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSef
yHkpH wckudk Ttcef;wGif az:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH ay:tajccHvsuf awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaom taumif;ESifhtqdk; om"ursm;udk
Ttcef;wGif az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufaom tcsuf
tvuf &SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyf od&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?
(u) qufpyfr_ tajctae udkem;vnfjcif;

vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; az:xkwfa&;twGuf tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&;vkyfief;
odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDSrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajc
taeudk em;vnfxm;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctaeudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@
xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul &Edkifygonf? tawG@
tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf &SmazG pkaqmif;r_rðyrD/ aemufcH owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk pDppf&mwGif taxmuftul&Edkifygonf? atmufwGif az:jyxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlukeful;r_
jzpfay:aejcif;ESifh ywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlukeful;jcif; tr_rsm;jzpfyGm;&m ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctaeESifh aemufcH

ta=umif;tcsufrsm;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudk pwiftkyfcsKyfcJhaom(1962) ckESpf
u pI tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod &ufpufjcif; enf;AsL[mjzifhwdkif;jynf udk
tkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? wwdkif;jynfvHk;rSm qif;&JrGJawjcif;/ tvkyfr&Sdjcif;/ ynma&;pm;&dwf rwwfEdkifjcif;wdk@a=umifh
vltrsm;tjym; (txl;ojzifh i,f&G,folrsm;)onf òr@jyt&yfrsm;/ e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;Y tvkyf
tudkif&mazG&ef ae&yf&if;a'orS pGef@cGm=uonf?10 jrefrmEdkifiHrSm c&D;oGm;vmr_ESifh ywfoufI (txl;ojzifh
trsKd;orD;rsm;tzdk@ ) t}uD;tus,f uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHul;vufrSwfESifh w&m;0if
c&D;oGm;vmcGifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf pm;&dwfrwwfEdkifaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tzdk@
vlukeful;olrsm;ESifh vlarSmifcdkoGif;xkwfolrsm;tay: rjzpfrae rSDcdktm;xm;ae=u&onf?11
Ttajctaeudk tcGifhaumif;,lum jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlukeful;olwdk@onf rod/ em;rvnfolrsm; tay:
oGm;a&; vma&; ab;uif;vHkðcHHap&rnf/ tvkyftudkifvnf; &ap&rnf[laom uwdrsm;jzifh jzm;a,mif;qGJaqmif
avh&Sdonf? onfhaemufwGif vlukeful;jcif;cH&olrsm;tm; tvkyform;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jynfhwefqmrsm;
10/ Kachin Women’s Association of Thailand, “Driven Away,” 2005, http://www.womenofburma.org/Report/Driven_Away.pdf, (last visited 16 June
2008), pp. 22 – 23.
11/ Belak, Brenda, “Migration and Trafficking,” in Gathering Strength: Women from Burma on Their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002, http://www.
ibiblio.org/obl/docs/GS12.migration-and-trafficking.pdf, (last accessed 3 September 2008), p. 199.

tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ r,m;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&mif;pm;=uonf? vlukefulolwdk@onf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh

rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;avh&Sdum/ vdifu|eftjzpfoGwfoGif;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ vdifta&mif;t0,f
vkyfief;xJodk@ wGef;ydk@jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; ðywwf=uonf?12
vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufjcif;/ twif;t"R jynfhwefqmvkyfcdkif;jcif;/ twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;wdk@ESifh ywf
oufaom csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrm
EdkifiH rk'drf;r_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;”/ “jrefrmEdkifiH twif;t"R jynfhwef
qmvkyfcdkif;jcif;rsm; ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” ESifh “jrefrmEdkifiH twif;t"Rvufxyfapjcif;rsm; ta=umif;
rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOfrsm;. oufqdkif&mta=umif;t&mrsm;udk=unfhyg?
EdkifiHwumwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlukeful;&m t"duvrf;a=umif;wckjzpfonfhtjyif/ tm&Swdkufwwdkuf
vHk;. vlukeful;jcif;udk t"dutm;jzifh taxmuftulðyay;aeaom wdkif;jynfwckvnf;jzpfonf?13 a,mufsm;/
rdef;rESifh uav;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHrS cdk;xkwfum/ xdkif;/ w&kwf/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ rav;&Sm;/ yguPwef/ tdüd,/
awmifudk&D;,m;/ rUmtdkEdkifiHrsm;odk@ydk@onf? a&mif;pm;cH&oltawmfrsm;rsm;u olwdk@wawG EdkifiHwum e,fed
rdwfudkjzwfausmfcJhrSef; rod=uacs? vlukeful;olrsm;u ppfq;a&;pcef;rsm;udk uGif;a&SmifoGm; jcif;odk@r[kwf vl
0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fvkyfxm;jcif; odk@r[kwf pm&Gufpmwrf;twkrsm;udkifaqmifjcif;
ðy=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf?14
(1990) ckvGefESpfrsm;twGif;Y (etz) ppftpdk;&onf EdkifiHwum. jypfwifa0zefr_rsm;avsmhyg; oufom
oGm;atmif =uHaqmifaomtm;jzifh/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlukeful;jcif;tr_rsm; tqHk;owfa&;twGuf tay:,Hus
aom rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwftaumiftxnfaz:cJhonf? wu,fhvufawGŒY Trl0g'rsm;onf Trawmf rw&m;
r_rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;&mY rxda&mufonfomru/ trsm;jynfolwdk@. oGm;vma&;udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,f
&efom &nf&G,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf?15 T rl0g'rsm;t& vlukeful;olrsm;udkomru cH&olrsm;udkyg jypf'%fcsrSwf
&ef jyXmef;xm;onf? (2005) ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif/ (etz)ppftpdk;&u vla&mif;0,fjcif;udk &mZ0wfr_
tjzpfowfrSwf+yD;v#if/ vlta&mif; t0,fvkyfonf[k qdkol (33) OD;udk (2007) ckESpfwGif axmif'%f wouf
wu|ef;pD&ifcJhonf? odk@&mwGif awmfwnfhrSefuefaom w&m;a&;pepf r&Sdjcif;a=umifh pD&ifcsufrsm; w&m;r#wr_
&Sd- r&Sdudkrl &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rod&acs?
(c) jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfavh&Sdaom vlukeful;jcif;tr_rsKd;twGuf tcsuftvufyHkpH wckudk atmufrSmay;xm;ygonf?
TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f&Sdygonf? vlukeful;
a&mif;0,fr_wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpHn$ef;rsm;ESifhtnD owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf
atmufyg tcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? vl(rsm;udk) &SmazGpkpnf;jcif;?16
2? EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlcGifhðycsufryg&Sdjcif;?
12/ Human Rights Watch, “A Modern Form of Slavery: Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand,” August 1993, http://
www.hrw.org/reports/1993/thailand/#_1_17, (last visited 3 September 2008).
13/ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns,” April 2006, p. 60, 89, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/traf-
fickinginpersons_report_2006ver2.pdf, (last visited 17 June 2008).
14/ Belak, Brenda, “Migration and Trafficking,” in Gathering Strength: Women from Burma on Their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002, http://
www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/GS12.migration-and-trafficking.pdf, (last accessed 3 September 2008), p. 195.
15/ Ibid.
16/ vlukeful;a&mif;0,fr_ESifh ywfoufI vl(vlrsm;)udk &,lpkaqmif;jcif;qdkonfrSm vlpnf;&Hk; pkaqmif;jcif;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;/ vufv$Jajymif;jcif;/ vufcHaexdkif
apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf xdkvludk vufcH&,ljcif; vkyf&yfrsm; yg0ifygonf?

3? tjrwfxkwfvdkaom&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdjcif;?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH - vlukeful;jcif;17
vGefcJhaom wESpfavmufu/ rGefjynfe,fae/ rdyaumif;a&mh. zcifonf (etz) ppftpdk;&awmif;aomtcGef
taumufrsm;udk ray;Edkifawmhonfh aemufydkif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; qHk;&_H;ysufpD;oGm;cJhonf? ,cktcg rdyaumif;
a&mh. zcifonf usbrf;tvkyfudkvkyf+yD;/ rdom;pkudk &Smau|;ae&onf? tvkyfu tvGefyifyef;w}uD; vkyf&aom
tvkyfjzpfonfhtjyif vkyfcuvnf; enf;ao;onf? ol@zcif vkyfief;ysufpD;qHk;&_H;+yD;aemufwGif touf (15)ESpf
orD;jzpfol rdyaumif;a&mhonf rdbESifh armifi,f/ nDri,f(4) a,mufudk tvkyfvkyf+yD; axmuf yHh&eftwGuf
ausmif;xGufvdkuf&onf? pm;aomufqdkifav;wqdkifrSm ae@pOfem&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyf&onfhwdkif olr.0ifaiG
onf rSefwef;avmufomjzpf+yD; rdom;pkvnf; tEdkifEdkif&yfwnfae&onf?
wae@wGif rdyaumif;a&mh. zciftvkyfrSjyefvm&mY tm;wufp&m owif;aumif;rsm;ygvmcJhonf? ol
onf vlwa,mufESifh awG@cJha=umif;/ xdkolu &efukefrS vkyfief;&Sif olaX;rsm;twGuf tdrftvkyf vkyfay;rnfh
trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk vkduf&SmaeolwOD;udk olodonf[k ajymjyonfh ta=umif;yif jzpfonf? tvkyfu pm;aomuf
qdkifrS rdyaumif;a&mh &aomvc. q,fqr#ru&aom tvkyfjzpfonf? Ttvkyfvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh rdom;pkudk
axmufyHhEdkifrnfhtjyif ausmif;jyefwuf&eftwGuf ydkufqHudkyif pkI&Edkifa=umif; rdyaumif;a&mh odvdkufonf?
aemufxyf tcsuftvufrsm; od&Sd&eftwGuf rdyaumif;a&mh. zcifonfol. vkyfaz:udkifzufjzpfolrS wqifh
yGJpm;ESifh qufoG,fcJhonf? tvkyfu tdrfaxmifi,fwcktwGuf xrif;csufjcif;/ oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfay;jcif; tvkyf
jzpfa=umif; yGJpm;uajymjycJhonf? tvkyf&Sifbufu vukefwdkif; vcxkwfay;rnfjzpf+yD;/ ae&mxdkifcif;ESifh tpm;
taomufygay;rnf[kqdkonf? ol@bufu rdyaumif;a&mhudk tvkyf&atmif aqmif&Gufay;rnf[koabmwl
+yD; rdyaumif;a&mh. rdbrsm;bufuvnf; rdyaumif;a&mhudk &efukefodk@ac:oGm;a&;twGuf yGJpm;c aiGusyf
(100000) ay;ygrnf[k oabmwlcJh=uonf? aiGusyf wpfodef;onf rdyaumif;a&mh. rdom;pktwGuftawmf
rsm;aomaiGjzpfaomfvnf; aiGudk acs;iSm;jyD;yGJpm;xHodk@ ay;cJhonf?
rdyaumif;a&mh &efukefodk@a&muf+yD; aemufwGif/ yGJpm;u olrudk tdrftdk}uD;wtdrfodk@ ac:oGm;+yD;/ npfay
aeaom tcef;wcef;xJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;cJhonf? xdwfvef@wkefv_yfoGm;vsuf rduaumif;a&mhonf olr
udk v$wfay;yg[k i,foHygatmifatmf&if; wHcg;udkw'Hk;'Hk; xkawmhonf? yGJpm;u wHcg;udkvmzGifh+yD;/ olrtm;
cyf=urf;=urf; &dkufvdkufonf? aumif;aumif;rvkyf Edkifawmhonftxd wudk,fvHk;udk xdk;vdkuf/ uefvdkufvkyf
onf? “eifh yg;pyfydwf+yD; ajcaxmufum;xm;&if ig eifhudk rowfbl;?”[k yGJpm;uajymonf? onfhaemufydkif;wGif
yaumif;a&mhonf uvefuqef rvkyf&Jawmhacs?
yGJpm;ESifh ol.taygif;taz:jzpfol ausmf0if;qdkolwdk@u olrtm; tjcm;a,mufsm;rsm;ESifh vdifqufqH&ef
twif;t"Rcdkif;onf? olru jiif;qefv#if/ jyif;jyif;xefxef &dkufESufonf? olrtm; wae@v#if a,mufsm; (3)
a,mufavmuftxdESifh tdyfcdkif;onf? xdkvlrsm;u udP+yD; I wHcg;udk acgufvdkufv#if ausmf0if; odk@r[kwf yGJpm;
wdk@ wa,mufa,mufu wcg;udk aomhvmzGifhay;onf? xdka,muFsm;rsm;u olwdk@udk ydkufqHay;oGm;=uonf?
ausmf0if; odk@r[kwf yGJpm;u wae@v#if/ ESpf=udrf olrudk xrif;wyef;uefESifh [if;wdk@udk ,lvmay;onf? a&csKd;
&efESifh tdrfomoGm;&efomv#if olrudk tjyifxGufcGifhay;onf?
17/ ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdjyKapvdk ygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;jyKazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD;a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wck udk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?

wnY vla,muf tcef;xJrS jyefxGufoGm;+yD;aemuf wHcg;udk aomhjyefcwfxm;&ef ausmf0if;arhoGm;cJha=umif;

rdyaumif;a&mh odvdkufonf? xGufajy; vGwfajrmuf&ef tcGifhtvrf;jzpfa=umif; odvdkufonf? ausmf0if;ESifh
yGJpm;wdk@ tdyfaysmfaerSef; aocsmonftxd apmifhaevdkufonf? xdk@aemuf tcef;xJrSaeI tomt,m xGuf
vdkuf+yD;/ tdrfxJrS xGufoGm;cJhonf? olr ñuHawG@cJh&onfwdk@udk wdkif=um;&eftwGuf &Jpcef;odk@ wefwef;rwfrwf
ajy;oGm;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif &Jrsm;u jynfhwefqmvkyfjcif;onf Oya'ESifhqef@usifonf[kqdkum olrudk zrf;rnf
[kjcdrf;ajcmufcJhonf? tzrf;cH&rnfpdk;ojzifh olronf tr_udk wdkifcsufrzGifhbJ/ &Jpcef;rSaeI xGufvmcJhonf?
rGefjynfe,f&Sd olr.&Gmodk@jyefv#if rdom;pktwGuf t&Suf&rnfpdk;ojzifh olronf xdkif;EdkifiHodk@xGufajy;&ef qHk;
jzwfcJhonf? ,cktcgY rdyaumif;a&mhonf xdkif;EdkifiH rJaqmufòr@&Sd jrefrmpm;aomufqdkifav; wqdkifYtvkyf
vkyfaeonf?

awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t"duusaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;enf;jzpfonf? t"duta=umif;&if;rSm
tjzpftysufwckESifhywfoufI vlwdk@onf owif;tcsufrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfaoma=umifhyif? awGqHk
ar;jref;jcif;onf tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;aomvkyfief;twGuf tajccHusonfjzpf&m/ taumif;qHk;aomawGqHk
ar;jref;jcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk &&Sdxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk bufaygif;pHkrSaeI tao;pdwf
usus az:xkwfa&;wGif aomhcsufwckjzpfygonf? txufaz:jyyg jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHudk tajccHxm;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erl
emyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSmaz:jyxm;ygonf? yxrawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;
. om"ujzpf+yD;/ 'kwd, awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpfygonf? om"u
wckpD. atmufrSm ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufudkvnf; az:jyxm;ygonf?

ar; - cifAsm; rGefjynfe,fuae &efukefudk vlukeftul;cH&w,fqdkwm rSefygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - rSefw,fvdk@xifygw,f? usru &efukefudk tdrftvkyfvkyfzdk@ vmcJhwmyg? 'gayr,fh usrudk tusOf;om;
wa,mufvdk csKyfxm;cHcJh&ygw,f?
ar; - &efukefudk ac:oGm;ay;zdk@twGuf vlukeful;wJhvludk cifAsm;ydkufqHay;cJh&ygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&m h- &efukefrSm rdef;uav;i,fawGtwGuf tvkyfaumif;aumif;&Sdw,fvdk@ajymjywJhvludk usr tazu
ydkufqHay;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dvlu usrudk &efukefac:oGm;cJhygw,f? ol[m vlukeful;wJh vlvm; qdkwmudk
usr rodygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;udk &efukefudk twif;t"Rac:oGm;cJhwmvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - yxrawmh/ usru &efukefudkoGm;csifwmyg? rdom;pkeJ@ usr&J@ ynma&; twGuf usr ydkufqHvdkcsifvdk@yg?
'gayr,fh &efukefudka&muf+yD;wJh aemufrSmawmh/ rGefjynfe,fuae xGufrvmrdcJh&if taumif;om;vdk@
awG;rdcJhygw,f?
ar; - &efukefrSm cifAsm;udk wjcm;a,muFsm;awGeJ@ vdifqufqHbdk@ twif;t"Rcdkif;w,fqdkwmrSefygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - a,mufsm;awGeJ@ vdifqufqHcJhwJhtwGuf cifAsm;tzdk@ tusKd;tjrwf wpHkw&m&cJhygovm;?

rdyaumif;a&mh - r&cJhygbl;? usrudk ydwfavSmifxm;wJholawGudkyJ ydkufqHay;wmyg?

ar; - 'Dvkyfief;udk cifAsm; oabmrwlcJhbl;r[kwfvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrvHk;0 oabmrwlcJhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@tjzpfeJ@ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;wdkifwef;bdk@ óu;pm;cJhygovm;? wdkifwef;&ifvnf; ta=umif;xl;r,f
r[kwfbl;aygh?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr &Judk wdkifwef;zdk@}udK;pm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh &Ju usrudk zrf;r,f qdkjyD; jcdrf;ajcmufvdk@/ usr jrefrm
EdkifiHuae xGufajy;vmcJh&ygw,f?

yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azmufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; rSwf
wrf;wif&efwnf;[laom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkudk tao;pdwfay:
vGifapa&;twGuf ar;cGef;rsm; vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onf jzpf&yf. yHkum;csyfudk tjynfh
t0az:jya&;wGif txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm rdyaumif;
a&mh taeESifh rnfodk@ajz=um;oifha=umif; t&dyftuJjyonfhoabmjzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf” odk@r
[kwf “r[kwfyg”[k ajzaeygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; usefoGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol
taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ rdyaumif;a&mh
bufuvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol =um;vdkaom
tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm;oGm;Edkifygonf?
udkom v#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"uuJhodk@aom jzpf&yfrsm;onf vlukeful;jcif;tjyif tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;
vnf; yg0ifywfoufr_jzpfwwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh twif;t"R
jynfhwefqmvkyfcdkif;jcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vdifydkif;qdkif&m csKd;azmufr_o¿mefuJhodk@aom &mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf
taxmuftxm;rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf? rdyaumif;a&mh. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk
T awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; rSr&&Sdacs? rdyaumif;a&mh. owif;udk yHhydk;twnfðya&;twGuf oufaotaxmuf
txm;&Sd- r&Sd olrudkar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaomrSwfwrf;ðyr_. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf?

ar - rdyaumif;a&mhcifAsm;/ jrefrmjynfuae xGufvmzdk@ qHk;jzwfch&J wmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;jzpfysufchw
J mawG
udk ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr jrefrmjynfuaexGufvm cJh&wmuawmh/ vdrfnm+yD; jynfhwefqm vkyfcdkif;wm cHcJh&vdk@ygyJ? usr

rdom;pku pm;0wfaea&; awmfawmf usyfwnf;ygw,f? &efukefrSm tvkyf&r,fqdkvdk@/ tazu usr

udk &efukef ac:oGm;zdk@twGuf yGJpm;udk ydkufqHay;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh &efukefudkvnf; a&mufa&m/ usr
udk ydwfavSmifxm;+yD;/ a,mufsm;awGeJ@ vdifqufqHcdkif;ygw,f?
ar; - b,fvdkjzpfyGm;cJhygovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - &efukefrSm tvkyfvkyfzdk@ rdef;uav;awGudk vdkuf&Smaew,fqdkwJh yGJpm;wa,mufeJ@ usr&J@taztquf
toG,f&cJhygw,f? yGJpm;u usrudk &efukefac:oGm;ay;zdk@twGuf aiGusyf (100˜000) awmif;ygw,f?
usr wdk@rdom;pkrSm 'Davmufrsm;wJh aiGr&Sdawmh/ yGJpm;udkay;zdk@twGuf rdwfaqGawG/ aqGrsKd;awGqDu
ae acs;iSm;jyD;ay;cJh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh &efukefudkvnf;a&mufa&m/ usr[myGJpm;&J@ tusOf;om;jzpf
oGm;awmhwmygyJ?
ar; - &efukefrSm b,fvdktvkyfrsKd;&r,fvdk@ cifAsm;udk uwday;cJhygovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - tdrftvkyfvkyf&r,fvdk@ usr xifcJhygw,f? rGefjynfe,frSm usr&wJh vcxuf q,fqru &r,fvdk@
yGJpm;uajymcJhygw,f? aep&meJ@pm;p&myg &r,fvdk@vnf; olu uwday;cJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; &efukefa&mufawmh b,fvdkjzpfoGm;cJhygovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrudk npfayaewJh tcef;wcef;xJudk ac:oGm;+yD;/ aomhcwfxm;cJhw,f? yGJpm;eJ@/ ol@taz: ausmf0if;
qdkwJhvlu usrudk &dkufESuf+yD;/ ydwfavSmifxm;cJhygw,f? a&csKd;zdk@eJ@/ tdrfomoGm;zdk@uvGJ+yD; usrudk
tcef;tjyifudk ay;rxGufcJhygbl;?
ar; - yGJpm;u cifAsm;udk bm=umifh &efukef ac:oGm;cJhwmygvJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrudk tokH;csjyD; ol‹pD;yGm;&Smbdk@ &efukefudk ac:oGm;cJhwmyg? usruol@&J@ tusOf;om;jzpfoGm;cJh+yD;/
usreJ@ vdifqufqHcsifwJh a,muFsm;awGqD usrudk a&mif;pm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Da,muFsm;awGuausmf0if;
eJ@ yGJpm;udk ydkufqHay;ygw,f?
ar; - ydkufqHay;wmudk cifAsm; b,fvdkvkyfodygovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr tcef;xJ vmwJhvlawGqDrSm olwdk@ydkufqHawmif;wmudk usrudk,fwdkifjrifcJh&ygw,f?
ar; - 'DvdkvkyfwJh udPudk cifAsm;bufu oabmwlcJhygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - rwlygbl;? usr vHk;0oabmrwlcJhygbl;? usru tusOf;om;yg? 'DrzG,fr&mtvkyfawGudk twif;
t"Rvkyfcdkif;cHcJh&wmyg?
ar; - b,fvdkvkyf+yD; twif;t"R vdifqufqHcdkif;cJhygovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr rvkyf&if/ ausmf0if;eJ@ yGJpm;u &dkufrSmaygh? yxrawmh usr jiif;cJhygao;w,f? olwdk@u usrudk
wtm;&dkufygw,f? 'ga=umifh aemufydkif;rSm usr jiif;bdk@róu;pm;awmhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm; epfema=u;wpHkw&m &cJhygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - r&cJhygbl;? ausmf0if;eJ@ yGJpm;u&or# ydkufqHudk olwdk@yJ,lygw,f? xrif;udkawmif wlwlwefwef au|;
wmr[kwfygbl;? xrif;av; vufwqkyfpmavmufeJ@ [if; rjzpfpavmufav;yJay;ygw,f? usrrSm
tjrJyJ AdkufqmaecJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@jzpf&yfta=umif;udk tm%mydkifawGqDrSm wdkifwef;cJhygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr wdkifbdk@ óu;pm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh olwdk@u usr[m jynfhwefqmyJ/ Oya't& ta&;,lvdk@ &w,f

vdk@ ajymcJhygw,f? usrvnf; axmifxJ0if&rSma=umufwmeJ@/ wdkifcsufrzGifhbJ jyefcJh&ygw,f? usr

vnf; &SufvGef;vdk@ &Gmudkrjyef&JwmeJ@/ xdkif;EdkifiHudkxGufvmcJhygw,f? wjcm;bmvkyf&rvJ qdkwvnf;
pOf;pm;vdk@r&cJhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@jzpf&yfeJ@ywfoufvdk@ twnfðyay;Edkifr,fh wjcm;vlwa,mufa,mufudk usaemfpum;ajymvdk@
&Edkifrvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrudk ydwfavSmifcJhwJhvlawG&J@ vufxJrSm usrvdkyJ aecJh&wJh/ &Srf;jynfe,fu trsKd;orD;wa,muf
&Sdygw,f? usr xGufajy;+yD;wJh aemufrSmolvnf; xGufajy;vmcJhygw,f? r=umao;cifuyJ/ 'Dxdkif;EdkifiH
xJrSm usr oleJ@awG@cJhygw,f? oleJ@awG@&if tqifajyrvm;? awG@zdk@udPudkawmh usr pDpOfay;vdk@&yg
w,f?
ar; - [kwfuJh? 'gqdk&if odyfaumif;wmayghAsm? aemufxyfajymp&m &dSygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf usaemfhudk
ar;p&m wckck&Sdygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - jrefrmjynfrSm&SdaewJh usr rdom;pktwGuf pdwfylrdwmwckygbJ? usrudk &efukef ydk@zdk@twGuf rdbawG u
ydkufqHawGtrsm;}uD; acs;xm;cJh&wmyg? ckawmh olwdk@wawG b,fvdk&yfwnfae=uovJrodygbl;? ol
wdk@qDydk@zdk@twGuf usróu;pm;+yD; ydkufqH&Smaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh tvkyf&Sm&wmuvnf; cufygw,f?
olwdk@twGuf usr tjrJpdwfylaerdygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ tawG@tñuHudk ajymjywJhtwGuf txl;yJaus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dvdkajymjyzdk@ awmfawmhfudk r
vG,frSef; usaemf em;vnfygw,f? cifAsm;eJ@ wdkifyifaz: wdkifyifzufawGxJrSm usaemfeJ@awG@ay;vdk@&r,fh
olawG&Sd&if usaemfeJ@ awG@ay;Edkifrvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrwu,fbJ awG@ay;csifygw,f?
ar; - usaemfcifAsm;eJ@aemufxyf awG@zdk@vdkr,fqdk&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdk qufoG,fvdk@&Edkif ygrvJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr emrnfudk 'DrSm ar;vdk@&ygw,f? naeydkif;awGrSm usr 'DqdkifrSm tjrJtvkyfvkyfygw,f?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf tb,fha=umifh aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&ygoenf;?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[k qdk&jcif;rSm rdyaumif;a&mhu ol@jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? yGJOD;xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf tzGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf;ygonf? ol
.ajz=um;csufrsm;onf csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mYtaxmuf
tuljzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ rdyaumif;a&mhonf vlukeful;jcif;ESifhywfoufIatmufyg
owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- rdyaumif;a&mhonf vl&SmazGpkaqmif;jcif;tjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf owif;tcsufrsm;ay;onf?
yGJpm;wa,mufu &efukefrSm tvkyf&Smay;rnf[k ac:a=umif; rdyaumif;a&mh ajymjycJhonf? xdkolonfaiG
tawmfrsm;rsm; awmif;,lvsuf olrudk &efukefodk@ ydk@ay;+yD;aemuf ydwfavSmifxm;cJha=umif; oluaz:jycJhonf?
ol. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;&eftwGuf ol.b0wl &Srf;trsKd;orD;xHrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;u
taxmuftulay;ygvdrfhrnff?
'kwd,- oabmwlcGifhðycsuf ryg&Sdjcif;ESifh EdkifhxufpD;eif; ðyjcif;. oabmobm0tjzpfaz:jya&;twGuf
tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk rdyaumif;a&mhuay;cJhonf? rdyaumif;a&mhtaeESifh yGJpm;u ol@udk &efukef
odk@ ac:oGm;ay;&ef yxrwGif oabmwlcJhaomfvnf;yGJpm;u &efukefrSm vkyf&rnfh ta=umif;tao;pdwfudk vdrf
nmxm;cJhonf? rdyaumif;a&mhu &efukefrSm tdrftvkyfvkyf&ef oabmwlcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif &efukef

a&mufaomtcg ol@udk tcef;wcef;xJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;+yD;/ a,mufsm;rsm;ESifh vdifqufqH&ef twif;t"Rcdkif;

cJhonf? yGJpm;ESifh ol@taygif;taz:. cdkif;onfhtwdkif;rvkyfv#if &dkufESufonfhtjyif/ owfypfrnf[k jcdrf;ajcmuf
a=umif;udkvnf; rdyaumif;a&mhu az:jycJhygonf? olr.xGufqdk csuft&=unfhv#if/ Tvkyf&yfudk oabmwl
cGifhðycsuf ryg&Sd jcif;ESifh EdkifhxufpD;eif;ðyjcif;enf;jzifh vkyfcJha=umif; ay:vGifaeygonf?
wwd,- tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufudk rdyaumif;a&mhu owfrSwfaz:jyay;cJhonf? olESifh vdif
qufqHolrsm; xHrS tca=u;aiGrsm;udk yGJpm;ESifh ausmf0if;qdkolwdk@ &&SdcJha=umif;udk oluaz:jycJhonf? yGJpm;ESifh
ausmf0if;wdk@onf tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf rdyaumif;a&mhudk &efukefodk@ac:vmcJh+yD;/ ydwf
avSmifxm;cJha=umif; Ttcsufu n$efjyaeygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- TcsKd;azmufr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dK,frsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk rdyaumif;a&mhu az:jycJhonf?
tm%mydkifrsm;udk olrtaeESifh wdkif=um;cJha=umif; odk@&mwGif tm%mydkifrsm;u ta&;,l&ef ysufuGufcJha=umif;
rdyaumif;a&mhu az:jycJhonf? onf=um;xJ ol@udk zrf;qD;rnfwuJuJ +cdrf;ajcmufvdkufao;onf? Ttcsuf
ESifhyifv#if tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk jyo&ef vHkavmufygonf?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rS vlukeful;jcif;ESifh qufE$,faeaom twif;t"Rjynfhwefqmvkyfcdkif;jcif;uJhodk@aom
tjcm; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;twGuf vnf; taxmuftxm;rsm; &&Syd gonf? ol@ukd tcef;wcef;xJrmS ydwaf vSmifxm;+yD;/
tc a=u;aiGtwGuf a,mufsm;rsm;ESifh vdifqufqH&ef twif;t"R cdkif;cJha=umif;udk rdyaumif;a&mhuaz:jy
cJhonf? xdkyGJpm;ESifh taygif;tygwdk@. vuf0,frSm tvm;wl rawmfrw&m; tðycHcJh&onfqdkaom b0wl
&Srf;trsKd;orD;udk awG@qHkar;jref;tm;jzifh rdyaumif;a&mh. jzpf&yfudk oufaocHa&;twGuf taxmuftul
ay;ygvdrfhrnf? tjcm;aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk owfrSwfaz:jya&;twGuf aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;ar;&ef vdktyf
aumif; vdktyfEdkifygonf? awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;pGm+yD;qHk;oGm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdyaumif;a&mh
u aemufxyf ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz=um;ay;rnf[k oabmwlcJhonfhtjyif/ awG@qHkar;jref;oltzdk@vnf; olESifh
rnfodk@qufoG,f&rnfudk odvdkuf&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
(3) ed*Hk;csKyf
Ttcef;udk zwf+yD;v#if oifhtaeESifh atmufygtcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf?
- vlukeful;jcif;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwfom; od&Sdvmjcif;?
- vlukeful;a&mif;csjcif;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef;
rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azmufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaomawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudkaqmif&Gufjcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfhtcef;rsm;u vlukeful;jcif;. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;
ta=umif; ydkItao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

(1) owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufjypfjcif;

EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_ ajrmuf&efrSm csKd;azgufr_. t"dut*F g&yf
rsm;jynfhrD&ef vdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpHn$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf Oya'ESifh
qef@usifaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf[k owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf &Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usif tajctaewpHkvdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;jyXmef;csufrsm;rSaeI
ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_ rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf; wifjcif;rðyrDrSm csKd;azgufr_ [laom
t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wdus pGmem;vnf xm;oifhygonf? Ttcef;u
owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif; wnf;[laom csKd;azgufr_ ay:vGifapa&;twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif;
&Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) owfjzwfjcif;. t"dy`g,fudk owfrSwfjcif;?

(u) EdkifiHwumOya't&qdkv#if owfjzwfjcif;. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
owfjzwfjcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_w&yftjzpf rSwfwrf;ðy&eftvdk@iSm atmufyg t*F g&yf (4)&yf xif&Sm;
a=umif;az:jy&ygrnf?1
1? vl@toufudk aoapjcif;?
2? w&m;Oya'rJh owfjzwfjcif;?
1/ vlwdk@. touf&SifaexdkifcGifhudk umuG,fay;xm;aom tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif atmufygwdk@ yg0ifygonf?

- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr-3? Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 3)
- vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-6? (ICCPR) (Article 6)
- *sDeDAm uGefAif;&Sif; (taxGaxG yk'fr-3)? ‚rSm ppfyGJESifhqdkifaom Oya'rsm;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHu yg0if vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;ygonf?
- uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-6? The Covenant on the Rights of the Child (Article 6) tu,fI epfem&olonf
touf-18 ESpfatmufjzpfygu toHk;jyKEdkifonf? jrefrmEdkifiHu ToabmwlnDcsufudk c|if;csufjzifh todtrSwfjyK vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onf?
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m Oa&my oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-2/ European Convention on Human Rights (Article 2) / tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwl
nDcsuf/ yk'fr-4 the American Convention on Human Rights (Article 4) wdk@uJhodk@aom a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onfvnf; vlrsm;. touf&Sif
aexdkifcGifhudk umuG,fr_ay;xm;ygonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@wGif tvm;wl oabmwlnDfr_ &Sdaomfvnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; rjyK&ao;yg?
Oya't& pnf;aESmifr_ r&Sdaomfvnf; vlwdk@. touf&SifaexdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;xm;onfh EdkifiHwum pmcsKyfpmwrf; rsm;&Sdaeygonf? ‚wdk@rSm
- Oya'pnf;=uyfa&; t&m&Sdrsm;. tiftm;oHk;jcif;ESifh vufeuftoHk;csjcif;qdkif&m rl0g' the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law
Enforcement Officials / ao'%ftjypfuscH&olrsm;. tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHumuG,fay;&efrlrsm; the Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights
of those Facing the Death Penalty / w&m;r0if/ twif;tusyfoabmESifh tusOf;&Hk; owfjzwfr_rsm;udk xda&mufpGm umuG,fay;a&;ESifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;qdkif&m
vrf;!$efrlrsm; the Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extralegal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions ESifh &mZ0wfr_a=umifh
epfem&olrsm;ESifh tm%m tvGJoHk;pm;r_rsm;twGuf epfem&olrsm; w&m;r#wr_&&Sda&; rl0g'rsm;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf; the Declaration of Basic Principles
of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power wdk@ yg0ifygonf? txl;ojzifh w&m;r0if/ twif;tusyfoabmESifh tusOf;&Hk; owfjzwfr_rsm;udk
xda&mufpGm umuG,fay;a&;ESifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;qdkif&m vrf;!$efrlrsm;t& tpdk;&rsm;onf Oya'a=umif;t&/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aomyHkpHrsm;jzifh Todk@ aoaprnf[k
+cdrf;ajcmufpmay;cH&olrsm; tygt0if/ owfjzwfcH&rnfhta&; ñuHawG@ae&olrsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? xdk@tjyif Trlrsm;. yk'fr-1 t& jynfwGif;
r+idrfroufr_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf vlxkta&;ay: tajctaersm; uJhodk@aom omrmefr[kwfonfh tajctaersm;t& Tokd@ tusOf;&Hk; owfjzwfr_udk qifajcay;Ir&yg?
yk'fr-20 t& epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm; udkvnf; umvwckwm oifhavsmfaom axmufyHha=u;ay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ygrnf? See Principles
on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions: Recommended by Economic and Social Council
resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989, Article 1, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/54.htm (last visited July 31, 2008) and Fact Sheet No 11 (Rev.
1), Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs11.htm (last visited Nov 1, 2005).
TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif =unfh&_&,lEdkifygonf? see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (last visited 27 July 2008).
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (CIL) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? (CIL)onf tpdk;& . a,bk,svkyfaqmifcsufrS
vm onfh Oya'ausm&dk;wckjzpf+yD;/ tcsdef&vmonfESifhtr# pnf;aESmifr_&Sdonfh Oya'wcktjzpf vufcHvm=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHwckonf pOfqufrjywf
odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf txufazmfjyyg tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;rxm;aomfvnf;/ Ttjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;
Oya'rsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_&Sdaeonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf? (odk@r[kwfygu TOya't&pnf;aESmif;r_r&Sdap&ef tpOftqufjiif;y,fazmfjyr_rsKd; jyKvm&rnfjzpfonf? vl
trsm;pku vufcH,lqxm;=u&mwGif vlwOD;. touf&Sifae xdkifcGifhonf a,bk,s tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;. wefzdk;xm;csufwckom jzpfonfr
u/ a jus cogens norm wckvnf; jzpfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm ‚onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'. tajccHwefzdk;xm;csuf jzpfygonf? rnfonfhEdkifiHur# (tu,fI
tjrJwap uef@uGufaecJhv#ifaomfrS) csKd;azmufcGifhr&Sdyg? wenf;qdk&aomf EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&rsm;onf Twefzdk;xm;csufudk ypfy,fa&mif;pm;jcif;rjyK&yg? See, Fact
Sheet No 11 (Rev. 1), Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs11.htm (last visited 1 November
2005).

tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya' - vlwOD;. touf&SifaexdkifcGifh

touf&SifaexdkifcGifhudk twif;tusyf &kyfodrf;jcif;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;u ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;
ygonf? owfjzwfjcif;onf touf&SifaexdkifcGifhudk &kyfodrf;jcif; tjzpf tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'udk csKd;azguf&m
a&mufonf?
(c) w&m;Oya'rJh owfjzwfjcif;qdkonfudk rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u txajrmufapoenf;?

“w&m;Oya'rJh”owfjzwfjcif;wGif Oya'rJhowfjzwfjcif; odk@r[kwf w&m;&Hk;rSm pD&ifjcif;r&Sdaom/ tusOf;&Hk;pD
&ifaom owfjzwfjcif; odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf owfjzwfjcif;wdk@ tusKH;0ifygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh qdk&v#if/ owf
jzwfr_w&yfonf w&m;rr#wr_ jzpfap/ usdK;a=umif;rcdkifvHkr_jzpfap/ vufvGwfpy,fðyjcif;jzpfap yg&Sdaeygu ‚onf
w&m; Oya'rJhowfjzwfjcif; jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? atmufygwdk@onf w&m;Oya'rJhowfjzwfjcif;. om"utcsKdjzpf
ygonf?2
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpuf&mrS aoqHk;jcif;
- w&m;r#waom w&m;&Hk;=um;emppfaq;r_ r&SdbJ uGyfrsufjcif;
- ppfokH@yef;udk owfjzwfjcif;3
- tvGeftu|H tiftm;toHk;ðy&mrS aoqHk;jcif; (txl;ojzifh +idrf;csrf;pGm qüjyyGJrsm;rSm jzpfyGm;onf?)
- xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;pOf umvtwGif; toufaoapavmufaom tajctaersm;rSaeI aoqHk;jcif;? om"
utm;jzifh tpm;tpmrau|;bJ xm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf aq;0g;uko ray;jcif;?
owfjzwfjcif;onf vufeufudkifwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifwdkufcdkuf&mrSaoqHk;jcif; odk@r[kwf w&m;r#waom w&m;&Hk;
=um;emppfaq;r_ vkyf+yD;aemuf ao'%fay;r_a=umifh aoqHk;jcif;uJodk@aom tenf;tusOf;r#aom tajctaersm;rSm
omv#if “Oya'ESifhtnD”jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf?4 usefowfjzwfjcif;trsm;pk (EdkifiH.ta&;ay:tajctaersm;twGif;
rSm usL;vGefaom owfjzwfjcif; tygt0ifjzpfonf )onf w&m;Oya'ESifhrnDaom owfjzwfr_rsm;jzpfonf?)
2/ w&m;r0if/ twif;tusyfoabmESifh tusOf;&Hk; owfjzwfr_rsm;udk xda&mufpGm umuG,fay;a&;ESifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;qdkif&m vrf;!$efrlrsm; (yk'fr-1) See, Prin-
ciples on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions (Article 1) ESifh Fact Sheet No 11 (Rev.
1): Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs11.htm (last visited 1 November 2005). udk=unfhyg?
3/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m ppfyGJOya'rsm;t& ppfom;rsm;ESifh vufeufudkif twdkuftcHtkyfpk0ifrsm;udkyifv#if ppfyGJ wdkufcdkufaeonfh tajctaersKd; r[kwfv#if owfjzwfjcif;udk
cGifhjyKxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? TjyXmef;csufonf ppftusOf;om;rsm;twGufudkrl &Sif;vif;pGm qufvufazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? tjynfjynfqdkif&m ppfyGJOya'rsm;t&vufeufcs
vmoludk owfjzwfokwfoifcGifhr&Sdyg? tu,fI Tolonf twdkuftcHtkyfpk/ ppfwyf.tzGJ@0if/ vufeufudkif tzGJ@0ifjzpfaev#ifaomfrS owfjzwfcGifhr&Sdyg? xdk@tjyif
ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;jcif;a=umifh aoqHk;&jcif;onf tpOfojzifhw&m;r0if aqmif&Gufonf[k owfrSwfxm;=uygonf?
4/ vltrsm;pku ao'%ftjypfay;r_udk EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;u wm;jrpfxm;onf[k ,Hk=unfae=uygonf? tenf;qHk;taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'u t&G,fra&muf
ao;onfh uav;oli,frsm;tay:/ udk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;/ rdciftopfESifh &k;oGyfaeolrsm;udk ao'%ftjypfay;jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? ao'%f tjypfay;cH&
olrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHay;jcif;qdkif&m rlrsm;udk=unfhyg? See, Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of those Facing the Death Pen-
alty, ECOSOC resolution 1984/50 of 25 May 1984, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp41.htm (last visited 1 November 2005); see also
Article 6(5) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/84ab9690ccd81fc7c12563ed
0046fae3?Opendocument (last visited 1 November 2005) and General Comment No. 06: The Right to life (Art. 6).

(*) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif; tr_ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfu
vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd; jzpf&efvdk tyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum todtrSwfðy
ydkifeufe,fajr&Sd vlrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óu;yrf;aom trsKd;om;(EdkifiHawmf
tqifh) tzGJ@tpnf;” udk &nf!$ef;jcif;jzpfygonf?5 odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmuf
r_wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm; jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;& t&m&Sd
wOD;u rk'drf;r_wckudk usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?6
tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aom csKd;
azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufIvHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&ef
aomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&.ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf?7 om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&ygv#if/ owfjzwfr_ESifhtpazsmufr_
usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udkcsKd;azmuf
&m a&mufygonf?

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)qdkonfrSmwoD;yk~vvlrsm;/ tkyfpk
rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif;wckr[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ðyaeonf rsKd;
&Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;.tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/ yk~vdu
aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifonf? Todk@
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf jynfwGif;Oya't&olwdk@ vkyfudkifaqmif
&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non
State Actors - NSA) onf EdkifiHwum Oya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;& w&yf. ta&;
,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@.vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&efrvdktyfonfh tajctae/ odk@r[kwf
olwdk@usL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f
&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't&wm0efcH&ef ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&uusL;vGefonfjzpfap/ tpdk;
&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) u usL;vGefonf jzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&efvdktyf
onf?
(3) ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif; - owfjzwfjcif;?

ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf. toHk;0ifr_onf tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;ol.
xda&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@t}uHKESifh pGrf;&nfay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh rlwnfygvdrfhrnf?
tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azgufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwum
Oya'csKd;azgufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm; ðypk&mY taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? vdktyfaom
Center Washington, 2007, p. vix, TudPudk jrefrmbmomjzifh &Sif;jy&mwGif (state) [laom (EdkifiHawmf) oabmrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGif r&Sdyg? tpdk;& (govern-
pnf;=uyfa&;Xmersm;/ jynfol@ppf vufeufudkif tzGJ@rsm;/ vkyf=uHowfjzwfa&;tzGJ@rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfonf?
7/ rSwfcsufjyK&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&. vkyf&yfudk oufaojy&efrvdktyfyg?
vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu tcef;-2 udk =unfhyg?

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif csKd;azgufr_t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuf

wck&&SdEdkifygonf?
1? owfjzwfjcif;tjzpfowfrSwfjcif;
- rnfolaoqHk;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhjzpf&yfrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdeftcgrSm aoqHk;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mrSm aoqHk;cJhoenf;?
- rnfodk@ aoqHk;cJhoenf;?
- jzpfyGm;cJhonfwdk@udk oifrnfodk@odygoenf;?
2? w&m;Oya'rJhowfjzwfjcif; tjzpfowfrSwfjcif;
- owfjzwfjcif;tr_wGif rnfolu OD;aqmifcJhygoenf;?
- owfjzwfjcif;tr_twGuf rnfonfh ta=umif;jycsuf ay;cJhoenf;?
- owfjzwfcH&jcif;rS vGwf&eftwGuf cH&olrSm rnfonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &SdcJhygoenf;?
- owfjzwfjcif;tr_udk rnfodk@rnfyHk usL;vGefcJhygoenf;?
3// tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- owfjzwfjcif;udk rnfoluvkyfcJhoenf;? rnfolutrdef@ay;cJhoenf;? Tta=umif;udk rnfolwdk@u odcJhoenf;?
owfjzwfjcif;udk rnfolwdk@u ulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhoenf;?
- TtjzpftysufESifh ywfoufI oif wdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwf
tb,fha=umifh wdkif=um;jcif;rðyygoenf;?
- Todk@owfjzwfjcif;rjzpf&atmiftpdk;&u óuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufay;ygovm;?

(4) tpazsmufypfjcif;tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;

(u) EdkifiHwumOya't&qdkv#if tpazsmufypfjcif;. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
tpazsmufypfjcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_w&yftjzpf rSwfwrf;ðy&eftvdk@iSm atmufygt*F g&yf (4) &yf xif
&Sm;a=umif; az:jy&ygrnf?8
1// vlyk~dKvfwpHkwa,mufudk w&m;r0ifcsKyfaESmifxm;jcif; odk@r[kwf tjcm;wyg;odk@ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;?
2? cH&ol. oabmqüryg&Sdjcif;?
4? tp azsmufypfjcif;ESifh ywfoufI tpdk;&. jiif;uG,fr_?
EdkifiHwumOya' - tpazsmufypfjcif;rsm;
tpazsmufypfjcif;rsm;rS umuG,fay;jcif;onf vlwOD;wa,muf. w&m;&Hk;a&S@arSmufwGif todtrSwfðy
cHcGifh/ vlwOD;wa,muf. vGwfvyfcGifhESifhvHkðcHcGifh/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rS vGwfuif;cGifh/ touf&SifaexdkifcGifhwdk@
tygt0if owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;rSaeI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? TtcGifhta&;rsm;
udk EdkifiHwum rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;ygonf? tpazsmufypfjcif;&efrS vlyk~dKvftm;vHk;udk um
uG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; a=unmpmwrf;onf tpazsmufypfjcif; jy\emrsm;udk txl;ojzifh ajz&Sif;xm;yg
onf?
(c) tpdk;&.jiif;uG,fr_ udk rnfonfhta=umif;tcsufrsm;jzifhjyo&ef vdkygoenf;?

“tpdk;&.jiif;uG,fr_”qdkonfrSm tpazsmufcHcJh&ol rnfonfhae&mrSm&Sdaea=umif; az:jyay;&efjzpfap/ pHkprf;
avhvmay;&efjzpfap tpdk;&.ysufuGufr_udk qdkvdkygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf/ aysmufqHk;aeoludk &SmawG@a&;twGufowif;
tcsuftvufrsm;/ odk@wnf;r[kwf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfay;&ef ysufuGufjcif;yifjzpfygonf? Tt*F g&yfonfta&;
}uD;ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf aysmufqHk;aeolonf w&m;Oya'. umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ESifh uif;vGwfaeaom
a=umifh jzpfygonf?9
“tpdk;&.jiif;uG,fr_”udkoufaojy&eftwGufrl aysmufqHk;aeol. rdom;pk odk@r[kwf tjcm; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
tzdk@aysmufqHk;aeolta=umif; pHkprf;avhvm&efóu;pm;cJha=umif;ESifh TpHkprf;avhvmr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufIvHkavmufpGm
ta&;,laqmif&Gmufay;jcif; rcH&a=umif;wdk@udk jyo&efvdkygonf? TpHkprf;avhvmr_a=umifh vufwkH@jyefr_rsm;&Sdwwfaom
ae&mrsm;Y rdom;pk odk@r[kwf tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tzdk@ vufwkH@jyefjcif;udk a=umufIaysmufqHk;aeol ta=umif;udk
8/ vltm;vHk; twif;tusyf tpaysmufapjcif;rS umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;udk =unfhyg? See, Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from
Enforced Disappearance, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/disappearance.htm (last visited 30 November 2005).
Ta=unmpmwrf;u azmfjyxm;&mwGif pepfwus twif;tusyf tpazsmufapjcif;onf azmfjyygpmom;rsm;yg vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csKd;azmuf&Hkr#omru/ vlom;
rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&,fjyKaponfh usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_vnf; ajrmufygonf? xdkr#ru tydk'f-7 wGif azmfjyxm;&mY jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; r+idrfroufr_rsm; odk@r[kwf
ppf&efjyKrnfh tœ&,f +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk ta=umif;jyI vlrsm;udk tpwkef; azsmufzsufypfaponfrSm w&m;0ifonfh/ qifajcaumif; r[kwfyg?
Ta=unmpmwrf;t& tpdk;&rsm;onf xdef;odrf;xm;olrsm; tm;vHk;udk pm&if;Z,m;xm;&Sd&efvdktyfygonf? (yk'fr- 10-3)? xdkr#ru tpdk;&onf aysmufqHk;
aeolrsm;[k pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;or# tr_rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? (yk'fr- 13) rdom;pk0if rsm;/ oufqdkifolrsm; tzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; olwdk@cspfcif&olrsm;
aysmufqHk;ae&r_twGuf vdktyfonfh wdusaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; yHhydk;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? (yk'fr- 10 -2)? ar;jref;pHkprf;olrsm;tay: rnfodk@aomvufwkH@
jyefr_rsKd;rqdkudk uef@owfay;&ef tpdk;&wGif wm0ef&Sd+yD;/ aysmufqHk;ae&ol. udk,fpdwfusef;rma&;/ aexdkifaumif;rGefa&;twGufvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf? (yk'fr- 13-3)
9/ Ta=unmcsufonf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: v$rf;ðcHr_ r&Sdyg? (Oyrm- vufeufudkif twdkuftcH olykeftzGJ@rsm;)
vltm;vHk;udk twif;tusyf tpaysmufapjcif;rS umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;. ed'gef; See, Preamble of the Declaration on the Protection of all
Persons from Enforced Disappearance, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/disappearance.htm (last visited 30 November 2005).

pHkprf;avhvmr_ rvkyfEdkifcJha=umif; jyo&ygrnf?10
(5) ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif; - tpazsmufypfjcif;

1? w&m;r0ifcsKyfaESmifxm;jcif;tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;
- rnfolaysmufqHk;oGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- aysmufqHk;olonf rnfonfh tcsdeftcgrSm aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhygoenf;?
- xdkyk~dKvf aemufqHktcsdeftxdrnfonfhae&mrSm&SdcJhonf[k od&ygoenf;?
- xdkyk~dKvfonf rnfodk@rnfyHk aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhygoenf;?
- jzpfyGm;cJhonfwdk@udk oifrnfodk@odygoenf;?
2? tpazsmufypfjcif;onf um,uH&Sif. oabmqENrygbJ jzpfyGm;jcif;jzpfa=umif; owfrSwfjcif;

- tpazsmufypfjcif;ESifhywfoufI rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;?
- ac:&modk@ tpazsmufypfjcif;cH&olu vdkufygjcif;rðy[k jiif;qefygv#if rnfodk@jzpfrnfenf;?
- tpaysmufoGm;chJonf[k oiftb,fha=umifh xifygoenf;?
- Tjzpf&yfonf rnfodk@rnfyHk jzpfyGm;cJhygoenf;?
- tpazsmufypfjcif;cH&oludk jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;&SdcJhygovm;? rnfodk@jcdrf;ajcmufcJhoenf;? rnfolujcdrf;ajcmufcJho
enf;?
3? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufudk owfrSwfjcif;

- rnfolwdk@u tpazsmufypfcJhoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? Tta=umif; udk rnfolwdk@u odcJhoenf;?
tpazsmufypfjcif;udk rnfolwdk@u ulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhoenf;?
- TtjzpftysufESifh ywfoufI oif wdkif=um;jcif;ðycJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;cJhygoenf;? odk@wnf;
r[kwf tb,fha=umifh wdkif=um;jcif; rðycJhygoenf;?
10 twif;tusyf tpaysmufapr_qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@. vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;wGif vlaysmufqHk;r_rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&efomru/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk vufwkH@jyefr_ rcH&apa&;

twGufumuG,fay;a&; vkyfief;rsm;vnf;yg0ifonf? odk@twGufa=umifh uGif;qif;vkyfom;rsm; taeESifhtpdk;&. jiif;qdkr_udk oufaotaxmuftxm;r&Sd
v#ifaomfrS (Ttcsufonf aemufqHk;tcsufjzpfonf) tjcm;&mZ0wfr_qdkif&m tcsufrsm;ESifh rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh vlaysmufqHk;&r_udk pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ rjyKvkyf
Edkifonfhta=umif;udk xif&Sm;atmif jyoEdkifonf? See Fact Sheet No. 6 (Rev. 2) Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, Officer of the High Com-
missioner for Human Rights, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs6.htm; http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/disappear/members.htm (last
visited 1 November 2005).

- Todk@ tpazsmufypfjcif;rjzpf&atmif tpdk;&u óuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI ta&;

,l aqmif&Gufay;ygovm;?
4// tpdk;&.jiif;uG,fr_ udk owfrSwfjcif;

- Ttpazsmufypfr_ESifhywfoufI oif wdkif=um;jcif; ðycJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;cJhygoenf;? odk@
wnf;r[kwf tb,fha=umifh wdkif=um;jcif; rðycJhygoenf;?
- Tjzpf&yfESifhywfoufI rnfol@xH wdkif=um;cJhygoenf;?
- Todk@ tpazsmufypfjcif; rjzpf&atmif tpdk;&u óuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI
ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;ygovm;?
- Tjzpf&yfESifhywfoufI rnfonfhtcsdeftcgrSm wdkif=um;jcif; ðycJhygoenf;?



EdkifiHwumOya'csKd;azgufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SmazGpk
aqmif;&mY tcsdefESifhvkyfaqmifcsufwdk@vdktyfygonf? csKd;azgufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOfojzifh tqifoifhay:
vGifxif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;ol wOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_ESifh ywfouf
aomowif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
rSaeI csKd;azgufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
csKd;azgufr_. t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH.tajctae tcsdeftcgrSmjzpf
yGm;aeus owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;rsKd;twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH wckudkaz:jyay;xm;
ygonf? jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaom taumif;ESifhtqdk; om"
ursm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGm tcsuftvuf
&SmazGa&;ESifh ywfoufaom t}uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azgufr_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?

ief; odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDrSm csKd;azgufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;ae&m ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtajc
taetcdseftcgudk em;vnfxm;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuftvuf&Sm
azGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf &Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&; wGif taxmuf tul
&Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazGpk aqmif;r_rðyrD/
aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrSmjrefrm
EdkifiHtwGif; tpazsmufypfjcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;&m ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfyg
onf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;owfjzwfjcif;ESifhtpazsmufypfjcif;tr_rsm;jzpfyGm;&mordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&maemufcHta=umif;
tcsufrsm;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom (1962) ckESpfupI
tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod&ufpufjcif; enf;AsL[mjzifh wdkif;jynfudktkyfpdk;
vmcJh=uonf? r=umao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; ppftpdk;&vufxufY w&m;Oya'rJh owfjzwfjcif;rsm;qufvuf
jzpfyGm;aevsuf&Sdonf?11 Tvkyf&yfrsKd;rsm;udk usL;vGefonf[k pGyfpGJcH&oltkyfpkrsm;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&. ppf
wyf/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;/ ,cifu ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;[k ac:aomtzGJ@/ jynfol@ppf tzGJ@/ (etz) ppfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl
v_yf&Sm;aeaom typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;wdk@ yg0ifygonf?12 tpdk;&cGifhðycsuf& owfjzwfjcif;rsm;avmuf r
rsm;vSonfhwdkif olykeftkyfpkrsm;u t&yfom;rsm;tm; owfjzwfa=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;onfvnf; &Sdae
ygonf?13
11/ Country Report on Human Rights Practices, U.S. State Department, 2003, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27765.htm (last visited 1
November 2005).
12/ Burma Human Rights Yearbook, Human Rights Documentation Unit, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, 2004, http://www.
burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1803&lo=d&sl=1 (last visited 1 November 2005).
November 2005).

t=urf;rzuf twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onfvnf; wdkufcdkufp&m ypfrSwf jzpfaewwfygonf? (1988) ckESpf

upI tusOf;axmifrsm;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;aygif; tenf;qHk; (93) OD;aoqHk;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf?14 (2003) ckESpf
arv(30)&ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol. c&D;oGm;&mrSm vdkufygaeaom axmufcHolvltkyfonf
jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;/ 'DyJ,if;&GmteD;&Sd vrf;ray:rSm wdkufcdkufcHcJh&onf?15 rsufjrifoufaorsm;. cef@rSef;csuft&
t&yfom; (70)OD;txdaoqHk;cJhonf? Twdkufcdkufr_onf “tpdk;&wm0ef&Sd yk~dKvfrsm;. tm;ay;r_rygbJ/ jzpf
vmEdkifzG,fr&Sd”[k jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeqdkif&m ukvor~ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu rSwfcsufcscJh
onf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif ppftpdk;&u Tjzpf&yfESifhywfoufI pHkprf;avhvmr_vkyfay;&ef jiif;qefcJhonf?16
jrefrmEdkifiHrSmjzpfyGm;aom owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufjcif;tr_ trsm;pkonf vlrsKd;pkolykefrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf
aom ppfyGJ. wpdwfwydkif;tjzpf jrefrmppfwyf ppfom;rsm;u vlrsKd;pktrsKd;om;jynfolrsm;tay: usL;vGefaom tr_
rsm;jzpfa=umif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSm az:jyxm;onfudk awG@&ygonf? olykefrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;onf[laom
pGyfpGJ csufjzifh t&yfom; trsm;tjym;udk owfjzwfjcif;/ jyefay;qGJjcif;rsm; ðycJhonf? tjcm;olrsm;onf txl;ojzifh
ay:wmvdkuf&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdkif;&Sif;&efaomfvnf;aumif; twif;t"Rvkyftm; apcdkif;cH&jcif;a=umifh ao
qHk;=ua=umif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSmaz:jyxm;ygonf?17 ae&mtESH@tjym;rSm ppfom;rsm; uusL;vGefaom rk'drf;r_rsm;
a=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tzdk@ rawmfrw&m;ðyr_rsm;ESifh aoqHk;r_rsm; ñuHawG@ae&ygonf?18 tdrf&ma&$@ajymif;cdkif;onf
udkremcHjcif;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ ydwfyifwm;jzpfxm;onfh ae&mrsm;odk@oGm;rdaoma=umifhaomfvnf;
aumif; ppfom;rsm;u &Gmom;rsm;udk owfjzwfypfavh &Sd=uygonf?
(c) jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH
jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctae/ tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm jzpfavh&Sdaom owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;rsKd;twGuftcsuf
tvufyHkpHwckudk atmufrSmay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azgufr_w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udkaz:xkwf
jy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f&Sdygonf? owfjzwfjcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azgufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpHn$ef;rsm;ESifh
tnD owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufyg tcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? toufudk aoapjcif;?
2? w&m;Oya'rJhowfjzwfjcif;?
tpazsmufypfjcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr_w&yftjzpf owfrSwf&eftvdk@iSm atmufyg tcsufrsm; xif&Sm;
a=umif;az:jy&ygrnf?
1// vlyk~dKvfwpHkwa,mufudk w&m;r0ifcsKyfaESmifxm;jcif; odk@r[kwf tjcm;wyg;odk@ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;?
2? cH&ol. oabmqüryg&Sdjcif;?
14/ Report of the UN Special Rapporteur for Burma at 12 (2004). Available at http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/GA2005-SRM-rep-en.pdf (last
visited 1 November 2005).
15/ Commissioned by Vaclav Havel and Bishop Desmond Tutu and Prepared by DLA Piper, Rudnick, Gray, and Cary, A Threat to Peace: A Call for
the UN Security Council to Act in Burma, 20 September 2005, http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/reports/Burmaunscreport.pdf (last visited 24
November 2007).
16/ Ibid. at 10.
November 2005).
18/ Ibid. at 11. Oyrmtm;jzifh &Srf;trsKd;orD;tzGJ@wckjzpfonfh (SWAN) u 2002 ESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom “rk'drf;jyKusifhcGifh vdkifpif” trnf& tpD&ifcHpmwGif uGif;qif;avh
vmolrsm; rSwfwrf;wifEdkifcJhonfh tajctaet& rk'drf;usifhcH&olrsm;. (25) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm aoqHk;cJh&a=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf?

4? tpazsmufypfjcif;ESifh ywfoufI tpdk;&. jiif;uG,fr_?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH - owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;

noef;acgifavmufwGif &GmxJrS aoewfoHrsm;a=umifh eef;qdkif;qdkif tdyf&mrSvef@Edk;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf
ol. cifyGef;jzpfol pdkif;at;udk&SmIrawG@&acs? olwdk@ESpfOD;onf vGefcJhaom em&Dtenf;i,favmufuyif twl
tdyfaysmfoGm;cJh=uonf? olonf tdyf&mrS vl;vJxvdkufum/ (15) ESpfom;t&G,f om;jzpfol pdkif;&Dxpfyf/
touf (8) ESpf t&G,forD; eef;rG,f[Gef;ESifh (4) ESpft&G,f orD; eef;crf;qdkif;wdk@udk vdkuf=unfhonf? olwdk@qD
odk@ajy;oGm;ae&if;rSm tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;. atmf[pfoHrsm;udk =um;ae&onf? txdwfxdwf tvef@vef@jzpf
aeaomol. uav;rsm;ESifhtwl tdrfa&S@bufudk =unfhvdkufonf? ,leDazgif;0wf vlwpku &Gmudk0ifa&muf
pD;eif;xm;+yD;/ a,mufsm;om;rSefor# olwdk@qDvmcJh&ef atmf[pfajymae=uonf? ol. tdrfab;u tdrfonf
vnf; rD;pGJavmifaevsuf &Sd+yD;/ teD;tem;&Sd tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;. yPnf;rsm;onfvnf; [dk[dkonfonf jyef@
usJaeonfudk awG@&onf?
“jrefjrefvm=u? wjcm;rSmoGm;ykef;ae=ur,f? tdrfaemufaz;u v,fuGif;xJudk vdkufcJh=u? wdwfwdwfav;
ae=u?” [k ol. uav;rsm;udkajymvdkufonf?
arSmif&dyfcdkum olwdk@cyfokwfokwf xGufvmcJh=uonf? odk@aomf ppfom;tcsKd@u pdkif;&DxpfyfudkawG@oGm;=u
onf? “a[haumif/ &yfvdkuf/ 'DudkvmcJh/ &Srf;olykefawGudk tm;ay;wJh &Gmawmh awG@=uao;wmaygh?”[k ppfom;
rsm;u ol@udk }udrf;armif;I ac:vdkufonf?
ppfom;rsm;u pdkif;&Dxpfyfudk zrf;qGJxm;vdkufonf? pdkif;&Dxpfyfu jyef&kef;onf? ppfom;wa,mufu ol@
udk aoewf 'ifESifhxkvdkuf&m pdkif;&Dxpfyf vJusoGm;cJhonf? olv_yfaeao;onfudkawG@&ojzifh eef;qdkif;qdkifu
ajy;&ef ol@udkatmfajymvdkufonf? odk@&mwGif olronfajy;&if;vìm;&if;rSmyif ol@udk ppfom;rsm;uqGJac:
oGm;onfudk awG@vdkuf&onf? olronf eef;crf;qdkif;udk vufwzufucsD/ eef;rG,f[Gef;udk wzufuqGJ vsuf
v,fuGif;xJta&muf ajy;onf? eef;qdkif;qdkifonf txdwfxdwftvef@vef@jzpfaeum/ ol.orD;rsm;uvnf;
idk,dkvsuf &Sdonf? “&SL;/ wdk;wdk;? eifwdk@tpfudk vmvdrfhr,f? ppfom;awG jyefoGm;wJhtxd 'dk@'Duae apmifhae
vdkuf&HkyJ?”[k ajymvdkufonf?
olwdk@onf v,fuGif;xJ wdk;Iwdk;I 0ifoGm;=u&m/ aemufqHk;Y pyg;yifrsm;uG,faeI bmudkr#=unfhI rjrif
&awmhacs? cyftkyftkyfjiD;&if; ajr}uD;ay:yHkvJoGm;=uonf? reufvif;vmonftxd/ xdkae&mrSmyif apmifhqdkif;
aevdkuf=uonf? aexGufpðyvmcsdefY eef;qdkif;qdkifonf orD;ESpfa,mufudkvufuqGJvsuf &Gmem;odk@ wjznf;
jznf; csOf;uyfoGm;onf? &GmxJodk@jyef0ifv#if ab;uif;- ruif; tuJcyfonf?
&GmxJodk@jyefa&mufaomtcgY eef;qdkif;qdkif wkefv_yfoGm;cJhonf? tdrfa&S@rSm olr. cifyGef;udk aoG;tdkifxJ
vJvsuf awG@vdkuf&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? ol@ezl;ESifh &ifbwfrSm aoewf'%f&mESifh aoaeonf? tjcm;&Gmol
&Gmom;rsm;. tavmif;rsm;udkvnf;awG@&onf? tcsKd@u trsKd;orD;rsm;/ tcsKd@u trsKd;om;rsm;/ tcsKd@u uav;
rsm;jzpf=uonf? eef;qdkif;qdkif. tdrfuysufpD;ae+yDjzpfonf? tdrfwdkifrsm;om xdk;xdk;axmifaxmifusef&pfawmh
onf? =uufrsm;ESifh olwdk@rdom;pkydkif EGm;rwaumifvnf; aysmufaeonf?
eef;qdkif;qdkifonf ol.om;jzpfol/ pdkif;&Dxpfyfudk &GmxJrSmvdkuf&Smonf? &SmIrawG@acs? &GmxJodk@ jyef0ifvm
=uaomtjcm;&Gmom;rsm;udk ar;=unfhonf? odk@aomf b,folrS ol@udkrawG@cJh=uacs? tjcm;rdom;pkrsm;u rdrd
wdk@. tdrfom;rsm;udk vdkuf&Smae=uonf? rdom;pkwdkif;rSm ypfowfcH&ol odk@r[kwf aysmufqHk; aeolrsm;&SdaeyHk&
ygonf?
ESpf&uf =um+yD;aemufwGif eef;qdkif;qdkifonf tm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@oGm;cJhonf? olru &GmxJodk@ ppfwyf

0ifa&mufcJhykHta=umif; &Sif;jy+yD;aemuf ol@om;aysmufqHk;aea=umif; ajymjycJhonf? rdkif;eD (Moung Ni) &Sd wyf&if;

tm%mydkifrsm;u &GmxJrSmppfwyf 0ifpD;onfhudPrSm tpdk;&ESifhywfoufonf qdkjcif;udkjiif;uG,f=uonf?
odk@&mwGif ol.om; oDwif;wywftwGif;rSm qufvufaysmufqHk;aeqJ jzpfonfqdkv#if olwdk@vdkufvH &SmazG
awmhrnf jzpfa=umif;ajymcJhygonf? eef;qdkif;qdkifu ol@om;udk qufvuf &SmazGcJhygonf? teD;tem; &Gmrsm;odk@
oGm;a&muf+yD;v#if/ awG@onfhvlwdkif;tm; ol.om;udk jrifrdygovm;[k ar;=unfhcJh ygonf?
ol@ cifyGef;.tavmif;udk oò*[f+yD;r=umrDrSmyif tm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ aemufwacgufoGm;cJhjyefonf? ol.
om; aysmufqHk;aeqJ jzpfa=umif; xyfajymjycJhonf? ol.om;onf wjcm;wyg;odk@ xGufajy;oGm;jcif;jzpfEdkif
a=umif;ESifh olwdk@vnf; bmr#rwwfEdkifa=umif; tm%mydkifrsm;u ol@udkjyefajymonf? udk,fhtdrf udk,fjyefyg?
aemufwcgvm +yD; olwdk@udk 'kQray;eJ@awmh[kvnf; ajymvdkufonf?
eef;qdkif;qdkiftzdk@ xdknupI aqmufwnf&mr& jzpfoGm;cJhonf? ol. orD;rsm;jzpfaom eef;rG,f[Gef;ESifh
eef;crf;qdkif;wdk@onfvnf; wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;ae=uygonf?

awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t"duusaom tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;enf; jzpfonf? t"duta=umif;&if;rSm
tjzpftysufwckESifh ywfoufI vlwdk@onf owif;tcsufrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;olrsm; jzpfaoma=umifhyif? awGqHk
ar;jref;jcif;onf tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;aom vkyfief;twGuf tajccHusonfjzpf&m/ taumif;qHk;aom awGqHk
ar;jref;jcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk &&Sdxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_rsm;udk bufaygif;pHkrSaeI tao;pdwfus
usaz:xkwfa&;wGif aomhcsufwckjzpfygonf? txufaz:jyyg jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHudk tajccHxm;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlem
yHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSm az:jyxm;yg onf? yxr awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpf+yD;/
'kwd,awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpfygonf? om"uwckpD. atmufrSmydkif;
jcm;oHk;oyfcsufudk az:jyxm;ygonf?

ar; - &GmxJudk ppfwyf0ifpD;wkef;u cifAsm; cifyGef;towfcH&w,fqdkwm rSefygovm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - rSefygw,f? a=umufp&m}uD;ygyJ? oò*d[fwJhudP vkyf+yD;oGm;wmawmif usr&J@orD;awGeJ@ usrtzdk@ ylaqG;ae&
wkef;ygyJ? usr usrcifyGef;udk vGrf;qGwfrdygw,f? orD;awGu olwdk@tazeJ@tpfudk b,fa&mufoGm;vJ vdk@
war;xJ ar;aeygw,f? usrrSm olwdk@wawGudk ajzp&mpum;r&Sdygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@cifyGef;udk ppfom;awGu owfcJhw,faygh?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - ppfom;awGu cifAsm;om;udkvnf; owfcJhw,f [kwfovm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - oluawmh r&Sdawmhygbl;? olb,fa&mufaeovJqdkwm usrpOf;pm;vdk@r&ygbl;? olu usr&J@om;OD;yg?
usrol@udk odyfvGrf;qGwfaerdygw,f?
ar; - ol@udk ppfom;awGu zrf;ac:oGm;cJhwmvm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - [kwfuJh? zrf;ac:oGm;w,fvdk@xifygw,f?
ar; - wjcm;vlawGvnf; towfcHcJh&ygovm;?

eef;qdkif;qdkif - [kwfuJh?

yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azgufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif;rSwfwrf;
ðy&efwnf;[laom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. &nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkufk tao;pdwfay:vGif
apa&;twGuf ar;cGef;rsm; vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJ ar;cGef;rsm;onf jzpf&yf. yHkum;csyfudk tjynfht0
az:jya&;wGif txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm
eef;qdkif;qdkif taeESifh rnfodk@ajz=um;oifha=umif; t&dyftuJjyonfhoabmjzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf”
odk@r[kwf “r[kwfyg”[kajzaeygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk usefoGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@
qHkar;jref;ol taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif
eef;qdkif;qdkifbuf uvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkfonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol
=um;vdkaom tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm;oGm;Edkifygonf?
wwd,tcsuf- TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf awG@qHkar;jref;ol rlvuwnf;u oHo,&Sdaeaom csKd;azgufr_
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"ujzpf&yfuJhodk@aom owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;wdk@onf tjcm;aomvl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azgufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh =um;rSmjzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;
tm;jzifh ol. rdom;pkydkiftdrfudk zsufqD;ypfjcif;ESifh ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;uJh odk@aom &mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf
taxmuf txm;rsm;&EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- eef;qdkif;qdkif. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk
T awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? eef;qdkif;qdkif. owif;udk yHhydk;twnfðya&;twGuf oufaotaxmuf
txm;&Sd- r&Sd ol@udk ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom rSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpf
ygonf?
2? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH - aumif;

ar; - eef;qdkif;qdkifcifAsm;/ vGefcJhwJhoDwif;ywf tenf;i,favmufu cifAsm;wdk@&GmrSmjzpfysufcJhwmawGudk ajym
jyEdkifrvm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif -ajymjyEdkifygw,f? a=umufp&m}uD;ygbJ? noef;acgifavmufrSm &GmxJ0ifvmwJh ppfom;awGypfvdkuf
wJh aoewfoHawGa=umifh usrtdyf&mu Edk;vmcJhygw,f? usr&J@cifyGef;udk rawG@&ygbl;? aoewfoHawG
=um;ae&ygw,f?usru uav;awGudk vufqGJ+yD;/ v,fuGif;xJ ajy;ykef;cJhygw,f? usr&J@om;eJ@awmh
vlcsif;uGJoGm;cJhygw,f? olb,fa&mufoGm;vJqdkwm ckxd rod&ao;ygbl;? usr&J@orD;awGeJ@ usr&GmxJjyef
a&mufvmawmh/ usr cifyGef; vrf;ay:rSm aoG;tdkifxJ vJ+yD; aoaewmudk awG@&ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@cifyGef;ta=umif;udk t&if ajym=u&atmifyg? olb,fvdk aooGm;cJhw,fqdkwmudk cifAsm;odyg
ovm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - ol@udk ppfom;awGu aoewfeJ@ypfowfcJhygw,f?

ar; - cifAsm;cifyGef;udk ppfom;awGowfw,fqdkwm cifAsm;b,fvdkodygovJ?

eef;qdkif;qdkif - usrcifyGef;udk ppfom;awG ypfowfwmudk usr rjrifcJh&ygbl;? 'gayr,fh olaoG;tdkifxJrSm vJusaoqHk;ae
wmudk usrawG@cJh&ygw,f? acgif;eJ@&ifbwfrSm typfcHxm;&wmyg? ppfom;awG0if +yD;wJhaemuf(2) em&D
avmuft=um/ tm&k%fwufcsdefav;rSm ol@tavmif;udk aw@G&ygw,f? 0ifpD;aewJh tcsdeftawm twGif;
rSm vrf;ay:u aoewfypfoHawG =um;&ygw,f? &GmxJu rdom;pk tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm usr cifyGef;towfcH
&ovdkrsKd; tdrfom;awG towfcHcJh&ygw,f?
ar; - &Gmudk 0ifpD;&mrSm ygwJhvlawG[m ppfom;awGbJ qdkwmudk cifAsm;b,fvdkodygovJ?
eef;qdkif;qdkif -olwdk@wawG[m ppfom;awGyJvdk@ usrtaotcsm ajymEdkifygw,f? olwdk@[m Armppfwyf ,leDazgif;awG
0wfxm;wJhtjyif &Srf;olykefawGudk usrwdk@&Gmu tm;ay;w,fvdk@vnf; olwdk@upGyfpGJcJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@om;ta=umif;udkvnf; usaemfodcsifygw,f? olbmjzpfoGm;cJhygovJ?
eef;qdkif;qdkif -ol aysmufqHk;aeygw,f? ol bmjzpfoGm;cJhovJ usrrodygbl;?
ar; - ol@udkaemufqHk;awG@cJh&wJh tcsdefu b,ftcsdefygvJ?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - 0ifpD;aewJhtcsdefrSm ol@udkawG@cJh&ygw,f? olu usrwdk@eJ@twl vdkufajy;zdk@ óud;pm;aewmyg? ppfom; awGu
ol@udk zrf;rdoGm;cJhygw,f? ppfom;awGu ol@udk &dkufcsvdkuf+yD;/ qGJac:oGm;cJhygw,f? olvGwfajy;vm+yD;/ usr
wdk@udk v,fuGif;xJrSm &SmawG@vdrfhr,fvdk@ usr xifcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol ay:rvmcJhygbl;? t&k%fwufwJh
tcsdeftxd ol@udk usrwdk@apmifhaecJh+yD;/ &GmxJudk jyefoGm;cJh=uygw,f? oluawmh ay:rvmcJhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm; tm%mydkifawGudk today;cJhygao;vm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - [kwfuJh? usr today;cJhygw,f? ppfwyf&GmxJ0ifpD;+yD; w&uf/ ESpf&uft=umrSm aus;&Gmppfpcef;udk usr
oGm;cJhygw,f? ppfwyfu usrwdk@&Gmudk 0ifpD;wJh ta=umif;/ usr&J@ cifyGef;aoqHk;cJhwJh ta=umif;eJ@ usr&J@
om;vnf; aysmufaewJhta=umif; usr olwdk@udk ajymjycJhygw,f?
ar; - olwdk@u cifAsm;udk bmawGajymcJhygovJ?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - 'DvlawGu aumif;wJhvlaw Gr[kwfygbl;? olwdk@u &Srf;olykefawGudkyJ tjypfzdk@ygw,f? usr&J@om;udk &Smvdk@
rawG@ao;bl;qdk&if wywftwGif; jyefvmcJhygvdk@ ajymygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;jyefoGm;cJhygao;vm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - [kwfuJh? usr jyefoGm;cJhygw,f? usr om;udk jyef&SmawG@atmif ulnDay;zdk@ usr olwdk@udk arWm&yfcHcJhyg
w,f? ol@udk ppfom;awGzrf;oGm;cJhwmvm;vdk@vnf; olwdk@udk ar;ygw,f? olwdk@u bmrS jyefrjymygbl;? olwdk@
bmrS rwwfEdkifbl;vdk@bJajymygw,f? olwdk@qD aemufwacgufjyefoGm;+yD; ar;&rSmudk usra=umufygw,f?
ar; - tm%mydkifawGqD oGm;&rSmudk bma=umifha=umufwmygvJ?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - tdrfom;awGaysmufoGm;wJhta=umif; 'Dvdk vmvm+yD;ar;ae&if &Gmudkaemufxyfvm wdkufOD;r,fvdk@usr
wdk@ &GmxJu wcsKd@vlawGudk +cdrf;ajcmufxm;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@jzpf&yfudk odxm;wJhvlawGxJu wjcm;vlwa,mufa,mufudk usaemfpum;ajymvdk@&Edkifrvm;?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - &GmxJrSm usef&pfwJh b,folrqdk ppfwyf0ifpD;wJhta=umif;eJywfoufvdk@ ajymjyEdkifygw,f? olwdk@ tm;vHk;rSm
tjzpfqdk;awGeJ@csnf;ygbJ? tm;vHk;bJaqmufwnf&mr&jzpfae=uwmyg? pdkif;avmif;v/ pdkif;atmifrGef;eJ@/
eef;qdkif;[def;wdk@udkar;=unfhvdk@&ygw,f? olwdk@tm;vHk;yJ/ &GmxJrSmusr&J@tdrfeJ@ eD;eD;av;rSmae=uygw,f?

ar; - cifAsm; aemufxyfajymp&m &dSygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf usaemfhudk ar;p&mwckck&Sdygovm;?

eef;qdkif;qdkif - &GmxJudk ppfwyf0ifpD;vdk@ usrrSm b0ysufcJh&ygw,f? olwdk@vufcsufa=umifh usr&J@cifyGef;eJ@om;udk qHk;
&_H;cJh&ygw,f? olwdk@u usr&J@tdrfudkvnf;zsufqD;+yD;/ wd&d>mefawGudkvnf; cdk;oGm;cJhygw,f? w&GmvHk;
vnf; pdpdnufnuf a=uoGm;cJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ tawG@tñuHudk ajymjywJhtwGuf txl;yJaus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dvdkajymjyzdk@ awmfawmhfudk rvG,f
rSef; usaemf em;vnfygw,f? usaemfcifAsm;eJ@ aemufxyf awG@zdk@vdkr,fqdk&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdk qufoG,f
vdk@&EdkifygrvJ?
eef;qdkif;qdkif - 'D&Gmudkjyefvm+yD;/ usreJ@ tcsdefra&G;vmawG@Edkifygw,f? aus;Zl;ðy+yD; usr&J@om;av;udkjyef&SmawG@atmif
vnf; ulnDay;yg?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm eef;qdkif;qdkifu olr.jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh
jzpfyg onf? yGJOD;xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm; jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf;yg ygonf?
ol. ajz=um;csufrsm;onf csKd;azgufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY
taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ eef;qdkif;qdkifonf owfjzwfjcif; ESifhywfoufI
atmufygowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- eef;qdkif;qdkifonf ol. cifyGef;towfcH&a=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf owif;tcsufrsm;ay;onf?
ppf wyf0ifpD;+yD;aemufwGif ol@cifyGef;. tavmif;udk aoG;tdkifxJrSm awG@&a=umif;ESifh/ ol.OD; acgif;ESifh&ifbwfwdk@
rSm aoewfESifh ypfxm;a=umif;wdk@udk ajymjycJhonf? ol. tokbtcef;tem;udk usif;ycJhonf[laomtaxmuf
txm;u oltowfcH&cJhonf[laomtcsufudk twnfðyay;&mY taxmuftul jzpfapygvdrfhrnf?
'kwd,- owfjzwfjcif;onf w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDa=umif;az:jya&;twGuf tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk
eef;qdkif;qdkifuay;cJhonf? ol. cifyGef;onf ta=umif;rJh odk@r[kwf w&m;rJh towfcHcJh&a=umif;ESifh tjcm;&Gmom;
rsm;onfvnf; tvm;wlyif w&m;Oya'rJh owfjzwfcHcJh&a=umif;wdk@udk eef;qdkif;qdkifu az:jycJhygonf? ol.
xGufqdkcsuft&=unfhv#if/ owfjzwfr_onf w&m;Oya'ESifh qef@usifa=umif; ay:vGifaeygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- Towfjzwfr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk eef;qdkif;qdkifu az:jycJhonf?
owfjzwfr_jzpfyGm;onfudk olrudk,fwdkif rjrifrawG@cJh&aomfvnf; 0ifa&mufpD;eif; wdkufcdkufr_udk jrefrmppf
wyfrS ppfom;rsm;u usL;vGefcJha=umif;/ ‚wdk@onf jrefrmppfwyf ,leDazgif;rsm; 0wfxm;=ua=umif;ESifh pD;eif;
+yD;aemufwGif ol@cifyGef;. tavmif;udk awG@cJh&a=umif;ajymjycJhonf? T tcsufESifhyifv#if tpdk;&.yg0ifywf
oufr_udk jyo&efvHkavmufygonf?
eef;qdkif;qdkifonf ol@om;udk tpazsmufypfjcif; ESifhywfoufIvnf; atmufyg owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk
ay;ygonf?
yxr- eef;qdkif;qdkifonf ol.om; tzrf;qDcH&I ppfwyfu ac:oGm;cJha=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf
owif; tcsufrsm; ay;cJhonf? ppfwyf0ifpD;aeqJumvwGif ol@om;udk ac:aqmifoGm;a=umif;udk ajymjycJhonf?
ol. om; jyefa&mufrvmyg? rnfonfhae&mwGif &Sdaeonf[lIvnf; owif;r=um;&yg? tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;udk
ar;jref;jcif;tm;jzifh eef;qdkif;qdkifajymjyaom tcsuftvufrsm; rSef-rrSef twnfðyay;&mY taxmuftul
jzpfapygvdrfhrnf?

'kwd,-eef;qdkif;qdkif. om;udk ol@om; qürygbJ twif;tusyf ac:aqmifoGm;cJha=umif; tao;pdwftcsuf

tvufrsm;udk eef;qdkif;qdkifuay;cJhonf? ppfom;rsm;u ol.om;udk zrf;qD;&ef óu;pm;pOfwGif xGufajy;&ef óu;
pm;cJhao;a=umif; oluajymjyonf? ol@udk twif;wGef;vSJcs+yD;/ ta0;odk@ qGJac:oGm;=uygonf? ol.xGufqdkcsuf
t&=unfhv#if Tvkyfaqmifcsufonf qürygbJ vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfa=umif; ay:vGifaeygonf?
wwd,- Todk@ tpaysmufqHk;r_wGif tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm; yg0ifywfoufr_&Sdaea=umif; azmfjyygonf? ol@
om;udk qGJac:oGm;olrSm jrefrmtpdk;& ppfom;rsm;jzpfonfudk olaemufqHk;jrifvdkuf&onf[k ajymygonf? T
azmfjycsufr#ESifhyif tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk azmfjy&ef vHkavmufygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- tpdk;&. jiif;uG,fr_udk owfrSwfa&;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk eef;qdkif;qdkifu
ay;cJhygonf? ol.om; aysmufqHk;aea=umif; wdkif=um;&eftwGuf tm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkifoGm;
a&mufcJha=umif;udk ajymjycJhonf? tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;onf ol.om;rnfonfhae&mrSm&Sdae[k owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;ay;&ef ysufuGufcJha=umif;/ aysmufqHk;r_ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;avhvmay;&ef ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;
jcif;r&Sda=umif;/ olwdk@bufu bmr#rwwfEdkif[k tajzay;cJha=umif;wdk@udkoluaz:jycJhonf? vufwkH@jyefonfh
taeESifh &GmxJodk@ 0ifpD;rnfh tœ&m,fudk a=umufvef@um/ tm%mydkifrsm;xH jyefoGm;&rnfudka=umuf rda=umif;
vnf;olu az:jycJhonf?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI owfjzwfjcif;/ tpazsmufypfjcif;wdk@ESifh qufE$,faeaom olr.tdrfudk zsufqD;ypf
jcif;/ ol. =uufiSufESifh wd&d>mefrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;uJhodk@aom tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;
rsm;&&Sdygonf? ol. tdrfeD;csif;rsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;tm;jzifh ol. jzpf&yfudk oufaocHa&;twGuf taxmuf
tul ay;ygvdrfhrnf? tjcm;aom csKd;azgufr_rsm;udk owfrSwfaz:jya&;twGuf aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;ar;&efvdk
tyf aumif;vdktyfEdkifygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;pGm+yD;qHk; oGm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm eef;qdkif;qdkifu
aemufxyf ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz=um;ay;rnf[k oabmwlcJhonfh tjyif/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol tzdk@vnf; olESifhrnfodk@
qufoG,f&rnfudk odvdkuf&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
(3) ed*Hk;csKyf
- owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;wdk@. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwfom; od&Sdvmjcif;?
- owfjzwfjcif;ESifhtpazsmufypfjcif;wdk@ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGufta&;}uD;
aom ar;cGef;rsm; a&;om; ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azgufr_w&yfjzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudkaqmif&Gufjcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfhtcef;rsm;u owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;wdk@. taxmuftxm;rsm;
udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkItao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

(1) uav;ppfom;rsm;
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ ajrmuf&efrSmcsKd;azmufr_. t"dut*F g&yf
rsm; jynfhrD&efvdktyfonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf Oya'ESifhqef@
usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf &Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHk vdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyf pmwrf;jyXmef;csufrsm;rSaeI
ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rðyrDrSm csKd;azmufr_[laom
t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mwGifvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? Ttcef;wGif
uav;ppfom; tjzpfoGwfoGif;toHk;csr_ usL;vGefcsKd;azmufjcif;wnf; [laom csKd;azmufr_ay:vGifapa&;twGuf vdktyf
aom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) uav;ppfom;rsm;qdkonfudk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkjcif;

(u) EkdifiHwum Oya't& uav;ppfom;wOD;tjzpf owfrSwf&mwGif t*Fg&yfrsm;um;tb,fenf;?
uav;ppfom; tjzpfowfrSwfI vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&eftwGuf atmufaz:jy
yg t*F g&yf (3) ck xif&Sm;a=umif; azmfjy&ygrnf?
- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf ppfwyftwGif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;
- touf 15 ESpfatmuf t&G,fuav;rsm;jzpfaejcif;
- vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;twGif;/ vufeufudkif tkyfpkwcktwGif; odk@r[kwf ppfyGJrsm;twGif;odk@ yg0ifapjcif;wdk@jzpf
onf?
(c) wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif; ESifh ppfwyftwGif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;wGif rnfonfh owfrSwfcsufrsm;&dSoenf;?

“wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif;”qdkonfrSm vufeufwdkifwyfzGJ@wck odk@r[kwf vufeufudkif tkyfpkwcktwGif;odk@
&kyfydkif; qdkif&mt& pwifyg0ifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? xdkvkyfief;wGif w&m;0ifyHkpHtjzpf oGwfoGif;jcif;tjyif w&m;0if
r[kwfaom yHkpHjzifh pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;jcif;wdk@yg0ifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- wyfom;opfpkaqmifjcif;wGif-
- Oya't& ppfr_xrf;&jcif; (wm0eft& ppfr_rxrf;rae&)
- qütavsmuf ppfr_xrf;jcif;*
- twif;t"R wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif; wdk@jzpfonf?
“wyftwGif; yg0ifjcif;wGif uav;rsm;u wdkufyGJtwGif; wdkuf&dkufyg0ifjcif;ESifh vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm; odk@r[kwf
vufeufudkiftkyfpkwck. vkyfief;rsm;taxmuftuljzpfapa&;twGuf uav;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;tygt0ifppfyGJESifh
qufEG,faomwm0efrsm;wGif uav;rsm;udktoHk;ðyjcif; ESpfckpvHk;yg0ifonf? Oyrm-ppfyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;[kqdk&mwGif
* vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;wGif/ odk@r[kwf vufeufudkiftkyfpkwcktwGif; qütavsmufppfr_xrf;jcif; uav;wOD;u rdrdudk,frdrdyHkaz:ajymjcif;onf uav;wOD;.

vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fcGifhrS jzpfay:vmonfrSm &Sm;yg;vSayonf? ol.xdef;csKyfEdkifr_rS ausmdvGefaom tcsuftvufrsm;a=umifh wGef;ydk@aoma&G;cs,fr_a=umifhjzpfay: vm
&onfu rsm;onf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh uav;rsm;onf tajccHpm;aomufa&; vdktyfcsuft& aomfvnf;aumif;/ twif;tusyf ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;udk a&Smifv$JvdkI
aomfvnf;aumif;/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m vHkjcHKr_&&dSvdkaoma=umifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ tp&dSonfhta=umif;jycsufrsm;a=umifh ppfxJ0if&jcif;jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@aomzdtm;
rsm;a=umifh uav; rsm;tzdk@ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mr&dSbJ ppfxJodk@ 0if=u&&Hkom&Sdaponf?

- a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmwGif wdkufcdkufjcif;
- aemufcsef pcef;tvkyform;tjzpf xrf;aqmifjcif; (Oyrm- wyfzGJ@rsm;twGuf xrif;[if;csufðywfay;jcif;/ ppf
wef;vsm;rsm; oef@&Sif;ay;jcif;/ pcef; wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh xdef;odrf;jcif;)
- uif;vSnfhjcif;ESifh uif;apmifh wm0efaqmif&Gufjcif;
- olv#Kd/ owif;ay;ESifh uif;axmufrsm;tjzpf xrf;aqmifjcif;
- ajrjrKyfrdkif;axmifjcif;
- t"Rvkyftm;ay;jcif; trdef@rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:ay;jcif;
- ay:wmvdkufay;jcif;
- owif;qufoG,fay;oltjzpf xrf;aqmifjcif;
EdkifiHwumOya' - uav;ppfom;rsm;
uav;ppfom;rsm;toHk;ðyjcif;udk EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'/ vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&mOya'/ &mZ
0wfr_qdkif &mOya'ESifh tvkyform;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;u&Sif;vif;pGmwm;jrpfxm;a=umif;ESifh umuG,f
ay;&efvdktyfyHkudk az:jyxm;onf? rwlnDaom tjrifrsm;rS avhvmqef;ppfxm;=uaomfvnf; uav;ppfom;
toHk;ðyjcif;onf EkdifiHwum Oya'udkcsKd;azmufjcif; jzpfonf[k Oya'qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;pGmwGif
todtrSwf ðyxm;=u+yD;jzpfonf?
(*) vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;/ vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;ESifh ppfyGJrsm; qdkonfrSm rnfonfht&mrsm; jzpf=uoenf;?

“vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;” qdkonfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh wdkif;jynfwck. ppfa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk &nf!$ef;onf?
Oyrm -EdkifiHwck. w&m;0if =unf;wyf/ avwyf/ a&wyf pojzifh jzpfonf?
“vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;” qdk&mwGif EdkifiHawmf. vkyfykdifcGifh tm%mygonfjzpfap odk@r[kwf rygonfjzpfap
vufeuf udkifv_yf&Sm;aeol vlwpk odk@r[kwf rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rqdk yg0ifonf? Oyrm vufeufudkif tkyfpkrsm;wGif
- twdkuftcH tkyfpkrsm;. wyfrsm;
- t&H jynfol@ppf vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@rsm;
- Oya' pnf;=uyfa&; Xme at*sifpDrsm;
- t&yfom;umuG,fa&; wyfzGJ@rsm;
- vkyf=uH owfjzwfa&;wyfzGJ@rsm; jzpfonf?
ppfyGJrsm;qdkaom a0g[m&onf yÉdyQa=umifh jzpfay:vm&aom ‚if;wdk@. obm0t& odk@r[kwf &nf&G,fcsuf
t& ay:aygufvmonfh aqmif&Gufr_tm;vHk;udk &nf!$ef;onf? xdktxJwGif vufawG@xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufjcif;/ wdkuf&dkuf
wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;omyg0ifonfomru wdkufyGJtwGuf jyifqifjcif; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh wdkufyGJt+yD; pDrHcsufrsm;vnf;yg0if
onf?


rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif; wckr[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ðyaeonf
rsKd;&Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;. tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/
yk~vduaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifonf?
Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf jynfwGif;Oya't&olwdk@ vkyf
udkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;
pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwum Oya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@.vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&ef rvdktyfonfh
tajctae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@usL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;
EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_ rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't& wm0efcH&ef
ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&
u usL;vGefonfjzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) u usL;vGefonfjzpf
ap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
(4) ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;?

ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif;owif;tcsuftvuf
tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiH
wum Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm;ðypk&mY taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? csKd;
azmufr_t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf;
1? wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif; odk@r[kwf ppfxJyg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;apjcif;

- rnfolonf pkaqmif;odrf;oGif;cHcJh&ol/ odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifol jzpfcJhoenf;? rnfolu epfemcHcJh&oludk pkaqmif;
odrf;oGif;cJhoenf;/ odk@r[kwf avhusifhay;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtjzpftysufrsm; jzpfcJhoenf;?
- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifjcif;onf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif jzpfcJhoenf;?
- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifjcif;onf rnfonfhae&mwGif jzpfcJhoenf;?
- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifjcif;onf rnfokd@ rnfyHk jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- xdktjzpftysufudk oifrnfuJhokd@ od&Sdoenf;?
2? wyfom;opfpkaqmif;cH&ol odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifolonf touf 18 ESpfatmuf i,f&G,foljzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;apjcif;

- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;cH&ol odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifol ppfom;tjzpf pkaqmif;cH&csdef odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifcsdefwGif
rnfonfhtwef;wGif ynmoif=um;aecJhoenf;?

- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;cH&ol/ odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifol. arG;pm&if;onf rnfonfhae&mwGif &dSoenf;?

- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;cH&ol/ odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifolonf rnfonfhckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhoenf;?
- wyfom;opfpkaqmif;csdef/ odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifcsdefwGif xdkwyfom;opf odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifol. toufonf rnfr#
&dScJhoenf;? ,cktcsdefwGif ol odk@r[kwf olr. toufonf rnfr#&dSoenf;?
- xdkowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oifrnfuJhodk@ od&dSoenf;?
3? vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;/ vufeufudkiftkyfpkwck odk@r[kwf ppfyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifaponfqdkaomtcsufudk xif&Sm;apjcif;

- xkduav;i,f yg0ifcJhaom tkyfpkudk rnfolu OD;aqmifcJhoenf;?
- xdkuav;i,f yg0ifcJhaom tkyfpk odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;onf rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;/ tkyfpkjzpfoenf;?
- xdkuav;i,fonf rnfonfht0wftpm; 0wfqifcJhoenf;?
- xkdtkyfpkonf rnfonfhae&mwGif v_yf&Sm;cJhoenf;?
- xdktkyfpkwGif uav;i,f rnfodk@yg0ifcJhoenf;?
- ,ckowif;tcsufudk oifrnfuJhokd@ od&dSoenf;?



EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifh vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifhtqifoifh
ay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywf
oufaom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;rSaeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
csKd;azmufr_. t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus
uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_rsKd; twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH wckudk az:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH ay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaom taumif;ESifhtqdk;
om"ursm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGmtcsuf
tvuf&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm; ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?

vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; az:xkwfa&;twGuf tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&;
vkyfief; odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m
tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifhtcsuf
tvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif
taxmuf tul&Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazGpk
aqmif;r_rðyrD/ aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jy
xm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_ yHko¿mefrsm; jzpfay:aejcif;ESifhywfoufI ordkif;
qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jzpfay:aeaom uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_qdkif&m csKd;azmufr_ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&; qdkif&m

aemufcHta=umif;tcsufrsm;
(1962) ckESpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifI jrefrmEkdifiHwckvHk;udk ppftm%modrf;cJhonfh tcsdefrSpI
tm%m tqifh qifh qufcHvmaom ppftpdk;&rsm;onf wdkif;jynftm; +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ raz:jyEdkifavmufaom
&ufpufr_rsKd;jzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;ðyjcif;udk twdtus
wm;jrpfxm;aom uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf. tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHwEkdifiH
jzpfaomfjim;vnf; pmcsKyfyg Oya'udk pdk;pOf;r#om av;pm;vdkufemjcif;&dSonf? # (2004) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif
(etz) ppftpdk;&u toufi,f&G,f olrsm;udk ppfom;tjzpfpkaqmif;jcif;tm; umuG,fwm;qD;onfh aumf
rwDw&yf zGJ@pnf;cJhaomfvnf; jrefrmppfwyfonf wuBmvHk;&dS tjcm;wdkif;jynf/ odk@r[kwf ppfwyfrsm;xuf
uav;ppfom; ydkrdk toHk;ðyaeonf[lI ,Hk=unfae& qJjzpfonf?2 udef;*%ef; twdtust& rod&aomfvnf;
jrefrmppfwyf tiftm; 350˜ 000 teuf wyfom;tiftm; 70˜ 000 OD;onf touf (18) ESpfatmufjzpfum
tcsKd@ppfom;rsm;onf touf (9) ESpf t&G,fxdyif &dSonf[k cef@rSef;csufrsm;u !$efjyxm;onf? 3 twdkuftcH
# odk@aomf jrefrmEdkifiHonf oabmwlpmcsKyf. c|if;csufoabmwlcsuf ESpfckvHk;wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&dSay?

vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfqJxm;aom tkyfpk rsm;onfvnf; uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;ðy

jcif;rsm; &dSaomfvnf; jrefrmppfwyfESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu tvGefenf;yg;vSonf?4 (2007) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (21)&uf
ae@wGif uBmhukvor~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. vHkðcHa&;aumifpDodk@ wifjyaom tpD&ifcHpmt& jrefrm
EkdifiH&dS tkyfpk (10) ckonf uav;ppfom; toHk;ðyaeonf[k rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&Sd&onf?5
jrefrmppfwyftwGif;odk@ twif;tusyf ppfom;tjzpf pkaqmif;cHcJh&ol uav;rsm;onf axmifcsrnf[k
+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt&wkdufckdufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom tjypfay;'%fcwfr_rsm;atmufwGifrjzpfrae
0ifa&muf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=u&olrsm; jzpfonf? t&yfom;ESifh ppfzufqdkif&m wyfom;opfpkaqmif;olrsm;
onf bwfpfum;*dwf/ rD;&xm;blwm&HkESifh tjcm;aom trsm;jynfol oGm;vm&mae&mrsm;wGif uav;rsm;udk
zrf;qD;oGm;jcif;/ aoG;aqmifac:aqmifoGm;jcif;/ twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyf=uonf?6 tjcm; uav;
i,frsm;onf qif;&JrGJawr_rS uif;a0;&ef odk@r[kwf &kyfydkif;qdkif&m vHkðcHr_wpHkw&m &&dS&eftwGuf ppfwyftwGif;
odk@ rjzpfrae0if=u&onf?7 tcsKd@a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ aus;&Gmom;rsm;u uav;ppfom;opfrsm;udk
cGJwrf;tjzpfay;tyf=u&onf?8 ppfom;opfrsm; &Smay;jcif;twGuf aumfr&Sifcyfjrufjruf&onf[kqdkaom ppf
om;opfpkaqmif;olrsm;twGuf uav;rsm;onf vG,fvifhwul&Edkifaom epfemzG,f om;aumifrsm;jzpfae
=u&&Smonf?9
ta=umif;jycsufrsm;pGm atmufwGif uav;rsm;onf ppfom;pkaqmif;&mY vlwdkif;óuuf ppfom;avmif;rsm;
jzpfae =uonf? OyrmwckrSm uav;rsm;onf trdef@emcHr_ ydkaumif;jcif;/ tawG;tac: &dkufoGif;&mwGif ydkrdk
vG,fuljcif; ESifh óud;udkif&mwGif ydkI vG,fulonf[k us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ rSwf,lxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh uav;rsm;udk
avhusifhay;&mwGif ydkIvG,fulonf? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& &ifhusifhr_r&dSao;aoma=umifh uav;rsm;onf qGJ
aqmif&vG,fuljcif;/ jcdrf;ajcmuf&vG,fuljcif;ESifh tEdkifhusifh csKd;azmufr_rsm; cdkif;ap&mwGif ydkIvG,fulonf?
ydkIao;i,faom/ ayghyg;aom toHk;ðyIvG,fulaom vufeufrsm;ydkwdk;I xkwfvkyfaejcif;u uav;rsm;ucsKd;
azmufr_rsm;udk ydkIusL;vGefEkdifaponf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkuJhodk@aom vufeufrsm;onf uav;rsm;
twGuf toHk;ðyvG,fulaoma=umifh jzpfonf? uav;rsm;tm; v#dK@0SufaxmufvSrf;cdkif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf tzsuf
tarSmufvkyfief;rsm;uJhodk@aom vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; toHk;ðy=uonf? ta=umif;rSm uav;rsm;udkvltrsm;
u owdxm;r_ enf;yg;umydkI tjypfrJhyHkay:aoma=umifh jzpfonf?10
jrefrmppfwyf&dS ppfom;opfrsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh pkaqmif;a&;Xme[laom ppfwyfpcef;twGif;&dS jcHpnf;&dk;
cwf tvHkydwfae&modk@ yxrqHk; ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;cH=u&onf? ppfoifwef;wuf&ef apmifhqdkif;aepOf umv
twGif; wyfom;opfrsm;onf pcef;twGif;ywfvnfwGif yifyef;}uD;pGm tvkyfvkyfudkifay;&+yD; qdk;0g;aom
tEdkifusifhr_rsm;udkcH&=uonf?11 vHkavmufaom wyfom;opft&nftwGuf &&dSonfhtcsdefwGif ‚wdk@tm;
ppfoifwef;wuf&eftwGuf tkyfpkwpktjzpf apv$wf=uonf? oifwef;ausmif;rsm;. tajctaeonf tvGef
pdwfysufzG,fjzpf+yD;/ tEdkifusifhcsKd; azmufr_rsm;vnf; r=umc%qdkovdk jzpfwwfonf? oifwef;umvonf
yHkrSeftm;jzifh 4 vrS 5 vtxd =umjrifhwuf+yD;/ oifwef;om;rsm;onf &dkufESufcH&jcif;/ tpma&pmiwfjywfjcif;
ESifhtjcm;aom tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk &ifqdkif=u&onf?12 oifwef;+yD;qHk;onfESifh oifwef;qif;rsm;tm;wkdufckduf
a&;wyf&if;rsm;xHodk@ apv$wf=uonf? xdkae&m rsm;wGifvnf; tEdkifusifhr_rsm; qufvuf&dSaeqJjzpfonf?
ppfom;rsm;tjzpfyif uav;rsm;onf tEdkifusihfcH&&ef ydkIvG,fulonf? jrefrmppfwyfwGif uav;ppfom;rsm;
onf t"Rvkyfom;rsm; tjzpf/ uif;apmifh&olrsm; tjzpf/ owif;ydk@qufoG,f&olrsm; tjzpf/ olv#dKrsm;tjzpf/
ay:wmrsm;tjzpf toHk;ðycH&onf?13 uav;rsm;udk wdkufyGJrsm;twGif;toHk;ðyjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifhray;ouJhodk@
yHkrSeftm;jzifh t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tay: t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk twif;tusyfusL;vGefckdif;wwfonf?
ppfqifa&;rsm; wGifvnf; cýmudk,fydkif;t& toHk;ðy&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; uav;rsm;udktvGwfray;ay?
odk@wdkifyif um,tm;t&tjynfht0 toHk;rðyEkdif=ujcif;a=umifh uav;rsm;onf txuft&m&dSrsm;. }uD;rm;
aom tjypfay;r_udk cH&wwfonf? xdk@tjyif t&G,f}uD;ol ppfom;rsm;u uav;rsm;. &dQmcGJwrf;rsm;ESifh
vpmrsm;udk cdk;,l=uonf[kvnf;od&onf?14 uav;rsm;onf vdiftEdkifusifhr_ESifh acgif;yHkjzwfr_wGifvnf; ydkI
tumtuG,frJhpGmcH=u&onf?15 wqufwnf;wGif xGufajy;&ef óud;pm;ol uav;rsm;onf &ufpufpGm tjypf

ay;cH&um roef@&Sif; npfywfaom/ vljynfhusyfaeaom tcsKyfaxmifrsm;wGif tusOf;us cH=u&onf?16

a,bk,stm;jzifh uav;rsm;onf ppfom;wa,mufwGif vdktyfaom pdwfydkif;ESifh &kyfydkif;qdkif&m&ifhusifhr_
r&dSao;ay? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS uav;ppfom;rsm;onf t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_udk rsuf0g;xifxifjrif=u&onfom
r[kwf/ udk,fwkdifvnf; qdk;0g;pGmcsKd;azmufcJh=uonf? xdkuJhodk@aom pdwfa0'emtawG@tñuHrsm;u qdk;0g;aom
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m rwnf+idrfr_udk jzpfay:aponf? uav;ppfom;rsm;onf wcgw&HwGifa=umufpdwftvGef}uD;
jcif;/ zGH@òzd;r_qdkif&maESmifhaES;jcif;/ tdyfr&jcif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rS a&Smifz,fjcif;ESifh &efvdkpdwf jzpfay:jcif;ponfh
a0'emrsm;udk cHpm;&wwfonf? woufwm &kyfydkif;qdkif&m roefpGrf;r_udk jzpfapEkdifonfh rukoay;aom tem
w&rsm;/ emrusef;r_rsm;/ vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh tm[m& csKd@wJhr_rsm;ponfh tajctaersm;udk
vnf; uav;ppfom;rsm; ñuHawG@=u&onf?
(2004) ckESpfwGif (etz) ppftpdk;&onf t&G,fra&mufol uav;rsm;tm; ppfom;tjzpf pkaqmif;odrf;
oGif;toHk;csjcif;udk umuG,fwm;qD;onfh aumfrwDw&yfudk wnfaxmifcJhonf?18 xkdaumfrwD. vkyfief;pDrH
csufwGif uav;ppfom;yaysmufa&;/ jyefvnfðypkysdK;axmif;a&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; jyefvnf0ifa&muf
a&;twGuf vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef uwdu0wfrsm; yg&dSonf? odk@aomf uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;r_ESifhtoHk;ðyr_
onf ,ae@txd &dSaeao;onfESifhywfoufI ckdifrmaom oufaorsm;&dSonf? vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfh
avhvma&;tzGJ@ (Human Rights Watch) . jrefrmEkdifiH uav;ppfom;toHk;ðyr_ESifh ywfoufI (2007) ck
ESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom tpD&ifcHpmwGif xdkaumfrwDonf [efaqmifvkyfief;wcktjzpfom vkyfaqmifae+yD;
aumfr wD. w&m;0ifxkwfjyefxm;aom &nfrSef;csuf rsm;atmifjrifa&;twGuf rjzpfpavmufaom wdk;
wufr_udk vkyfaqmifaeum/ w&m;0ifus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfaqmifaeaom ppfwyf. twif;t"R uav;
ppfom;pkaqmif; jcif;udk tav;ay;ajz&Sif;&ef ysufuGufaeonf[k a0zef az:jyxm;onf?19

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_ tr_rsKd;twGuf tcsuft
vuf yHkpHwckudk atmufrSm Oyrmazmfjy ay;xm;ygonf? Ttcsuftvuf yHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_w&yf. t"du t*F g&yf
rsm;udk az: xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f &Sdygonf? uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudkEdkifiH
wum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifhtnD owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufyg tcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif; odk@r[kwf ppfxJ yg0ifaqmif&Gufapjcif;?
2? touf 18 ESpfatmuf uav;wOD; odk@r[kwf uav;rsm;?
3? vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;twGif;/ vufeufudkif tkyfpkwcktwGif; odk@r[kwf ppfyGJrsm;twGif;odk@ yg0ifapjcif;
wdk@ jzpfonf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- uav;ppfom;rsm; II
armif0if;onf touf (15) ESpft&G,f uav;wOD;jzpf+yD; rœav;wGifaexdkifonf? armif0if; ausmif;odk@
toGm;vrf;wGif jrefrmppfwyfrS t&m&dSwOD;u ol@udk &yfwef@cdkif;cJhonf? xdkt&m&dSuol. rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;udk
awmif;&m olur&dSa=umif; ajymjyonf? rSwfyHkwifr&dSjcif;onf w&m;r0if[k xdkt&m&dSu ol@udkajymonf?
t&m&dSu ol. vufarmif;udk zrf;qGJum ol@udk zrf;&rnf[k ajymonf? armif0if;onf tvGefa=umuf&GH@um
II ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdjyKapvdkygonf? ,ckvufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk; jyKazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD; a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wck udk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?

pwifidkaºuG;awmhonf? axmifrusvdkygu ppfwyfxJodk@0if&rnf[k xdkt&m&dSu armif0if;udk ajymvmonf?

tusOf;axmiftwGif; a=umuf rufzG,ftajctaeudk pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@aoma=umifh armif0if;u ppfwyftwGif;odk@
0if&ef oabmwlcJh&onf?
xdkt&m&dSu armif0if;udk pkaqmif;a&;Xmeudk ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? pkaqmif;a&;XmewGif olESifhoufwl&G,fol
tjcm;vli,frsm;pGmudk armif0if; awG@cJh&onf? ppfoifwef;odk@ rydk@cif armif0if; pkaqmif;a&;XmeY &ufowW
ywfESpfywf=um aecJh&onf? oifwef;ausmif;wGif touf (18) ESpfatmuf tjcm;vli,f (3)OD;ESifh armif0if;
oli,fcsif;zGJ@rdonf? oifwef;umvtwGif; AdkvfcsKyfwOD;onf oifwef;om;rsm;xHvmI wyfppfaq;cJhonf? xdk
AdkvfcsKyfu armif0if;teD; odk@vmum ol@udktouf b,fESpfESpf&dS+yDvnf;[k ar;cJhojzifh armif0if;u usaemftouf
(15) ESpfyg[k jyefajzcJh onf? AdkvfcsKyfu armif0if;. rsufESmudk jzwf&dkufvdkuf+yD; “aomufoHk;ruswJhaumif?
rif;toufudkar;&if (18) ESpf vdk@ ajz&r,fuG” [k ajymcJhonf?
ppfoifwef;umvwGif ae@pOfae@wdkif; ppf,leDazmif;tjynfhjzifh av;vHvSonfh vufeufrsm;udk udkifaqmifum
jcpfjcpfawmuf aeylatmufwGif em&Daygif;rsm;pGm c&D;&SnfavhusifhcsDwufyGJudk rjzpfrae armif0if; vkyfcJh&onf?
armif;jyef aoewfudkifenf;/ ypfenf;ESifh aq;a=umenf;rsm;udk oif=um;cJh&onf? tjcm;oifwef;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
ppfwef;vsm;rsm;wGif aexdkifcJh&onf? &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& tm;oGefcGefpkduf armyef;pGm avhusifh&aomfvnf;oifwef;
om;rsm;onf wae@v#ifESpf}udrf xrif;tenf;i,fESifh tom;tenf;i,fompm;&onf? r=umc%qdkovdk
armif0if; AdkufqmcJh+yD;/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& ajcukefvufyef; jzpfcJh&onf?
oifwef;umvwGif armif0if;wdk@wyfcGJrS oifwef;om; ig;a,mufxGufajy;&ef óu;yrf;cJhonf? oHk;a,muf
vGwfoGm;cJh+yD; ESpfa,mufudk jrefrmppfwyfu zrf;rdcJhonf? zrf;rdol oifwef;om;rsm;udk oifwef;om;rsm;a&S@odk@
ac:vmum ppfwyft&m&dSrsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfpufjycJhonf? t&m&dSrsm;u tusOf;om;oif;wef;om;rsm;udk
arSmufcHkvSJcdkif;onf? vufjyefóu; wkyfxm;onfhtjyifolwkd@. ajcaxmufrsm;udkvnf; ajcusif;cwfxm;onf?
t&m&dSrsm;u tjcm;oifwef;om;rsm;udk zrf;rdvmoloifwef;om;rsm;udk yg;&Saeaom wkwfjzifh t&dkufcdkif;cJhonf?
wem&D=umr# t&dkufcH&+yD;aemuf tcsKyfpcef;wGif xdktusOf;om;rsm;udk csKyfxm;vdkufonf? olwdk@ESpfa,muf
teuf wa,muf toufqHk;&H_;oGm;cJhonf?
ppfoifwef;wv=umr#+yD;oGm;onfhtcgwGif armif0if;onf ajcvsifwyf&if; trSwf (349)wGif wm0efxrf;
aqmif&ef wm0efay;jcif;cHcJh&onf? ppfom;wa,muftjzpf armif0if;onf av;vHvSaom ppfyPnf;rsm;jzifhc&D;
a0;csDwufcJh&onf? tjcm;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk trSDrvdkufEkdifygu armif0if;onf t&m&dSrsm;. t&dkufESuf/ tEdkifusifh
'%fcH&onf? wcsdef wGif ol. wyf&if;onf awmwGif;wae&mY awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;ESifh xdyfwdkufwdk;
cJhonf? vufeuf}uD; tjyeftvSefypfcwfcJh+yD;/ armif0if;wdk@ wyf&if;rS &JabmfwOD; '%f&m&cJhonf? &kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfaecsdefwGif armif0if; tcGifhaumif;,lum xGufajy;cJhonf? ol. wyf&if;onf awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;
vdkuf&Smjcif;jzifh tvkyf&_yfaecsdefwGif armif0if; awmwGif;Y ykef;atmif;aecJhonf?
wyf&if;a&S@quf csDwufoGm;onfESifh w+ydKifeuf armif0if; awmwGif;xGufum eD;pyf&m&Gmodk@ taomhESifcJh
onf? xdkif;e,fpyfodk@a&mufonftxd w&Gm+yD;w&Gm armif0if; c&D;qef@cJhonf? olonf ,cktcsdefwGif xdkif;EkdifiH
twGif;&dS u,fq,fa&;a*[mwckwGif aexdkifv#uf&dSygonf?

awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t"duusaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;enf;yifjzpfonf? t"du ta=umif;
jref;jcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk taumif;qHk; &&Sdxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk bufaygif;pHkrSaeI

ar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSm az:jyxm;ygonf? yxrawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom

awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpf+yD;/ 'kwd, awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpf
ygonf? om"uwckpD. atmufajcwGif ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf?
1? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH- (nHh)

ar; - qdkawmh nDav;u jrefrmppfwyfrSm uav;ppfom;jzpfcJhw,f [kwfvm;?
armif0if; - usaemf axmifxJ0if&rSma=umufvdk@ ppfwyfxJ0ifcJh&wmyg?
ar; - 'gayr,fh nDav;&J@ qürygyJ twif;tusyf 0ifcJh&w,f r[kwfvm;?
armif0if; - axmifxJoGm;r,fqdkwJh vrf;udkawmh usaemf a&G;rdaumif;a&G;vdrfhrnfvdk@ usaemf awG;=unfhrdygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemf t&rf;a=umufcJhw,f?
ar; - nDav;ppfxJ0ifawmh touf (18) ESpfatmufyJ &dSao;w,fr[kwfvm;?
armif0if; - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - nDav; ppfwyfxJrSmwkef;u wdkufyGJawGrSmygbl;w,f r[kwfvm;?
armif0if; - qdkygawmh/ odyfawmhvnf;r[kwfygbl;? ppfom;wa,muftjzpfeJ@ usaemf b,foludkrS aoewfeJ@ ypfvnf;
rypfcJhbl;/ owfvnf; rowfcJhbl;?

t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&jcif;rSm ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGm &Sdygonf?
yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azgufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; rSwf
wrf;ðy&efwnf;[laom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkudk tao;pdwfay:
vGifapa&;twGuf ar;cGef;rsm; vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onf jzpf&yf. yHkum;csyfudktjynfh
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm armif0if;
taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ armif0if;buf
uvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkfonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol =um;vdkaom
tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm; oGm;Edkifygonf?
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom uav;ppfom;toHk;csr_ csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf tjcm;aomvl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azgufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;ae onfh =um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk
vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_ESifh tjcm;aom &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;&
EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? om"utm;jzifh- armif0if; uav;ppfom;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&pOftwGif;ESdyf
pufcH&r_rsm; jzpfygonf?

aemufqHk;tcsuf- armif0if;. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk TawG@

qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? ol.jzpf&yfudk twnfðyay;rnfh rsufjrifoufaoESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;&Edkif/
r&Edkif armif0if;udk ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaomrSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpf
onf?

ar; - nDav;/ bmjzpfvdk@ jrefrmjynfu xGufvm&wmvJqdkwm ajyjyvdk@&rvm;/ armif0if;?
armif0if; - usaemf jrefrmppfwyfxJrSm raecsifvdk@ jrefrmjynfu xGufvmcJhwmyg? usaemf ppfom;wcgrS rjzpfcsifcJhygbl;?
'gayr,fh usaemf axmifusrSma=umufvdk@yg?
ar; - nDav;u jrefrmppfwyfxJ b,fvdkvkyf+yD; 0ifcJhwmvJ?
armif0if; - usaemf tdrfuae ausmif;udktoGm;vrf;rSm jrefrmppfwyfu t&m&dSwa,mufu usaemfhudkwm;+yD; rSwfyHkwif
awmif;=unfhygw,f? usaemf ,lrvmbl;vdk@ ol@udk ajymvdkufygw,f? olu rSwfyHkwifr&dS&if w&m;r0ifbl;
usaemfh udkzrf;r,fvdk@ajymygw,f? usaemfaxmifxJudk roGm;&Jygbl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh axmifxJu
a=umuf p&m aumif;wJh tajctaeawGudk usaemf =um;zl;ygw,f? ppfxJ0if&if axmifrusbl;vdk@ tJ'Dt&m&dSu
usaemfhudk ajymygw,f? wjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m bmrSr&dSwmeJ@ usaemfvnf; ppfxJ0ifzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh&ygw,f?
ar; - nDav;ppfxJ0ifawmh toufb,fESpfESpf&dS+yDvJ?
armif0if; - usaemfhtouf 15 ESpfyg?
ar; - ppfxJ0if+yD;awmh bmawGjzpfcJhao;ovJ?
armif0if; - tJ'D t&m&dSu usaemfhudk pkaqmif;a&;XmexJac:oGm;+yD; tJ'DrSm ESpfywf=umaecJh&ygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfh
udk ppfoifwef;ausmif;qDudk ydk@ygw,f? oifwef;+yD;awmh usaemf cv& (349) rSm wm0efuscJhygw,f?
ar; - pkaqmif;a&;XmerSm nDav; jy\emwpkHw&m jzpfcJhao;ovm;?
armif0if; - usaemfwdk@udk vmppfaq;wJh AdkvfcsKyfwa,mufeJ@ usaemf 'kQawG@cJhygw,f? olu usaemfhtoufudk ar;awmh
usaemfu touf 15 ESpfygvdk@ jyefajzwJhtcg usaemfh rsufESmudk jzwf&dkufygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhtouf 18
ESpfvdk@ajzzdk@ usaemfhudkajymygw,f?
ar; - touf 18 ESpfatmuf ppfom;opfawG &dSvm;?
armif0if; - usaemfwdk@ oli,fcsif;oHk;a,mufpvHk;u touf 18 ESpfatmufawGygyJ? tjcm;vlawG 18 ESpfatmuf
[kwf- r[kwfawmh usaemf aoaocsmcsmrodygbl;? ppfoifwef;+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@tm; wyf&if;w&if;xJrSm
wm0ef uscJhygw,f?
ar; - ppfoifwef;umvrSm nDav;bmawGvkyfcJh&ovJ?
armif0if; - aoewfudkb,fvdkoHk;&r,f/ b,fvdk *&kpdkuf&r,fqdkwmawG usaemfwdk@udkoifay;cJhygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemf
wdk@ ae@wdkif; c&D;&Snfavhusifhcef;udk em&Dawmfawmf=um=umavhusifh&ygw,f? t&rf;udkyltdkufwmyJ? ppfom;
,leDazmif;awG 0wfxm;&wm&,f/ +yD;awmh vufeufcJ,rf;awG o,f&wmvJ ygygw,f? ae@wdkif; usaemfwdk@
t&rf;yifyef;cJhygw,f?
ar; - ppfoifwef;umvrSm nDav; jy\em wpHkw&m jzpfcJhao;ovm;?

armif0if; - ppfoifwef;u t&rf;udk cufcJygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh avhusifhcef;awGu t&rf;udk yifyef;vdk@yg? +yD;awmh

usaemfwdk@ r0a&pmyJ pm;&ygw,f? usaemf xGufajy;csifayr,fh xGufajy;vdk@jyefrd&if b,fvdkcH&r,fqdkwm
usaemf rsuf0g;xifxifawG@cJh&vdk@ xGufrajy;jzpfcJhygbl;? usaemfwdk@ ppfoifwef;rSmwkef;u xGufajy;zdk@óu;
pm;wJh oifwef;om; ESpfa,mufudk t&m&dSawGuzrf;rdcJhygw,f? tifrwef &uf&ufpufpuf t&dkufcH=u&
ygw,f? usaemfvnf; tJ'DvdkcH&rSm a=umufygw,f?
ar; - ppfoifwef;+yD;awmh nDav; bmqufvkyfcJhovJ?
armif0if; - cv& (349) rSm usaemf wm0efuscJhygw,f? usaemfu tjcm;ppfom;awGxuf taumifydkao;awmh
usaemfhudk ppfyPnf;awG o,fcdkif;ygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh usaemfu olrsm;xufpm&if odyfrodom
vdk@yg? ppfyPnf;awGu t&rf;av;ygw,f? c&D;ta0;}uD;awG usaemfwdk@ oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
ar; - cv& (349) rSmaum nDav; jy\em wpHkw&m&dScJhao;ovm;?
armif0if; - t&m&dSawGu usaemfhudk r=umr=um &dkufygw,f? qJygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh wjcm;ppfom;awGeJ@
wef;wl usaemf rvkyfEdkifvdk@yg?
ar; - nDav; jrefrmppfwyfuae b,fvdk xGufajy;cJhwmvJ?
armif0if; - wae@ usaemfwdk@ awmxJrSm csDwufaepOf olykefwdkufckdufa&;orm;tcsKd@eJ@ xdyfwdkufoGm;wdk;ygw,f? enf;
enf; yg;yg;ypfcwfr_jzpfcJh+yD; usaemfwdk@ wyf&if;u &Jabmfwa,muf '%f&m&cJhygw,f? tcsKd@wyfzGJ@awGu
olykef awGaemufvdkuf/ tcsKd@u'%f&m&&Jabmfudk ulay;=uygw,f? vlwdkif;a&muf&ufcwfaecsdefrSmus
aemfawmxJrSm ykef;aecJhzdk@ tcGifhta&;&cJhygw,f? usaemf aysmufaew,fqdkwm olwdk@ owdrxm;rdcJhbl;?
tm;vHk; xGufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm usaemfawmxJudk xGufajy;+yD; xdkif;EkdifiHudk a&mufatmifvmcJhygw,f?
ar; - nDav;wyf&if;rSm &dSwJh nDav;&J@ oli,fcsif; uav;ppfom;awGaum bmawGjzpfcJhovJ?
armif0if; - usefwJh ESpfa,mufbmjzpfvJqdkwmawmh usaemfrodygbl;? usaemfxdkif;udka&muf+yD; oHk;vavmuf t=umrSm
usaemfholi,fcsif; Edkifjrifh u,fq,fa&;a*[mudk a&mufvmygw,f? usaemfxGufajy;+yD; ESpfywfavmuf
t=umrSm olvnf; xGufajy;cJhw,fvdk@ ol usaemfhudk ajymjyygw,f? ol tckusaemfeJ@twl u,fq,fa&;
a*[mrSm aeaeygw,f?
ar; - Edkifjrifhudkaum ol@tawG@tñuHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ar;r,fqdk&if qufoG,fay;vdk@ &rvm;?
armif0if; - oltwGuf jy\em r&dSbl;qdkwm usaemf wyftyfajymvdk@&ygw,f? cifAsm;udk reufzef 'Dae&mrSm vmawG@
zdk@ ol@udkajymvdkufygr,f?
ar; - aus;Zl;wifygw,f nDav;? aemufxyf jznfhpGufajymp&m/ ar;p&mrsm; &dSygao;ovm;?
armif0if; - usaemfppfxJudk b,faomtcgrS r0ifcsifcJhygbl;? usaemfhrSm a&G;cs,fp&m vrf;r&dScJhvdk@yg? tzrf;cH&r,f qdkwm
udk usaemf t&rf;a=umufcJhygw,f? jrefrmppfwyfxJu tajctaeu t&rf;udk a=umufzdk@aumif;ygw,f?
usaemf ppfwyfxJ0ifvdkuf&awmh usaemf ynmqufoif=um;cGifh r&awmhygbl;? tckusaemf ynmoifzdk@
usaemfhrSm tcGifhta&;vHk;0r&dSawmhygbl;? usaemf jrefrmppfwyfudk t&rf;rkef;ygw,f?
ar; - tckvdk nDav;&J@ awG@ñuHcHpm;r_awGudk ajymjywJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dta=umif;awG ajymjyzdk@qdkwm
nDav; twGuf t&rf;cufcJr,fqdkwm odygw,f? tu,fI nDav;eJ@ aemufxyfwacguf xyf+yD;pum;
ajymcsifw,fqdk&if b,fvdkqufoG,f&rvJ?
armif0if; - 'Du,fq,fa&;a*[mrSm usaemfhudk óuufwJhtcsdef vm+yD;pum;ajymvdk@&ygw,f?


TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm armif0if;u ol.jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh jzpf
ygonf? yGJOD;xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ygygonf? ol.
ajz=um;csufrsm;onf csKd;azgufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY taxmuf
tuljzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&v#if/ armif0if;onf uav;ppfom;tjzpf olwm0efxrf;cJh&onfh
umvESifh ywfoufI atmufyg owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxrtcsuftaejzifh armif0if;u jrefrmppfwyftwGif;odk@ ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif; odk@r[kwf ppfxJ0ifjcif;[l
aomtcsufudk xif&Sm;a=umif; oufaojy&eftwGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;cJhonf? ppfwyft&m&dS
wOD;u ol@tm;zrf;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufaoma=umifh olppfxJ0ifcJh&onf[k oluajymjycJhonf pkaqmif; a&;Xme
odk@ ydk@aqmifyHk/ ppf oifwef; wuf&yHk ESifh cv& (349) odk@ wm0efay;tyfr_rsm;udk olu yHkaz: ajymjycJhonf?
'kwd,tcsuftaejzifh ol ppfxJ0ifaomtcgwGif ol. toufonf 18 ESpfatmufjzpfonfqdkaom tcsuf
udk armif0if;u axmufjycJhonf? t&m&dSu ol@tm; ppfom;tjzpf pkaqmif;aomtcgwGif ol.toufonf
15 ESpf&dS+yD; touf 18 ESpfrjynfhcif olppfr_xrf;cJh&onf[k oluqdkcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyftm; ol@touf 15 ESpf
[kajymaomtcg olrnfodk@ t&dkufcHcJh&yHkESifh ol. touftm; 18 ESpf[k ajymcdkif;cJhonfudk olu xifompGm
ajymjycJhonf? ol. oufaoxGufqdkcsufrsm;t& armif0if;onf jrefrmppfwyfwGif ppfr_xrf;&csdefY touf
18 ESpfrjynfhao;aom uav;wOD;om jzpfcJhonf[lI ay:vGifaeonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh armif0if;onf jrefrmppfwyfwGif yg0ifcJhonf[laom tcsufudk ,ckawG@qHkar;
jref;jcif;u wnfaqmufxm;onf? olonf jrefrmppfwyfwGif rnfodk@ ppfom;jzpfvmcJh&yHkESifh cv7 (349) wGif
xrf;aqmifcJh&yHkudk ajymjyxm;onf?olonf jrefrmppfwyftwGuf ay:wmwOD;ozG,f vkyfaqmifay;cJh&+yD;/
yÉdyQjzpfyGm;&m ae&mrsm;odk@ apv$wfjcif;cHcJh&onf[kvnf; oluaxmufjyxm;onf?
,ckawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;u ESdyfpufr_uJhodk@aom uav;ppfom;toHk;ðyjcif; csKd;azmufr_ESifh qufEG,faeaom
tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;. oufaoudkyg az:jyay;xm;onf? olonf t=udrfaygif;rsm;pGm tEdkifusifhcH/ t&dkufcH
cJh&onf[k !$efjyxm;onf? ol. oli,fcsif;jzpfol Ekdifjrifhtm; awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;u armif0if;ajymqdkcsufrsm;
rSef- rrSef ppfaq;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfvmvdrfhrnf? aemufxyfcsKd;azmufr_rsm; az:xkwf&eftwGufaemuf
xyfar;cGef;rsm;xyfar;jref;&efvdktyfEkdifonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. tqHk;owfonf aumif;rGefvSonf?
tb,f a=umifhqdkaomf armif0if;u aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;ajzay;&ef oabmwlnDcJhovdk ol@tm;rnfodk@ quf
oG,f&rnfudk ar;jref;olu od&dSoGm;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
(5) ed*Hk;csKyf
- uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_ csKd;azmufr_udk xif&Sm;atmifjyo&ef t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifh
tnD rSwfom;od&Sdvmjcif;?
- uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_ ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;
aom ar;cGef;rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azgufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd- r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Guf
jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfh tcef;rsm;u uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;toHk;csr_. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkI tao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

1/ uav;ppfom;toH;ðyjcif;tm; wm;jrpfxm;aom t"duEdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif

- uav; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (tcef; 38)? jrefrmEkdifiHonf c|if;csufowfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifh xdkoabmwlnDr_. tzGJ@0if EkdifiHwEkdifiHjzpfonf?
- vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif; yg0ifae&aom uav;rsm;. uav;tcGifhta&;oabmwlnDcsufqdkif&m a&G;cs,fowfrSwfcGifh oabmwlnDcsuf? (tcef; 1-4)
- *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsuf/ aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 1 (tcef; 77 (2) ESifh aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 2 (tcef; 4 (*)?
- EkdifiHwumtvkyform;tzGJ@/ uav;tvkyform;toHk;ðyr_ tqdk;0g;qHk;yHkpHrsm;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf 182 (tcef; 3 (u) )
uav;tcGifhta&;ESifh vlr_zlvHka&;qdkif&m tmzd&dua=ujimpmwrf;uJhodk@aom a'owGif;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGifvnf; uav;ppfom;toHk;ðyr_tm; umuG,fay;
aomOya'tcef;rsm;yg&dSonf? tar&duwdkuf EdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@tpnf;/ Oa&myor~/ Oa&myaumifpDESifh taemuftmz&du pDyGm;a&;todkif; t0ef;rsm;u uav;
ppfom;pkaqmif;r_ESifh uav;ppfom;rsm;tay: qufqHaer_ESifhywfoufI pdk;&drfruif;r_rsm; xkwfaz:jyoxm;onfh uav;ESifhvufeufudkifyÉdyQqdkif&m
oabmwlqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;=ujyD;jzpfonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiH/ zifvefEdkifiH/ tdkufpfvefEdkifiH/ aemfa0EkdifiHESifh qGD'ifEkdifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;
rsm;u a=ujimpmwrf; wck xkwfjyefum uav;ppfom;toHk;ðyr_udk uef@uGufwm;jrpfxm;onf? tmqD,rfEkdifiHrsm;u tvm;wloabm wlnDcsufrsm;udkoabmwl
xm;jcif; r&dSao;ay?
az:jyygoabmwlnDcsufrdWLrsm;udk http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/(2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 28 ae@wGif aemufqHk;=unfh&_xm;onf)wGif&&dSEkdifygo nf?
uBmhukvor~ vHkðcHa&;aumifpDu uav;ppfom;rsm;qufvufxm;&dSr_aer_ESifh uav;rsm;tm; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;twGif; toHk;ðyaejcif;udk
umuG,f[ef@wm;onfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;pGmudkcsrSwfxm;jyD;jzpfonf? qHk;jzwfcsuf 1261 (1999)/ 1341 (2001)/ 1539 (2004) ESifh 1612 (2005) wdk@udk=unfhyg?
xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf Oya'a=umif;t&pnf;aESmiftm; r&dS=uaomfvnf; vufeufudkif yÉdyQtwGif; yg0ifaeaom uav;rsm;twGuf tumtuG,fay;r_udk
jrSifhwif&eftwGuf vkyfief;abmifwcktjzpf aqmif&GufEkdifonf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu tpD&ifcHpmrsm;pGmwGif uav;ppfom;qufvuf toHk;ðyaer_tm;
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; xyfcgwvnf;vnf; a0zefcJhonf? az:jyyg oabmwlnDcsuf rdWLrsm;udk http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/ (2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbm
28 ae@wGif aemufqHk;=unfh&_xm;onf) wGif &&dSEkdifygonf?
vufeufudkif yÉdyQtajctaetwGif;usa&mufaeaom uav;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf&nf&G,faom pnf;aESmiftm;rJh EdkifiHwumoawmwlpm
csKyfrsm;wGif ta&;ay:tajctaeESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyQtajctaersm;twGif;&dS trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;tumtuG,fay;jcif;qkdif&m uBmhukv
or~a=ujimpmwrf;/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;twGif;odk@ uav;ppfom;pkaqmif;r_/ tmzd&duwdkuftwGif;uav;ppfom;yaysmufa&;ESifh vlr_b0jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&;qdkif&m udyfawmif;tajccHrlESifh taumif;qHk; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;ESifh qufEG,faom uav;rsm;
qdkif&m yJ&pftajccHrlrsm;ESifh vrf;!$efcsufrsm;wdk@jzpfonf? a=ujimpmwrf;tm; http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/ (2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 28 ae@wGif
aemuf qHk;=unfh&_xm;onf) wGifvnf;aumif;/ udyfawmif;tajccHrlrsm;tm; http://www.unicef.org/emerg/index_childsoldiers.html (2006 ckESpf atmuf
wdkbm 28 ae@wGif aemufqHk;=unfh&_xm;onf) wGifvnf;aumif; yJ&pftajccHrlrsm;tm; http://www.unicef.org/protection/files/ParisPrinciples310107En-
glish.pdf (2008 ckESpf pufwifbmv 17 &ufae@wGif aemufqHk;=unfh&_xm;onf) wGifvnf;aumi;f&&dSEkdifygonf?
2 Interview with an SPDC Child Soldier, Karen Human Rights Group, 26 April 2006.
3/ My Gun was as Tall as Me: Child Soldiers in Burma, Human Rights Watch, October 2002; Abuse Under Orders: The SPDC and DKBA Armies
Through the Eyes of Their Soldiers, Karen Human Rights Group, 27 March 2001.
4/ My Gun was as Tall as me: Child Soldiers in Burma, Human Rights Watch, October 2002.
5/ pm&if;ygtkyfpkrsm;rSm etz/ u&ifhtrsdK;om;jidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD (autef,lrS cGJxGufoGm;aom tkyfpkwpk)/ ucsifvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf/ “0”trsdK;om; aoG;pnf;
nD!$wfa&;wyfrawmf/ &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifydkif;)/ jrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwfwyfrawmf (udk;uef@ )/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyf
OD; ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpfu&ifAk'<bmomwyfrawmf wdk@jzpfonf? xdktpD&ifcHpmu u&ifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (auteft,fvfat)ESifh u&ifeDwyfrawmf
(auat)wdk@. uav;ppfom;toHk;ðyr_udkvnf; udk;um;xm;jyD; xdkwyfrawmfESpfck. avmavmvwfvwf ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI ukvor~u o
wif;tcsuftvufr&&dSa=umif;udkvnf; ,if;tpD&ifcHpmu qdkxm;onf? 2007 ckESpfwGif auteft,fatESifh u&ifeDwyfrawmfu uav;ppfom;toHk;ðyjcif;/
pkaqmif;jcif;tm; &yfwef@&ef/ umuG,f&eftwGuf uwdu0wf0%fv$mwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 21
&ufae@wGif ukvor~vHkðcHa&;aumifpDodk@ wifoGif;aom uav; rsm;ESifh vufeufudkif yÉdyQrsm;tpD&ifcHpmudk UN Doc. A/62/609-S/2007/757. wGif zwf&_Ekdif
ygonf?
6/ The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Child Soldiers Global Report 2008: Myanmar.Page 2. <http://www.child-soldiers.org/document/
get?id=1416>. Last accessed July 21, 2008.
7/ Stefania Capodaglio, Stop Using Child Soldiers, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, December 1999; Factsheet: Child Soldiers on the Frontline,
AlertNet, 31 October 2005.
8/ Child Soldiers Global Report 2008: Myanmar, The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, http://www.child-soldiers.org/document/
get?id=1416 (last visited 21 July 2008).
9/ My Gun was as Tall as me: Child Soldiers in Burma, Human Rights Watch, October 2002
10/ Position of the International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva, International Committee of the Red Cross, 27 October 1997; No Childhood at
All, Images Asia, 1997; Mark Lorey, Child Soldiers: Care and Protection of Children in Emergencies- A Field Guide, Save the Children, 2001.
12/ Despite Promises: Child Soldiers in Burma’s SPDC Armed Forces, Human Rights Education Institute of Burma, September 2006.
13/ No Childhood at All, Images Asia, 1997.
14/ Interview with an SPDC Child Soldier, Karen Human Rights Group, 26 April 2006.
15/ Mark Lorey, Child Soldiers: Care and Protection of Children in Emergencies- A Field Guide, Save the Children, 2001.
17/ Position of the International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva, International Committee of the Red Cross, 27 October 1997; Stefania Capo-
daglio, Stop Using Child Soldiers, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, December 1999.
18/ Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed conflict to the UN Security Council, 21 December 2007, UN Doc. A/62/609-
S/2007/757.
19/ Sold to be Soldiers, Human Rights Watch, October 2007.

(1) n§Of;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef jyKrljcif;yHkpHrsm;

rsm; jynfhrD&ef vdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf Oya'ESifh qef@
usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf &Sdae&rnfhywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHk vdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyf pmwrf;jyXmef;csufrsm;rSaeI
ay: xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rðyrDrSm csKd;azmufr_[laom
t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfht*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? Ttcef;wGif
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuefðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm; usL;vGefcsKd;azmufjcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifap
a&;twGuf vdktyfaomt*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_udk t"dy`g,fowfrSwfjcif;

(u) EdkifiHwumOya't& n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufr_wGif rnfonfh t*Fg&yfrsm; yg0ifoenf;?
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_udk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&ef twGuf atmufaz:jyyg t*F g&yf
av;ck xif&Sm;a=umif; azmfjy&ygrnf?1
1? &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& aomfvnf;aumif;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& aomfvnf;aumif; jyif;xefpGm emusifapjcif;/ odk@r[kwf
cHpm;&apjcif;?
2? &nf&G,fcsufjzifh temw& jzpfapjcif;
3? &nf&G,fcsuf ta=umif;wckck &Sdjcif;?
3? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf wdk@jzpfonf?
(c) jyif;xefpGm emusifjcif; (odk@r[kwf) cHpm;&jcif;wGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifoenf;?

epfemcHpm;&ol. emusifr_/ odk@r[kwf cHpm;&r_onf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; tqifhodk@wdkifatmif a&muf&dSjcif;&dS-
r&dSudk tqHk;tjzwfay;&eftwGuf epfemcHpm;&ol. oGifjyifvQ%mESifh tjzpftysuf. tajctaersm;udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfonf? Oyrm - xkdol. vdif/ touft&G,f/ bmoma&;udk;uG,fr_ odk@r[kwf "avhxHkwrf; tpOftvm
,Hk=unfr_/ usef;rma&;/ ‚tEdkifusifhESdyfpufr_ trsKd;tpm; (odk@r[kwf) umv=umcsdef (odk@r[kwf) epfemcHpm;&ol cHEkdif
onfxuf ydkI jyif;xefaom tajctaewGif jzpfEkdifonfhtaetxm; ponfwdk@jzpfonf?*
(*) rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm; udk w&m;Oya'ESifh rnD!Gwf[k qHk;jzwfEdkifoenf;?

wm;jrpfjcif;wGif tusKH;0ifEdkifaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm; [lI oD;oef@ cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;jcif;
r&dSay? EdkifiHwumu vufcHxm;aom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk vdkufemjcif; r&dSaom/ &nf&G,fcsufwcktwGuf rnfodk@aom
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; udkrqdk/ rnfonfh tðytrlrsm;udkrqdk wm;jrpfuef@owfxm;onf[k em;vnfxm;Edkifonf? Oyrm -
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;. wm;jrpfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm2
* wOD;wa,muf. xifjrifcsufa=umifh jzpfay:&aom n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_jzpfaoma=umifh rnfonfh twdtusvkyfaqmifcsufonf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_ jzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf

&efcufcJaumif; cufcJEdkifonf? emusifr_ESifh cHpm;&r_onf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;[laom tqifhodk@xdatmif jyif;xefjcif; r&dSaomfvnf; ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;ESifh tusHK;
0ifaeonfudk trSwf&&efrSmta&;=uD;onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkuJhodk@ ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;udkvnf; EdkifiHwumOya'wGif wm;jrpfxm;onf? tcef; 1/ tydkif; 2/
tjcm;ravsmfuef ðyrlqufqHjcif;yHkpHrsm;tm; owfrSwfjcif;tcef;udk=unfhyg?

- owif;tcsuftvuf&&dS&ef (odk@r[kwf) 0efcHcsufwck &&dS&ef

- tjypfay;&ef
- +cdrf;ajcmuf&ef odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf zdtm;tjzpf toHk;ðy&ef
- rnfodk@aom cGJjcm;qufqHr_ta=umif;&if;jzifhrqdk vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; [lI az:jyxm;onf?
xdkenf;wlpGmyif wm;jrpfxm;aom &nf&nf&Gufwckudk csKd;azmufrdjcif;a=umifh ravsmfuef tEdkifusifhESdyfpufcH&&ef
ta=umif;r&Sdyg? Todk@ wm;jrpfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onfvnf; ravsmfuef tjyKtrlrsm;twGuf &nf&G,fcsuf
jzpfaewwfonf?
(C) n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;. Oyrm tcsKd@rSm tb,fenf;?

n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;. t"d`g,f zGifhqdkcsufonf usL;vGefcH&ol. wudk,fa&emusifr_ tawG@tñuHESifh cHpm;&r_
tay:wGif }uD;rm;pGmrlwnfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf emusifr_tawG@tñuHESifh cHpm;&r_onf yk~vduqefaom
a=umifhn‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;onf rnfr#twdkif;twm tuef@towf&Sdonfh vkyfaqmifr_rsKd;[kqdkIr&ay? odk@aomf
ravsmfuef tEdkifusihfr_yHkpHonf tjcm;yHkpHrsm;xuf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_tqifhydkI a&mufEdkifonf? Oyrm- wckcsif;t&
aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aomravsmfuef tEdkifusifhESdyfpufr_rsm; wGJzufIaomfvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyygaqmif
&Gufcsufrsm;udk n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;[k ac:qdkEdkifonf?3
- '%f&m (odk@r[kwf) temw& jzpfapaom &ufpufpGm &dkufESufjcif;
- udk,fcým aumufauG;apaom yHkpHjzifh tcsdef=umjrifhpGm óu;wkyfcsnfaESmifxm;jcif;
- pD;u&ufrD; (odk@r[kwf) tjcm;aom rD;avmifapaom t&mrsm;jzifh rD;&d_@jcif;
- v#yfppf usifpufjzifh wdk@jcif;
- rk'drf;usifhjcif; (odk@r[kwf) tjcm;vdift=urf;zufjcif;+
- touf&_ usyfatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;
- tqHk;pD&ifrnf (odk@r[kwf) udk,fcým tpdwftydkif;udk jzwfawmufypfrnf[kjcdrf;acsmufjcif;
- tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfaom tdyfjcif;/ pm;jcif;/ aq;0g;taxmuftyHh ponfwdk@udk tcsdef=umjrifhpGm rjyKvkyf&jcif;/
r&&dSjcif;
- wdkufydwfxm;jcif;/ txl;ojzifh jyifyESifhtquftoG,fjzwfawmufxm;onfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;
rsm;
- tvGefqdk;0g;aom tusOf;axmif tajctaersm; ponfwdk@ jzpfonf?
+ rk'drf;usifhr_ ESifh tjcm;aom vdift=urf;zufr_yHkpHrsm;onf EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'udk csKd;azmufjcif;wckjzpfonfudk owdcsyfyg? xdkacgif;pOf udk ,ckpmtkyfyg
“jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rk'drf;usifhr_ ESifh tjcm;aomvdift=urf;zufr_yHkpHrsm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;”acgif;pOfatmufwGif ydkI tao;pdwf aqG;aEG; xm;ygonf?

(i) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif; ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm; ajrmufap&ef
twGuftpdk;&w&yfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd; jzpf&efvdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm“òr@awmfrSmtajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiH wum
todtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sd vlrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&efóu;yrf;aom trsKd;om;
(EdkifiHawmftqifh)tzGJ@tpnf;”1udk &nf!$ef;jcif;jzpfygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJtpnf;onf
csKd;azmufr_wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/
tpdk;&t&m&SdwOD;u n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuefðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm; wckckudkusL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&
vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?2 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_
jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&efaomf
vnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufIvHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&.ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;
yg0ifygonf?3 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuef ðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm; usL;vGefaom
wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwum Oya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&muf
ygonf?

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;(Non State Actors -NSA)qdkonfrSm woD;yk~vvlrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm;jzpf
+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif; wckr[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ ðyaeonfrsKd;&Sdwwf
onf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;. tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/ yk~vdu
aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifonf? T
odk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf jynfwGif; Oya't&olwdk@
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;
pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwumOya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;
&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@.vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&ef rvdktyfonfh tajc
tae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@usL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,f
w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwumOya't& wm0efcH&ef
ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;
&u usL;vGefonf jzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) u usL;vGefonf
jzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
owdðyp&m a0g[m&? ? ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;

n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;udk umuG,fqef@usifaom EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufonf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;wck
wnf;udkom wm;jrpfxm;jcif;r[kwf/ tjcm;&ufpufaom/ vlrqefaom odk@r[kwf vl@*k%fodQmudk xdyg;nd‡K;
EGrf;apaom tðy trl odk@r[kwf tjypfay;r_rsm;udkvnf; wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? odk@aomf ravsmfuef ðyr_jcif;
yHkpHrsm;udk oD;jcm;acgif;pOf wcktwGif;odk@ xnfhxm;p&m rvdkay? ravsmfuef ðyr_jcif;qdkaom oabmw&m;onf
ðyvG,fajymif;vG,fjzpfjyD;/ tEdkifusifhr_rsm;rS tus,fjyef@qHk; tumtuG,fay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf?
pnf;=uyfa&;Xmersm;/ jynfol@ppf vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;/ vkyf=uHowfjzwfa&;tzGJ@rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfonf?
3/ rSwfcsufðy&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fðy +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&.vkyf&yfudk oufaojy&efrvdktyfyg?
vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fðy +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu tcef;-2 udk =unfhyg?

(3) EkdifiHwumOya'wGif ravsmfuef ðyrlqufqHjcif;[laom csKd;azmufr_wGif rnfonfht*Fg&yfrsm; yg0ifoenf;?

ravsmfuef ðyrlqufqHjcif;tm; vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf rSwfwrf;wif&eftwGuf atmufaz:jyyg
t*F g&yf 3 &yf xif&Sm;a=umif; azmfjy&ygrnf?
1? &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt&aomfvnf;aumif; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&aomfvnf;aumif; jyif;xefpGm emusifapjcif; odk@r[kwf
cHpm;&apjcif;Ù
2? &nf&G,fcsufjzifh temw& jzpfapjcif;
3? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf wdk@ jzpfonf?
ravsmfuef ðyrlqufqHjcif; ESifh n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;[laom csKd;azmufr_ESpfckt=um; uGmjcm;csufrSm emusifr_
(odk@r[kwf) cHpm;&r_ twdkif;twm tenf;trsm;ESifh wm;jrpfxm;onfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm; &dSraejcif;yif jzpfonf?

tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aomt*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwum
Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm;ðypk&mY taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? csKd;azmufr_
t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf;owfrSwf
csufwck &&SdEdkifygonf?

Ù ravsmfuef ðyrlqufqHjcif;wGif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;tqifhodk@ jyif;jyif;xefxef ra&muf&dSaom vkyfaqmifr_tm;vHk;yg0ifonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ouJhodk@yif

emusifr_ odk@r[kwf cHpm;&r_onf oufqdkifolwOD;. pdwfcHpm;r_ESifh xdktjzpftysuf. tajctaeay:wGif rlwnfonf[k oHk;oyfonf?


1? tvGef jyif;xefpGm odk@r[kwf }uD;rm;aom emusifr_ odk@r[kwf cHpm;&onfqdkaom tcsufudk wnfaqmufjcif;Ð

- rnfolonf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_ (odk@r[kwf) ravsmfuef ðyr_ cHcJh&oenf;?
- rnfonfh tcsif;t&mrsm; jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfh oufa&mufr_rsm; usL;vGefcH&oludk,fay:wGif usef&dScJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ,if;tjzpftysuf jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mwGif ,if;tjzpftysufjzpfyGm;cJhoenf;? ,cktcsdefwGif usL;vGefcH&olonf rnfonfhae&mwGif ,ck
&dSaeoenf;?
- xdkolonfrnfuJhodk@ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufrl (odk@r[kwf) ravsmfuefðyrlcHcJh&oenf;? rnfr#=umatmif cHcJh&oenf;?
- xdkodk@jzpfcJhonfudk oifrnfuJhodk@ od&dSoenf;?
2? emusifapvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;qdkaomtcsuftm;wnfaqmuf

jcif;
- rnfonfhta=umif;u xdktjzpftysufudk jzpfapcJhoenf;?
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; (odk@r[kwf) ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;tm; rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh jzpfcJhoenf;?
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; (odk@r[kwf) ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;tm; rnfuJhodk@ aqmif&GufcJhoenf;?
- ,ckowif;tcsuftvuftm; oifrnfuJhodk@ od&dSoenf;?
3? wm;jrpfxm;onfh &nf&G,fcsufwckjzifh vkyfaqmifcJhonf[laom tcsufudk wnfaqmufjcif;Õ

- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; (odk@r[kwf) ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;udk rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh aqmif&GufcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvuf &SmazGawG@&dScJhoenf;?
Ð n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;tm; csdK;azmufr_wcktjzpf oufaojyEkdif&ef jyif;xefpGmcHpm;&jcif; okd@r[kwf emusifjcif;&dS&efvdktyfonf? tjcm; ravsmfuef ðyrlqufqHjcif;yHkpHrsm;

wGif odompGmcHpm;&jcif; odk@r[kwf emusifr_udk jyo&efomvdktyfonf?
Õ xdktpdwftydkif;onf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; csdK;azmufr_wckwnf;twGufom jyo&ef vdktyfonf?

- usL;vGefolonf usL;vGefcH&olxHrS rnfodk@aomvkyfief;rsKd; ar#mfvifhxm;cJhoenf;?

- ,ckowif;tcsuftvuftm; oifrnfuJhodk@ od&dSoenf;?
4? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfa=umif; oufaojyjcif;

- xdktjzpftysufudk rnfolu aqmif&GufcJhoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? rnfolu od&dScJhoenf;? rnf
olu tultnDay;cJhoenf;?
- ,if;tjzpftysufudk oufqdkif&modk@ wdkif=um;cJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifhenf;? odk@r[kwf tb,fa=umifh rwdkif
=um; cJhoenf;?
- tpdk;&u xdktjzpftysuf rjzpfyGm;ap&eftwGuf wm;qD;cJhygovm; (odk@r[kwf) wkH@jyefaqmif&Gufjcif;&dScJhygo
vm;?
- ,ckowif;tcsuftvufudk oifrnfodk@od&dSoenf;?
EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&Sm
azGpkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifh vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifhtq-
if oifhay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonfr[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh
ywf oufaom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;rSaeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
csKd;azmufr_. t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeusn‡Of;
yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf ravsmfuefðyrljcif;rsKd;twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHwckudk az:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH ay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaom taumif;ESifhtqdk; om"
ursm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvuf rsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGmtcsuftvuf
&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_rsm; ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk=unfhyg?
(u) tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;

vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; az:xkwfa&;twGuf tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&;
vkyfief; odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDSrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m
tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifhtcsuf
tvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGiftaxmuf
tul&Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazGpk aqmif; r_rðyrD/
aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul &Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;rsm; jzpfay:aejcif;ESifh ywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh
EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
ndburma2.indd 100 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf ravsmfuef ðyrljcif; csKd;azmufr_qdkif&mordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m

tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsufrsm;
(1962) ckESpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; OD;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u jrefrmEkdifiHwckvHk;udk xdef;csKyfcJh
onfh tcsdefrSpI tm%mtqifhqifh qufcHvmaom ppftpdk;&rsm;onf wdkif;jynfudk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ raz:jy
Edkifavmufaom &ufpufr_rsKd;jzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf ravsmfuefðyrljcif; csKd;
azmufr_rsm;onf ppftpdk;&tm%modrf;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpI jrefrmEkdifiHtESH@tjym;wGif pOfqufrjywfESifh us,f
us,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfay:aeqJjzpfonf? t=urf;rzuf +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufaomEdkifiHa&;
twdkuftcHrsm;/ wdkif;&if;om; aus;&Gmom;rsm;/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ppftpdk;&tay: qef@usifol[k
oHo,&dSol rnfolrqdkonf jrefrmppftpkd;&ESifh tkyfcsKyfolvufyg;ap udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. om;aumifrsm;
tjzpfodk@ usa&mufum n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf ravsmfuefðyrljcif; tus,ftjyef@ csKd;azmufcHpm;=u&
onf? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS vufeufudkif twdkuftcHrsm;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; csKd;azmufr_rsm;&dSae
cJh=uaomfvnf; xdkcsKd;azmufr_ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSm tjrJwap xGufay:aejcif;r[kwfay? ppftpdk;&vufatmuf
wGif axmifaomif;csDaom jynfolvlxk}uD;onf ppftpdk;&u n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf ravsmfuefðyrl
jcif;. tusKd;&v'ftjzpf '%f&mtemw&jzpf&jcif;/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m roefrpGrf;b0odk@ a&muf&dSoGm;jcif;/ pdwf
ydkif;qdkif&mt& temw&jzpf&jcif;ESifh towfcH&jcif;tjzpfodk@ a&muf&dSae=u&onf?4
rrSefruef0efcHcsuft&,l&ef/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&; odk@r[kwf wdkif;&if;om;twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;. owif;
tcsuftvuf,l&ef odk@r[kwf oHo,&dSzG,f twdkuftcHrsm; odk@r[kwf ‚wdk@udk axmufcHolrsm;udk tjypf
ay;&eftwGuf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;udk ppftpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u }udrfzefrsm;pGm toHk;ðycJh=uonf? n‡Of;
yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;udk wdkif;&if;om;aus;&Gmom;rsm;ESifh vlenf;pkbmoma&;tkyfpkrsm; tay:cGJjcm;zdESdyfjcif; yHkpHwck
tjzpfvnf; usifhoHk;toHk;ðywwfonf? ppftpdk;& bufawmfom;rsm;onf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;udk aiGa=u;/
tpm;tpm/ ajr,mESifh tjcm;ydkifqkdifr_yPnf;rsm;tm; t&yfom;rsm;xHrS&,l vk,l&mwGifvnf; toHk;ðywwf
=uonf?5
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; odk@r[kwf r!Smrwmðyrljcif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH.ppfa=uma&;pcef;rsm;ESifh tusOf;axmif
rsm;wGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzpfay:aeonf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh usL;vGefcH&olrsm;onf wcgw&HwGifrnfonfh
ta=umif;jycsufa=umifh zrf;qD;cH&onfudkrod&bJ tzrf;cHum ‚wdk@udkppfa=um/ +cdrf;ajcmuf/ ESdyfpuf
onfh ppfa=uma&;pcef;rsm;odk@ wdkuf&dkufydk@aqmifjcif;cH&onf? ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;onf ae@&ufrsm;pGm/ &uf
oWywfrsm;pGm odk@r[kwf vaygif;rsm;pGmtxd =umonftxd ESdyfpufr_cH&wwfonf? ppfa=uma&;+yD;onfh
aemufwGif tzrf;cH&olrsm;onf aemufxyfwzef n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;cH&rnfhydkI }uD;
rm;aom tusOf;axmifrsm;qDodk@ ydk@aqmifjcif;cH&onf?6 n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;onf txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;aexdkif&ma'orsm;ESifh yÉdyQjzpfyGm;&m a'orsm;twGif;&dS aus;&Gmrsm;udk ppfwyfu0ifa&muf pD;eif;
aom tcgrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wlusL;vGefr_rsm; tjrJwap jzpfyGm;wwfonf? aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf vnf;
ta=umif;rJhoufouf tEkdifusifhESdyfpufwwfaom tpdk;&ppfa=umif;rsm;/ vSnfhuif;rsm;. n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_
tœ&m,fudk tjrJwap&ifqdkifae=u&onf?7
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;yHkpHrsm;pGm&dSonf? tjyif;txef&dkufESufjcif;udk trsm;qHk; jrifawG@&onf?
“yHkpHrsKd;pHk jzifh vufoD;jzifh xdk;jcif;/ yg;&dkufjcif;/ 'l;jzifh wdkufjcif;ESifh &dkufjcif;”rsm;onf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif yg0if
azmfjy=uonfudk awG@&dS&onf? tjcm;n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_yHkpHrsm;jzpfaom txl;ojzifh xdef;odrf;cH&olrsm;udkrl
tpm;tpm/ a&/ tdyfpufjcif;/ tvif;a&mifESifh tdrfomtoHk;ðyjcif;rsm;udk cGifh ray;bJxm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udk
toHk;ðywwfonf?8 tcsdef=umjrifhpGm vufjyefóu;wkyf twif;emusifatmif csnfaESmifcH&jcif; yHkpHudkvnf;
tawG@&rsm;onf? pDu&ufrD;jzifhwdk@jcif;/ za,mif;yl tpufcsjcif;/ rD;jcpfjzifh&d_@jcif;/ a&mfbmwkwfjzifh&dkufjcif;/
v#yfppfjzifhwdk@jcif;/ touf&_=uyfapjcif; yHkpHrsm;jzifhvnf;ESdyfpuf=uonf? ppftpdk;&onf usL;vGefcH&ol.
vufacsmif;rsm;t=um; rmausmaom t&m0ˆKrsm;xnfhIn‡pfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf oHwkwf odk@r[kwf opfom;
wkwfrsm;udk toHk;ðyI usL;vGefcH&ol. ndK@ousnf; tay:vdSrfhjcif; ponfh txl;enf;vrf;rsm;udkemusifcHpm;
ndburma2.indd 101 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

&atmif toHk;ðywwfonf?9 vdift=urf;zufr_ tjzpftysufrsm;onf axmif*%ef;jzifh r&dSonfhwdkif&mjzifhcsD

aom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk ESpfumvwcktwGif; aumuf,l/ rSwfwrf;wifxm;EdkifcJhonf?10
tjzpftysuftrsm;pkwGif usL;vGefcH&olonf usL;vGefolrsm;pGm. r&yfrem; }udrfzefrsm;pGm tkyfpkvdkuf rk'drf;
usifhcH&aom tajctaersm;vnf; yg0ifonf?11 tjcm; tjzpftysufrsm;wGif vdifydkif;qdkif&m temw&jzpfap
r_rsm;vnf; &dSwwfonf?12
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef vkyfaqmifaeum txl;ojzifh
tusOf;om;rsm;tay:wGif toHk;ðyaeonf? ppftpdk;& axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;onf usL;vGefcH&olrsm;udk
t&Suf wuGJjzpfap&eftwGuf odQmrJhvkyf&yfrsm;udk ckdif;apwwf=uonf? Oyrm- um;,m;cGIarmfawmf
qdkifu,fpD;onfh[ef vkyfcdkif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf av,Ofarmif;onfh[ef vkyfckdif;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf? &dkufESdufjcif;/
rk'drf;usifhjcif;/ tqHk;pD&ifjcif;/ wdkufydwfjcif;/ rdom;pkvnfywfcGifh ydwfyifjcif;/ v$wfay;rnf[kvdrfvnfajym
qdkjcif; ponfwdk@onf tusOf;uscH&oltwGuf ydkIa=umuf&GH@aponfhtjyif pdwfydkif;qdkif&m t&vnf;tem
w&jzpfaponf? tusOf;axmifjzpfwnfaeonfh tajctaeu ESdyfpufjcif; yHkpHwckjzpfae+yD;/ tusOf;axmif
twGif; tajctaerSmvnf; vGefpGmqdk;0g;vSonf? tusOf;usol &maygif;rsm;pGmESifh tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;
onf axmifcscH&r_a=umifh aemufqufwGJ jzpfay:vm&onfh tajctae a=umifh toufqHk;&H_;ae&onf?13
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuef ðyrljcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;udk yHkrSef
tm;jzifh ppftpdk;&t&&dSrsm;u OayQmðyjcif;/ odk@r[kwf vHk;0jiif;y,fjcif;ðy=uonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif usL;
vGefcH&olrsm;onf aumif;rGefaom aq;0g;ukor_ odk@r[kwf ESpfodrfhtm;ay;r_rsm; r&&dSaoma=umifh qdk;0g;
aom usef;rma&;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m aemufqufwGJ jzpf&yfrsm;udk cHpm;ae=u&onf?14

jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&dStajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;rsm;
twGuf tcsuftvufyHkpHwckudk atmufrSmOyrmazmfjy ay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_
w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f&Sdygonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuef
ðyrljcif;rsm; csKd;azmufjcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifhtnD owf
rSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufygtcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
- &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& aomfvnf;aumif;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& aomfvnf;aumif; jyif;xefpGm emusifapjcif;/
odk@r[kwf cHpm;&apjcif;?
- &nf&G,fcsufjzifh temw& jzpfapjcif;
- &nf&G,fcsuf ta=umif;wckck &Sdjcif;?
- tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf wdk@ jzpfonf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm;∙

pdkif;atmifonf &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; vli,fwOD;jzpfonf? wae@vnfcif;wGif pdkif;atmifonf ol.tdrf
teD;em;&dS oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl aomufaeus vufzuf&nfqdkifodk@oGm;onf? vufzuf&nfaomuf ae
pOf pdkif;atmifwdk@ oli,fcsif;wodkuf &Srf;jynfolrsm;. jy\emrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;twdkuftcH tkyfpkwck
· ,cktoHk;ðyEkdifzG,f&m[k rSef;q&aom tcsuftvufyHkpHonf Tvrf;!$efpmtkyftwGuf vlrsm;pGm. tawG@tñuHrsm;rSwqifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vlyk~dKvf

wOD;OD; odk@r[kwf tjzpftysufwckckudk tajccHxm;jcif;r[kwfa=umif; aus;Zl;ðyI owdcsyfyg?
ndburma2.indd 102 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

jzpfaom &Srf;jynfe,f wyfrawmf (SSA) . EkdifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk pwifaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? wcsufwGif

pdkif;atmifu toHcyfus,f us,fjzifhatmfajymrdonf? olu “ppftkyfcsKyfa&;&J@ zdESdyfr_awGatmufu igwdk@
vGwfajrmufcsifwdkqdk&if igwdk@awG tufpftufpfatudk tm;vHk;axmufcHtm;ay;zdk@vdkw,f? 'gu wckwnf;
aomenf;vrf;yJ” [kajymrdcJhonf? vufzufaomuft+yD; pdkif;atmif oli,frsm;ESifhvrf;cGJum tdrfodk@vrf;
av#mufjyefvmcJhonf? tdrfodk@ oljyefra&mufcifwGif t&yf0wfvlESpfOD; ol@tem;odk@a&mufvm=uonf? ol
wdk@onf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; ol@wdk@aemufokd@ pdkif;atmifudkvdkufcJh&efajymonf? rnfodkrS jiif;
y,frEdkifbJ/ &Gmtzsm;wGif wnf&dSaom ppfpcef;qDodk@ ol@udkac:oGm;rnfh um;ay:odk@wufIvdkufcJh&onf?
xdkvlESpfa,mufu pdkif;atmifudk tcef;i,fwckqDodk@ ac:oGm;onf? tcef;xJwGif ,leDazmif;0wf ppfom;
oHk;OD;u apmifhaeonf? xdkt&m&dSrsm;teuf wOD;u rwfwyf&yfum pdkif;atmiftm; “ rif;rSm aqG;aEG;p&m
tjrifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&dSaew,fvdk@ igwdk@=um;w,f? uJ æ igwdk@udkvnf; enf;enf;yg;yg;avmuf ajym
jyygvm;?” [kajymcJhonf? pdkif;atmif wcGef;rSjyefrajymcJhyg? pdkif;atmiftem;odk@ t&m&dSuwdk;vmcJhjyD; “rif;
ckeuawmh atmfus,fatmfus,feJ@ ajymae+yD;/ tckusawmh wcGef;rS rajymawmhbl;vm;uG?” oluatmf
aigufvmonf? t&m&dSu pdkif;atmif. rsufESmudk cyf=urf;=urf; &dkufcsypfvdkuf+yD; Adkufudk uefvdkufonf?
“rif;&J@yg;pyfu b,favmuftxd tœ&m,f&dSEdkifw,fqdkwm rif;avhvmxm;rS&r,f? uJ rif;&J@yg;pyfu b,f
avmuftxd tœ&m,fay;Edkifw,fqdkwm igwdk@em;axmif=unfh&atmif”? xdk@aemuf t&m&dSupdkif;atmifudk
ol. yg;pyfonf tœ&m,f&dSa=umif;ESifh tpdk;&raumif;a=umif; aemufxyfrajymawmhygtm; wem&D=umr#
xyfcgwvnf;vnf; atmfqdkcdkif;onf?
wem&D=umr# xdkodk@atmf&+yD;aemuf pdkif;atmifudk tcef;usOf;wcktwGif;odk@ypfoGif;vdkuf=uonf? xdktcef;
xJwGif bmqdkbmr#r&dSay? aemufqHk;wGif ppfom;ESpfOD;ESifh t&m&dSwOD; tcef;xJodk@0ifvmum pdkif;atmifudk
pwifppfar;jyefonf? t&m&dSupdkif;atmifudk tufpftufpfattzGJ@ta=umif;/ olrnfodk@yg0ifcJhonfESifh tufpf
tufpfattzGJ@ rnfonfhae&mwGif &dSonfudk xdkt&m&dSuar;onf? pdkif;atmifu ar;or#rajzEkdifaomtcg
wGifppfom;ESpfOD;uol@udk&dkufESuf=ujyefonf? ol@udkaoewf'ifjzifh xyfcgxyfcg&dkuf=uonf? rsufESmudkvnf;
vufoD;jzifhvnf; xdk;onf? ESpfem&D=umr# ppfaq;ar;jref;+yD;aemuf pdkif;atmif owdarharsmoGm;cJhonf?
pdkif;atmif owd&vmaomtcgwGif xdktcef;twGif;Yyif qufvuf csKyfaESmifxm;cHae&qJjzpfum/ ol.
OD;acgif;rSvnf; aoG;tvGefxGufv#uf&dSonf? tcef;twGif; vSnfhywf=unfhaomtcgwGif npfywfaom
a&rsm;xnfhxm;onfh yvpfpwpf a&ZvHkwckudkawG@&onf? odyfr=umcif tcsdeftwGif;Y ppfom;ESpfOD;ESifh
t&m&dSjyef0ifvmjyefonf? ppfom;ESpfOD;u pdkif;atmifudkqGJxlum a&ZvHktem;odk@ w&Gwfwdkuf qGJac:
oGm;cJhonf? t&m&dSu pdkif;atmifudk tufpftufpfattzGJ@ESifh ywfoufI xyfrHar;jref;jyefonf? rajzEdkif
ygu ppfom;ESpfOD;u ol.OD;acgif;udk a&ZvHktwGif;odk@ rdepfawmfawmf=um=um qGJESpfxm;onf? xdk@aemufol@
tm;jyefqGJxkwfum “rif;tufpftufpfattzGJ@ta=umif; bmodovJ?”[k xyfcgxyfcg atmf[pfar;jref;jyef
onf? ppfom;rsm;uol@udk a&xJodk@xyfcgxyfcg ESpf=ujcif;jzifh aemufqHk; pdkif;atmifjyefI owdvpfarharsm
oGm;awmhonf?
pdkif;atmifonf ppfpcef;twGif; qufvuftzrf;cHxm;&onf? ae@pOfreufcif;w}udrf/ ae@vnfcif;w}udrf
ppfom;rsm;ESifh t&m&dSu tufpftufpfattzGJ@ta=umif; ppfar;um jyif;jyif;xefxef &dkufESuf=uonf? &uf
aygif; (20)=um xdkodk@ csKyfaESmifESdyfpuf cHcJh&+yD;aemuf tufpftufpfattzGJ@ta=umif; aemufwcg xyfajym
ygu ol@tm;owfypfrnf[k t&m&dSu pdkif;atmifudk +cdrf;ajcmuf ajymqdkcJhonf? tufpftufpftzGJ@ta=umif;
rnfonfhtcgr# rajymawmhyg[k twif;tusyf vufrSwfa&;xdk;cdkif;um ol@udkjyefv$wfay;vdkuf onf?
,if;tjzpftysuf+yD;onfhaemuf pdkif;atmif xdkif;EdkifiHodk@xGufcGmvmcJhonf? aoewf'ifjzifh t&dkufcHcJh&onfh
'%f&mvnf; ol.OD;acgif;wGif &dSaeao;onf? xdk'%f&ma=umifh r=umr=um acgif;udkufa0'emcHpm;&+yD;/ wcg
w&H &kwfcsnf;owdvpf arharsmoGm;wwfonf? xdk@tjyif nzuftdyfraysmfaom a0'emESifh qdk;&Gm;aomajcmuf
tdyfrufqdk;rsm;udkvnf; cHpm;ae&qJjzpfonf?
ndburma2.indd 103 26-Dec-09 13:05:23


awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t"duusaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;enf;yifjzpfonf? t"du
ta=umif;&if;rSm tjzpftysufwckESifh ywfoufI vlwdk@onf owif;tcsufrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfaom
a=umifhyif jzpfygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;aomvkyfief;twGuf tajccHusonfjzpf&m/
awGqHkar; jref;jcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk taumif;qHk;&&Sdxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk bufaygif;
pHkrSaeI tao;pdwfusus az:xkwfa&;wGif aomhcsufwckjzpfygonf? txufaz:jyyg jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHudk tajccHxm;aom
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2)ckudk atmufrSmaz:jyxm;ygonf? yxr awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;
aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpf+yD;/ 'kwd, awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"u
jzpfygonf? om"uwckpD. atmufajcwGif ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf?

ar; - qdkawmh nDav; u jrefrmjynfxJrSm tESdyfpufcHcJh&wmaygh? [kwfvm;?
pdkif;atmif - [kwfuJh? rSefygw,fcifAs?
ar; - olwdk@u nDav;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef &dkufcJhvm;?
pdkif;atmif - &dkufygw,f? t&dkufcHvdk@&wJh usaemfh acgif;utrm&Gwfudk =unfhvdk@&ygw,f?
ar; - nDav;udk tpdk;& t&m&dSawGu ESdyfpufcJhw,fqdkwm/ [kwfovm;?
pdkif;atmif - usaemfvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ xifwmyJ? usaemfhudk ppfpcef;wckqDudk ac:oGm;jyD; tJ'Du ppfom;awGu 0dkif;+yD;
ESdyfpufcJh=uwmyg?
ar; - jyD;awmh nDav;u tufpftufpfattzGJ@udk axmufcHw,fqdk+yD; ESdyfpufcHcJh&w,f r[kwfvm;?
pdkif;atmif - [kwfygw,fcifAs?

t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&jcif;rSm ta=umif;tcsuf rsm;pGm &Sdygonf?
yxrtcsu-f wdvk eG ;f onf? csK;d azmufrw
_ ckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvt
kd yfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif;rSww
f rf;
ðy&efwnf; [laomawG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkudk tao;pdwfay:
vGifapa&;twGuf ar;cGef;rsm;vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onf jzpf&yf. yHkum;csyfudktjynfh
t0az:jya&;wGif txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm pdkif;atmif
“r[kwfyg” [k ajz aeygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk usefoGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;
ol taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ pdkif;atmif
bufuvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyfajymjyvdkonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol =um;
vdkaom tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm; oGm;Edkifygonf?
wwd,tcsuf- TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf awG@qHkar;jref;ol rlvuwnf;u oHo,&Sdaeaom
ndburma2.indd 104 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

csKd;azmufr_ udkomv#iftm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;

rsm;udkar;jcif;r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuefðyrl
jcif;rsm;onf tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;
pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh tjcm; twif;tusyf xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifjcif;/ zrf;qD;
jcif; ponfh&mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- pdkif;atmif. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk TawG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? ol. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyay;rnfh rsufjrifoufaoESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;
&Edkif/ r&Edkif pdkif;atmifudk ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaomrSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aomtpdwftydkif;
jzpfonf?

ar; - nDav; bma=umifh jrefrmjynfu xGufvmcJh&w,fqdkwm ajymjyvdk@&rvm;?
pdkif;atmif - usaemf jrefrmjynfu xGufvmcJh&wJh ta=umif;u ppfwyfudk a=umufvdk@yg? ppfwyf&J@ zrf;qD;/ ESdyfpuf '%fudk
usaemfcHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk aemufxyfwcg xyfcH&rSm usaemf a=umufygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm usaemf awG@
ñuH cJhwJhta=umif;awGudk usaemftdyfrufqdk;awG rufaewkef;yJ?
ar; - tESdyfpufcH&wJh tcsdefrSm bmawGjzpfcJhovJ?
pdkif;atmif - olwdk@ usaemfhudk t&rf;uma&mxdk;=uygw,f? aoewf'ifeJ@ &dkufygw,f? acgif;udkvnf; xkygw,f? Adkufudk
vnf;uefygw,f? usaemf arhoGm;wJhtxd a&ESpfygw,f? &ufaygif; 20 avmuf usaemf ae@wdkif;cH&ygw,f?
t&dkufcH&vdk@ usaemf c%c% owdarhoGm;cJhygw,f?
ar; - b,folawGu nDav;udk ESdyfpufcJhwmvJ?
pdkif;atmif - ppfom;awGyg?
ar; - olwdk@u ppfom;awGrSef; b,fvdkvdk@ odovJ?
pdkif;atmif - bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh olwdk@ppf,leDazmif;awG 0wfxm;vdk@yg? tJ'Dppfpcef;uvnf; usaemfeJ@ rpdrf;ygbl;? bm
jzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh usaemfwdk@ &GmeJ@odyfrvSrf;vdk@yg? tJ'DrSm tajcpdkufwJh wyf&if;u wyf&if; 123 yg?
ar; - b,fae&mrSm ESdyfpufcJhwmvJ?
pdkif;atmif - usaemfudk ppfpcef;xJ ac:oGm;jyD;uwnf;u tJ'DrSmjzpfwmygyJ? usaemhudk ppfaq;aewJhtcsdefuawmh tqdk;
&Gm;qHk; ESdyfpufr_yg?
ar; - tzrf;cHxm;&wJhtcsdefwkef;u wjcm;bmawG jzpfao;ovJ?
pdkif;atmif - 'Dvdkyg? usaemfpa&mufwJhtcsdefupjyD; usaemfhudk t=um}uD; ppfaq;ygw,f? &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf ta=umif;udk
xyfcgxyfcg ar;ygw,f? usaemfu olwdk@ar;wm rajzEdkif&if&dkufygw,f? “usaemfhyg;pyfa=umifh jy\em
wuf&ygw,f? tpdk;&udk b,fawmhrS ra0zefawmhygbl;” vkd@ xyfcgxyfcg usaemfhudk atmfcdkif;ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
usaemf wem&Davmufatmf&ygw,f? t&m&dSawGeJ@ ppfom;awGu usaemfudk 0dkif;=unfhjyD;&,f=uygw,f?
t&rf;&Sufp&m aumif;ygw,f?
ar; - tJ'Dvdk bma=umifh jzpfcJhw,fvdk@ xifovJ?
pdkif;atmif - usaemfhudk bma=umifh zrf;&w,fqdkwm olwdk@ajymrjywJhtjyif bmjypfr_eJ@rSvnf; usaemfhudkw&m;rpGJyg
ndburma2.indd 105 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

bl;? 'gayr,fh usaemf oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ vufzuf&nfqdkif&m ppftpdk;&u b,favmufraumif;a=umif;eJ@

tufpftufpfattzGJ@u &Srf;vlxkudk b,fvdkrsKd; u,fwifEkdifw,fqdkwmudk aqG;aEG;+yD;tjyefrSm usaemf
tzrf;cHcJh&wmyg? wa,mufa,mufu usaemfwdk@ ajymaewmudk =um;oGm;w,fvdk@ usaemfxifygw,f?
bma=umifhvJqdkawmh vufzuf&nfqdkifu tdrftjyefvrf;rSm usaemftzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? ppfa=uma&;vkyfae
wkef;rSmvJ t&m&dSuusaemfhudkajymwmu usaemfhrSmtjrifoabmxm;awG trsm;}uD;&dSaew,f/ usaemfhyg;
pyfu tœ&m,f&dSaejyDvdk@ajymygw,f? tufpftufpfattzGJ@ta=umif;yJ usaemfhudk xyfcgxyfcg ar;ygw,f?
tufpftufpfattzGJ@udk axmufcHvdk@ tjcm;olawGvnf; n‡Of;yrf;tESdyfpufcH&/ towfawmifcH&w,fvdk@
usaemf=um;rdygw,f?
ar; - tm%mydkifawGudkaum wdkif=um;cJhao;ovm;?
pdkif;atmif - wdkif=um;p&m b,folrSr&dSygbl;? tufpftufpfattzGJ@vdk twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;awGudk axmufcH
w,fvdk@ oHo,&dSolrnfolrqdkudk zrf;qD;EdkifwJh tcGifhtm%mudk txuftm%mydkifawGu ppfwyfudkay;
xm;ygw,f? tufpftufpfattzGJ@ axmufcHolawGvdk@ oHo,&dS+yD; jynfolawG toufcH&w,fqdkwm
usaemfodygw,f? tJ'D tjzpftysufudk usaemf wdkif=um;cJhr,fqdk&if jzpfvmr,fh tusdK;qufu 'Dxufru
usaemfydkjyD; cHpm;&r,fqdkwm odygw,f?
ar; - tzrf;cHxm;&pOftcsdefwkef;u '%f&m&cJhwm&dSvm;?
pdkif;atmif - &dSygw,f? olwdk@ usaemhfacgif;udk xyfcgxyfcg &dkufygw,f? txl;ojzifh aoewf'%feJ@ xkwJhtwGufa=umifh
usaemf t&rf;qdk;wJh acgif;udkufa0'em cHpm;&aeygw,f? usaemfhOD;acgif;aemufrSm trm&Gwfwckvnf;
&dSygw,f? wcgwcg usaemf bmrSef;rodvdkufbJ arhvJusoGm;wufygw,f? t&rf;a=umufzdk@aumif;wJh
tdyfrufqdk;awGvnf; rufygw,f?
ar; - vGwfvmjyD;awmh q&m0efeJ@ jycJhao;ovm;?
pdkif;atmif - [kwfuJh jycJhygw,f? usaemf xkdif;EkdifiHudk a&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm acgif;udkufwJh a0'emudk q&m0efeJ@oGm;
jycJhygw,f? temoufomapzdk@ q&m0efu usaemfudk aq;tcsKd@ay;cJhygw,f?
ar; - q&m0efppfcsuf rdWL &dSovm;?
pdkif;atmif - taxmuftuljzpfr,fqdk&if usaemf rdWLwck,lay;ygr,f?
ar; - t&rf;aumif;ygw,f? nDav;jzpfcJhwmeJ@ ywfoufjyD; odwJhtjcm;olwOD;OD;aum &dSovm;?
pdkif;atmif - usaemf@oli,fcsif; pdkif;pkdif;u usaemf bmjzpfcJhw,fqdkwm odygw,f? usaemf tzrf;cHcJh&wJhae@ vufzuf
&nfqdkifrSm usaemfawG@cJhwJh usaemhf oli,fcsif;yg? usaemf tcsKyfu vGwfvmawmhvnf; olusaemfhudk awG@
ygw,f? oleJ@ qufoG,f&rnfhvdyfpm usaemfay;vdk@&ygw,f?
ar; - tdkau/ xyfrH jznfhpGufp&m/ 'grSr[kwf ar;p&mrsm;&dSygovm;?
pdkif;atmif - t&rf;udk a=umufp&maumif;wJh tjzpftysufwckyg? usaemfhtawG@tñuHeJ@ywfowfjyD; usaemf tdyfruf
qdk;awG rufaewkef;ygyJ?
ar; - tckvdk nDav;&J@ awG@ñuHcHpm;r_awGudk tckvdkajymjywJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dta=umif;awG ajymjy
zdk@qdkwm nDav;twGuf t&rf;cufcJr,fqdkwm usaemfodygw,f? tu,fI nDav;eJ@ aemufxyfwacguf
xyfjyD; pum;ajymcsifw,fqdk&if b,fvdkqufoG,f&rvJ?
pdkif;atmif - EdkifiHwckckrSm jyeftajccszdk@ usaemf ar#mfvifhaeygw,f? tckavmavmq,fawmh xkdif;EdkifiHrSmyJ &dSaetHk;rSm
yg? usaemfhudk tcsdefra&G; vmqufoG,fvdk@&ygw,f?
ndburma2.indd 106 26-Dec-09 13:05:23


TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm pdkif;atmifu ol.jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? yGJOD; xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ygygonf?
ol. ajz=um;csufrsm;onf csKd;azgufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY
taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ pdkif;atmifonf ol@tay: n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh
tjcm;aom ravsmfuefðyrlcH&r_ESifhywfoufI atmufygowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxrtcsuftaejzifh pdkif;atmifu jyif;jyif;xefxef odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk; }uD;rm;pGmemusif&jcif; odk@r
[kwf cHpm;&jcif;[laomtcsufudk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;cJhonf? olonf }udrf
zefrsm;pGmt&dkufcH&jcif;/ owdarhoGm;onftxd a&ESpfcH&jcif;ESifh t&Suf&zG,ftvkyfrsm;udk twif;tusyf
vkyfaqmifcJh&onf[k oluqdkcJhonf? xdktjzpftysufa=umifh &&dSvmonfh '%f&mrsm;udk ppfaq;ay;aom
q&m0efrSwfwrf;u ol. ajymqdkcsuf rSef- rrSefppfaq;&mwGif taxmuftulðyvdrfhrnf?
'kwd,tcsuftaejzifh pdkif;atmifu n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;onf emusifapvdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh wrifoufouf vkyfaqmifonf[laomtcsufudk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tao;pdyf ajymjycJh
onf? olwdk@ ar;or#jyefrajzEdkifaom tcgwdkif;wGif ol@tm;&dkufESufonfESifh ppfa=uma&; wav#mufvHk;wGif
ol@udkrnfodk@n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufcJhonfudk oluyHkaz:ajymjycJhonf? tufpftufpfattzGJ@tay: ol.axmufcH
r_udk vljrifuGif;wGif ajymqdk+yD;aemuf oltzrf;cHcJh&um tufpftufpfattzGJ@ESifh ywfouf+yD; ol@tm;ppfaq;
ar;jref;cJhovdk tjcm;olrsm;onfvnf; tufpftufpfattzGJ@udk axmufcHonfhtwGuf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufcHae
&[laom xGufqdkcsuft& xdktðytrlonf emusifapvdkaompdwfjzifh wrif&nf&G,fvkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf
udk ay:vGifaeonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh tufpftufpfatESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsufrsm;&&dS&efESifh tufpftufpf
attzGJ@udk axmufcHonfhtwGuf ol@tm; tjypfay;&ef ðyvkyfcJhonf xdktðytrlu wm;jrpfxm;onfhtcsufudk
csKd;azmufcJhonf[laom tcsufudk ,ckawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;u az:jyxm;onf? tufpftufpfattzGJ@ ta=umif;
ajymqdkaqG;aEG;+yD;onfESifh wqufwnf; oltzrf;cHcJh&onf[k axmufjycJhonf? ppfwyfuol@tm; tufpf
tufpfattzGJ@ta=umif; rnfokd@ppfaq;ar;jref;onfudkvnf; olu az:jyxm;cJhonf?
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh ravsmfuefðyrljcif; csKd;azmufr_wGif qufEG,fr_&dSaom ta=umif;rJhoufouf zrf;qD;
jcif;ESifh csKyfaESmifjcif;[lonfh tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;. oufaorsm;udkvnf; ,ckawG@qHkar;jref;cef;u az:jyxm;
onf? ol@udkrnfonfhtwGufa=umifh zrf;qD;onfESifh w&m;0if&Hk;wiftr_pGJjcif;vnf; r&dSa=umif;oluaxmuf
jycJhonf? ol. oli,fcsif;jzpfol pdkif;pkdif;udk awG@qHkar;jref;v#if pdkif;atmif. ajymqdkcsufrsm; rSef-rrSefppfaq;
&mwGif taxmuftulðyvdrfhrnf? aemufxyf csKd;azmufr_rsm; az:xkwf&eftwGuf aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;
xyfrHar;jref;&efvnf; vdktyfaumif; vdktyfEkdifonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. tqHk;owfonfaumif;rGefvSonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf pdkif;atmifu aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;ajzay;&ef oabmwlnDcJhovdkol@tm;rnfodk@quf
oG,f&rnfudk ar;jref;oluod&dSoGm;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
(6) ed*Hk;csKyf ?
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwf
om;od&Sdvmjcif;?
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuefðyrljcif;rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sd
a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
ndburma2.indd 107 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

- csKd;azmufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd- r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Guf

jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfh tcef;rsm;u n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;rsm;.
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkI tao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
1/ t"duta&;ygaom EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuefðyrljcif;yHkpH csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk twdtuswm;jrpfxm;&m

xdkoabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif
- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf; (tcef; 5)
- *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf/ (rl&if;tcef; 3) ESifh aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 1 ESifh 2/ xdkaemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf ppfOya'rsm;. tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf oabmwlnDcsufwGif yg0ifvufrSwf a&;xdk;xm; aom EkdifiHwEkdifiH jzpfonf?
- EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&; &ykdifcGifhqdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf (ICCPR) (tcef; 7)/ jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfxdk;xm;jcif;r&dSyg?
- EdkifiHwum&mZ0wf jypfr_qkdif&mw&m&Hk;. a&mroabmwlnDcsuf/ tcef; (8)/ jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfxdk;xm;jcif; r&dSyg?
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;&ufpufaom/ vlom;rqefaom odk@r[kwf *k%fodQmnd‡K;EGrf;apaom tðytrl odk@r[kwf tjypf ay;jcif;rsm; (n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;
tm; qef@usifjcif;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf) qef@usifjcif;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf? jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfxdk;xm;jcif; r&dSyg?
- uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (tcef; 37)/ xdkoabmwlnDcsufu touf 18 ESpfatmuf usL;vGef cH&olrsm;twGuf tusKH;0ifonf? jrefrm
EkdifiHonf vufrSwfxdk;xm;aomfvnf; c|if;csufjzifh vufcHxm;onf?
- vlrsdK;a&;t& cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;yHkpHtm;vHk;tm; z,f&Sm;ypfa&;oabmwlnDcsuf? jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfxdk;xm;jcif; r&dSyg?
- a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@.rdom;pk0ifrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ jrefrmEdkifiHuvufrSwf
xdk;xm;jcif; r&dSyg?
a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;a=umif; xkwfaz:jyoxm;onf? tar&duefEdkifiHwGif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;tm; wm;qD;/
tjypfay;jcif; tar&duwdkuf EdkifiHrsm;qdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tar&duefoabmwlnDcsuf (tcef; 5)/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufwdkuf
cdkufjcif;tm; wm;qD;/ tjypfay;/ z,f&Sm;ypfa&; tar&duefvHk;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufwdk@jzpfonf? Oa&mywdkufwGif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ vlom;rqefpGm odk@r[kwf
*k%fodQmnd‡K;EGrf;apaom tðytrl odk@r[kwf tjypfay;jcif;tm; wm;qD;jcif;qdkif&m Oa&myoabmwlnDcsuftjyif aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 1 ESifh 2/
1975 ckESpf [,fvfpifuD t+yD;tufOya' (Oya'o 7)/ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; umuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m Oa&myoabmwlnDcsuf wdk@jzpfonf?
tmzd&duwdkufwGif vlom;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tmz&du a=unmpmwrf; (tcef; 5) ESifh ta&S@tv,fydkif;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tm&yfa=ujim pm
wrf; (tcef; 13) wdk@jzpfonf? tvm;wloabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf tmqD,rfEkdifiHrsm;wGif vufrSwfxdk;jcif; r&dSao;ay?
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;tm; wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onfh Oya't& pnf;aESmiftm;r&dSaom EdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;&ufpuf
aom/ vlom;rqefaom odk@r[kwf *k%fodQmudk nd‡K;EGrf;apaomtðytrl odk@r[kwf tjypfay;r_rsm; cHae&onfh vlyk~dKvftm;vHk;tm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m
uBmhukvor~a=unmpmwrf;/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;tm;qef@usifonfh oabmwlnDcsufrwdkifcif xGufay:aom n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;tm;qef@usifjcif; a=unmpm
wrf;ESifh xdka=unmpmwrf;wGif yg&dSaom Oya'tcef;rsm;onf oabmwlnDcsufwGif yg0ifaom Oya'tcef;rsm;ESifh tvm;wlyifjzpfonf?
‚oabmwlnDcsufrdWLrsm;udk http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (aemufqHk;=unfh&_cJhonfhtcsef 2008 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 27 &ufae@) wGif &&dSEkdifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHwum"avhxHk;wrf; Oya' (CIL) udk vdkufem&rnfh EdkifiHwckjzpfonf? (CIL)qdkonfrSm EdkifiHrsm;. a,bk,susifhxHk;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmonfh
Oay'pnf;urf;rsm;yg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonf? xdkusifhxHk;rsm;onf tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# Oya't&pnf;aESmiftm;&dSonfh Oya'wcktjzpfvufcH
vm=uonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHwckonf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;wcktm; vdkufem&ef xyfcgwvnf;vnf; jiif;qefygu xdkEdkifiHudk pnf;urf;wckwnf;tay:wGifuef@owf
xm;I r&Ekdifay?
jrefrmEkdifiHonf txufaz:jyyg pmcsKyfrsm;udk oabmwlvufrSwfrxdk;xm;onfhwkdif(tu,fI jrefrmEkdifiHonf Oay't& uef@owfxm;csuftm;tjrJwapjiif;
y,fjcif;r&dSygu) CIL pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh ravsmfuefðyrl qufqHjcif; yHkpHtm;vHk;tm;uef@owfydwf
yifxm;jcif;onf a,bk,s (CIL) owfrSwfcsufrsm;. wpdwfwa'ojzpf&Hkomru EdkifiHawmfrsm;uvkdufem&ef jiif;qefonfhwdkif rnfonfhtcgucsKdKazmufI r&
aom EdkifiHwumOya'. tajccHpHowfrSwfcsufwckjzpfonf[kvnf; trsm;pku vufcHxm;onf? wenf; qdkaomf EdkifiHrsm;onf xdkodk@aom pHowfrSwf csufrsm;rS
uif;vGwfEkdifjcif;r&dSay? Prosecutor v Anto Furundzija, ICTY Trial Judgment, 10 December 1998. tm;=unfhyg?
2/ UN Convention against Torture, Article 1, 10 December 1984.
3/Camille Giffard, The Torture Reporting Handbook, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, February 2000; Michael Peel, Loam Lubell, and
Jonathan Beynon, Medical Investigation and Documentation of Torture: A Handbook for Health Professionals, Human Rights Centre, University
of Essex, 2005.
5/ Human Rights Yearbook - Burma: 2005, Human Rights Documentation Unit, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, July
2006.
6/ Enduring Hunger and Repression: Food Scarcity, Internal Displacement, and the Continued Use of Forced Labor in Toungoo District, Karen Hu-
man Rights Group, September 2004.
7/ Human Rights Yearbook - Burma: 2005, Human Rights Documentation Unit, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, July
2006.
8/ The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma's Interrogation Center's and Prisons, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), December
2005.
9/ IBID, Myanmar: Justice on Trial, Amnesty International, 2004
10/ Licence to Rape, Shan Women’s Action Network, June 2002; System of Impunity: Nationwide Patterns of Sexual Violence by the Military
Regime’s Army and Authorities in Burma, Women’s League of Burma, September 2004; Catwalk to the Barracks: Conscription of Women for
Sexual Slavery and Other Practices of Sexual Violence by Troops of the Burmese Military Regime in Mon Areas, Woman and Child Rights
Project, July 2005; Shattering Silence, Karen Women’s Organization, April 2004; Hidden Crimes Against Chin Women, Women’s League of
Chinland, 2006.
ndburma2.indd 108 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

11/ Women in and from Conflict Areas of Burma, Women’s League of Burma, June 2000.
12/ Gathering Strength –Women from Burma on their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002; The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma's Interrogation
Center's and Prisons, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), December 2005.
13/ Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), May 2006;
The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma's Interrogation Center's and Prisons, Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), December
2005.
14/ Human Rights Yearbook- Burma: 2005, Human Rights Documentation Unit, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, July
2006.
ndburma2.indd 109 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

(1) vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief;twGif;odkY twif;t"r®oGwfoGif;cH&jcif;

EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ ajrmuf&efrSm csKd;azmufr_. t"dut*F g&yf
rsm; jynfhrD&ef vdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf Oya'ESifh
qef@usifaom vkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf&Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHk vdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifh
aeI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rðyrDrSm csKd;azmufr_
[laom t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfht*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? T
tcef;wGif vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoGif;cH&jcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifapa&;
twGuf vdktyfaomt*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;tm; t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkjcif;

(u) EkdifiHwumOya't& vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;wGif rnfonfht*Fg&yfrsm; yg0ifoenf;?
vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;tm; vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf
rSwfwrf; wifEdkif&eftwGuf atmufaz:jyyg t*F g&yf (4) ck oufaoxif&Sm;a=umif; wifjy&ygrnf?1
1? vdifqufqHr_yHkpHwckck
2? twif;tusyfvkyfaqmifjcif; odk@r[kwf tvdkrwljcif;
3? aiGay;jcif; odk@r[kwf tvm;wlyHkpHwrsKd;rsKd;
(c) tvdkrwlr_ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf ðyvkyfaom tajctaersm;. Oyrmrsm;u tb,fenf;?

tvdkrwlr_ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyfðyvkyfaom tajctaersm;qdkonfrSm usL;vGefcH&ol. vGwfvyfpGm
a&G;cs,fcGifh rsm; z,f&Sm;cH&aom tajctaersm;udk qdkvdkonf?* xdktajctaewGif
- +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;
- tiftm;oHk;jcif;
- epfemapaom tðytrlqufqHcH&rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ Oyrm- vdktyfaom cHpm;cGifhudk jiif;y,fcH&rnf[k +cdrf;
ajcmufjcif; odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_ &&dSrnfhtcGifhta&;udk jiif;y,fcH&rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf udk,fwdkif
odk@r[kwf tjcm;olrsm;udk xdcdkuftœ&m,fðyrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;?
* tvdkwljcif;/ twif;tusyfðyjcif;qdkaomtcsufudk usL;vGefol. tjrifqdkonfxuf usL;vGefcH&ol. tjrifrSwqifh qHk;jzwfoifhonf? usL;vGefoltwGuf twif;tusyf

zdtm;jzifhvkyfaqmifjcif;[lI rxifrSwfaomfvnf; usL;vGefcH&oltzdk@rSmrl tvGefjyif;xefaom zdtm;wcktjzpf jrifawG@&Ekdifonf? tvm;wlpGmyiftjzpftysufonf
tvdkrwljcif; odk@r[kwf tiftm;oHk;jcif;jzpf-rjzpfudkvnf; usL;vGefcH&ol tawG@t=uHKwGifom tm&Hkpdkufvkyfaqmif&efta&;=uD;onf? tcsKd@oHk;oyfolrsm;u
aiGa=u;tvGef vdktyfaer_tygt0if vdifvkyfief;tm; rjzpfraevkyfaqmifae&r_. tcsuftvufrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ &_jrifxm;=uonf? Report of the Spe-
cial Rapporteur on the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, United Nations document E/1983/7,
1983, para. 23; Kathleen Barry, The Prostitution of Sexuality, 1995. vdifvkyfief;vkyfaqmifolrsm; or~tygt0if tjcm;olrsm;u aiGa=u;vdktyfcsuftm;
ydkydkomomajymjcif;udk owdxm;=u+yD;/ rjzpfrae vdifvkyfief;twGif; vkyfaqmifae&jcif;tm; wefjyefaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf taumif;qHk;aom enf;vrf;wcktjzpf
vdifvkyfief;vkyfaqmifolrsm;udk Oya't& ta&;,ljcif;rðy&ef pnf;&Hk;vH_@aqmfae=uonf?
ndburma2.indd 110 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

- &kyfydkif;qdkif&m odk@r[kwf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m c|wf,Gif;r_/ Oyrm roefrpGrf;jzpfjcif;/ touft& uGm[r_&dSjcif;/ odk@r[kwf

rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJjcif;/ t&ufaopmoHk;pGJxm;jcif;/ aq;oHk;pGJxm;jcif;?
EdkifiHwumOya'- vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rR oGwfoGif;cH&jcif;

vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;tm; vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHkpHwck
tjzpf wm;jrpfxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_udk wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aom w&m;Oya'qdkif&m
oabmwlcsufrsm;u vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;tusyfoGwfoGif;jcif;udkvnf; wm;jrpfxm;onf? odk@aomf
tcsKd@ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;u vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;tusyf oGwfoGif;jcif;udk wdwdususwm;
jrpfxm;onf? xdkoabmwlnDcsufrsm;rSm-
- trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;yHkpHtm;vHk;yaysmufa&;qdkif&m urBmhukvor~ oabm wlnDcsuf
(CEDAW)/ yk'fr- 6?
- *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf/ tcef; 27
- *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsuf. aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 1/ yk'fr 75 (2) (c) ESifh 76 (1)
- *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsuf. aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 2/ yk'fr 4 (2) (i)
- EdkifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m&Hk;. a&mroabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 7 (1) (q)?
vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;tusyf oGwfoGif;jcif;udk EdkifiHwum "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'rsm;t&vnf; wm;
jrpfxm;onf?
(*) vdifvkyfief;twGif; twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;jcif; [laomtcsufudk xif&Sm;a=umif;jy&mwGif rnfonfhaiGa=u;ay;r_ rsKd;

u qufEG,fywfoufr_&dSoenf;?
vdifvkyfief;twGif; twif;t"RoGwfoGif;jcif; csKd;azmufr_udk xif&Sm;a=umif; jyo&eftwGuf wpHkwa,mufonf
tca=u;aiGay;onfh yHkpHwckckjzifh vdifqufqHr_ ðy&rnfjzpfonf? xdkay;acsr_wGif aiGa=u;tjzifht&aomfvnf;aumif;/
tpm;tpm odk@r[kwf t0wftxnf ponfh&kyf0ˆKyPnf;t& tusKd;tjrwf&dSapaom yHkpHwckckjzpfEdkifonf? odk@aomf
cHpm;cGifh&&dSolonf usL;vGefcH&oludk,fwdkif jzpfcsifrS jzpfEdkifonf? xdkuJhodk@ qufqHEdkifap&ef pDpOfay;ol wOD;OD;uaomf
vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;olxHodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;ol wOD;OD;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ ay;acsr_udk &&dSEdkifonf?2

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd;jzpf&ef
vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum todtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sdvlrsm;ESifh
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óu;yrf;aom trsKd;om;(EdkifiHawmftqifh) tzGJ@tpnf;”1 udk
&nf!$ef;jcif;jzpfygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ odk@r
[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;& t&m&SdwOD;u rk'drf;r_wckudk usL;
1 Mary Callahan, Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Coexistence. Washington, DC: East-West
ment) odk@r[kwf EdkifiH (country) pojzifh tajctaet&oHk;pGJygonf?
ndburma2.indd 111 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?2 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif

w&m;0if todtrSwfðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aomcsKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;
azmufr_udk wm;qD;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifhywfoufI vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;
&. ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?3 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ rk'drf;r_usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk
tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azmuf&m a&mufygonf?

rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif;wckr[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ ðyaeonf
yk~vdu aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifonf?
Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf jynfwGif;Oya't& olwdk@
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tif
tm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwum Oya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@.vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&efrvdktyfonfh
EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwumOya't& wm0efcH&ef
ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0 rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;jzpf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;
&u usL;vGefonfjzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)u usL;vGefonf
jzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?

tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiH
wum Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm; ðypk&mY taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? csKd;
1? vdifqufqHr_ usL;vGefonfqdkaom tcsufudk xif&Sm;a=umif; jyojcif;

- vdifqufqHr_wGif rnfolyg0ifcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfht&mrsm; jzpfysufcJhoenf;?

ndburma2.indd 112 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

- rnfonfhtcsdefwGif xdktjzpftysuf jzpfysufcJhoenf;?

- oifhudk rnfonfhae&mwGif xdawG@udkifwG,f cJhoenf;? ukd,fcým rnfonfhae&mudk xdawG@udkifwG,foenf;?
- oifhudk rnfodk@ xdawG@udkifwG,f cJhoenf;?
- xdktjzpftysufudk oifrnfokd@odoenf;?
2? tvdkrwljcif;odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf vkyfaqmifjcif;[laom tcsufudk xif&Sm;a=umif;jyojcif;

- vdifqufqHjcif;twGuf oif oabmwlcJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifhenf;? tb,fa=umifh vufrcHcJhoenf;?
- xkdtjzpftysuf rwdkifcif/ tawmtwGif;ESifh t+yD;wGif rnfonfht&mrsm;jzpfcJhoenf;?
- ,if;tjzpftysuf rnfonfhae&mwGif jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- oifrnfonfhta=umif;a=umihf TudPwGif oifywfoufaqmif&Guf&ygoenf;?
- xdktjzpftysuf rnfodk@ jzpfcJhoenf;?
- ,ckowif;tcsuftvufudk oifrnfokd@od&Sdoenf;?
3? tca=u;aiGay;jcif;qdkaom tcsufudk xif&Sm;a=umif; jyojcif;

- rnfolu tca=u;aiG &&dScJhoenf;? rnfoluay;cJhoenf;?
- rnfuJhodk@aom tusKd;cHpm;cGifh &&dScJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefwGif tca=u;aiG &&dScJhoenf;?
- ,if;tca=u;aiGonf rnfonfhtwGuf jzpfoenf;?
- rnfr# &&dScJhoenf;?
- ,ckowif;tcsuftvufudk oifrnfokd@od&Sdoenf;?
4? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;apjcif;?

- Tjzpf&yfudk rnfolu usL;vGefoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? Tjzpf&yfudk rnfolwdk@odoenf;? T jzpf
&yfwGif rnfolwdk@u ulnD aqmif&Gufay;oenf;?
- Tjzpf&yfESifh ywfoufI oifwdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifhwdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwf tb,fh
- Tjzpf&yfrjzpf&atmif tpdk;&u óuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI ta&;,laqmif&Guf
ay;ygovm;?
ndburma2.indd 113 26-Dec-09 13:05:23


- aemufcHta=umif;jzifh tpcsD+yD;v#if/ ydkI ta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI aqmif&Guf
yg?

(4) vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;tusyfoGwfoGif;jcif; csKd;azmufr_tm; tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;jzifh qufEG,f

jcif;
vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;jcif; csKd;azmufr_onf wcgw&HwGif tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESif qufEG,fr_&dSwufonf? vl@tcGifhta&; tajctae. twdusqHk; ajymqdkcsufrsm;udk &&dS&eftwGuf
csKd;azmufr_ wckcsif;pDwGif r&dSrjzpf&dSoihfaom tpdwftydkif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;ESifhtwl csKd;azmufr_wckcsif;pDtm;
jynfhpHkEdkifor# tjynfhqHkEkdifqHk; rSwfwrf;wifoihfonf? vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoif;cH&jcif; csKd;azmufr_
wGif wcgw&H yg0ifwwfaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;rSm-
- vlukeful;jcif;? vlukefuljcif;wGif tjrwfxkwf&eftwGuf ravsmfuefaomenf;vrf;jzifh vlom;tay:tjrwfxkwf
jcif;jzpfonf? vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;jcif;onf vlukeful;cH&ol vlrsm;tay: tjrJwap
tjrwfxkwfaom enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf?
- rk'drf;usifhjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufjcif;yHkpHrsm;? vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoGif;
jcif;onf vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ ykHpHwckjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ,if;wGif tvdkrwljcif;ESifh twif;
tusyf vdifqufqHr_rsm;yg0ifaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
,ck pmtkyf. oufqdkif&m vufpGJvrf;!Geftvdkufaz:jyxm;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_trsKd;tpm;rsm;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;udk aus;Zl;ðyI =unfhyg?
ndburma2.indd 114 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

EdkifiHwum Oya' csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifhvkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifhtqifoifh
ay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonfr[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywf
oufaom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;rS aeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_.
t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctae tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus rk'drf;r_ESifh vdifr_
qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsKd;twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHwckudk az:jyay;ygrnf?
om"ursm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGm tcsuft
vuf&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyf od&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?

vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; az:xkwfa&;twGuf tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&; vkyf
taetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifhtcsuftvuf &Sm
azGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkif
ygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;r_rðyrD/ aemuf
cHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH
twGif; vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoGif;jcif;qdkif&m csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiH
a&;qdkif&mtajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jzpfay:aeaom vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;jcif; csKd;azmufr_.ordkif;ESifh EdkifiH

a&;qdkif&mtajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsufrsm;
1962 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifI jrefrmEkdifiHwckvHk;tm; ppftm%modrf;cJhonfh tcsdefrSpI tm%m
tqifhqifh qufcHvmaom ppftpdk;&rsm;onf wdkif;jynftm; +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ raz:jyEdkifavmufaom &ufpufr_
rsKd;jzifhtkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf? EdkifiHt0Srf;qif;&JrGJawjcif;/ tvkyftudkif&Sm;yg;jcif;/ ynma&;p&dwf ray;Edkifjcif;rsm;u
jynfol rsm;tjyif txl;ojzifh i,f&G,fol vli,frsm;udk òr@jya'orsm;/ e,fpyfa'orsm; ESifh tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif
tvkyftudkif&&ef tdk;ypftdrfypf xGufcGmoGm;ap=uonf? &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdkyif vlukeful;olrsm;onf tvkyf
tudkif tcGifhtvrf;&SmazGaeaom toufi,fi,f trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;ri,fav;rsm;tm; ypfrSwfxm;um
jynfhwefqmrsm;tjzpf vkyfudkif&aom vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ a&mif;pm;=uonf?4 c&D;oGm;vmjcif;rsm;onf
txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:jyif;xefpGm uef@owfcsKyfjcif;xm;jcif;a=umifh EdkifiHulvufrSwfESifh w&m;0if
c&D;oGm;vufrSwf&&dS&ef jrefrmjynfwGif ukefusp&dwf t&rf;uma&m aps;}uD;vGef;vSaoma=umifh trsKd;orD;
trsm;pkonf vlukeful;olrsm;/ arSmifcdkorm;rsm;udkom rjzpfrae rSDcdkae=u&onf?5 vlukeful;jcif;ESifhywfoufI
ydkrdkod&dSvdkygu ,ckvufpGJtwGJ&dS “jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlukeful;jcif;tm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;” acgif;pOfygvrf;!$ef
tm;zwf&_yg?
ndburma2.indd 115 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ a&mif;cscHcJh&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. qüudk qef@usifum xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;

ESifh aiGa=u;twGuf twif;tusyf vdifqufqH&jcif;rsm;udk vkyf=u&onf? &&dSaom aiGa=u;trsm;pk okd@r[kwf
tukefvHk;udk ‚if;wdk@tm; zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;xm;olrsm;u ,l=uonf? xdka=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tzdk@ ydkI
qif;&JwGif;eufjcif;/ taºu;'%fjzifh xyfcgxyfcg ydae=uojzifh ‚wdk@zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;tay:wGifom ydkI rSD-
cdk tm;xm;vm=u&onf?6 zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;xm;pOfwGif trsdKorD;rsm;tzdk@ ‚wdk@tm; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;olESifh
vma&mufaysmfyg;olrsm;. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m tEkdifusifhr_/ rk'drf;usifhr_ESifh vdift=urf;zufr_rsm; cH&Edkifaom }uD;pGm
onfh tœ&m,fESifh ñuH&onf?
&kyfydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_tjyif vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&olrsm;onf tdyftkdif
AGD/ attdkif'Dtufpf/ tonf;a&miftom;0g bDtjyif oaýaqmifjcif;ESifh om;tdrfuifqmrsm;uJhodk@aom pdwf
ydkif;&kyfydkif; jy\em rsm;yg cHpm;&wufonf?7 vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&ol trsKd;orD;
rsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh aq;0g;apmifha&Smufr_ rqdkoavmufom &&dSonfhtjyif uGef'Hk; tpGyftoHk;ðyjcif;vnf;
r&dSoavmufjzpfonf?8 usL;vGefcH&oltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf aemufqufwGJ pdwfzdpD;r_a0'em (post-traumatic
stress)ESifh tjcm; pdwfydkif;qdkif&m a0'emrsm;udk yHkrSeftm;jzifh awG@ñuHcHpm;& wwf=uonf?9
vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;rS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmol trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;odk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf&mwGif tcuftcJrsm; ñuHawG@&onf? tcsKd@jzpf&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;
orD;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. todkif;t0ef;rSvufrcH z,fusOfjcif; cH=u&jyefonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoGif;cH&jcif; tr_
rsKd;twGuf tcsuftvufyHkpHwckudk atmufrSm Oyrmazmfjy ay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_
w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f&Sdygonf? rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m tjcm;aomt=urf;
zufr_ yHko¿mefrsm;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifhtnD owfrSwfEdkif
a&;twGuf atmufygtcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? vdifqufqHr_yHkpHwckck
2? twif;tusyfvkyfaqmifjcif; odk@r[kwf tvdkrwljcif;
3? aiGay;jcif; odk@r[kwf tvm;wlyHkpHwrsKd;rsKd;
4? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifr_
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;*

rdyaumif;a&mh. zcifonf (etz) ppftpdk;&u awmif;qdkaom tcGefrsm;udk ray;Edkifawmhonfh aemuf
tqHk;wGif rGefjynfe,f. ol.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk ,refESpfuqHk;&H_;cJh&onf? olr.rdom;pkonf vdktyfcsuf
rsm; jznfhqD;Edkifa&; twGuf yifyef;}uD;pGm &kef;uefcJh&onf? ,cktcsdefwGif rdyaumif;a&mh. zcifonf &kyf
ydkif;qdkift& yifyef;pGmvkyfudkif&+yD;/ tca=u;aiG tenf;tusOf;om&aom vufwurf;tvkyfrsm;vkyfum
rdom;pkudk axmufyHhae&onf? ol. rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;twGuf taxmuftyHhjzpfEdkifrnf[k ar#mfvifhum
* ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdjyKapvdkygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;jyKazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD; a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wckudk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?
ndburma2.indd 116 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

rdyaumif;a&mhonf yGJpm;rSwqifh &efukef&dSvlcsrf;om pD;yGm;a&;orm;wOD;xHwGif tdrfaz:tvkyfvkyf&ef

oabmwlcJhonf? vcaumif;aumif;/ aep&mESifh ae@pOfpm;p&dwf+idrf;[k yGJpm;uqdkcJhonf?
rdyaumif;a&mh &efukefòr@odk@a&muf+yD; odyfr=umcifyif wpHkwck rSm;,Gif;aeonf[k olrcHpm;vdkufrdonf?
qif;&Jom; rsm;aeaom &yfuGyfwcktwGif;&dS cEdk;ceJ@tdrfwckodk@ olrudkac:oGm;cJhonf? yGJpm;u rdyaumif;a&mh
tm; ol.vkyfaz: ukdifzufwOD;[kqdkol ausmf0if;ESifh rdwfqufay;cJh+yD;/ ausmf0if;u olrtm; tdrftwGif;odk@
ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? tdrftwGif;wGif tdyf,mwckom&dSaom ao;i,fI npfypfaom tcef;rsm;pGm&dSonf?
tcsKd@tcef;rsm;wGif vl&dSaeaoma=umifh wHcg;ydwfxm;onf? rdyaumif;a&mhtm; tcef;wcktwGif;odk@ ac:
aqmifoGm;um “'geif tvkyfvkyf&rJh/ ae&rJhtcef;yJ? igazmufonfawGac:vmr,f? olwdk@ajymovdk eif
vkyfay;&r,f? rvkyfbl;qdk&ifawmh eif xrif;vnf; rpm;&bl;/ t&dkufvnf; cH&r,f”[k ajymum ausmf0if;u
olrtm; tcef;xJwGif aomhydwfxm;cJhonf?
a=umufvef@w=um;jzpfaeaom rdyaumif;a&mhonf atmf[pfidka=uG;+yD; wHcg;udkxkum olrudk v$wfay;
&ef wpmpmidkaºu;I awmif;yefcJhonf? ausmf0if;wHcg;udk zGifh0ifvmum olrudk jyif;jyif;xefxef&dkufeSufcJhonf?
olr arsmharsmhav; jzpfaeonftxd &dkufESufuefausmufcJhonf? “eifhyg;pyfudkydwfxm;/ aygifudk jzJxm;/ tJ'gqdk
eifhudkig rowfbl;/ ” [k ausmf0if;u olrudk ajymcJhonf? xdk@aemufydkif; rdyaumif;a&mh rjiif;qef&Jawmhay?
olr&efukefodk@a&muf+yD; &ufoWywft=umwGif wpHkwOD;u olrtcef;wHcg;udk vmacgufcJhonf? wHcg;
yGifhvmaomtcgwGif touf}uD;}uD;vl}uD;wOD; ausmf0if;ESifh twl&yfaeonfukdawG@cJh&onf? ausmf0if;u
rdyaumif;a&mhtm; tusDFt0wftpm;c|wf&efESifh xdkvl}uD;tm; ,k,ay;&ef ajymcJhonf? xdkvl}uD; tcef;
twGif;odk@ 0ifvmonfESifh ausmf0if;u ol@aemufu wHcg;udk ydwfvdkufonf? xdkvlu rdyaumif;a&mh teD;odk@
csnf;uyf&ef óu;pm;aomtcgwGif olr twif;z,fxkwfum ol.&ifbwfudk ukwfjcpfvdkufonf? xdkvl onf
a'goacsmif;ajrmif;xGufum rdyaumif;a&mh. rsufESmudk vufoD;jzifh xdk;vdkufonf? xdk@aemuf xdkvlonf
olr. tcef;wHcg;udk wbkef;bkef;jzifh pwifxkcJhonf? ausmf0if;wHcg;aomhzGifh0ifvmaomtcgwGif xdkvlu
“rif;wdk@zmonfrawGudk {nfhonfudk 'DvdkyJqufqH&ovm;? 'DaumifrawGudk rif;wdk@ ,Ofaus;atmifoif
xm;ay;tHk;?”[k atmf[pfcJhonf? xkd@aemufxdkvl a'g}uD;arm}uD;jzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJonf? xkdvl xGufcGmoGm;
+yD;aemuf ausmf0if;u a'gow}uD;jzifh rdyaumif;a&mhudk qGJum &dkufESufcJhonf? olr. vufacsmif;wacsmif;
óu;oGm;cJh+yD;/ aorwufcHpm;&aom '%f&mrsm;jzifh olrudk jypfxm;cJhonf?
xyfrHI &dkufESufrnfudk a=umuf&GH@aoma=umifh rdyaumif;a&mh olrtcef;twGif;odk@ 0ifvmola,mufsm;
rsm;udkckcHjcif; rvkyfawmhay? olronf wae@v#if a,mufusFm; 3 OD;xufrenf;jzifh tdyfcJh&onf? olrESifh
qufqH+yD;aemuf olwdk@ wHcg;udk jyefaomhydwfvdkufonf? ausmf0if; odk@r[kwf yGJpm;u wHcg;udk zGifhay;wuf+yD;/
{nfhonfu xdkoludk ydkufqHay; oGm;wufonf? wae@v#if 2 }udrf ausmf0if; odk@r[kwf yGJpm;u xrif;ESifh
[if;yHkxm;aom xrif;yefuef,lvmay;onf? a&;csdK;&efESifh tdrfomoHk;&efom olrudk tcef;tjyifodk@ xGufcGifh
ay;onf?
nnfheufydkif; vma&mufvnfywfol {nfhonfwa&muftjyefwGif ausmf0if; olrtcef;wHcg;udk ydwf&ef
arhaeonfudk rdyaumif;a&mh owdxm;rdcJhonf? olr vGwfajrmufEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;&cJhonf? ausmf0if;ESifh
yGJpm; tdyfarmhusonfh tcsdeftxd olapmihfqdkif;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf ol@tcef;rS wdwfwqdwfxGufum tdrf
tjyifodk@ xGufajy;cJhonf? &Jpcef;okd@ oltajy;oGm;a&mufum ol. tawG@tñuHukd owif;ydk@cJhonf? odk
aomf jynfhwefqmvkyfjcif;onf w&m;r0iftvkyf[kajymum oludkzrf;qD;&ef &Ju+cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf? tzrf;cH
&rnfudk olra=umuf&GH@um tr_rzGifhawmhbJ &Jpcef;udk olausmcdkif;xGufcGmvmcJhonf? tu,fI rGefjynf
e,fodk@ olrjyefygu rdom;pkt&Suf&rnfudk pkd;&drfaoma=umifh xkdif;EdkifiHodk@ xGufajy;&ef olqHk;jzwfcJhonf?
rdyaumif;a&mhonf ,cktcsdefwGif xdkif;EdkifiHrJaqmuf òrd@&dS jrefrmpm;aomufqdkifi,fwckwGif tvkyfvkyfudkif
v#uf&dSygonf?
ndburma2.indd 117 26-Dec-09 13:05:23


&if; rSm tjzpftysufwckESifh ywfoufI vlwdk@onf owif;tcsufrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfaoma=umifhyif jzpf
tao;pdwfusus az:xkwfa&;wGif aomhcsufwck jzpfygonf? txufaz:jyyg jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHudk tajccHxm;aom awG@qHk
ar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSm az:jyxm;ygonf? yxr awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom

ar; - cifAsm;u twif;t"R jynfhwefqmvkyfcdkif;cHcJh&w,fqdkwm rSefygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - rSefygw,f? usru &efukefudk tdrfaxmifxdef; tvkyfvkyfzdk@vmcJhwmyg? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dtvkyf vkyf&
r,fhtpm;/ tusOf;om;wa,mufvdk csKyfxm;cHcJh&ygw,f? usrudk xdef;odrf;xm;olawGu a,mufsm;
awGeJ@ twif;tusyf vdifqufqHcdkif;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; a,mufsm; b,favmufrsm;rsm;eJ@ qufqHcJh&wmvJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - b,favmufrsm;ovJqdkwm twdtusawmh rajymEdkifygbl;? wcgwavrSmwae@udk 3 a,mufavmuf
&Sdygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;u wjcm;a,mufsm;awGeJ@ vdifqufqHwJh ae&mrSm udk,fu qü&Sdvdk@ qufqHcJhwmvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - r[kwfygbl;? vHk;0 r[kwfygbl;? usru olwdk@eJ@ tJovdkrS rvkyfbl;qdk&if &dkufESufcH&rSm/ owfcH&rSm
udk a=umufvdk@vkyf&wm jzpfygw,f?
ar; - tJonfawmh 'DvlawGeJ@ cifAsm;udk twif;tusyf vdifqufqHzdk@cdkif;wmaygh
rdyaumif;a&mh - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - a,mufsm;awGeJ@ vdifqufqHcJhwJhtwGuf cifAsm;tzdk@ tusKd;tjrwf wpHkw&m&cJhygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - r&cJhygbl;? usrudk ydwfavSmifxm;wJholawGudkyJ ydkufqHay;wmyg?
ar; - 'Dvkyfief;udk cifAsm; oabmrwlcJhbl;r[kwfvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrvHk;0 oabmrwlcJhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@tjzpfeJ@ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;wdkifwef;bdk@ óu;pm;cJhygovm;? wdkifwef;&ifvnf; ta=umif;xl;r,f
r[kwfbl;aygh?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr &Judk wdkifwef;zdk@}udK;pm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh &Ju usrudk zrf;r,fqdk+yD; jcdrf;ajcmufvdk@/ usr jrefrm
EdkifiHuae xGufajy;vmcJh&ygw,f?
ndburma2.indd 118 26-Dec-09 13:05:23


yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azmufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; rSwf
wrf;ðy&efwnf;[laom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkufk tao;pdwfay:
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm rdyaumif;
a&mh taeESifh rnfodk@ajz=um;oifha=umif; t&dyftuJjyonfhoabmjzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf” odk@r
[kwf “r[kwfyg”[k ajzaeygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk usefoGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;
jref;ol taeESifhvnf; ta&; }uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ rdyaumif;
a&mh bufuvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkfonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol =um;
vdkaom tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabm ydkrsm;oGm;Edkifygonf?
udkom v#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm; csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"ujzpf&yfuJhodk@aom vlukeful;jcif; jzpf&yfrsm;onf tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_
rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh =um;rSmjzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh
tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufcsKd;azmufr_o¿mefrsm;ESifh vlukeful;a&mif;csjcif; uJhodk@aom &mZ0wfr_
rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- rdyaumif;a&mh. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudkT
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeIr&&Sdacs? rdyaumif;a&mh. owif;udk yHhydk;twnfðya&;twGuf oufaotaxmuf
txm;&Sd-r&Sdolrudkar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaomrSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpf
onf?
2? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH -(aumif;)

ar; - rdyaumif;a&mhcifAsm;/ jrefrmjynfuae xGufvmzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh&wmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;jzpfysufcJhwmawG
udk ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr jrefrmjynfuaexGufvm cJh&wmuawmh/ nm+yD; jynfhwefqm vkyfcdkif;cHcJh&vdk@ygyJ? usr&J@ rdom;pk
u pm;0wfaea&; awmfawmf usyfwnf;ygw,f? &efukefrSm tvkyf&r,f=um;vdk@/ usr&J@tazu usr
udk &efukef ac:oGm;zdk@twGuf yGJpm;udk ydkufqHay;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh &efukefudkvnf; a&mufa&m/ usr
udk ydwfavSmifxm;+yD;/ a,mufsm;awGeJ@ vdif qufqHcdkif;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; &efukefa&mufawmh b,fvdkjzpfoGm;cJhygovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrudk npfayaewJh tcef;wcef;xJudk ac:oGm;+yD;/ aomhcwfxm;cJhygw,f? yGJpm;eJ@/ ol@taz:ausmf0if;
qdkwJhvlu usrudk &dkufESuf+yD;/ ydwfavSmif xm;cJhygw,f? a&csKd;zdk@eJ@/ tdrfomoGm;zdk@uvGJ+yD; usrudk
tcef; tjyifudk ay;rxGufcJhygbl;?
ar; - tJ'Daemuf b,fvdk qufjzpfovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrudk wpdrf;olawGeJ@ vdifqufqHzdk@ twif;cdkif;ygw,f? ollwdk@u a,mufsm;awGudk usrtcef;udkac: vm
+yD;/ usrudk twif;t0wfawG c|wfcdkif;ygw,f? aemufawmh usrtJonfolawGeJ@ tdyfzdk@ twif;cdkif;yg
ndburma2.indd 119 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

w,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udk a,mufsm;awGeJ@ tdyfzdk@ twif;tusyf b,fESpfcg cdkif;apcJhovJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - b,favmufrsm;ovJqdkwm twdtusawmh rajymEdkifygbl;? wcgwavrSmwae@udk 3 a,muf
avmuf &Sdygw,f?
ar; - 'DvdkvkyfwJh udPudk cifAsm;bufu cifAsm; jiif;qefwmrsKd; &Sdovm;? tJ'D a,mufsm;awG awmif;qdkwmudk
cifAsm; jiif;y,fzl;ovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - r&Sdygbl;? usr yxrydkif;rSm jiif;ygw,f? usrudk tjyif;txef &dkufESufygw,f? wcgrSm usrvuf
acsmif;uav; wacsmif; usKd;oGm;wJhtxd jzpf&ygw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh usr jiif;qefzdk@ róu;pm;
awmhygbl;? usrrSm wjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m vrf;r&Sdygbl;? usr rvkyf&if/ ausmf0if;eJ@ yGJpm;u &dkufrSmaygh?
usrudk olwdk@ owfypfrSmvnf; a=umufygw,f?
ar; - tJ'D yGJpm;eJ@ ausmf0if;u tJonfa,mufsm;awGqDu ydkufqHawG bmawG&wm &Sdovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrtcef;xJ vmwJhvlawGqDrSm olwdk@ydkufqHawmif;wmudk usrudk,fwdkifjrifcJh&ygw,f? b,favmuf
aiG&ovJawmh rodygbl;? a,mufsm;awGu usreJ@ qufqH+yD;&if ausmf0if;eJ@ tJ'DyGJpm;udk aiGay;wm
jrifygw,f? wjcm;bmawGay;&ao;ovJawmh usr rodygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm; wjcm; epfema=u;wpHkw&m &cJhygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - r&cJhygbl;? ausmf0if;eJ@ yGJpm;u &or#ydkufqHudk olwdk@yJ,lygw,f? xrif;udkawmif wlwlwefwef au|;
wmr[kwfygbl;? xrif;av; vufwqkyfpmavmufeJ@ [if; rjzpfpavmufav;yJ ay;ygw,f? usrrSm
tjrJyJAdkufqm aecJhygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@jzpf&yfta=umif;udk tm%mydkifawGqDrSm wdkifwef;cJhygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr wdkifbdk@ óu;pm;cJhygw,f? olwdk@u usr[m jynfhwefqmyJ/ Oya't& ta&;,lvdk@ &w,fvdk@
ajymcJhygw,f? usrvnf; axmifxJ0if&rSm a=umufwmeJ@/ wdkifcsuf rzGifhbJ/ jyef&Hkom jyefcJh&ygw,f?
usrvnf; &Suf vGef;vdk@ &Gmudkrjyef&JwmeJ@/ xdkif;EdkifiHudkbJ vmcJh&ygw,f? wjcm;bmvkyf&rvJ qdkwm
vnf; pOf;pm;vdk@r&cJhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@jzpf&yfeJ@ywfoufvdk@ twnfðyay;Edkifr,fh wjcm;vlwa,mufa,mufudk usaemfpum;ajymvdk@
&Edkifrvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrudk ydwfavSmifcJhwJhvlawG&J@ vufxJrSm usrvdkyJ aecJh&wJh/ &Srf;jynfe,fu trsKd;orD; wa,muf
&Sdygw,f? usr xGufajy;+yD;wJh aemufrSm olvnf; xGufajy;vmcJhygw,f? r=umao;cifuyJ/ xdkif;EdkifiH
xJrSm usroleJ@awG@cJhygw,f? oleJ@awG@&if tqifajyrvm;? awG@zdk@udPudkawmh usrpDpOfay;vdk@&yg
w,f?
ar; - [kwfuJh? 'gqdk&if odyfaumif;wmayghAsm? cifAsm; aemufxyfajymp&m &dSygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf
usaemfhudk ar;p&m wckck&Sdygovm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - jrefrmjynfrSm&SdaewJh usr rdom;pktwGuf pdwfylrdwmwckygbJ? usudk &efukef ydk@zdk@twGuf rdbawG u
ydkufqHawGtrsm;}uD; acs;xm;cJh&wmyg? ckawmh olwdk@wawG b,fvdk&yfwnfae=uovJrodygbl;? ol
wdk@qD ydk@zdk@twGuf usróu;pm;+yD; ydkufqH&Smaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh tvkyf&Sm&wmuvnf; cufygw,f?
olwdk@twGuf usrtjrJ pdwfylaerdygw,f?
ndburma2.indd 120 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

ar; - cifAsm;&J@tawG@tñuHudk ajymjywJhtwGuf txl;yJaus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dvdkajymjyzdk@ awmfawmhfudk rvG,f

rSef; usaemfem;vnfygw,f? cifAsm;eJ@ wdkifyifaz: wdkifyifzufawGxJrSm usaemfeJ@awG@ay;vdk@&r,fh olawG
&Sd&if usaemfeJ@awG@ay;Edkifrvm;?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usrwu,fbJ awG@ay;csifygw,f?
ar; - usaemfcifAsm;eJ@aemufxyf awG@zdk@vdkr,fqdk&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdk qufoG,fvdk@&Edkif ygrvJ?
rdyaumif;a&mh - usr emrnfudk 'DrSm ar;vdk@&ygw,f? naeydkif;awGrSm usr 'DqdkifrSm tjrJtvkyfvkyfygw,f?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[k qdk&jcif;rSm rdyaumif;a&mhu ol@jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? yGJOD;xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf;ygygonf?
ol .ajz=um;csufrsm;onf csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY
taxmuftul jzpfapyg onf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ rdyaumif;a&mhonf vdifvkyfief;wGif twif;t"R
oGwfoGif; vkyfudkifapjcif;ESifh ywfoufI atmufyg owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- rdyaumif;a&mhonf vdifvkyfief;wGif yg0ifywfoufcJh&a=umif; twnfjyK owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf
owif; tcsufrsm;ay;onf? rdyaumif;a&mhu ajymjycJh&mwGif a,mufsm;rsm;u ol@tcef;odk@vma=umif;/ ol@
udk twif;tusyf t0wftpm;rsm; c|wfcdkif;a=umif;/ twif;olwdk@ESifh vdifqufqHcdkif;a=umif;ajymonf? ol.
jzpf &yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;&eftwGuf ol.b0wl&Srf;trsKd;orD;xHrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;utaxmuf
tulay;ygvdrfhrnff?
'kwd,- oabmwlcGifhðycsuf ryg&Sdjcif;ESifh EdkifhxufpD;eif;ðyjcif;. oabmobm0tjzpfaz:jya&;twGuf
tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk rdyaumif;a&mhuay;cJhonf? rdyaumif;a&mhonf yxrwGif ol@taeESifh
yGJpm;ESifh ausmf0if;qdkolu ol@udktcef; wcef;xJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;+yD;/ a,mufsm;rsm;ESifh vdifqufqH&ef twif;
t"R cdkif;cJhonfudk azmfjyonf? yGJpm;ESifh ol@taygif;taz:. cdkif;onfhtwdkif;rvkyfv#if &dkufESufonfhtjyif/
owfypfrnf[k jcdrf;ajcmuf a=umif;udkvnf; rdyaumif;a&mhu az:jycJhygonf? ol.xGufqdkcsuft& =unfhv#if/
Tvkyf&yfudk oabmwlcGifhðycsuf ryg&Sd jcif;ESifh EdkifhxufpD;eif;ðyjcif;enf;jzifh vkyfcJha=umif; ay:vGifaeygonf?
wwd,- tjrwfxkwfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh vdifvkyfief;wGif cdkif;apcJha=umif;udk rdyaumif;a&mhu owf
rSwfaz:jyay;cJhonf? olESifh vdifqufqHolrsm;xHrS tca=u;aiGrsm;udk yGJpm;ESifh ausmf0if;qdkolwdk@ &&SdcJha=umif;
udk oluaz:jycJhonf? Ttcsufu n$efjyaeonfrSm yGJpm;ESifh ausmf0if;wdk@onf ol@udk ,ckvdkxm;apaom
tajctaerS tjrwfxkwfaeEdkifonfudk azmfjyonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- TcsKd;azmufr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk rdyaumif;a&mhu az:jycJhonf?
tm%mydkifrsm;udk olrtaeESifh wdkif=um;cJha=umif; rdyaumif;a&mhu az:jycJhonf? odk@&mwGif tm%mydkifrsm;u
ta&;,l&efysufuGufcJhonf? onf=um;xJ ol@udkzrf;qD;rnfwuJuJ +cdrf;ajcmufvdkufcJhao;onf? Ttcsuf
ESifhyifv#if tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk jyo&efvHkavmufygonf?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI twif;t"Rjynfhwefqmvkyfcdkif;jcif;ESifh qufEG,faeaom vlukeful;jcif; uJhodk@
aom tjcm; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &&Syd gonf? rdyaumif;a&mhu ol@ukd &efuek o
f @kd vdrv
f nf
ta=umif;jyI ac:vma=umif;/ tdrfazmftvkyftjzpf vcaumif;aumif;&rnf[k ajymqdkac:vma=umif; ajym
onf? odk@aomfvnf; tdrfazmftvkyftpm; ol@udk tcef;wcef;xJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;+yD;/ tc a=u;aiGtwGuf
a,mufsm;rsm; ESifh vdifqufqH&ef twif;t"Rcdkif;cJha=umif;udk rdyaumif;a&mhu az:jycJhonf? xdkyGJpm;ESifh
taygif;tygwdk@.vuf0,frSm tvm;wl rawmfrw&m; tðycHcJh&onfqdkaom b0wl&Srf;trsKd;orD;udk awG@
ndburma2.indd 121 26-Dec-09 13:05:23

qHkar;jref;tm;jzifh rdyaumif;a&mh. jzpf&yfudk oufaocHa&;twGuf taxmuftul ay;ygvdrfhrnf? tjcm; aom

csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk owfrSwfaz:jya&;twGuf aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;ar;&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfEdkifygonf?
awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;pGm+yD;qHk;oGm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdyaumif;a&mhu aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;
udk ajz=um;ay;rnf[k oabmwlcJhonfhtjyif/ awG@qHkar;jref;oltzdk@vnf; olESifhrnfodk@qufoG,f&rnfudk
odvdkuf&aom a=umifh jzpfygonf?
(3) ed*Hk;csKyf
- vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD
rSwfom; od&Sdvmjcif;?
- vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef;rsm;a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azmufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;&Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudkaqmif&Guf
jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfhtcef;rsm;u vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&
jcif;. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkItao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
1/ vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;tusyfoGwfoGif;jcif;tm; t"duta&;ygaom EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif twdtus wm;jrpfxm;&m xdkoabmwlnDcsuf

rsm;wGif
- trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;yHkpHtm;vHk;yaysmufa&;qdkif&m uBmhukvor~ oabmwlnDcsuf (CEDAW)/ yk'fr 6
- *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 27
- *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf. aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 1/ yk'fr 75 (2) (c) ESifh 76 (1)
- *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf. aemufqufwGJ oabmwlnDcsuf 2/ yk'fr 4 (2) (i)
- EdkifiHwumjypfr_qkdif&mw&m&Hk;. a&mroabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 7 (1) (q)
- EkdifiHwumtvkyform;tzGJ@/ uav;tvkyform;toHk;jyKjcif;. tqdk;0g;qHk;aomyHkpHrsm;udk wm;jrpfjcif;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (trSwf 182)/ yk'fr 1
vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;jcif;tm; wm;jrpf&ef&nf&G,fxm;aom Oya't& pnf;aESmiftm;r&Sdonhf EkdifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif trsdK;
orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_yaysmufa&; uBmhukvor~a=unmpmwrf; (tcef; 2(c))ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;yaysufa&; uBmhukor~
a=unmpmwrf; (tcef; 8) wdk@yg0ifonf?
‚oabmwlnDcsufrdWLrsm;udk http;//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (aemufqHk;=unfh&_cJhonfhtcsef 2008 ck:ESpf Zlvkdifv 27 &ufae@) wGif &&dSEkdifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHwum"avhxHk;wrf;tpOftvm Oya' (CIL) udk vdkufem&rnfh EdkifiHwckjzpfonf? (CIL) qdkonfrSm EdkifiHrsm;. a,bk,susifhxHk;rsm;rS jzpfay:vm
onfh Oay'pnf;urf;rsm;yg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonf? xdkusifhxHk;rsm;onf tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# Oya't&pnf;aESmiftm;&dSonfh Oya'wcktjzpf
vufcHvm=uonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHwckonf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;wcktm; vdkufem&ef xyfcgwvnf;vnf; jiif;qefygu xdkEdkifiHtm; pnf;urf;wckwnf;tay:wGif uef@
owfxm;I r&Ekdifay?
vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;jcif;onf EdkifiHwumxHk;wrf;tpOftvmOya'udk csdK;azmuf&ma&mufonf[k owfrSwfEdkif onf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiH
onf txufaz:jyyg pmcsKyfrsm;udk oabmwl vufrSwfrxdk;xm;onfhwkdif(tu,fI jrefrmEkdifiHonf Oay't& uef@owfxm;csuftm; tjrJwap jiif;y,fjcif;r&dSygu)
(CIL) pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf? vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;tusyfoGwfoGif;jcif;tm; uef@owfydwfyifxm;jcif;onf a,bk,s
CIl owfrSwfcsufrsm;. wpdwfwa'ojzpf&Hkomru EdkifiHawmfrsm;u vkdufem&efjiif;qefonfhwdkif rnfonfhtcgu csKdKazmufI r&aom EdkifiHwumOya'. tajc
cHpHowfrSwfcsufwckjzpfaom Jus congens pHowfrSwfcsufwckvnf;jzpfonf[k trsm;pkuvufcHxm;onf? wenf;qdkaomf EdkifiHrsm;onf xdkodk@aom pHowfrSwf
csufrsm;rS uif;vGwfEkdifjcif; r&dSay? Prosecutor v Anto Furundzija, ICTY Trial Judgment, 10 December 1998. udk =unfhyg?
2/ Michèle Hirsch, Plan of Action against Traffic in Women and Forced Prostitution, Council of Europe, 1996; Lin Lean Lim, ed., The Sex Sector:
The Economic and Social Basis of Prostitution in South East Asia, (ed.), International Labor Organization, 1998.
3/ Kachin Women’s Association of Thailand, “Driven Away,” 2005, http://www.womenofburma.org/Report/Driven_Away.pdf, (last visited 16 June
2008), pp. 22 – 23.
4/ Human Rights Watch, “A Modern Form of Slavery: Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand,” August 1993, http://
www.hrw.org/reports/1993/thailand/#_1_17, (last visited 3 September 2008).
ndburma2.indd 122 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

ibiblio.org/obl/docs/GS12.migration-and-trafficking.pdf, (last accessed 3 September 2008), p. 199.
6/ Human Rights Watch, “A Modern Form of Slavery: Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand,” August 1993, http://www.
hrw.org/reports/1993/thailand/#_1_17, (last visited 3 September 2008).
7/ Farley, Melissa, and Vanessa Kelly, “Prostitution: A Critical Review of the Medical and Social Sciences Literature,” Women and Criminal Justice,
Vol. 11, No. 4, http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/Farley_Kelly.pdf, (last visited 3 September 2008), p. 29.
ibiblio.org/obl/docs/GS12.migration-and-trafficking.pdf, (last visited 3 September 2008), p. 211.
9/ Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “Health Consequences of Trafficking in Persons,” U.S. State Department, 8 August 2007,
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/fs/07/91418.htm, (last visited 3 September 2008).
ndburma2.indd 123 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

(1) twif;t"r® a&TUajymif;cH&jcif;

qef@usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf&Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHkvdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;
t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfht*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? Ttcef;wGif
twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_ay:vGifapa&;twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;
az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) twif;t"rR a&$@ajymif;jcif;udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkjcif;

(u) EkdifiHwumOya't& twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;[kowfrSwf&mwGif rnfonfht*Fg&yfcsKd;azmufr_tcsuftvufrsm;
yg0ifoenf;?
twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&eftwGuf atmufaz:jy
yg t*F g&yfcsKd;azmufr_ajrmufaomtcsuftvufrsm; xif&Sm;a=umif;oufaowifjy&ygrnf?1
1? wpHkwOD;. tdk;tdrf odk@r[kwf ajrae&mrSm z,f&Sm;cH&jcif;
2? ta=umif;rJh twif;tusyf z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;
3? tvdkrwljcif; odk@r[kwf qürygbJ vkyfaqmifjcif;
(c) ta=umif;rJh twif;tusyfa&$@ajymif;jcif;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh rnfuJhodk@aomta=umif;csif;&mjzpfoenf;?

tu,fIa&$@ajymif;jcif;onf w&m;r#wr_r&dSjcif;/ &kwfcsnf;ajymif;a&$@&jcif;/ usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfr_r&dSjcif; odk@r
[kwf trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh rqDavsmfygu ,if;a&$@ajymif;jcif;udk ta=umif;rJhoufouf a&$@ajymif;jcif;r_[k
ac:qdkEkdifygonf? Oyrm twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;udk atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aomtajctaersm;wGif tajccHI jzpf
ay:ygu ta=umif;rJhjzpfjcif; oabm/ twif;tusyf jzpfjcif; oabm[k owfrSwfEdkifonf?*
- vlr_ywf0ef;usifOD;a&zG@J pnf;xm;r_. wpdwfwydkif;udk wdkif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpkt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ bmoma&;t&
aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlrsKd;pkt& aomfvnf;aumif; tajccHI zGJ@pnf;xm;r_yHkpH ajymif;vJoGm;ap&ef twGufjzpf
apaom odk@r[kwf &nf&G,fcsufygaom rl0g'rsm;udktajccHjcif;?
- w&m;Oya't& tm;csKd;azmufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjypfrJht&yfom;rsm;udk qef@usifIaomfvnf;aumif;/ pk
aygif;tkyfpktvdkuftjypfay;cH&r_ odk@r[kwf jypf'%fcwfcH&r_ yHkpHwcktjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@
jzpfonf?
* Oyrm- ay;xm;aom pm&if;onf jynfhpHkaom pm&if;wckr[kwfao;ay? vlwOD;onf ol odk@r[kwf ol@tydkifajray:rS Oya'ESifh ravsmf uefpGm odk@r[kwf w&m;r#wr_
uif;rJhpGm twif;t"Rz,f&Sm;cH&ygu xdkvkyf&yfonf EkdifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'udk csdK;azmufaom twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;jcif; tjzpf owfrSwfEkdifonfudk
owdðy&ef ta&;}uD;onf? twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;onf “txl;oD;oef@ xif&Sm;onfh tajctaersm;”wGifom usKd;a=umif; qDavsmfr_&dSonf?
ndburma2.indd 124 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

owdcsyfp&m a0g[m& - twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;jcif;

twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;[laom ‚toHk;tE_ef;onf t"d`g,fwduspGmzGifhxm;jcif;r&dSay? vlwOD;
wa,muf (ol odk@r[kwf olr) aetdrfrSjzpfap / ajr,mrSjzpfap ta=umif;rJh odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf xGufcGm
ay;&onfh ta=umif;&if; yg0ifaomjzpf&yffudk rwlnDaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u owfrSwf&mwGif uGJjym;aomtoHk;
tE_ef;rsm;jzihf toHk;ðyIowfrSwf=uonf? tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u twif;t"Rarmif;xkwfjcif; (eviction)
[lIaomfvnf;aumif; toHk;tE_ef;udk toHk;ðy=uonf? tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u twif;t"R tdk;tdrfrS ae&m
a&$@ajymif;&jcif; (displacement) [lIaomfvnf;aumif; toHk;tE_ef;udktoHk;ðy=uonf? tcsKd@tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;
u twif;t"Rjyefvnftajccsjcif; [lIaomfvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh uGJjym;aomtoHk;tE_ef; rsm;udkyiftoHk;
ðyowfrSwfxm;=uonf? ae=uao;onf? odk@aomf rnfodk@yiftoHk;jyK owfrSwfapumrl toHk;tE_ef;wckcsif;
pDonf wlnDaom csKd;azmufr_wckwnf;udkom yHkaz:jy=ujcif;jzpfonf? ,ckvrf;!$efpmtkyfwGif twif;t"R
a&$@ajymif;jcif;[laom toHk;tE_ef;jzifh tm;vHk;worwfwnf;jzpf ap&eftwGuf toHk;ðyxm;ygonf?
EkdifiHwumOya'? ? ta=umif;rJhoufouf tdk;tdrfrS rz,f&Sm;EkdifcGifhr&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;?

ta=umif;rJhoufouf rdrdydkiftdk;tdrfrS z,f&Sm;jcif;udk tumtuG,fay;xm;jcif;onf EkdifiHwum xHk;wrf;
pOfvmOya'/ EkdifiHwum vl@tcGihfta&;Oya'ESifh EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemaom Oya'rsm;. pHoabm
w&m;rsm;wGif wnf&dS+yD;jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwumOya'wGif ‚tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;wduspGmjyXmef;
xm;jcif; r&dSaoma=umifh vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm; oGm;vmcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm tdk;tdrftajccscGifh/ wpHkwOD;. tdk;tdrf
pnf;pdrftm;odk@ ta=umif;rJhoufouf 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rS umuG,fay;jcif;xm;aom tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwf
vyfpGm tdrf,maqmufwnfcGifh tcGifhta&; ponfh wnf&dS+yD;jzpfaomom; tcGifhta&;rsm;rS xyfqifhqihfyGm;
jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? qif;oufvmonf?
EkdifiHwGif; tdk;rJhtdrfrJhvSnfhvnf / xGufajy;aexdkifolrsm;qdkif&m vrf;!¸efrlrsm; (Guiding Principles on Inter-

nal Displacement) (“vrf;!¸efrlrsm;”[k qufvufoHk;pGJ oGm;rnf?)wGif tdk;rJhtdrfrJhr_tcGifhta&;ESifhyufoufI tum
tuG,fay;r_rsm;udk &Sif;vif;jyqdkxm;onf? vrf;!¸efrlrsm;onf w&m;Oya't& a&;qGJxm;onfh pnf;aESmifr_ &dSonfh
w&m;0if pmcsKyfpmwrf; r[kwfaomfvnf;/ &Sdwnf&SdqJ "avhxHk;wrf;pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;udk udk;um;
I xyfqifhaz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfonfESifhtnD EdkifiHwum wuBmvHk;twkdif;twmt& tusKH;0ifaom tajccHrlrsm;jzpfay
onf?
(*) rnfonfhtcsdefwGif twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;apjcif;onf Oya'ESifhtnDjzpfoenf;?

twif;t"rR a&$@ajymif;jcif;onf ta=umif;rJhoufoufr[kwf/ trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhqDavsmfygu
,if;tm; a&$@ajymif;jcif;udk cGifhðyay;Edkifonf? a&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;udk “vHk;0tjiif;yGm;zG,fr&dSaom txl;oD;oef@ tajct
aersm;”atmufwGifomðyvkyfEkdifonf?2 qdkvdkonfrSmtwif;t"R a&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;trsm;pkonf vlxktusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh
rqDavsmf/ qef@usifzufjzpfaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHuJhodk@aom w&m;Oya'rJh trdef@ay;cdkif;
apjcif;/ cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; uJhodk@rl0g'rsm;tm;usihfoHk;aeaom EdkifiHrsm;wGifydkI qef@usifzufjzpfwwfonf?+ Oyrm twif;
t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;onf atmufyg tajctaersm;atmufwGif usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfr_ &dSEdkifonf?
+ twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;rl0g'rsm; odk@r[kwf vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_twGuf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifhom vkyfaqmifonfqdkygu usdK;a=umif;

qDavsmfjcif;r&dSay? Oya't& w&m;0ifr_vnf; r&Sday?
ndburma2.indd 125 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

- t&yfom;/ jynfolrsm;udk}uD;rm;onfh ab;tœ&m,fusa&mufEkdifaom tajctaersm;rS tumtuG,fay;&ef

odk@r[kwf ppfa&;t&Ð xdcdkufEdkifonhftajctaerS umuG,fonhftaejzifh ta&;ay:ajymif;a&$@&efvdktyfae
aom vufeufudkifyÉdyQ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufr_ ab;tœ&m,frsm;rS tumtuG,fay;&ef?
- rjzpfraevkyfaqmif&ef vdktyf+yD; / vlxktusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tvGefta&;ygaomt}uD;pm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wuf a&;pDrH
csufrsm;3
- obm0 ab;tœ&m,fusa&mufcsdefwGif uyfab;oihfjynfolrsm;. usef;rma&;ESifh vHkðcHr_twGuf ajymif;a&$@&ef
vdktyfaom tajctaersm; jzpfonf?
a&$@ajymif;jcif;wckonf vlxktusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vHk;0ta&;}uD;aoma=umifh Oya't&w&m;0ifonfqdkap
umrl EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf a&$@ajymif;jcif;udk taumiftxnfaz:&mwGif vlxktay:jyefvnf vkyfaqmifay;&rnfh
tedrfhqHk; vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&eftwGuf ysufuGufcJhygu EdkifiHwumOya'wGifyg&dSaom ‚tpdk;&wdk@.
0W&m;rsm;udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufonf?4

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya't&qdkv#if rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd;jzpf
&efvdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum todtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sd vlrsm;ESifh
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óud;yrf;aom trsKd;om; (EdkifiHawmf tqifh)tzGJ@tpnf;”1 udk
&nf!$ef;jcif;jzpfygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/
odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;&t&m&SdwOD;u twif;
t"Rajymif;a&$@apr_wckckudk usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udkaqmif&Guf jcif;jzpf
onf?2 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_ jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf
yGm;aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufIvHkavmuf
pGm ta&;,l&efaomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&.ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?3 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ twif;
t"Ra&$@ajymif;r_ usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifhEdkifiHwum
Oya'udkcsKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf?

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;(Non State Actors - NSA)qdkonfrSmwoD;yk~vvlrsm;/ tkyfpk
rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&.tpdwftydkif;wckr[kwfyg? odk@aomfvnf;tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ðyaeonfrsKd;
&Sdwwfonf? TuJhodk@aomtiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;vlxkrsm;tm; tajcjyKaomtpktzGJrsm;/ awmfvSef
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;/ yk~vduaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tif
Ð xdkta=umif;jycsufrsm;udk aocsmpGm ppfaq;&rnfjzpfum vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;twGufom OD;wnfaqmif&Guf&rnf? EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef; csufrsm;onf twif;t"Ra&$@

ajymif;&jcif;twGuf usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfjcif;r&dSay? Oyrm twdkuftcHtkyfpkwpktay:wGif ydkrdkxdef;csKyf vdkIaomfvnf;aumif; taxmuftyHhrsm;jzwfawmufvdkI
aomfvnf;aumif; a&$@ajymif;&eftrdef@ay;jcif;rsm;onf vHk;0cGifhðyEdkifzG,f r[kwf? vHkjcHKr_r&dSaom ae&mrS t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u a&$@ajymif;vdkaom
tcsdefwdkif;wGif tb,fa=umifh ‚if;wdk@aetdrf rSm qütavsmuf rxGufcGmoGm;&oenf;[laom ar;cGef;udk ar;&efta&}uD;onf?
Center Washington, 2007, p. vix, TudpPudk jrefrmbmomjzifh &Sif;jy&mwGif (state) [laom (EdkifiHawmf) oabmrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGif r&Sdyg? tpdk;& (gov-
ernment) odk@r[kwf EdkifiH (country) pojzifh tajctaet& oHk;pGJygonf?
vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu tcef;-2 udk =unfhyg?
ndburma2.indd 126 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

tm;pkrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;onf jynfwGif;Oya't&ol 4if;wdk@

vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;,if; tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tif
tm;pkrsm;onf EdkifiHwumOya't& wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;vnf;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@. vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&ef rvdktyfonfhtajctae/ odk@r [kwf
olwdk@usL;vGefaomjypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwf okwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f
&Sdapaom&mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't&wm0efcH&efta=umif;&Sdvm onf?
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0rSwfwrf; wifxm;jcif;jzpf&eftwGuf/ tpdk;&u usL;vGefonfjzpf
ap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;u usL;vGefonfjzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm; &efvdktyfonf?

ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm; pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf.toHk;0ifr_ / r0ifr_onf t"dutm;jzifh tcsuft vuf
&SmazGpkaqmif;ol. xda&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaomar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@tñuHESifh pGrf;&nfay:wGifrlwnfygvdrfhrnf?
tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_.ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yftcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm; ðypk&mYtaxmuftul
jzpfapygonf? csKd;azmufr_ajrmufaom tcsuftvuft*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;
&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufwck &&SdEdkifygonf?

- vkHðcHa&;ESifh v#Kd@0Sufa&;twGuf txl;*&kpdkuf&ef?
- aemufcHta=umif;jzifh tpcsD+yD;v#if/ ydkIta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI aqmif&Gufyg?
- ajymp&m&Sdonfudk rsufjrifoufaotm; ajymcGifhay;yg? *&kwpdkufem;axmifyg?
- a&S@aemufrnD!Gwfr_ &Sd / r&Sdrsm;udk od&Sdatmif*&kðyyg?
ndburma2.indd 127 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

1? a&$@ajymif;jcif;yHkpHudk wnfaqmufjcif;
- rnfolonf a&$@ajymif;cHcJh&oenf;?
- rnfonfht&mrsm; jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdef xdka&$@ajymif;r_ jzpfyGm;cJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhae&modk@ odk@r[kwf rnfonhfae&mrS jynfolrsm; a&$@ajymif;cHcJh&oenf;?
- tjcm; jynfol rnfr#a&$@ajymif;cHcJh&oenf;?
- xdktjzpftysufudk oifrnfodk@ odoenf;?
2? xdka&$@ajymif;jcif;onf ta=umif;rJhoufoufjzpfonfqdkaomtcsufudk wnfaqmufjcif;
- rnfonfhta=umif;u a&$@ajymif;r_udk jzpfapcJhoenf;?
- a&$@ajymif;&jcif;twGuf rnfonfhta=umif;jycsuf ay;cJhoenf;?
- a&$@ajymif;jcif;udk pdefac:tHwk&ef rnfonfhtcGifhta&; &dScJhoenf;?
- a&$@ajymif;jcif;vkyfief;udk rnfodk@ taumiftxnfaz:cJhoenf;?
- Towif;tcsuftvufudk oifrnfokd@odoenf;?
3? ,if;a&$@ajymif;r_onf tvdkrwlbJ a&$@ajymif;jcif;jzpfonfqdkaom tcsufudk wnfaqmufjcif;

- rnfolu xGufcGmay;&ef trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? tu,fI rxGufcGmvdka=umif; oifjiif;qefygu rnfodk@
jzpfvdrhfrnf[k oifxifygoenf;?
- rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh oifxGufcGmcJh&oenf;?
- oifxGufcGmvdkaom qü&dScJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifhenf;? odk@r[kwf tb,fa=umifh rxGufcGmvdk&oenf;?
- oif +cdrf;ajcmufcHcJh&ygovm;? rnfodk@ +cdrf;ajcmufcH&oenf;? rnfolu +cdrf;ajcmufcJhoenf;?

- Tjzpf&yfudk rnfolu usL;vGefoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? Tjzpf&yfudk rnfolwdk@odoenf;? T
jzpf&yfwGif rnfolwdk@u ulnDaqmif&Gufay;oenf;?
- Tjzpf&yfESifhywfoufI oifwdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwftb,fh
- Tjzpf&yf rjzpf&atmif tpdk;&u óuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI ta&;,laqmif
&Gufay;ygovm;?
ndburma2.indd 128 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

EdkifiHwum Oya' csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifhvkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_ajrmufaom tr_wck. t*F g&yftajctaersm;onf
tpOfojzifh tqifoifh tvdktavsmufay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;olwOD;taejzifh
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifhywfoufaom / csKd;azmufr_ajrmufaom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk &SmazG xkwf,lEdkifpGrf;&Sd&
rnfhjzpfonhftjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSaeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yftajctae
rsm;udkvnf; pepfenf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf jzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_ajrmufaom. t*F g&yftajctae&yf
rsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;uwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgt& jzpfyGm;aeustwif; t"Ra&$ajymif;
apjcif;twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH wckudkaz:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH ay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;wGif awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaom taumif;tqdk; om"u
rsm;udkaz:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm; 4if;tjyif/ xda&mufpGm owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfrH od&Sdvdkygu TpmapmifwGifyg &Sdaom“jrefrmEdkifiH
vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudkwGif =unfhyg?

odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&monhfae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m
tajctaetcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifhtcsuftvuf
&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul
&Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;r_rðyrD/
aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul &Edkifygonf? atmufrSmwGif az:jyxm;onfrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;apjcif; csKd;azmufr_qdkif&m udP&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;
qdkif&m aemufcHtajctae ta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jzpfay:aeaom twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;jcif; csKd;azmufr_. ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae

(1962)ckESpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifI jrefrmEkdifiHwckvHk;tm; ppftm%modrf;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpI tm
%mtqifhqifh qufcHvmaom ppftpdk;&rsm;onf wdkif;jynf&Sd jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ raz:jyEdkif
avmufaom &ufpufr_rsKd;jzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf vlxktay: xdef;csKyfr_rsm;udkcsJ@xGif&eftwGuf
txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkif&ma'orsm;twGif; ‚wdk@. xdef;csKyfr_udk wdk;csJ@&eftwGuf twif;
t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;udk pOfqufrjywf ðyvkyfaeqJjzpfonf? vuf&dScef@rSef;wGuf qcsufrsm;t& vGefcJhonfh
q,fpkESpftwGif; jrefrmjynfol wpfoef;ausmfru ‚wdk@tdk;tdrfrsm;rS twif;t"Rz,f &Sm;cHcJh&onf[kqdk
onf? jynfoltrsm;pkonf t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;cHae&onf? tcsKd@ jynfolrsm;onf
ESpfaygif; (40) =um tdk;tdrf twnfwusr&dS aexdkifvmcJh&onf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; twif;t"R z,f&Sm;cH&r_rsm;. t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;aus;
&Gmom;rsm;tay: tvGefrsm;jym;}uD;rm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ ppftpdk;&axmufcHol wyfzGJ@
rsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om; twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;t=um; jzpfay:aeaom vufeufudkifyÉdyQ/ zGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;/
ajr,m odrf;qnf;r_rsm;ESifh òr@ay: a&$@ajymif;ae=ur_rsm;a=umifh jzpfonf?
ndburma2.indd 129 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:&aom twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;r_

vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;jzpfay:aeaom twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;.
wckwnf;aom ta&;t}uD;qHk; ta=umif;&if;w&yfjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; aexdkif&m
a'orsm;twGif;ESifh ppfa&;t& t}uD;tus,fwdk;csJ@aom a'orsm;wGif jzpfyGm;wwfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS
t&yf om;jynfolrsm;ESifh aus;&Gmom;trsm;tjym;onf ppftpdk;&vufatmufwGif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf
r_rsm;pGmudk tumtuG,fr&dS csKd;azmufcHae&onf? xdkcsKd;azmufr_rsm;wGif &ufpufpGmwkdufckdufr_/ ESdyfpufr_/
twif;t"Rvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apr_/ ay:wmqGJr_/ twif;t"Rppfom;tjzpf pkaqmif;r_/ toufarG; 0rf;a=umif;r_
vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&H_;&r_rsm;tjyif wdkif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,f/ bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tEdkifusihfapmfum;cHr_rsm;
vnf;yg0ifonf? xdktEdkifusifhcsKd;azmufr_rsm; odk@r[kwf csKd;azmufcH&rnfh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk a&Smifv$m;Ekdif
rnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh t&yfom;jynfoltrsm;pkonf ‚wdk@ tdk;tdrfrsm;udk pGef@cGmxGufajy;=uonf?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQa=umifh jzpfay:&aom twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;r_

wkdif;&if;om;twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;ESifh ppftpdk;&t=um; wdkufcdkufr_rsm;onf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm=um jzpfay:
aeqJjzpfonf? (1970) ckESpfrsm; tv,fydkif;rSpI ppftpdk;&onf jzwfav;jzwfay:vpDudk taumiftxnf
az:aqmif&GufcJhonf? ,if;ay:vpD. &nf&G,fcsufrSm awmfvSefa&;tkyfpkrsm;tm; &dQmjzwf/ &HyHkaiGjzwf/ ppf
om;opfpkaqmif;r_jzwf/ owif; tcsuftvufjzwfypfa&;yifjzpfonf? ‚rl0g'ESifhtnD trJa&mife,fajr
(awmfvSefa&;vufeufudkifwyfrsm; xdef;csKyf&ma'o)ESifh tndKa&mife,fajr (wdkufcdkufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;&ma'o)
rsm;wGifaexdkifaom aus;&Gmom;rsm;udk tjzLa&mife,fajr (ppfwyfxdef;csKyfxm;&ma'o) rsm;twGif;odk@
twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;apcJhonf? jzwfav;jzwf ay:vpDatmuf a&$@ajymif;r_rsm;udk (1996) ckESpfpI tvHk;
t&if;jzifh taumiftxnfaz:cJhonf? aus;&Gmom; &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGm ajymif;a@&$cHcJh&onf? xdk@tjyif
vufeufudkifyÉdyQjzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;wGif aexdkifol aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om; twdkuftcH
tkyfpkrsm;ESifh ppftpkd;&t=um; tjyeftvSef wkdufcdkufr_rsm;&efrS vGwfuif;&mvGwfuif;a=umif; twGuf
‚wdk@tdk;tdrfrsm;odk@ pGefcGm xGufajy;=u&onfvnf; &dSwwfonf?
zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:&aom twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cH&r_

zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;jzpfay:aeaom twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;r_ trsm;pktwGufwm0ef
&dSonf? jynfolrsm;a&$@ajymif;&jcif;udk jzpfay:apaom pDrHcsuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif (1)a&umwm/ "gwftm;ay;
puf&Hk/ a&oGif;wl;ajrmif;ESifh a&avSmifuef paom pGrf;tifESifh a&axmufyHhay;a&; pDrHcsufrsm;/ (2) pufr_ZHk
ajr/ tpdk;&taqmuftOD;rsm;/ oabFmqdyfrsm;/ vrf;rsm;/ wl;ajrmif;rsm; paomòrd@jytajccHtaqmuftOD;
wnfaqmufjcif;pDrHcsufrsm;ESifh (3) oWKwl;az:jcif;/ a&eH&SmazGjcif;ESifh wl;az:jcif;ESifh ydkufvdkif;rsm;wnf
aqmufjcif;paom obm0o,HZmw wl;az:jcif; pDrHcsufrsm; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS axmifaomif;csDaom
aus;&Gm om;rsm;onf zGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;a=umifh odk@r[kwf xdkpDrHcsufrsm;rSwqifhcH jzpfay:vmaom qdk;usKd;
&v'frsm;a=umifh twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif; cHae&onf?
ajr,modrf;qnf;r_a=umifh jzpfay:&aom twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cH&r_

twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;r_onf ppftpdk;&u twif;t"Rajr,mrsm; odrf;,ljcif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfyGm;
&onf? txl;ojzifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;aoma'orsm;wGif tjzpfrsm;onf? odrf;,lxm;aom ajrrsm;
ay:wGif wcgw&HY ppfa&;taqmuftOD;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf csJ@xGifjcif;/ pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;
ndburma2.indd 130 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

odk@r[kwf pdkufcif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif; odk@r[kwf ykZGefarG;uefuJhodk@aom pD;yGm;jzpfvkyfief;rsm; wnfaqmuf=u

avh&dSonf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh ajrydkif&Sifrsm;onf ol odk@r[kwf ol. ajr,mESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_vkyfief;
qHk;&H_;cJh&onfhtjyif olwdk@ydkifajr,mrsm;ay:wGif twif;t"Rvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apjcif;udkvnf; cHae&onf? wcg
w&HwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; odk@r[kwf vlenf;pkbmom0ifrsm; pkzGJ@trsm;pkaexdkifaom a'orsm;wGifjrefrm
wkdif;&if;om; Ak<bmom0ifrsm;udk tpm;xdk;tajccsjcif;jzifh vuf&dSvlOD;a&wnf&dSr_udk avsmhcs&eftwGufajr,m
odrf;,lr_rsm;vnf; &dSwwfonf?
twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;cH&onfhaus;&Gmom;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. ydkifqdkifr_trsm;pkudkcsefxm;cJh&onf? tdk;
tdrfrJh jynfolrsm;. ajr,mrsm;/ ydkifqkdifr_rsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh ppfwyf. odrf;,ljcif; odk@r[kwf zsufqD;jcif;
udkcH&avh&dSonf? wcgw&HwGif w&GmvHk;jymusonftxdrD;&d_@cH&onf? ajr,m&Siftrsm;pkonf ‚wdk@qHk;&H_;oGm;
aom ajr,m odk@r[kwf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;vkyfief;twGuf rnfonfhtcgrS tjynfht0avsmfa=u; r&=u ay?
xdk@tjyif ppftpdk;&u usL;vGefaom twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;trsm;pkwGif tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_
rsm;jzpfaom rk'drf;usifhr_/ owfjzwfr_ESifh twif;t"Rvkyftm;ay; ckdif;apr_paomvl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_
rsm;yg aemufqufwGJ wqufwnf; jzpfay:wwfonf?
tcsKd@aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;csKyfxm;aom ppfwyfa&$@ajymif;a&;pcef;}uD;rsm;(pkpnf;
aus;&Gm)rsm;qDodk@ ajymif;a&$@cH&onf? tjcm;aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf awmwGif;odk@ ajy;0ifckdatmif;=u&onf?
tajccHt&if;tjrpf/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_ESifh ppfwyf. tEdkifusifhr_rsm;rS tumtuG,fay;r_rsm; r&&dSaom
a=umifh tdk;tdrfrJhjynfolrsm;onf tpma&pmiwfjywfjcif;/ wdkufcdkufcH&jcif;ESifh a&m*gb,rsm;&&dSjcif; tp&dS
ojzifh cHpm;=u&onf? ppftpdk;&onf tdk;tdrfrJhjynfolrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;&ef todtrSwfr
ðyjcif;/ odk@r[kwf axmufyHhr_ay;&ef jiif;qefvsuf&dSaeonf? xdk@tjyif tdk;tdrfrJhjynfolrsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfaeaom EkdifiHwumrStzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh at*sifpDrsm;.tm;xkwf
csufrsm;udkvnf; ppftpdk;&u [ef@wm;uef@owfxm;onf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;vdifydkif;qdkif&m tjcm;aomt=urf;zuf
r_yHko¿mefrsm;/ tr_rsKd;twGuf tcsuftvufyHkpHwckudk atmufwGifOyrmtaejzifhazmfjyay;xm;ygonf? Ttcsuf
tvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_w&yf. t"dutajctaetcsuftvuft*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f&Sdyg
onf? twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;apjcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!¸ef;rsm;ESifhtnD
owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufygtcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owdjyKyg?
1? wpfpHkwpfOD;. tdk;tdrf odk@r[kwf ajrae&mrSm z,f&Sm;cH&jcif;
2? ta=umif;rJh twif;tusyf z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;
3? tvdkrwljcif; odk@r[kwf qürygbJ vkyfaqmifjcif;
ndburma2.indd 131 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- twif;trRa&$@ajymif;jcif;II
aemfazg0g;onf ol.cifyGef;jzpfol apmvS0if;ESifhtwl ol. pdkufcif;twGif;tvkyfvkyfaepOf 4if;wdk@aexdkif
onhf&GmrS rD;cdk;vHk;rsm;xGufvmonfudk awG@cJh&onf? xdkodk@awG@&Sd&onfESifh w+ydKifeufo,fvmaomjcif;awmif;
udk ypfcsvdkufum ol.cifyGef;onfudk atmfac:vkdufonf? xdk@aemuf ESpfOD;om; &GmqDodk@ajcukefokwf vdkuf=u
awmhonf?
aemfazg0g;ESifh ol.rdom;pkonf u&ifjynfe,fawmifwef;rsm;ay:&dS u&ifaus;&Gmw&GmwGif aexkdif=uonf?
vGefcJhaom &ufoWywf ESpfywfcef@u (etz) ppftpdk;&. ppfom;rsm; aus;&Gmodk@a&mufvm=uum &GmtESH@
a=unmpmrsm; uyfcJh=uonf? xdkowday;a=unmcsufrsm;u &Gmom;rsm;onf ‚wdk@rydkifaom ajray:wGif
aexdkifae=uonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? oHvGifjrpfay:wGif a&umwmaqmuf+yD;onfESifhwòyifeuf xdkae&monf
a&rsufESmjyifatmuf a&muf&dSoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfaoma=umifh ,ckvtukefwGif tdrfrSxGufcGmay;&rnf[k xdk
owday; a=unmcsufu ajymqdkxm;ao;onf? &Gmom;rsm;a&$@ajymif;oGm;&rnfh owfrSwfxm;aomae&mESifh
ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;udkvnf; xdka=unmpmwGifaz:jyxm;onf? &Gmoltrsm;pku ajymif;
a&$@oGm;jcif; r&dSao;ay?
aemfazg0g;. aus;&Gmonf u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t&Hk;. vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@jzpfaom u&iftrsKd;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&; wyfrawmf (KNLA). v_yf&Sm;r_a'otwGif;jzpfaom tndKa&mife,fajr twGif;wGifvnf; wnf&dS
aom &Gmwpf&Gmvnf;jzpfonf? ab;ywf0ef;usifa'orsm;Y auteft,fat (KNLA) tajcpdkuf pcef;rsm;ESifh
u&ifawmfvSefa&; ppfom;rsm;tjrJwap wyfpGJxm;jcif;r&dSaomfvnf; teD;w0dkuf&dS aus;&Gmrsm;pGmonf vGefcJh
aom &ufoWywftwGif;wGifrSmyif (etz) ppfom;rsm;. wkdufckdufzsufqD;jcif;cHcJh&onf?
aemfazg0g;ESifh ol.cifyGef; &GmteD;odk@ a&mufcJhonfESifh atmf[pfoHrsm;/ aoewfoHrsm;udk =um;cJh&onf?
tdrfrsm;pGm rD;avmifaeqJjzpfonf? (etz) ppfwyf,leDazmif;rsm;0wfqifxm;aom ppfom;rsm;u w&GmvHk;tESH@
jynfhaeonf? aemfazg0g;ESifholrcifyGef;tdrfwGif;odk@a&mufcsdefwGif ol.tdrfeD;em;csif;wOD; &Gmv,fvrf;r}uD;
twdkif;&Gmv,facgifodk@ xGufajy;vmaeonfudkawG@cJh&onf? (etz) ppfom;wa,mufu ol@aemufudk tajy;
vdkufvmaeonfudkvnf;awG@cJh&onf? xdkppfom;u ajy;aeaom&Gmom;tm; aoewfESihfypfvdkufonf? aemf
azg0g;. tdrfeD;em;csif; vrf;v,facgifwGif xdk;usoGm;onf? “rif;wdk@ u&ifpkwfawGtm;vHk;twlwlyJ? rif;wdk@
r&dS&if uBm}uD;u awmfawmfaevdk@aumif;oGm;r,f?” [k xkdppfom;ajympum;udk aemfazg0g; =um;cJh&onf?
aemfazg0g;ESifh ol@cifyGef;wdk@ESpfOD;om; tdrfxJodk@ ajcoHazmhI 0ifcJh=uonf? tdrfcef;xJwGif wOD;ESifhwOD;uspf
uspfyg zufxm;ae=uaom ol.uav;ESpfOD;ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk@udkawG@cJh&onf? &or#yPnf;rsm;udkpkI ckcsufcsif;
tdrfrS ajy;rS&rnf[k olwdk@udkajymvdkufonf?
aemfazg0g;onf rdom;pkydkifqefrsm;udk odrf;aecsdefwGif tdrfa&S@wHcg;acgufoHudk =um;vdkuf&onf? apm
vS0if; wHcg;xzGifhay;vdkuf&m (etz) ppfom;wOD;ESifh &ifqdkifawG@vdkuf&onf? “rif;eJ@ rif;rdom;pkwckvHk;
tck csufcsif;xGufay;&r,f? 'D&Gmu u&ifolykefudk &dQmaxmufyhHay;aew,fvdk@ igwdk@xifw,f? ”[k xdkppf
om;uajymcJhonf?
EdkifoavmufyPnf;udko,fum aemfazg0g;ESifholr.rdom;pkonf tdrfrSxGufIowfrSwfxm;aom a&$@
ajymif;a'oqDodk@ OD;wnfoGm;aeaom tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;pGmESifhtwl vdkufygoGm;cJh&onf? &GmrSxGufcGmcsdef wGif
(etz) ppfom;rsm;u tdrfrsm;ay:&dS yPnf;rsm;udk vk,uf,lae=uonfudk awG@cJh&onf? tdrfrsm;pGm jymus
II ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsufyHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdjyKapvdkygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;jyKazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD;a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wck udk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?
ndburma2.indd 132 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

onftxdrD;&d_@cHcJh &+yD;/ tjcm;tdrfrsm;udk rD;vdkuf&d_@aeonfudkvnf; awG@cJh&onf? ol@tdrfodk@ aemfazg0g;vSnfh=unfh

vdkufcsdefwGif rD;0dkif;aeaom ol.tdrfudk awG@cJh&onf?
xdak &$@ajymif;a'oqdo k nfrmS (etz) ppftpd;k & xde;f csKyf&ma'otwGi;f &dS rwfapmufaom awmifuek ;f ay:wGif
wnfxm;aom ae&mwckjzpfaeonf? tdrfaomfvnf;aumif; taqmuftOD;aomfvnf;aumif; xdkajray:
wGifvHk;0r&dSay? ajrrsufESmjyiftaeonf aus;&Gmom;rsm;twGuf aumufyJoD;ESHpdkufysKd;&ef tvGefcufcJaom
ae&mvnf;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif rdrdykdifpkdufcif;odk@oGm;&eftwGuf ppfwyf*dwfrsm;udk tqrwefvmbfaiGay;&ef
vdktyf aoma=umifh vHk;0rjzpfEkdifay? olwdk@o,fvmEdkifonfh rjzpfpavmuf &dQmrsm;jzifhom &Gmom;tm;vHk;
touf&SifcJh=u&onf? ESpf&uft=umwGif xdktajctaeatmufwGif ol ESifh ol. rdom;pk rnfodk@r# qufraeEdkif
onfudk aemfazg0g; odvmcJhonf? noef;acgif,HtcsdefwGif ol.rdom;pkESifhtwl awmwGif;okd@xGufajy;cJh=uonf?
xdktcsdefrSpI olESifh ol.rdom;pkonf awmawmifxJwGifom qufvufI aexdkifvmcJh=uygonf?

&if;rSm tjzpftysufwckESifh ywfoufI vlwdk@onf owif;tcsufrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh yifjzpf
ar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSm az:jyxm;ygonf? yxrawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"u jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd, awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpf

ar; - qdkawmh (etz) ppftpdk;&u cifAsm;wdk@udk cifAsm;wdk@tdrfuae twif;t"R armif;xkwfcJhw,faygh?
aemfazg0g; - [kwfygw,f? usrwdk@rdom;pkwdk@twGuf wu,fhudk tcuftcJjzpfcJhygw,f? tdrfvnf;qHk;/ usrwdk@ pdkufcif;
awGvnf; qHk;&H_;cJh&ygw,f? usrwdk@ touf&Sif&yfwnfzdk@qdkwm vHk;0 rjzpfEkdifawmhygbl;?
ar; - tJ'gu oHvGifjrpfay:rSm (etz) ppftpdk;&u aqmufzdk@ pDpOfaewJh a&umwma=umifhvm;?
aemfazg0g; - tif;- usrvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ xifwmygyJ? ppfom;awGu usrwdk@udk armif;rxkwfcifESpfywf/ oHk;ywf avmuf
wkef;u usrwdk@ &GmrSm owday;a=unmpmawGvmuyfwm usrodygw,f? a&umwma=umifh usrwdk@
xGufay;&r,fvdk@ owday;csufrSm a&;xm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ESpfywftwGif; xGufoGm;&r,fvdk@ rqdkygbl;?
ar; - qdkawmh ppfom;awGu cifAsm;wdk@udk twif;tusyfarmif;xkwfvdk@ cifAsm;wdk@ xGufvmcJh&wmaygh?
aemfazg0g; - [kwfygw,f? ppfom;u usrwdk@tdrfudk vm+yD;/ usrwdk@udk xGufoGm;ckdif;ygw,f?
ar; - +yD;awmh cifAsm;wdk@ owfrSwfxm;wJh a&$@ajymif;a&;ae&m (pkpnf;aus;&Gm) udk vmcJh=uwmaygh?
aemfazg0g; - [kwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh usrwdk@ tJ'DrSm raeygbl;?
ar; - tjcm;&Gmom;awGaum a&$@ajymif;cHcJh&vm;?
aemfazg0g; - [kwfuJh? a&$@ajymif;cHcJh&ygw,f?
ndburma2.indd 133 26-Dec-09 13:05:24


t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&jcif;rSm ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGm &Sdygonf?
yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azgufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; rSwf
wrf;ðy&efwnf; [laom awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkudktao;pdwfay:
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm aemfazm0g;
taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ aemfazm0g; buf
uvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol=um;vdkaom
tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfhoabm ydkrsm;oGm;Edkifygonf?
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm; csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apr_ yHkpHrsm;onf tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azgufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;
tm;jzifh tjcm;aomvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf usL;vGefr_uJhodk@aom &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefr_rsm;twGuftaxmuf
txm;rsm;&EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? om"utm;jzifh- t"Ra&$@ajymif;cdkif;pOfumvwGif owfjzwfjcif;udPrsKd;jzpfyg
onf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- aemfazm0g;. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk TawG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? ol.jzpf&yfudk twnfðyay;rnfh rsufjrifoufaoESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;&Edkif
r&Edkif aemfazm0g;udk ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaomrSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpf
onf?

ar; - vGefcJhwJh &ufoWywf ESpfywf/ oHk;ywftwGif; cifAsm;&GmrSm bmawGjzpfysufcJhqdkwm ajymjyvdk@&rvm;
aemfazg0g;?
aemfazg0g; - [kwfuJh? usreJ@ usrcifyGef; pdkufcif;xJrSm tvkyfvkyfaecsdef &Gmzufuae rD;cdk;awGxGufvmwm usrwdk@ awG@
vdkuf&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm usrrdcif}uD;eJ@ uav;awGu tdrfrSm&dSaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk@ &GmqDudk
tajy;jyefvmcJhygw,f? w&GmvHk;rSm (etz) ppfom;awG csnf;ygyJ? tcsKd@tdrfawGudk ppfom;awGu rD;&d_@ae
=uygw,f? ppfom;awGu usrwdk@udk tdrfuae xGufom;zdk@ ajymygw,f?
ar; - ppfom;awGu b,ftcsdefrSm cifAsm;wdk@&Gmudk a&mufvmwmvJ?
aemfazg0g; - olwdk@b,ftcsdefa&mufvmw,fqdkwmawmh usr rodygbl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh usrcifyGef;eJ@usru
pdkufcif;xJrSm tvkyfvkyfaevdk@yg? 'gayr,fh &Gmuae rD;cdk;awGxGufvmwmudk usrwdk@awG@&wJhtcsdefu ae@
vnfcif; tcsdefavmufygyJ?
ar; - ppfom;awGu bma=umifh cifAsm;wdk@udk armif;xkwf&wmvJqdkwm cifAsm;odovm;?
aemfazg0g; - usrodyfawmh raocsmygbl;? 'gayr,fh armif;xkwfrcH&cif &ufoWywfESpfywfavmufu ppfom;tcsKd@
ndburma2.indd 134 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

&GmxJrSm owday;a=unmpmawG vmuyf=u+yD;/ usrwdk@tm;vHk; 'D&Gmuae xGufay;&r,f/ bma=umifhvJqdk

awmh oHvGifjrpfay:rSm a&umwmaqmufvkyfaewJhtwGuf/ usrwdk@&Gm a&jrKyfoGm;rSma=umifhvdk@ qdkygw,f?
'gayr,fhvnf; ppfom;awGa&mufvmcsdefrS usrwdk@ aemufESpfywf twGif;rSm xGufay;&r,fvdk@ rajymcJhygbl;?
usrwdk@u auteft,fat (KNLA)udk ulnDay;aew,fvdk@ olwdk@uxifvdk@ usrwdk@udk armif;xkwfw,f
vdk@ usrxifygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; bma=umifh tJ'Dvdk xif&wmvJ?
aemfazg0g; - 'Dvdkav - usrtdrfudk a&mufvmwJhppfom;uajymwmu usrwdk@ csufcsif;xGufay;&r,f bma=umifh qdk
awmh usrwdk@&Gmu u&ifwyfudk ulnDay;aew,fvdk@ (etz) u xifvdk@vdk@ usrwdk@udk ajymcJhw,f? aemuf+yD;
'Da'oxJrSm&dSwJh tjcm;&Gmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; u&ifwyfudk ulnDvdk@ wkdufcdkufcH&w,fqdkwmudkvnf;
usr =um;ygw,f?
ar; - tJ'Dppfom;awGu (etz) ppfwyfuvdk@ cifAsm;b,fvdkvkyf+yD; odovJ?
aemfazg0g; - tJ'Dppfom;u (etz) ppfwyf ,leDazmif; 0wfxm;w,f? wyf&if; eHygwfawmhusrrodbl;? 'gayr,fh 'Da'o
twGif;rSm &dSwJh tjcm;&GmawGudk wdkufwJhwyf&if;yJvdk@awmh usrxifw,f?
ar; - u&ifwyf (auteft,fat) eJ@ (etz) ppfwyf t=um;jzpfay:aewJh yÉdyQa=umifh cifAsm;wdk@&Gmtay:
tœ&m,f uscJhwmvm;?
aemfazg0g; - r[kwfygbl;? wdkufyGJawGu usrwdk@&GmeJ@ ta0;}uD;rSm jzpfaewmyg? wu,fwrf;usawmh tJ'Da'orSm
u&ifppfom;qdkwm usr rjrifzl;pavmufygyJ? tJ'Dem;w0dkufrSmvnf; olwdk@ pcef;awG r&dSygbl;?
ar; - ppfom;awGu cifAsm;wdk@&Gmudk twif;tusyfa&$@ajymif;apvdkwJh tjcm;ta=umif;&if;rsm;aum &dSOD;rvm;?
aemfazg0g; - (etz) ppftpdk;&u u&ifvlrsKd;awGud tjrJwrf;rkef;ygw,f? r=umr=umqdkovdk usrwdk@[m (etz) tEkdif
usifhapmfum;r_awG@&J@ ypfrSwfawG jzpfae=uygw,f? u&ifvlrsKd;jzpfae&wmuyJ usrwdk@ 'kQa&muf&wJh
aemufxyf ta=umif;jycsufwck jzpfaeygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udk xGufoGm;zdk@ajym+yD;wJhaemuf cifAsm;bmvkyfcJhovJ?
aemfazg0g; - o,fEdkifor# usrwdk@o,fvm+yD; &GmuaexGufvmcJh&ygw,f? tjcm;&Gmom;awGeJ@ twlwGJ+yD; (etz) ppf
wyfu owfrSwfay;xm;wJhae&m pkpnf;aus;&Gmudk usrwdk@ vmcJh=uygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;rdom;pkxJu b,folawGygygovJ?
aemfazg0g; - usrtar&,f/ usruav;ESpfa,muf&,feJ@ usrcifyGef;onfygygw,f? usrwdk@tm;vHk; twlwloGm;cJh
wmyg?
ar; - bma=umifh cifAsm;wdk@ xGufay;&wmvJ?
aemfazg0g; - ppfom;awG wckckvkyfrSm usrwdk@a=umufygw,f? usrtdrfeD;em;csif;wa,mufudk (etz) ppfom;uypf
owfwm usrawG@cJh&ygw,f? usrwdk@ aevdk@r&Jbl;? ppfom;awGu &GmxJrSm &dSor# tukefvHk;udkzsufqD;ypf
aewm? usrwdk@ rxGufcifrSm usrtdrf rD;avmifaewm awG@cJh&w,f?
ar; - tjcm;&Gmom;b,fESpfOD;avmuf xGufvmcJh&ovJ?
aemfazg0g; - usr twdtusawmhrodygbl;? 'gayr,fh tajccHtm;jzifhuawmh &GmrSm&dSor# vltm;vHk; xGufay;&wmyg?
(etz) ppfwyfu vlwdkif;udk armif;xkwfaewmyg? b,folrS rae&Jygbl;?
ndburma2.indd 135 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

ar; - (etz) ppfwyfu owfrSwfay;xm;wJh ae&mrSm cifAsm; b,favmuf=um=um aecJhovJ?

aemfazg0g; - ESpf&ufyJ usrwdk@ aecJhygw,f?
ar; - bma=umifh cifAsm; =um=umraecJhwmvJ?
aemfazg0g;- ae&xdkif&wm t&rf;udkqdk;ygw,f? tJ'Dae&mu awmifapmif;rSmyg? bmrSvnf;r&dSygbl;? tyifpdkufzdk@rqdk
xm;eJ@/ taqmuftOD;aqmufzdk@awmif t&rf;cufygw,f? usrwdk@tm;vHk;rSm udk,fo,fvmEdkifwmyJ&dSyg
w,f? ppfom;awGudkvnf; a=umuf&ygw,f? (etz) ppfwyfu tJ'Dem;rSmyJ pcef;wck xkdifxm;ygw,f?
ar; - pkpnf;aus;&Gm (a&$@ajymif;a&;pcef;) uae cifAsm;b,fvdk xGufcJhwmvJ?
aemfazg0g; - vG,fvG,fululawmh r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Da'ow0dkufrSm ppfom;awG trsm;}uD;&dSygw,f? olwdk@awGu&Gm
om;awGudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfoGm;cGifhrðyygbl;? xGufvdk@&r,fh tcsdefntxdapmihf&ygw,f? vrf;r}uD;
ay: a&mufwJhtcgrSm uif;vSnfhaewJh ppfom;awGeJ@awGcJhygw,f? uHaumif;wmu &GmurxGufcifrSm
usrpkxm;wJh ydkufqHtcsKd@ usrrSm&dSaeygw,f? ol@udk ydkufqHay;awmh olu usrwdk@udk oGm;cGifhðycJhygw,f?
ar; - tJ'g+yD;awmh cifAsm;wdk@ b,fqufoGm;cJhovJ?
aemfazg0g; - usrwdk@ &Gmudkvnf; jyefoGm;vdk@r&awmhbl;? ppfom;awGu &Gmudk bkef;bkef;vJatmif zsufqD;vdkuf+yD?
'ga=umifh usrwdk@awmxJudk xGufajy;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD;awmh usrwdk@ awmxJu 'kQonfpcef;rSmyJ
aexdkifae=uygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ tdrfeD;em;csif;wa,muf ypfowfcHcJh&w,fvdk@ cifAsm;ajymcJhw,f? a&$@ajymif;csdefrSm tjcm;aemuf
xyf wOD;OD;t&dkufcH 'grSr[kwf towfcHcJh&ao;ovm;?
aemfazg0g; - &dSr,fvdk@ usrxifygw,f? aoewfoHawG/ atmf[pfoHawG trsm;}uD;usr=um;cJh&ygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm
usr oli,fcsif;wa,mufeJ@ pum;pyfrdygawmh ol@ a,mufsm;vnf; (etz) ppfom;&J@ towfcHcJh&w,fvdk@
qdkygw,f?
ar; - tJ'DtrsKd;orD;eJ@ pum;ajymvdk@ &Edkifrvm;?
aemfazg0g; - pkpnf;aus;&Gm uae usrxGufwJhtcsdefavmufrSmyJ olvnf; xGufajy;cJhwmudk usrodygw,f? ol b,fudk
xGufajy;w,fqdkwm usrodw,fvdk@ xifygw,f? &SifeJ@vmawG@zdk@ usr ol@udk ajymay;ygr,f?
ar; - tu,fI cifAsm;twGufaum/ tJ'DtrsKd;orD;twGufyg tœ&m,fr&dSbl;qdk&if oleJ@ pum;ajymcsifygw,f?
cifAsm;wdk@&Gm ajymif;a&$@cHcJh&wmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ tjcm;ajymjyEkdifwJhvlawGudk odygovm;?
aemfazg0g; - usreJ@ w&Gmwnf;om; &Gmom;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; usrwdk@eJ@ twlwlykef;atmif;aeae=uygw,f? olwdk@
awGrSmvnf;tvm;wl tawG@tñuHawG&dSygw,f? usr&Sifhudk apmxGef;&,f/ aemf=uifa&$wdk@eJ@ rdwfquf
ay;yghr,f?
ar; - aus;Zl;wifygw,f? aemufxyfjznfhpGufajymp&m/ ar;p&mrsm; &dSygao;ovm;?
aemfazg0g; - usrrdom;pkeJ@ usr&Gmw&GmvHk; tvHk;pHkqHk;&H_;cJh&ygw,f? usrwdk@ tdrfawG/ usrwdk@ ydkifqdkifor#awG/ usr
wdk@ toufarG;r_awG/ usrwdk@ pdkufcif;awGtm;vHk; r&dSawmhygbl;? bmqdkbmrS usrwdk@rSm r&dSawmhygbl;?
pkpnf;aus;&Gmpcef;rSm usrwdk@ quf+yD;touf&Sifvdk@r&ygbl;? usrwdk@ pdkufcif;udkvnf; oGm;vdk@r&/ ajr
ay:rSm bmrSvnf; pdkufvdk@r&awmhygbl;? tckusrwdk@ awmxJrSmaeae&ygw,f? rao&Hkwr,f usrwdk@
touf&Sifae=uwmyg?
ar; - tckvdk cifAsm;&J@ awG@ñuHcHpm;r_awGudk usaemhudk ajymjywJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dta=umif;awG
ndburma2.indd 136 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

ajymjyzdk@qdkwm cifAsm;twGuf t&rf;cufcJr,fqdkwm usaemfodygw,f? tu,fI cifAsm;eJ@ usaemfaemuf

xyfwacguf xyf+yD;pum; ajymcsifw,fqdk&if usaemfb,fvdkqufoG,f&rvJ?
aemfazg0g; - usr'Dae&mrSm c%wðzwf quf+yD;&dSaetHk;rSmyg? &SifvmawG@csifwJhtcsdef usreJ@ pum;jyefvmajymvdk@&
ygw,f?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm aemfazm0g;u ol. jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifhjzpf
ygonf? yGJOD; xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ygygonf? ol.
tuljzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ aemfazm0g;onf twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;cH&r_ESifh ywfoufI
atmufyg owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxrtcsuftaejzifh aemfazg0g;onf ol.ydkifajrrS z,f&Sm;cH&onfqdkaom tcsufudk oufaojy&eftwGuf
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ay;cJhonf? olwdk@. &Gmom;tm;vHk;udk xGufcGmoGm;&ef trdef@ay;cJhojzifh (etz)
ppfwyfu ‚wdk@tdrfrsm;udkrD;r&d_@cif &Edkifor#yPnf;rsm;udk ,lvmcJh&onf[k oluajymjycJhonf? tjcm; ol.
rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk awG@ qHkar;jref;jcif;jzifh aemfazg0g;. ajymjycsuf rSef- rrSefudk ppfaq;&mwGif taxmuftul
jzpfEdkifonf?
'kwd,tcsuftaejzifh twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;. usKd;a=umif;rJh obm0udk oufaowifjy&eftwGuf
aemfazg0g;u tao;pdwftcsuftvufay;cJhonf? oHvGifjrpftwGif; a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;/ (autef
t,fat) ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyQESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& zdESdyfr_ponfh tcsufrsm;tygt0if a&$ajymif;a&;jzpf&
onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;pGmudk oluxkwfE_wfajymjycJhonf? a&$@ajymif;&eftwGuf jyifqifcsdef tvHktavmuf
r&dScJhjcif;ESifh owfrSwfxm;aom a&$@ajymif;a&;pcef; (pkpnf;aus;&Gm)ae&monfvnf; twnfcsaexdkif&efrjzpfEdkif
aom tajctaersm;udk oluaxmufjyajymqdkonf? ol. xGufqdkcsufrsm;udk tajccsygu xdka&$@ajymif;jcif;
onf rw&m;aom/ rar#mfvifhxm;aom/ ta=umif;rqDavsmfaom enf;vrf;jzifh aqmif&GufcJhonf[ef ay:
vGifaeygonf?
wwd,tcsuftaejzifh olESifhol.rdom;pkonf twif;t"Rarmif;xkwfcH&onf[laom tcsufudk aemf
azg0g;u axmufjyxm;onf? (etz) ppfom;u olrrdom;pk tdrfuxGufay;&ef rnfodk@&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;trdef@
ay;cJhonfESifh aemufydkif; ol.tdrfrD;avmifaeonfudk awGcJh&onf@ta=umif;udk oluajymjycJhonf? ol@
tdrfeD;em;csif; typfowfcH&onfudk olawG@cJh&+yD;aemuf oltaeESifh (etz) ppfwyfudk a=umuf&GH@aea=umif;
udkvnf; ajymjycJhonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh ,if;a&$@ajymif;r_udPwGif tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk aemfazg0g;axmufjycJhonf?
a&$@ajymif;&mwGif wm0ef&dSaom wyf&if;twdtusudk aemfazg0g;taotcsm rajymjyEkdifaomfvnf;xkdppfom;
rsm;onf tpdk;&ppfwyf. ,leDazmif;rsm;0wfqifxm;=u+yD;/ (etz)u tvm;wl wdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk ,if;a'o
twGif; vkyfcJhbl;onfudk oluaxmufjyEkdifcJhonf? ,if;owif;tcsufu tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udkjyqkdEdkif
aom vHkavmufonfh owif;tcsuftvufjzpfonf?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apr_ESifh qufE$,faeaom owfjzwfr_ESifhydkifqdkifr_
yPnf; OPmrsm;zsufqD;r_uJhodk@aom tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;&&Sdygonf? ol. tdrfeD;
csif;rSm rnfonfh jypfr_r#r&SdbJ (etz) ppfom;u ypfowfcJha=umif;ajymjyonf? ol.tdrfESifh tjcm;olrsm; .
tdrfrsm;rSmvnf; rD;wif&_d@ zsufqD;cHcJh=u&onf? a&$@ajymif;cH&aom tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;udk awGqHkar;jref;jcif;
u ol. ajymqdkcsuf rSef-rrSef ppfaq;&mwGif taxmuftulðyvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;,la&; twGuf xyfrHar;jref;&ef vdktyfaumif;/ vdktyfrnf jzpfonf? aemfazm0g;u
aemufxyf awG@qHkajymqdk&ef oabmwlnDjcif;ESifh ar;jref;olu ol@udk rnfonfhae&mwGif qufoG,f&rnfudk
ndburma2.indd 137 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

od&Sdvmaoma=umifh awG@qHkar;jref;r_ aumif;rGefpGm tqHk;owfEdkifcJhygonf?
(5) ed*Hk;csKyf ?
- twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apr_. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifh tnD rSwfom;od&Sdvmjcif;?
- twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apr_ ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom
ar;cGef;rsm;a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azgufr_w&yfjzpfyGm;cJhjcif;&Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudkaqmif&Guf jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfh tcef;rsm;u twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apr_qdkif&m taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkI tao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
1/ twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;udk tumtuG,fay;r_onf EkdifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;tmrcHxm;jcif;r&dSay? odk@aomf vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;

oGm;vmcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm tdk;tdrftajccscGifh/ wpHkwOD;. tdk;tdrfodk@ ta=umif;rJhoufouf 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rS umuG,fay;xm;aomtcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyf
pGm tdrf,maqmufwnfcGifhtcGifhta&; uJhodk@aom tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;wGif ta=umif;rJhoufouf tdk;tdrfrSz,f&Sm;rcH&a&; tcGifhta&;udk tumtuG,fay;
onf [k em;vnfEdkifonf? ‚if;qif;oufvm aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;xm;aom t"duusonfh EkdifiHwumo abmwlpmcsKyfrsm;rSm atmufyg
wdk@ jzpfonf?
- uBmhvHk;qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (tcef; 12/ 13 ESifh 25)
- EkdifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (tcef; 12 ESifh 17)/ jrefrmEkdifiHu vufrSwfxdk;xm;jcif;r&dS?
- pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EkdifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf (tcef; 11)/ jrefrmEkdifiHu vufrSwf a&;xdk; xm;jcif;r&dS?
- uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (tcef; 27)/ touf 18 ESpf uav;rsm;twGuf tusHK;0ifonf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf c|if;csufjzifh ,if;pmcsKyf. tzGJ@0if
EkdifiHwEdkifiHjzpfonf?
- trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;yHkpHtm;vHk;tm; z,f&Sm;ypfa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (tcef; 14/ pmydk'f 5 (C)(3)/ jrefrmEkdifiHu vufrSwf &;xdk;xm;jcif;
r&dS?
- 1949 ckESpf *sDeDAmoabmwlpmcsKyf (tcef; 33 ESifh 49) ESifh aemufqufwGJ oabmwlpmcsKyf (tcef; 17) onf ppfyGJOya' rsm;. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonf?
xdkOya'rsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf tzGJ@0if EdkifiHwEkdifiHjzpfonf?
- tdkift,fvftdk oabmwlpmcsKyf/ eHygwf 169 vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHrsm;twGif; aexdkifaeaom Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh oufqdkif
onf/ tcef; (16)
twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif; txl;ojzifh tdk;tdrfwnfaqmufcGifhtm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESifhqufEG,faom tjcm;qufEG,fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif vlr_
wdk;wufa&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;a=unmpmwrf;/ uav;tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ 1976 ckESpf vlom;tajccsr_ Aeful;bm; a=unmpmwrf;/ rsdK;EG,fpkESifh rsdK;EG,fpkqdkif&m
tjrifusOf;ajrmif;r_a=unmpmwrf;ESifh zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;wdk@jzpfonf?
,if;taxmuftxm; rSwfwrf;rsm;udk (2006 ckESpf arv 17 &ufae@wGif aemufqHk;=unf&_xm;onf?) http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/ tifwmeuf pmrsuf
ESmwGif &&dSEdkifygonf?
xdk@tjyif vlenf;pk vlrsdK;pkrsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;tm; umuG,f[ef@wm;jcif; / tumtuG,fay;jcif;qkdif&m uBmhukovr~ vufatmufcHaumfr&Sif (vl@tcGifh
ta&;jr‡ifhwifjcif;ESifh tumtuG,fay;jcif; vufatmufcHaumfrwD[k trnfajymif;vJcJhonf?) u “twif;t"Rarmif;xkwfjcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;pGmudk
csdK;azmufaom tvGef}uD;rsm;onfh csdK;azmufr_wckjzpfum txl;ojzifh jynfhpHkpGm tdk;tdrfaexdkifcGifhudk t}uD;tus,f csdK;azmufxm;onf ” udk xyfavmif; twnfðy
xm;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfxm; onf?
ta=umif;rJhoufouf tdk;tdrfrSz,f&Sm;cH&jcif;tm; tumtuG,f&dScGifhudk EdkifiHwum"avhxHk;wrf; Oya' (CIL) . pHowfrSwfcsuf wcktjzpfvufcHxm;onf? (CIL)
qdkonfrSm EdkifiHrsm;. a,bk,susifhxHk;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmonfh Oay'pnf;urf;rsm;yg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonf? xdkusifhxHk;rsm;onf tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr#
Oya't&pnf;aESmiftm;&dSonfh Oya'wcktjzpf vufcHvm=uonf? tdk;tdrfwnfaqmufcGifh tcGifhta&;ESifh tdk;tdrfwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHawmf.
wm0ef&dSr_udk EdkifiHaygif; 50 ausmf. tajccH Oay'rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmefxm;ojzifh tdk;tdrfwnfaqmufcGifhtcGifhta&;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vufcHxm;jyD;jzpfonf?
tu,fI EdkifiHwckonf EkdifiHwum"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk vdkufem&ef tjrJwap jiif;qefygu xdkEkdifiHudk yvyfay;aumif; ay;Ekdifonf? jrefrmEdkifiH onf txufaz:jyyg
pmcsKyfrsm;teuf tcsdK@pmcsKyfrsm;wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif;r&dSaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHwum "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'u uif;vGwfcGifhay;Ekdifonftxd
ta=umif;rJhoufouf tkd;tdrfrSz,f&Sm;jcif;udk vHkavmufaom tqifhtxd qef@usifuef@ uGufxm;jcif; r&dSao;ay?
ndburma2.indd 138 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

EkdifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'/ EkdifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemaom Oya' ESifh EkdifiHwum"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;. ppfwrf;rsm;rS tod trSwf ðyxm;jcif;wGif ta=umif;
rJhoufouftdk;tdrfrSz,f&Sm;cH&jcif;tm; tumtuG,f&&dScGifhonf tajccH vl@tcGifhta&;wckjzpfonf? uBmhukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu 1998 ckESpf wGif
EkdifiHwGif;tdk;tdrfrJh aexdkif&r_qdkif&m vrf;!$efrlrsm;udk twnfðyxm;onf? Tvrf;!$efrlrsm;u tdk;tdrfrJholrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&eftjyif
tdk;tdrfrJhr_rS tumtuG,f&&dScGifh &dSa&;twGuf Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m vkyfief;abmifwckudk csrSwfay;xm;onf? vrf;!$efrlrsm;onf Oya'a=umif;t& pnf;aESmif
r_r&dSaomfvnf; Oya'tm;&dSaom EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;rS wqifhjyefvnfjzpfay:vmjcif;a=umifh vrf;!$efrlrsm;udk a,bk,s tm;jzifh
vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m&dSonf[k vufcHxm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif/ pD;yGm;a&; ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDtjyif a'owGif; tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom tar&duEdkifiHrsm;
tzGJ@tpnf; (OAS). tar&duefvHk;qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifESifh tmz&dunD!$wfa&;tzGJ@tpnf; (OAU)rsm;u vrf;!$efrlrsm;udk todtrSwfðyaom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; xkwfjyefxm;jyD;jzpfonf?
2/ The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/
idp_gp/idp.html (last visited 14 November 2007).
3/ rjzpfraevkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfjyD;/ vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD; aomqdkaomtcsufudk vrf;!$efr¾dKifu twdtus&Sif;vif;xm;jcif;r&dSay? odk@aomf

zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;udk jzpf&yfwckjcif; tay:wGifom rlwnfI pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&rnf[kqdkxm;onf? odk@aomf twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;jzpfay: apaomrnf
onfhzGH@òzd;a&;pDrHcsufudkrqdk txl;pHk;prf;ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&efvdktyfonf? EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u xdkvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm; zefwnf;
ðyvkyfxm;onf? uBmhb%fvkyfief;vrf;!$ef (4? 30) ESifhEdkifiHwGif; tdk;tdrfrJhr_ ESifh zGH@òz;r_pDrHcsufrsm;twGif; jyefvnftajccsr_qdkif&m tultnDay;a&;at*sifpDrsm;
twGuf pD;yGm;a&;yl; aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;tzGJ@}uD; (OEDC) . vkyfief;vrf;!$efu tu,fI zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHcsufwcka=umifh twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;udk
jzpfay:apEkdifygu “tjcm;tpm;xdk;Edkifaom ya&m*sufyHkpHrsm;” udk &SmazG&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifor# a&Smif&Sm;oihfjyD;
jzpfEdkifor# tenf;qHk;a&$@ajymif;r_udkom vkyfaqmfoifhonf[k xdkvkyfief;vrf;!$efrsm;u txl;wvnf ajymqdkxm;onf? Oyrm tjcm;tpm;xdk;ae&m odk@r[kwf
pDrHcsuftao;pdyfrsm;onf tajymif;tvJa=umifh jzpfay:vmrnfh a&$@ajymif;jcif;ta&twGufavsmhusapEkdifr_ay:wGif pOf;pm;&rnf? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mwGif
,if;vkyfief;pDrHcsufa=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usif ESifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;owfa&mufudk txl;tav;ay;pOf;pm;&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;udkvnf; OEDC vkyfief;vrf;!$efu
rD;armif;xdk;jyxm;onf? tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%f (ADB)wGifvnf; zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:vm&onfh tajccJhr_rsm; enf;yg;Edkifor# enf;yg;apa&;ESifh a&Smif&Sm;
Edkif&ef tvm;wl vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;vrf;!$efrsm; csrSwfxm;onf? ydkrdkod&dSvdkygu www.worldbank.org www.oedc.org www.adv.org wGif=unfh&_Edkif
ygonf?
4/ EdkifiHwGif;tdk;tdrfrJhr_vrf;!$efrlrsm;rl (6 - 8) t& EdkifiHwumOya'udk csdK;azmufjcif;r&dSaom twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;wGif atmufaz:jyyg tajctaersm;

yg&dS&rnf?
- tpm;xdk;I &Ekdifaom jzpfEkdifacstm;vHk;udk az:xkwf&rnf? vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf tdk;tdrfrJhr_udk tedrfhqHk;jzpfap&rnfjzpf+yD;/ tdk;tdrfrJhr_a=umifhxGufay:vmrnfh
qdk;0g;aom owfa&mufr_rsm;udkvnf; enf;yg;ap&rnf?
- tdk;tdrfajymif;a&$@r_onf tajctae. vdktyfonfhtcsdefxuf ydkI rjzpfap&?
- vHkðcHr_/ t[m&jznfhwnf;r_/ usef;rma&;/ wudk,fa&oef@&Sif;r_ESifh rdom;pk wpkwa0;wnf;&dSr_rsm;tygt0if a&$@ajymif;r_cH&aomolrsm;udk oifawmfaom ae&m
xdkifcif;pDpOfay;&rnf?
- a&$@ajymif;r_udk tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; csdK;azmufjcif;r&dSonfhenf;vrf;jzifh taumiftxnfaz:&rnf?
5/ Thailand Burmese Border Consortium, Internally Displaced People and Relocations Sites in Eastern Burma, September 2002, p. 3.
6/ Refugees International, Ending the Waiting Game: Strategies for Responding to Internally Displaced People in Burma, June 2006, p. 2.
7/ Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, Myanmar: Worst Army Attacks in Years Displace Thousands- A Profile of the Internal Displacement
Situation, 10 May 2006, p. 8.
8/ Refugees International, Ending the Waiting Game: Strategies for Responding to Internally Displaced People in Burma, June 2006, p. 5-6; Internal
Displacement Monitoring Center, Myanmar: Worst Army Attacks in Years Displace Thousands- A Profile of the Internal Displacement Situation,
10 May 2006, p. 38.
9/ Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, Myanmar: Worst Army Attacks in Years Displace Thousands- A Profile of the Internal Displacement
Situation, 10 May 2006, p. 21-23.
10/ Ibid. at p. 71-72.
ndburma2.indd 139 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

vGwfvyfpGm vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[efYwm;jcif;

(1) vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;qdkonfrSm -
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ ajrmufonf[kowfrSwfEdkif&efrSm t"du
pHE_H; owfrSwfcsuf(t*F g&yf)rsm; jynfhrD&efvdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf?
odk@r[kwf Oya'ESifhqef@usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf &Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaewckvdktyf
ygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;
jyXmef;csufrsm;rSaeI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif; rðyrDrSm
csKd;azmufr_[laom t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhyg
onf? Ttcef;wGif vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;[laom csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifapa&;twGuf
vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;. t"dy`g,fudk owfrSwfjcif;?

(u) EdkifiHwumOya't&qdkv#if vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudkydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_w&yftjzpf rSwfwrf;ðyEkdif
&eftwGuf atmufyg t*F g&yf (3) &yf xif&Sm;pGmjzpfa=umif;az:jy&ygrnf?1
1? vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif;?
2? Oya'ESifhrnDjcif;
1/ vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk oD;oef@umuG,fr_ay;xm;aom t"duusonfh EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf?

- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr-13? Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13
- ukvor~EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-12? UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Article 12
- ukvor~ vlrsKd;a&;t& rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh rqdk cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 5 (C) 1 ESifh 2?UN Convention
on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , Article 5(d)(i) and (ii)
- ukvor~ 'kQonfrsm;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-26? UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Article 26
- ukvor~ a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh olwdk@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;a&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 8 ESifh 39? UN Convention on
the Protection of the Rights of all Migrants Workers and Members of their Families, Article 8 and 39
Oya't& pnf;aESmifr_r&Sdaom vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk umuG,fr_ay;xm;onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rSwfwrf;rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ‚wdk@rSm -olwdk@
aexdkif&m EdkifiHY EdkifiHom;r[kwfolrsm; woD;yk~v jynfolrsm;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;/ Declaration on the Human Rights of Individu-
als Who are not Nationals of the Country in which they Live (Art. 5).
a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;uvnf; vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk owfrSwfazmfjyxm;=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- tar&duwdkufwGif vl@tcGifhta&;
qdkif&m tar&duefa=unmpmwrf; American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica” (Art. 22) ESifh vlom;wdk@. tcGifhta&;ESifh
wm0efrsm;qdkif&m tar&du a=unmpmwrf; American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (Art. 8) / Oa&mywdkufwGif vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
Oa&mywdkuf. EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf pwkˆ rl=urf; Fourth Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights (Art. 2) / tmz&duwdkufwGif
vlESifhjynfolrsm;qdkif&m tmz&du yÉdnmOfpmwrf; African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Art. 12) ESifh tod^m%fqdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vlr_
wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;qdkif&m urfygvm a=unmpmwrf; Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibility (Art. 4) / ta&S@
tv,fydkif; EdkifiHrsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tm&yfa=unmpmwrf; Arab Charter on Human Rights (Art. 20 and 21) rsm;jzpf=uonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@wGif
tvm;wl oabmwlnDcsuf&Sdaomfvnf; tmqD,HtzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;rðy&ao;yg?
TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif &,lEdkifygonf? (2008 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 27 aemufqHk; =unfh&_csuft&) see http://www2.ohchr.org/
english/law/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (CIL)udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfðyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? (CIL) onf tpdk;&. a,bk,svkyfaqmifcsufrS
vmonfh Oya'ausm&dk;wckjzpf+yD;/ tcsdef&vmonfESifhtr# pnf;aESmifr_&Sdonfh Oya'wcktjzpf vufcHvm=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHwckonf pOfqufrjywf
vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhydk tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;t& umuG,fr_ay;xm; =uygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf txufazmfjy
yg tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;rxm;aomfvnf;/ Ttjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_&Sdaeonf[k,lqEdkifyg
onf? (odk@r[kwfygu TOya't& pnf;aESmifr_ r&Sdap&ef tpOftquf jiif;y,fazmfjyr_rsKd; ðyvm&rnf jzpfonf?)
ndburma2.indd 140 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

(c) =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif; qdkonfudkrnfodk@owfrSwfoenf;?

vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk aESmifhaES;=uef@=umapjcif;tvdk@Xm oG,f0dSKufI (odk@ )wdkuf±dkuf[ef@wm;ydwf
yifjcif;/ aESmifh,Sufjcif;/ jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;wdk@udk tpdk;&Xme (odk@ ) tzGJ@tpnf;wckcku ðyvkyfaom rnfonfhaqmif&Gufrudk
rqdk “=um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif;”tjzpf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_ajrmufap
ygonf? “=um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif;” .yrm% twdkif;tqrSm oufqdkifr_r&Sdyg? vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh tcGifh
ta&;udk wenf;enf;jzifh tenf;tusOf; taESmuft,Suf jzpfaponf/ vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; wif;usyf uef@owfonfqdk
onfh twdkif;twmjzpfap =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif; ajrmufonf?2 “=um;0ifaESmuf ,Sufjcif;” yHkpHonfvnf; tvm;wl
oufqdkifr_ r&Sdyg? uef@owfxm;aom Oya'rsm;/ 'D*&Drsm;/ trdef@rsm;/ w&m;&Hk; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh &kyf0wˆKydkif;qdkif&m
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; tm;vHk;yg0ifonf?
(*) rnfonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;wGif yg0ifoenf;?

vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; Oya'rSodomxif&Sm;aom tcGifhta&;
(3) rsKd;jzifh v$rf;ðcHHjyXmef;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? TtcGifhta&;rsm;xJrS wckcktm; csKd;azmufjcif;onf vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;
oGm;vmcGifh tcGifhta&;tay: csKd;azmufjcif;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf? vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;
rSm -
(1) wdkif; EdkifiHwcktwGif; vGyfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh
(2) wdkif; EdkifiHwckckodk@ vGyfvyfpGm xGufcGm oGm;vmcGifh3
(3) rdrdydkifqdkif&m wdkif;EdkifiHwckcktwGif;odk@ vGwfvyfpGm 0ifa&mufEdkifcGifhwdk@ jzpfonf?
wdkif;EdkifiHwcktwGif; vGyfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh ESifh wdkif;EdkifiHwckckodk@ vGyfvyfpGmc&D;xGufoGm;vmcGifh tcGifh
ta&;rsm;onf wdkif;EdkifiHwcktwGif; wnf&Sdaom olwdk@.w&m;0ifr_udk tav;teufxm;p&mrvdkbJ wOD;wa,muf
qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk us,fjyef@pGm toHk;csEdkif&ef jyXmef;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? vGyfvyfpGm jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifhtcGifh
ta&;udk wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; &Sif;vif;pGmjyXmef;xm;jyD; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif wdkif;EdkifiHwckESifheD;uyfr_/ tvSrf;
a0;aom qufqHr_ rnfodk@&Sdonf jzpfap/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;twGuf TtcGifhta&; oufa&mufr_&Sd&ayrnf?
(C) rnfonfhtajctaewGif vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif; (uef@owfwm;

qD;r_)onf w&m;0ifoenf;?
rdrdydkifqdkif&mwdkif;EdkifiHwckcktwGif;odk@ vGwfvyfpGm 0ifa&mufcGifhomvSsif tuef@towfr&Sd/ tºuif;rJh tcGifh
ta&; jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm wdkif;EdkifiH wckonf TtcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI rnfonfh uef@owfwm;qD;cGifhrS w&m;0if
xkwfjyefcGifhr&Sday? rdrdydkifqdkif&m wdkif;EdkifiHtwGif;odk@ vlwa,mufudk 0ifa&mufcGifhtay: uef@owfwm;jrpfjcif;onfrnfodk@
aqmif&Gufonfjzpfap/ w&m;r0ifyg? odk@&mwGif tjcm;aomvGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;onf tuef@
towfrJh r[kwfbJ wdkif;EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;rS EdkifiHwGif;v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_ESifh EdkifiHjyify oGm;vmr_tay: w&m;0ifuef@owf
2/ vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif;[kqdk&mY &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& uef@owfwm;jrpfjcif;[k t"d`g,fzGifh&Hkr#om r[kwfbJ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&wm;

jrpf uef@owfjcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- apmihf=unfhaejcif;onf vGwfvyfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhtwGuf usL;vGefcsKd;azmuf aESmuf,Suf&ef &nf&G,f
aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf? See: Cooper v. Union of India, 1 Supreme Court Reporter 512, 1971.
3/ wdkif;EdkifiHwckckodk@ vGyfvyfpGm xGufcGmoGm;vmcGifhwGif tjrJwrf;jzpfap/ umvtwdkif;twm tuef@towfr&SdbJ wdkif;EdkifiHwckodk@ xGufcGmcGifh tcGifhta&;vnf; yg0if
ygonf? TtcGifhta&;t& vdktyfaom taxmuftxm; pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk pepfwusoHk;pGJEdkif&ef wdkif;EdkifiHtpdk;&rS ay;tyf&rnfjzpfonf?
Oyrm- EdkifiHom;wdkif;tm; wdkif;jynfrS EdkifiHul;vufrSwf xkwfay;&ef vdktyfjcif;(See: Varela Núñez v. Uruguay, Communication No. 108/1981, U.N. Doc.
CCPR/C/OP/2, 1990.)
ndburma2.indd 141 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

wm;qD;Edkifonf? xdkodk@qdk&mwGif tqdkyguef@owfwm;qD;r_rsm;onf owfrSwfxm;aomtajctaeESifh vdkuf avSsmnD

axG&SdrSomvSsif jyXmef;Edkifonf? EdkifiHwum w&m;Oya't& v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk uef@owfwm;qD;r_onf atmuf
azmfjyyg tajctaersm;YomvSsif w&m;0ifayonf?4
(1) Oya't& jyXmef;owfrSwfcsuf jzpf&rnf?
(2) w&m;Oya'ESifhavSsmfuefaom atmufazmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifhaomf aqmif&Guf&rnf?5
- trsKd;om; vHkðcHa&;t&6
- &yf&Gmwnf+idrfa&;t&
- udk,fusifh pm&dWESifh usef;rma&; umuG,f&ef vdktyfcsuft&
- tjcm;olrsm;. vGyfvyfr_ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf
(*) w&m;0ifaom ta=umif;jycsufwckcktwGuf xkwfjyefvkyfaqmifjcif;jzpf&rnf?7
EdkifiHwGif;v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_ESifh EdkifiHjyifyoGm;vmr_tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; wm;qD;uef@owfr_rsm;onf txuf
azmfjyyg tcsuf (3) csufrS wckckESifh udkufnDrSomvSsif w&m;0if jzpfrnf? v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhtay: wm;qD;uef@owfr_
onf txufyg pmom;rsm;rS wckckESifh udkufnDr_ r&SdvsSif w&m;r0ifbJ EdkifiHwum w&m;Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm; tay:csKd;
azmuf&ma&mufaponf?
(i) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudkydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif; ajrmufap&eftwGuf
tpdk;&wpf&yfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd; jzpf&efvdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum
todtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sdvlrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óud;yrf;aomtrsKd;om;
(EdkifiHawmftqifh) tzGJ@tpnf;”udk &nf!$ef;jcif; jzpfygonf?8 odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf
csKd;azmufr_wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ (odk@r[kwf) yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&ygv#if/
tpdk;&t&m&Sd wpfOD;u vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif; usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuf
twGufvdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifhaomf
vnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aomcsKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udkwm;qD;&efaomfvnf;
aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifhywfoufI vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&.ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf; yg0if
4 ukvor~ EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-12? 1966? UN International Covenant of Civil and
Political Rights, Article 12, 1966
5 w&m;Oya'ESifh avSsmfuefaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm oD;oef@oabm uef@owfr_&Sdygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm Tta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifhom wm;jrpfr_udk aqmif
&GufEdkif+yD;/ tvm;wl ta=umif;jycsufrsKd;jzifh vGyfvyfpGm qüxkwfazmfcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; uef@owfaumif; uef@owfEdkifonf?
6 trsKd;om;vHkðcHa&;udk tajccHI v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_rsm;udk wdkif;EdkifiHtpdk;&rS uef@owfcsuf xkwfjyef&eftwGuf/ Tuef@owfcsufonf “&Sif;vif;xif&Sm;jcif;/ jzpf vkqJESifh
pdk;&drfa=umufvef@zG,f&m” tajctaersKd;udk ‚wdkif;EdkifiHu umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaoma=umifhom xkwfjyefjcif;jzpf&rnf? (px&mhabmh*f xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf/
yk'fr 4 (C)? Strasbourg Declaration, Art. 4 (d)
7 “vdktyfcsuft&” qdkaomuef@owfcsufjzpf&eftwGuf/ ‚onf w&m;0ifonfh &nf&G,fcsufESifh udkufnD&rnf? wenf;tm;jzifh tu,fI tjcm;aomenf;tm;jzifh
‚&nf&G,fcsuftwGufudkyif uef@owfcsufðyygu/ ydkItaESmifht,SufESifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ eJrnfqdkygu ,cktqdkðyvmaom uef@owfcsufonf “vdktyfcsuf
t&r[kwf” [k qdkEdkifonf?
8 Mary Callahan, Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Coexistence. Washington, DC: East-West
ndburma2.indd 142 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

ygonf?9 om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&ygv#if vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudkydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif; usL;vGefaom yk~dKvf

rsm;wpfOD;csif;udk tjypfay;ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&muf
ygonf?10

rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif;wpfck r[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wpfckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ ðyae
onfrsdK; &Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;. tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;/
yk~vdu aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifonf?
Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm; tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) onf jynfwGif;Oya't& olwdk@
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tif
tm;pkrsm;(Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwumOya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsdK;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@. vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&efrvdktyfonfh
tajctae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@ usL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ (odk@r[kwf) vl
om;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfrrsdK;tjzpf owfrSwfI &vmv#if EdkifiHwumOya't&
twGuf/ tpdk;&uusL;vGefonf jzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) u
usL;vGefonf jzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
(3) ta&;}uD;aom t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfhar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;

rsm;pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf. toHk;0ifr_onf tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;olxd
a&muf+yD; vHkavmufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@tñuHESifhpGrf;&nfay:rSm t"dutm;jzifhrlwnfygvdrfhrnf? tcsuf
tvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aomt*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwumOya'
csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfEkdifa&;twGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;ðypk&mY taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? csKd;
owfrSwfcsufwpfck &&SdEdkifygonf?

- vkHðcHa&;ESifh v#Kd@0Sufa&;twGuf txl;*&kpdkuf&ef?
- aemufcHta=umif;jzifh tpcsD+yD;v#if/ ydkI ta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufyg?
- pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;ESifh wkH@jyefr_rsm;udk od&Sdatmif *&kðyyg?
9/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;[k qdk&mwGif tpdk;&tm%mydkifr_twGif; vkyfaqmiftaumiftxnfazmfaom tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-w&m;Oya'

pnf;=uyfa&;Xmersm;/ jynfol@ppfvufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;/ vkyf=uHowfjzwfa&;tzGJ@rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfonf?
10/ rSwfcsufðy&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fðy +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&.vkyf&yfudk oufaojy&efrvdktyfyg?
ndburma2.indd 143 26-Dec-09 13:05:24


- pdwf&Snf onf;cHyg? udk,fcsif;pmemaxmufxm;r_ tjynfh±dSyg?
- rdrdwdk@. &nf&G,fcsufudk oufqdkif&mta=umif;tcsuftvdkuf±Sif;jyyg?

1? =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ tajctaeudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- rnfol. vGyfvyfcGifhonf rnfonfht&mjzifh =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ cH&oenf;?
- rnfodk@ jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefu =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_udk awG@&SdcJh&oenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mY =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_udk awG@&SdcJh&oenf;?
- rnfodk@vGyfvyfcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif; cHcJh&oenf;?
- Todk@jzpfysufcJhonfudk oifrnfodk@od&SdcJhoenf;?
2? v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_ tajctaeudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- rnfolonf v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmaeol (odk@r[kwf) v_yf&Sm;oGm;vm&ef óu;yrf;aeol jzpfcJhoenf;?
- wdkif;EdkifiHESifh qufEG,fywfouf&mwGif ol- olrY rnfonfh w&m;0ifr_ tajctae&Sdoenf;?
- rnfonf@ae&mrS (odk@r[kwf) rnfonfh ae&modk@ ol (odk@ ) olr oGm;vmcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefwGif TudP jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- rnfodk@ ol- olr c&D;oGm;vmcJhoenf;?
- Towif;tcsuftvuftm; oifrnfodk@ od&SdcJhoenf;?
ndburma2.indd 144 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

3? =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; owfrSwfjcif;?

- rnfonfh tm%mydkif vufatmufY =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ jzpfay:apcJhoenf;?
- =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_onf Oya't& jyXmef;xm;ygovm;? rnfonfh Oya'enf;?
- rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh wm;qD;uef@owfr_udk jzpfapcJhygoenf;?
- wm;qD;uef@owfr_onf vdktyfonfh t&mudPavm?
- wm;qD;uef@owfr_. yef;wdkifonf tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhaum &&SdEdkifygovm;/ rnfodk@enf;?

- pDpOfr_udk rnfolu ðyvkyfoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;tenf;? Tta=umif;udk rnfolwdk@odoenf;? Ttvkyf
- TtjzpfESifhywfoufI wdkif=um;jcif;ðycJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifhwdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwf tb,fh
- Tjzpf&yfESifhywfoufI tpdk;&rS rnfodk@ wkef@jyef / umuG,fr_ ðycJhoenf;?
EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifh vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wpfck. t*F g&yfrsm;onftpOftjzifhtqifoifhay:
vGif xif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwpfOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfouf
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aeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_.
t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus vGwfvyfpGmv_yf
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jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH ay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifh ywfoufaom taumif;ESifhtqdk;om"
ursm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGmtcsuftvuf
&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmuf

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tae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuf tvuf&Sm
azGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif; odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul&
ndburma2.indd 145 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;r_rðyrD/

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&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
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upI tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod&ufpufjcif; enf;jAL[mjzifhwdkif;jynf
udk tkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmyif EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD (etz) ppftpdk;
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qdk;usKd;udk rrSswpGm oufa&mufcHpm;&r_ &SdapcJhonf?
EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;onf (etz) ppftpdk;&ESifh ppftpdk;&ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;rS xkwfay;xm;aom EdkifiHom;
pDppfa&;u'fjym;rsm;udk o,faqmifoGm;&ef vdktyfonf?11 Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;rygaom vlyk~dKvfwdkif;
onf zrf;qD;cH&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ aiGawmif;cH&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ cH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfjim;
vnf; Ttaxmuf txm;&&Sdzdk@&efrSm aiGa=u;tukeftus rsm;vGef;+yD;/ &dk[if*smuJhodk@ tcsKd@aom vlrsKd;pk
rsm;onf (etz) ppftpdk;&xHrS jrefrmEdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfrðyonfhtwGuf tvm;wlEdkifiHom; rSwf
yHkwifu'fjym; &&Sd&efrjzpfEdkifacs?12 ntdyfnae {nfhonfrsm;onfvnf; a'oqdkif&m (etz) ppftpdk;& tm
%mydkifrsm;xH {nfhpm&if;wdkif=um;&ef vdktyfonf? Todk@{nfhpm&if;wdkif=um;&ef ysufuGufygu tqdkyg{nfh
onf tzrf;cH&jcif;/ '%faiGaqmif&jcif;/ axmif cscH&jcif;wdk@ uJhodk@aom tjypf'%frsKd;pHkudk cH&rnfjzpfonf?
‚wdk@. jzwfav;jzwfay:vpDwavSsmufvHk; (etz) ppftpdk;&onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk qef@usifbuf
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ tm;vHk;tm;enf;oGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fI tpm;tpm/ aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_/ vlopf
pkaqmif;r_/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vufcH&&SdEdkifr_wdk@udk uef@owfjiif;y,fxm;+yD;/ tjyif;txefuef@owf
csKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk a'otwGif; ðyvkyfcJhonf? Todk@ðyvkyf&mwGif wif;usyfaom nr
xGuf&trdef@/ owfrSwfaom ae&ma'otwGif; xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ a&G@ajymif;xm;aom aus;&Gmrsm;udkjcHpnf;
&dk;cwfxm;jcif; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf? tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;rSm ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;/ uef@owfe,fajrtwGif;
ypfcwfjcif;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; jzef@usufxm;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf?13 tu,fI &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf rdrd. &yf&Gm
todkif;todkif;rS xGufcGmoGm;vmvdkygu c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsufawmif;cH&rnfjzpfonf?14 c&D;oGm;vufrSwf
&Sdaom aus;vufae c&D;oGm;olwdk@yif ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;vmzdk@twGuf aiGa=u;ay;aqmif&
wwfonf?15
11/ Belak, Brenda, “Migration and Trafficking,” in Gathering Strength: Women from Burma on Their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002, http://
www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/GS12.migration-and-trafficking.pdf (last visited 26 August 2008), pg. 169.
12/ Human Rights Documentation Unit, Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2006, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, 2006, http://
www.ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/movement.html#Introduction, (last visited 25 August 2008). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, “Myanmar
(Burma): Rakhine (Arakan) State: Human Rights Abuses against the Rohingya Population is Increasing,” December 2005, http://www.internal-displace-
ment.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/1C29E4E5A2D5D280C125716A0040E2F6?OpenDocument, (last visited 26 August 2008).
www.ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/movement.html#Introduction, (last visited 25 August 2008).
14/ Burma Issues, Shoot on Sight: The ongoing Offensive Against Villagers in Northern Karen State, December 2006, http://www.burmaissues.org/En/reports/OSP.
pdf, (last visited 25 August 2008).
15/ McCoy, Cliff, Turning Treasure into Tears, EarthRights International, January 2007, p. 27.
ndburma2.indd 146 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

EdkifiHwum c&D;oGm;vmr_udk uef@owfxm;r_t&/ w&m;0if EdkifiHul;vufrSwf&&Sda&;rSm EdkifiHom;trsm;pk

twGuf cufcJ+yD; vmbfay;vmbf,l udPrsm;/ aESmifhaES;r_rsm; awG@ñuH&rnfjzpfonf?16
tvkyftudkiftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ ynma&;tcGifhtvef;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif;EdkifiHul;vuf
rSwfr&SdbJ EdkifiHudk xGufcGmoGm;vmcGifhr&Sday/ tusdK;quftaejzifh vlaygif;rsm;pGmonf w&m;r0ifenf;vrf;jzifh
a&G@ajymif;oGm;vmae=uonf? xdk@tjyif tcsKd@aomEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;ol wdk@onfvnf; EdkifiHjyifyoGm;vmjcif;
aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdcifEdkifiHwGif; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcGifhaomfvnf;aumif; ydwfyifxm;qD;jcif;cH&onf?17
vlom;csif;pmemr_ taxmuftulðytzGJ@rsm;ESifh tultnDay;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; ‚wdk@vkyfief; aqmif
wmrsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif c&D;oGm;vmcGifhvufrSwf xkwfay;&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ c&D;oGm;vm&mwGifvnf;
aumif; aESmifhaES;=uef@=umr_rsm; jzpfay:apatmifvkyfxm;onf? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ ukvor~
at*sifpDrsm;ESifh a'oqdkif&m vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; obm0ab;'%fcH&aom t&yfa'o
rsm;ESifh yÉdyQjzpfyGm;&m a'orsm;odk@ oGm;vmcGifhudkvnf; jiif;y,fcHxm;&qJ jzpfonf?18

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;
twGuf tcsuftvufyHkpHwckudk atmufrSmOyrmazmfjy ay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_w&yf.
t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;
wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh tnD owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufyg
tcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? vGyfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_?
2? Oya'ESifhrnDjcif;?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- vGyfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_19

Zirf;xefonf ol.pm;0wfaea&;twGuf wD;wdefòr@rS ukefpnfrsm;udk0,f,lI ESpf&ufwmc&D;udk ajcAvm
jzifhoGm;vm&aom jrefrmEdkifiH/ csif;jynfe,fESifh tdüd,EdkifiH rDZdk&rfjynfe,fodk@ e,fpyfjzwfausmf ukefpnful;oef;
aeolwOD;jzpfonf? Ttvkyftudkifjzifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdk rdbrsm;ESifh armifESrig;OD;. pm;0wfaea&;udkaxmufyHh
ae&oljzpfonf?
vGefcJhaom oHk;vcef@u (etz) ppftpdk;&u wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif twdkuftcHtzGJ@ wckjzpfaom csif;
trsKd;om;wyfOD;onf olwdk@.ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf Tvrf;c&D;tm;toHk;ðyaeonf[k ouFmruif;jzpf
16/ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “Burma: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2007,” US Department of State, 11
March 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100515.htm (last visited 25 August 2008).
17/ Van Biak Thang, “Professor Dr. Salai Tun Than To Stage Hunger Strike Over Burma's Referendum In New York,” Chinland Guardian, 1 April
2008, http://www.chinlandguardian.com/index.php/Home/301, (last visited 26 August 2008). “Comedian Zarganar Denied Passport,” Irrawaddy,
23 June 2006, http://www.bma-online.org/BMW_2006_Apr_Jun.html#6 (last visited 26 August 2008).
18/ BBC, “Burma 'Closes' Red Cross Offices,” 27 November 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6188020.stm, (last visited 26 August
2008). Medicins Sans Frontieres, “Why the French Section of MSF has Ended its Activities in Myanmar,” 30 March 2006, http://www.msf.org/
msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=4613E1EB-0D4F-C582-2770E8597606F085&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html, (last visited
26 August 2008). Yuki Akimoto, Post-Nargis Analysis: The Other Side of the Story, October, 2006, pp. 11-12.
19/ ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdðyapvdkygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;ðyazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD;a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wck udk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?
ndburma2.indd 147 26-Dec-09 13:05:24

ojzifh wD;wdefòr@rSe,fpyfodk@ c&D;oGm;vmr_rsm;udk uef@owfr_rsm;ðyvkyfvmcJhonf? ,cktcgqdkvSsif vrf;c&D;

wavSsmufY aexdkifaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf rdrdaexdkif&m aus;&Gmjyifyodk@ c&D;oGm;vmcGifhtwGuf
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rsm;udkwifjy&+yD; aiGa=u;ay;aqmif&rnfjzpfonf? Todk@aom uef@owfr_ topfrsm;onf w&m;0ifay:vpD
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csufrsm;jzpfonf?
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ol.rdom;pkudk tjcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh axmufyHjcif;iSm rwwfomojzifh Zirf;xefonf vGefcJhaom
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atmifauG@a&Smifywfum tjcm;aomvrf;rsm;udkoHk;I e,fpyfodk@oGm;vmcJhonf? vGefcJhaomESpfywfu Zirf;
xefonf ol.ukefpnfrsm;udk o,fydk;um tdüd,odk@oGm;onfh ol.c&D;wGif (etz) ppfom; 5-OD; ol@tem;
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ppfom;rsm;uol@udk csKyfaESmifum ol.ukefpnfrsm;udkvnf; odrf;,lvdkufonf? “wcgwav tcsKyfxJrSm
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udkcsnfaESmifxm;aom vufrSóu;udkajzEdkifcJh+yD; wdwfwdfwfuav; xGufajy;cJhonf?
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&Sdonf?
ndburma2.indd 148 26-Dec-09 13:05:25


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jref;jcif;. om"ujzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;rGefaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. om"ujzpfygonf? om
"uwckpD. atmufajcwGif ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf?

ar; - etzppftpdk;&u cifAsm;&J@ vGyfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmcGifhudk csKd;azmufcJhwm [kwfygovm;?
Zirf;xef - usaemfawmhxifwmyJ/ olwdk@vdktyfwmu &GmawGudkpGef@cGmoGm;vmzdk@twGuf c&D;oGm;vufrSwf&Sdaezdk@ vdk
w,f/ +yD;awmh t"duvrf;r}uD;ay:rSm ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGvnf; zGifhxm;ao;w,f/ usaemfhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
twGuf usaemfyHkrSefoGm;vm&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dvdktyfvsufu c&D;oGm;vmzdk@twGuf tawmfudkcufcJw,f
Asm?
ar; - cifAsm; c&D;oGm;vmwJhudPudk olwdk@=um;0ifaESmuf,Sufovm;?
Zirf;xef - [kwfuJh/ usaemf awG@zl;wmuawmh c&D;oGm;vmzdk@udk rjzpfEdkifoavmuf eD;eD;ygyJ?
ar; - 'DvdktyfcsufeJ@ywfoufvdk@ Oya'xkwfjyefxm;cJhwm&Sdovm;?
Zirf;xef - usaemfawmh rodbl;As/ wae@rSm(etz) ppftpdk;&u ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGzGifh+yD; c&D;oGm;vufrSwf vdktyfw,f
vdk@qdk+yD; pwifawmif;awmhwmygyJ?
ar; - qdkawmh w&m;Oya'enf;vrf;t& (etz) ppftpdk;&u olwdk@ bmvdk@ 'DvdkvdktyfcsufawGudk jyXmef;&w,fqdk
wm r&Sif;jybl;aygh?
Zirf;xef - olwdk@ajymwJh ta=umif;jycsufuawmh twdkuftcH wdkif;&if;om; olykefawG&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_udk xdef;csKyfzdk@twGuf
vdk@ajymwmyJ/ 'gayrJh 'Da'orSm 'DtkyfpkawG &Sdaew,fqdkwm rjrif&oavmufygyJ?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ qüazmfxkwfcGifh tcGifhta&;udk tpdk;&ydkif;u wa,mufa,mufu =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufwm ñuHzl;
ovm;?
Zirf;xef - jrefrmppfwyfu ppfom;awG zrf;wmudk usaemf cHcJh&ygw,f?

yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azmufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif;rSwfwrf;
ðy&efwnf;[laom awG@qakH r;jref;jcif;. &nfreS ;f csuf ayguaf jrmufjcif;r&Sad cs? jzpfymG ;yHu
k kd tao;pdwaf y:vGiaf pa&;
twGuf ar;cGef;rsm;vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onf jzpf&yf. &kyfyHkum;csyfudk tjynfht0az:
jya&;wGif txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
ndburma2.indd 149 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm rnf

odk@ajz=um;oifha=umif; Zirf;xefudk t&dyftuJjyonfhoabmjzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf” odk@r[kwf
“r[kwfyg” [kajzaeygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk usefoGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol
taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ Zirf;xef bufu
vnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyfajymjyvdkonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol =um;vdkaomtajz
rsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm;oGm;Edkifygonf?
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom vGyfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ jzpf&yfrsm;onf
tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaom
awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh ydkifqdkifaomyPnf;rsm;udk t"Rodrf;,lr_uJhodk@aom usL;vGefr_trsm;
tjym;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- Zirf;xef. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvuf wpHkw&mudk
T awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? Zirf;xef .owif;udk yHhydk;twnfðya&;twGuf oufaotaxmuf
txm;&Sd/ r&Sd? odk@r[kwf q&m0efaq;ppfcsufuJhodk@aom tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;&Edkif/ r&Edkif ol@tm;ar;
=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom rSwfwrf; ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif; jzpfonf?

ar; - Zirf;xefcifAsm;/ cifAsm;xGufajy;zdk@ bma=umifhqHk;jzwf&ovJqdkwmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmjzpfysuf
aeyHkawGudk ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
Zirf;xef - usaemf jy\empwufwmuawmh (etz) ppftpdk;&u wD;wdefòrd@uae tdüd,e,fpyfudkoGm;wJh t"du
vrf;r}uD;rSm ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGcs+yD; tukefvHk;c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsufvufrSwf&SdrS&r,f qdk+yD; puwnf;
uayghAsm? ppfom;wcsdK@u usaemfhudkzrf;w,f bmvdk@vnf;qdkawmh usaemfhrSmc&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsuf
vufrSwf r&Sdvdk@av?
ar; - c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsufvufrSwfeJ@ ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGu cifAsm;&J@ vkyfief;udkifief;udk b,fvdk taESmuf
t,Suf ay;ovJAs?
Zirf;xef - e,fpyfjzwfausmf ukefa&mif;ukef0,fvkyfaeol wa,muftaeeJ@ usaemfh&Gmuae e,fpyfudkc%c% c&D;
oGm;vm&ygw,f/ c&D;oGm;wdkif;oGm;wdkif; usaemfcGifhðycsuf awmif;&ygw,f? tJ'gu tcsdeftawmfay;&+yD;
aiGukefa=u;usvnf;rsm;ygw,f? t"duvrf;r}uD;udkoHk;+yD;oGm;wdkif; ppfaq;a&;*dwfwdkif;udkvnf; aiGay;&yg
w,f? usaemf tJ'D tydkukefusr_awGudk ray;Edkifawmhygbl;?
ar; - tJ'Dvdkay;&wm b,favmufay;&ygovJ?
Zirf;xef - olwdk@trsKd;rsKd; awmif;wmygyJ/ c&D;oGm;vmcGifh vufrSwftwGuf tm%mydkifawGu 2˜ 000 usyfawmif; ygw,f/
'gayrJhvdk@ oGm;vmwJh tcsdeftqifajyajy&zdk@qkd&if tm%mydkifawGudk tydkaiG vmbfxdk;&ygw,f/ ppfaq;a&;
*dwfrSmawmh ukefusaiG owfowfrSwfrSwf xm;wmr&Sdygbl;/ odk@aomfvnf; vHkðcHa&;wm0efusawGu jzwf
oef;oGm;vmc qdk+yD;awmif;ygw,f? ukefonfyGJpm;awG[m olrsm;xufydk+yD;ay;&ygw,f/ bmvdk@vnf;qdk
awmh usaemfwdk@[m pD;yGm;a&;twGuf oGm;vmolawGjzpfw,fqdkwm olwdk@odvdk@yg?
ar; - tu,fI ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGrSm tppfcHzdk@&,f/ c&D;oGm;vmcGifh vufrSwfr&SdbJ oGm;vmwmudk cGifhrðybl;
qdk+yD; Oya'jyXmef;xm;cJhw,fvdk@ cifAsm;odovm;?
ndburma2.indd 150 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

Zirf;xef - usaemfrodygbl;/ usaemxifwmuawmh 'g[mppfwyfu trdef@xkwfxmvdk@ xifygw,f/ usaemwdk@ b,fwkef;

urS bmtrdef@rSxkwfxm;wm rawG@rdcJhygbl;/
ar; - bmvdk@c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsufvufrSwf&,f ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGudk zGifhwJh ta=umif;cifAsm;odovm;
Zirf;xef - olwdk@ay;wJh ta=umif;jycsufuawmh wdkif;&if;om;twdkuftcH olykefawG&J@ v_yf&Sm;rludk uef@owfzdk@vdk@awmh
ajymwmygyJ/ 'gayrJh usaemfawmh 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGudkawG@wm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;ygyJ?
ar; - cifAsm;pD;yGm;a&;udk b,fvdkqufvkyfcJhovJ?
Zirf;xef - usaemfnbufusrS &GmuxGuf+yD; tapmifhr&SdwJh *dwfawGudkjzwfygw,f/ +yD;awmh e,fpyfudk vrf;oG,fav;
awGuaeoGm;ygw,f?
ar; - b,fwkef;u ppfom;awGu cifAsm;udkzrf;rdvJ/ +yD;awmhbmjzpfovJ?
Zirf;xef - usaemfvrf;usOf;av;rSm c&D;oGm;aewkef; ppfom;awGusaemfhqDudk a&mufvmygw,f +yD;awmh c&D;oGm;vm
cGifh cGifhðycsufvufrSwfawmif;ygw,f? olwdk@usaemf@udkzrf;csKyf+yD; olwdk@ppfpcef;udkac:oGm;ygw,f bmvdk@vJ
qdkawmh usaemf@rSm c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsuf vufrSwfr&Sdvdk@yg/ uHaumif;axmufrpGmyJ usaemfvGwfatmif
xGufajy;vmEdkifcJhygw,f/ 'Daemufydkif; usaemf tdüd,EdkifiHudk xGufvmcJhwmyg?
ar; - cifAsm;c&D;oGm;wmudk b,fvdkta=umif;jycsufay;+yD; ppfom;awGu ydwfyif[ef@wm;cJhwmvJ?
Zirf;xef - olwdk@bm ta=umif;jycsufrS ray;cJhygbl;/ usaemfwdk@ csif;awGu tjrJwrf;pnf;urf;udk a&SmifvìJzdk@óud;pm;w,f
vdk@yJajymygw,f/ olwdk@ajymwmqdkwm t&rf;&dkif;pdkif;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;udkzrf;wm b,fuppfom;awGvJ?
Zirf;xef - olwdk@u jrefrmppfwyfuppfom;awGyg/ 'gayrJh b,fwyf&if;uqdkwmudkawmh usaemfaoaocsmcsmrodyg
bl;?
ar; - ppfom;awGqDuae cifAsm;xGufajy;vm+yD;aemufydkif; bmawGqufjzpfao;vJcifAs?
Zirf;xef- aemufwae@rwdkifciftxd wnvHk;usaemfawmufavSsmufajy;aewmyg/ aemufqHk;rSm usaemfe,fpyfudka&muf
atmifvmcJhayrJhvnf;/ tm%mydkifawGu e,fpyfudkydwfvdkufyg+yD? olwdk@ b,folwOD;wa,mufudkrS wdkif;jynf
xJuae xGufcGifhray;awmhygbl;/ usaemfaevdk@rjzpfbl;qdkwm usaemfodygw,f tJ'ga=umifh awmvrf;uae
jzwf+yD; e,fpyfudk ausmfvmcJhwmyg?
ar; - cifAsm;tajctaevdkrsKd; ñuH&wJh tjcm;wa,mufa,muf &SdOD;rvm;Asm oleJ@pum;ajymvdk@aum&rvm;?
Zirf;xef- [kwfuJh/ tJ'DrSm usaemfh&Gmuae tjrJwrf;e,fpyfausmf+yD; ukefa&mif;ukef0,fvkyfwJh olawG&Sdygw,f/ olwdk@
uae cifAsm;udk usaemfwdk@tay:rSm (etz) ppftpdk;&u b,fvdk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;w,fqdkwmudk ajym
jyvdrfhr,f? tu,fI cifAsm;olwdk@txJu wa,mufa,mufudk awG@csifw,fqdk&if/ olwdk@aewJhae&mudk
usaemf cifAsm;udk ac:oGm;vdk@&ygw,f?
ar; - tJ'gaumif;wmayghAsm/ cifAsm;xyfajymcsifwm 'grSr[kwf usaemfhudk ar;jref;csifwmav;awG rsm;&SdOD;rvm;
rodbl; cifAs?
Zirf;xef - usaemfxyf+yD;ajymp&m &SdtHk;r,fvdk@rxifawmhygbl;?
ar - cifAsm;tawG@tñuHawGudk usaemfhudk rSsa0ay;wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;trsm;}uD;wifygw,fcifAsm/ wu,fvdk@
usaemf cifAsm;udk xyf+yD;ajymqdkar;jref;csifwmav;awG&Sdr,fqdk&if b,fvdkqufoG,f&rvJcifAsm?
ndburma2.indd 151 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

Zirf;xef - usaemf'DqdkifrSmyJaps;a&mif;+yD;aeygw,f/ 'ga=umifh tu,fI cifAsm;odcsifwm ar;jref;csifwmav;awG &Sd&if

'DudkyJ vmvdk@ &ygw,fAsm?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[k qdk&jcif;rSm Zirf;xef u ol@jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifhjzpf
ygonf? yGJOD;xGuf ar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJ ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
csKd; azmufr_wcktjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY ol.ajz=um;csufrsm;onf
taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if Zirf;xef onf vGyfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk csKd;
azmufr_ESifh ywfoufI atmufyg owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- Zirf;xefonf vGyfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk csKd;azmufr_ owfrSwfa&;twGuf vdktyfaom
owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ay;onf? olonf tm%mydkifrsm;rS &Gmjyifyodk@ oGm;vmcGifh&&Sd&eftwGuf c&D;oGm;
vmcGifh cGifhðycsuf vdktyfa=umif; !$ef;qdkjycJhonf? TvufrSwfonf tcsdefESifhwajy;nDr&&SdEdkif/ rxkwfay;Edkifay?
tm%mydkifrsm;rS ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm; zGifhvSpfxm;+yD; aiGa=u;awmif;cHr_ðyaejcif;udkvnf; ajymjycJhonf? xyfrHI
olonf vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;rS tdüd,e,fpyfjzwfausmf*dwfudkvnf; ydwfqdk@vdkuf+yD;/ vltrsm;wdkif;jynf
xJrS xGufcGmoGm;cGifhudk cGifhrðya=umif;vnf; ajymjycJhonf? tjcm;aom e,fpyfjzwfausmf ukefpnful;oef;a&mif;
0,folrsm;udk tifwmAsL;vSsif Towif;tcsuftvufudk twnfðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
'kwd,- Zirf;xefonf ol.c&D;oGm;vmcGifhtcGifhta&;udk usifhoHk;jcif;[k owfrSwfa&;twGuf tao;pdwf
tcsuf tvufrsm;udk ay;tyfcJhonf? ol.&GmrS e,fpyfodk@ c&D;oGm;vmjcif;tm;jzifh/ olonf olydkifEdkifiHwGif;
c&D;oGm;vmae jcif;omjzpfonf? ol.oufaocHcsufonf ol.c&D;oGm;vmcGifhtcGifhta&;udk usifhoHk;jcif;jzpf
onf[k t=uHðy&m a&mufonf?
wwd,- Zirf;xefonf ol@tm; 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Sufjcif;onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; owfrSwf&eftwGuf
tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udkay;tyfcJhonf? olonf ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;ESifh c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsuf
vufrSwfvdktyfjcif;onf Oya'jyXmef;xm;r_ &Sd-r&Sd raocsmaomfvnf;/ Twm;jrpfcsufonf w&m;Oya'
vrf;a=umif;t& jzpfEdkifacsr&SdrSef;odonf? twdkuftcHolykeftzGJ@rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_udk uef@owf&efqdkaom
ta=umif;jycsufonf vdktyfcsufESifh w&m;0ifr_wdk@twGuf pHcsdefpH!$ef; jynfhpHkonfh tvm;tvmr[kwfacs? xdk@
a=umifh 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Sufjcif;onf w&m;r0ifa=umif;udk ay:xGufvmaponf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- csKd;azmufr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk Zirf;xefu az:jycJhonf? c&D;oGm;
vmcGifh cGifhðycsufvufrSwf r&Sdjcif;a=umifh ol@tm;jrefrmppftpdk;&rS ppfom;rsm; zrf;qD;jcif;onf ol.vGyfvyfpGm
c&D;oGm;vmcGifh tcGifhta&;udk 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Sufjcif; jzpfa=umif;ajymjycJhonf? TtcsufESifhyifv#if tpdk;&
. yg0ifywfoufr_udk jyo&ef vHkavmufygonf?
TawG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;rSaeI vGyfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmcGifhudkcsKd;azmufjcif;ESifh qufE$,faeonfh ydkifqdkifcGifh
udk csKd;azmufjcif;ESifh Oya'rJhaiGawmifcHjcif; uJhodk@aom tjcm;csKd; azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;&
&Sdygonf?
Zief;xefonf ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;vmcGifh&zdk@ESifh c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðycsufvufrSwf
tcsdefrSD&&Sdzdk@&eftwGuf tm%mydkifrsm;udk vmbfaiGay;aqmif&a=umif; udkajymjycJhonf? ppfom;rsm;rSol.
tdüd,odk@ ukefa&mif; ukef0,fvkyfaeonfh yPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,lcJha=umif;udkvnf;ajymjycJhonf? ol.jzpf&yfudk
Zirf;xef. oli,fcsif;rsm;udk tifwmAsL;vSsif oufaocHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? tjcm;aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk
owfrSwf&eftwGuf aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm; ar;&efvdktyfrnfjzpfonf? tifwmAsL;onf aumif;rGef pGm+yD;qHk;cJhyg
onf/ tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Zirf;xefonf aemufxyf tjcm;ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz=um;&efvnf; toifh&Sd+yD;/
ar;jref;olonfvnf; ol@udkrnfodk@ qufoG,f&rnfudkvnf; od&SdcJh&aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
ndburma2.indd 152 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

(3) ed*Hk;csKyf ?
- vGyfvyfpGmc&D;oGm;vmcGifhudk [ef@wm;ydwfqdk@jcif;.t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwfom;od&Sdvmjcif;?
- vGyfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmcGifhudk [ef@wm;ydwfqdk@r_ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf
ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef;rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azmufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Gufjcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfhtcef;rsm;u vGyfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmcGifhudkydwfqdk@r_. taxmuftxm;rsm;
udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkItao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
ndburma2.indd 153 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

(1) rk'drf;jyKusifhrIESifh tjcm;aom vdifrIqdkif&m tMurf;zufrI yHko@efrsm;

EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ ajrmuf&efrSm csKd;azmufr_. t"dut*F g&yf
qef@usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf&Sdae&rnfh ywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHkvdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifh
aeIay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;rðyrDrSm csKd;azmufr_ [l
aom t"d`g,fudkowfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfht*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? T
tcef;wGif rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHko¿mefrsm; usL;vGefcsKd;azmufjcif;wnf;[laom
csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifapa&;twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2)rk'drf;ðyusifhr_. t"dy`g,fudk owfrSwfjcif;

(u) EdkifiHwum Oya't&qdkv#if rk'drf;ðyusifhr_. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
rk'drf;ðyusifhr_udk vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_ wcktaeESifh rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&eftwGuf atmufazmfjyygt*F g&yf
(3) &yf xif&Sm;a=umif; azmfjy&ygrnf?1
1? vdifr_oabm obm0t& &kyfydkif;qdkif&m usL;ausmfcH&jcif;?
2? EdkifxufpD;eif; ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüryg&Sdjcif;?
rk'drf;r_ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;

rk'drf;r_udk vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHkpHwrsKd;tjzpf wm;jrpfuef@owfxm;ygonf? odk@twGuf vdifr_qdkif&m
t=urf;zufr_udk wm;jrpfuef@owfxm;onfh Oya'a=umif;udPrsm;onf rk'drf;r_udkygwm;jrpfxm;ygonf? odk@
aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomOya'rsm;onf rk'drf;r_udk wdwdusus t"d`g,fzGifhqdkxm;ygonf? ‚wdk@rSm -
1/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'atmufwGif rk'drf;jyKusifhr_ESifh ywfoufI wnDw!Gwfwnf; t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuf r&Sdyg? wenf;qdk&aomfrk'drf;r_[lonfrSm vdifr_qdkif&m

t=urf;zufr_ tpktaygif;[kqdk&rnf jzpfaeygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_udkwm;jrpfxm;onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'rsm;u rk'drf;r_udk
vnf; wm;jrpfxm;=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; &Hzef&efcg rk'drf;r_udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;wGif oD;jcm;xif&Sm;pGm t"d`g,fzGifhqdk jyXmef;xm;onfvnf;&Sdygonf?
‚wdk@rSm -
- *sDeDAm uGefAif;&Sif;? yk'fr -27
- tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;twGuf a&mrjyXmef;csufrsm;? yk'fr 8 (2)? Rome Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal, Article 8(2)
- &0ef'gEdkifiHtwGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; jyXmef;csufrsm;? yk'fr 3 (q) ESifh 4 (i) Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal foRwanda,
Article 3(g) and 4(e)
- ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;twGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; jyXmef;csufrsm;? yk'fr 5 (q)? Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia,
Article 5(g)
TrSwfwrf; Oya'rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif &,lEdkifygonf? see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (last visited 27 July 2008).
TvufpGJpmtkyftwGuf t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufudkrl &0ef'gEdkifiHqdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; (International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda (ICTR) rS
&,lygonf? ta=umif;rSm tusOf;csKyf tenf;qHk;azmfjyxm;+yD;/ rk'drf;r_udk t"d`g,fzGifhqdk&mwGif vdifuGJjym;r_udk =um;aeozG,f a&SmifuGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf? (ICTR)
jyXmef;csuft& vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_tay:wGif &kyfydkif;qdkif&m xdk;oGif;jcif;udk xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;jcif; jzpfonf? TrSwfwrf;udk =unfhyg? See, Prosecutor v.
Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998. Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufudk ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;jyXmef;
csufESifh uBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@ World Health Organization (WHO). See, Prosecutor v. Furundzija, ICTY Trial Judgment, 10 December 1998 u
ydkI&Sif;vif;pGm tm;jznfhazmfjyxm;ygonf? rk'drf;r_udk t"d`g,fzGifhqdk&mwGif “(1) (rnfr#yif tenf;i,f[kqdkapumrl vdifydkif;qdkif&mxdk;oGif;jcif;/ (u) epfem&ol
om;aumif. rdef;rt*F g odk@r[kwf ptdkaygufudk usL;vGefol. vdifwH odk@r[kwf tjcm;yPnf;wckckjzifhxdk;oGif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf (c) epfem&ol om;aumif. yg;pyfwGif;
odk@ usL;vGefol. vdifwHxdk;oGif;jcif;/ (2) twif;tusyfjyKI/ odk@r[kwf +cdrf;ajcmuf/ tiftm;oHk;I epfem&ol. qüudk qef@usifjyKvkyfjcif; jzpfomnf?” Jewkes
R, Garcia-Moren C, Sen P., World Report on Violence and Health: Sexual Violence, World Health Organization, 2002, p. 149-181 wGif rk'drf;r_udk
t"d`g,fzGifhqdk&mwGif “&kyfydkif;qdkif&mt&jzpfap/ tjcm;enf;jzifh jzpfap twif;tusyfjyK+yD; xdk;oGif;jcif;jzpfonf? (rnfr#yif tenf;i,fjzpfap) trsKd;orD;t*F gE_wf
crf;ayguf/ ptdkudk vdifwH/ odk@r[kwf udk,fcým. tjcm;tpdwftydkif;/ tjcm; 0ˆKjzifhxdk;oGif;jcif; jzpfonf” [k qdkonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (CIL)udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? (CIL) onf tpdk;&. a,bk,svkyfaqmifcsufrSvm
onfh Oya'ausm&dk;wckjzpf+yD;/ tcsdef&vmonfESifhtr# pnf;aESmifr_&Sdonfh Oya'wcktjzpf vufcHvm=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHwckonf pOfqufrjywf
odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf txufazmfjyyg tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;rxm;aomfvnf;/ Ttjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;
wrf;Oya'rsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_&Sdaeonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf? (odk@r[kwfygu TOya't& pnf;aESmif;r_ r&Sdap&ef tpOftquf jiif;y,fazmfjyr_rsKd; jyKvm&rnfjzpf
onf?
ndburma2.indd 154 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

- *sDeDAm EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf uGefAif;&Sif; (yk'fr 27)

- tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;. a&mr Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm; (yk'fr 8 (2))
- &0ef'gEdkifiHqdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; (yk'fr 3 (q) ESifh 4 (i))
- ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; (yk'fr 5 (q)) wdk@ jzpfonf?
rk'drf;r_udk "avhxHk;wrf; Oya't&vnf; wm;jrpfxm;ygonf?
(c) rnfonfhtcsufrsm;onf vdifr_oabm obm0t& &kyfydkif;qdkif&m usL;ausmfcH&jcif; ajrmufoenf;?

&kyfydkif;qdkif&m usL;ausmfcH&jcif;udk vl. udk,fcýmtwGif;odk@ rnfr# tenf;i,fyifjzpfap/ jypfr_usL;vGefolu
&kyf0ˆK/ odk@r[kwf udk,ft*F gtpdwftydkif; xdk;oGif;cH&jcif;jzifh azmfjyEdkifygonf? om"utm;jzifh- rk'drf;r_. t*F g&yfjzpfaom
&kyfydkif;qdkif&m usL;ausmfcH&jcif;wGif vdift*F gtaygufrsm;/ ptdk0/ yg;pyftwGif;odk@ xdk;oGif;jcif;rsm;yg0ifygonf?2
(*) EdkifxufpD;eif; ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qENryg&Sdaom tajctaetwGuf om"ursm;um; tb,fenf;?

EdkifxufpD;eif; ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüryg&Sdaom tajctaeqdkonfrSm epfem&ol um,uH&Sif
twGufvGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fydkifcGifh qHk;&_H;aeaomtajctaejzpfonf?3 ‚wGifatmufazmfjyygtajctaersm;yg0ifonf?
- +cdrf;ajcmufr_
- tiftm;oHk;jcif;
- epfemaprnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- vdkvm;onfh tusLd;tjrwfwckck odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_&&Sd&ef jiif;
y,fjcif;/ odk@r[kwf udk,fcýmemusifaprnf[k wpHkwOD;udk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;? tjcm;olwOD;udk emusifaprnf[k +cdrf;
ajcmufjcif;?
- &kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m rnD!Gwf xdcdkufr_&Sdapjcif;/ Oyrm- roefrpGrf;olrsm;/ touftuef@towf/ odk@r
[kwf aq;0g;/ t&uf/ aq;ukor_ wckck. =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ cHae&aom tajctae?
a0g[m&ESifh ywfoufI owdðy&ef - rk'drf;ðyusifhr_

rk'drf;ðyusifhr_[laom a0g[m&udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh em;vnfxm;=uonfrSm trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;om;t=um;
twif;tusyf vdifqufqHjcif; (trsKd;orD;t*F gwGif; xdk;oGif;qufqHjcif;)[k em;vnfxm;=uonf? odk@aomf
vnf; rk'drf;ðy usifhr_qdkonfrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufom uef@owfoHk;pGJjcif; r[kwfyg? a,mufsm;rsm;onfvnf;
rk'drf;ðyusifhr_. epfem&olom;aumifjzpfEdkifygonf? Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufwGif yg;pyfwGif;odk@/ ptdkwGif;odk@ vdif
qufqHjcif; (xdk;oGif;jcif;)vnf; yg0ifygonf? xdkxufydkIqdk&v#if rk'drf;ðyusifhr_qdkonfrSm a,mufsm;t*F g (vdif
wH) jzifhom r[kwfbJ&kyf0ˆK/ odk@r[kwf udk,ft*F g tpdwftydkif;wckcktoHk;ðyI xdk;oGif;jcif;vnf;tygt0if
jzpfygonf?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd;jzpf&ef
vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwumtodtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sd vlrsm;ESifht&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óu;yrf;aom trsKd;om; (EdkifiHawmftqifh) tzGJ@tpnf;”4 udk
2/ Prosecutor v. Furundzija, ICTY Trial Judgment, 10 December 1998; Radhika Coomaraswamy, Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_udk pHkprf;wifjyol t&m&Sd.tpD&ifcHpm “'kQonf trsKd;orD;rsm; tay:vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ umuG,fr_ay;&efESifh wkH@jyef
aqmif&Guf&ef vrf;!$efcsufrsm;” Sexual Violence Against Refugees: Guidelines on Prevention and Response, 1995; Jewkes R, Garcia-Moren C, Sen
P., uBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@ “t=urf;zufr_ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m uBmhtpD&ifcHpm” World Report on Violence and Health: Sexual Violence, World Health
Organization, 2002, p. 149-181.
3/ EdkifxufpD;eif;jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüyg&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm jypfr_usL;vGefol. tjrifzufrS r[kwfbJepfem&ol um,uH&SifbufrS tjrifomjzpfonf?
usL;vGefolbufu EdkifxufpD;eif;jyKjcif;r&Sd[k ,lqEdkifaomfvnf;/ epfem&ol bufurl EdkifxufpD;eif; twif;tusyfjyKonf[k jrifEdkifonf? TtwGufa=umifh Edkifxuf
pD;eif;jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüryg&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm epfem&ol um,uH&Sif. tawG@tñuH t&om qHk;jzwf&rnf?
4/ Mary Callahan, Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Coexistence. Washington, DC: East-West Cen-
ter Washington, 2007, p. vix, TudPudk jrefrmbmomjzifh &Sif;jy&mwGif (state) [laom (EdkifiHawmf) oabmrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGif r&Sdyg? tpdk;& (government)
odk@r[kwf EdkifiH (country) pojzifh tajctaet& oHk;pGJygonf?
ndburma2.indd 155 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

&nf!$ef; jcif;jzpfygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_wGifwm0ef&Sdonf/

odk@r[kwfyg0if ywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;&t&m&SdwOD;u rk'drf;r_wckudk
usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?5 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif
w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aomcsKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;
azmufr_udk wm;qD;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifhywfoufI vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;
&. ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf?6 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ rk'drf;r_usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypf
ay; ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf?

rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif; wck r[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ ðyaeonf
yk~vduaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifonf?
Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) onf jynfwGif; Oya't&olwdk@
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tif
tm;pkrsm;(Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwumOya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@.vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&efrvdktyfonfh
EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't& wm0efcH
&ef ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpf&eftwGuf/
tpdk;&u usL;vGefonfjzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) u usL;vGef
onf jzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
(3) vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_udk t"dy`g,f owfrSwfjcif;?

(u) tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya't&qdkv#if vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_wGif rnfonfht*Fg&yfrsm; yg0ifoenf;?
vdifr_qkdif&m t=urf;zufr_udk vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_wcktjzpf rSwfwrf;ðyrnfqdkv#if atmufazmfjyyg
t*F g&yf (3) ck jynfhpHk&ef vdktyfygonf?7

7/ vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_udk wm;jrpfxm;onfh t"duusaom tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;rSm atmufygwdk@ jzpfygonf?
- ukvor~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (yk'fr-1) Charter of the United Nations (Article 1);
- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf; (yk'fr-2) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 2);
- tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;twGufa&mrjyXmef;csufrsm;? yk'fr 8 (2) (c) ESifh 8 (2) (i)? The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Ar-
ticle 8(2)(b) and 8(2)(e));
- vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (ICCPR) (Article 3 and 9(1)), jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sd
ao;yg?
- ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_ESifh vl@*k%foduQm nd‡K;EGrf;apaom jyKrlr_ okd@r[kwf jypf'%fay;r_ Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman and Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
- *sDeDAm uGefAif;&Sif; oabmwlnDcsuf Geneva Conventions (Common Article 3) ppfOya'wckjzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk; xm;ygonf?
- trsKd;orD;rsm;udk enf;aygif;pHkESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_ tqHk;owfapa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) jrefrmEdkifiHu c|if;csufjzifh todtrSwfjyK vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;ygonf? (yk'fr-1 udk taxGaxG t=uHjyKcsuf -19
wGif tus,fzGifhqdkxm;ygonf?
- uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf? yk'fr- 6? The Covenant on the Rights of the Child (Article 6) jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;ygonf?
epfem&ol om;aumifonf touf 18-ESpfatmufjzpfygu toHk;jyKEdkifonf?
vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rS uif;a0;ap&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;xm;onfh tjcm;aomOya'/ rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm trsKd;orD;rsm;udk t=urf;zufr_ tqHk;owf
apa&;xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women ESifh ta&;ay:tajctaersm;/ vufeufudkif yÉdyQrsm;wGif
ndburma2.indd 156 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

1? vdifr_ oabmobm0t& aqmif&Gufr_ 8

2? EdkifxufpD;eif; ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qüryg&Sdjcif;?
(c) vdifr_oabm obm0t& aqmif&Gufr_ qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ESifh ywfoufI avhvmwifjyol txl;pHkprf;a&;t&m&Sd. azmfjycsuft&
vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_wGif “vdifr_qdkif&m +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ wdkufcdkufr_/ =um;0if aESmifh,Sufr_/ toHk;csacgif;yHkjzwfjcif;yHk
o¿meftm;vHk;” yg0ifonf[kqdkygonf?9 Tt"d`g,f azmfjycsuft&qdkv#if/ vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_wGif-10
- tdrfwGif; t=urf;zufr_
- vdif oif;uGyfjcif; (vdift*F gudk zsufqD;jcif;)?
- twif;t"R jynfhwefqmðyjcif;?
- twif;t"R uav;r&Edkifatmifðyjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&mxkwfjyefa=unmcsuf the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and
Armed Conflict / u|efjyKr_qdkif&mEdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf the Slavery Convention wdk@ jzpfygonf? TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk =unfh&_&,l&ef ukvor~vl@tcGifh
ta&;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; tifwmeuf pmrsufESmudk=unfhyg? http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/index.htm (last visited 15 August 2006).
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk vdkufem&&ef ta=umif;&Sdygonf? vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;onf *sDeDAmuGefAif;&Sif; oabmwlnDcsufudk
qdk;&Gm;}uD;us,fpGm csKd;azmuf&ma&mufaoma=umifh wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avh xHk;wrf; Oya'rsm;udk Oya'yk'frrsm;ESifh azmfjya&;om;xm;onfhozG,f
*sDeDAmuGefAif;&Sif;udk todtrSwfjyKxm;=uygonf? TuGefAif;&Sif; oabmwlnDcsufudk rSwfcsufazmfjyxm;&mY vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk wm;jrpfa=umif;vnf;
azmfjyxm;ygonf?“a&S@twDaw umvrsm;uwnf;u usifhoHk;vmaom "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udkyk'frrsm;/ Oya'rsm;tjzpfa&;om;xm;onf”[kazmfjyxm;onf? EdkifiH
wckonf TxHk;wrf;rsm;udk tpOftquf jiif;y,fcJhrSom tcsKd@aom"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;rS uif;vGwfcGifh&Sdaumif; &SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf txufazmf jyyg
tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf;/ uef@uGufa=umif; vHkavmufonfh taetxm;txdazmfjycJhjcif;r&Sdyg? vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;
zufr_udk "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;wGif tñuH;r0ifa=umif; jiif;qdkxm;jcif;r&Sdyg?
tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'wGif vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ESifh ywfoufI wnDw!Gwfwnf; t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufr&Sdyg? Oyrmtm;jzifh- trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf; zufr_
tqHk;owfapa&; xkwfjyefa=unmcsufurl vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_udk t"d`g,fzGifhqdk&mY “vdifuGJjym;r_tay: tajcwnfonfh &v'fjzpfapaomrnfonfhjyKrlr_rsKd;rqdk
jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf &kyfydkif;qdkif&m/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m/ pdwf"gwf ydkif;qdkif&m'%f&mtemw& &v'fjzpfzG,f ta=umif;&Sdonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk epfemcHpm;&aponf? xdk@
tjyifTodk@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ twif;tusyfjyKr_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf vGwfvyfcGifh qHk;&_H;apjcif;udk vlwOD;csif; b0wGifjzpfap/ vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;b0wGif jzpfap
jzpfay:apygu Todk@vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ajrmufonf” [k qdkxm;onf? 1993/ 'DZifbmv 20 &uf/ a=unmcsuf yk'fr 1 udk =unfhyg? See Article 1, 20 December
1993. uBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@ (WHO) url vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_udk t"d`g,fzGifhqdk&mY “vdifr_qdkif&m vkyf&yfwckck&apvdkaom vdifr_aqmif&Gufr_tm;vHk;jzpfonf?
rvdkvm;tyfaomvdifr_qdkif&majymqdkr_rsm;/ usL;ausmfvufa&mufr_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf vlukeful;&efóud;yrf;r_/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyfenf;udkoHk;IvlwOD;. vdifoabm
obm0udk qef@usifI wdkuf&dkufjyKrljcif;[kqdkonf? Todk@ usL;vGefolonf epfem&ol om;aumifESifh rnfodk@aqGrsKd;qufqHa&;yif &Sdapumrl/ rnfonfhtajctae
&Sdapumrl/ tdrf-tvkyf[lI ae&mXme rcGJjcm;bJ Todk@usL;vGefv#if vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ ajrmufonf” [k azmfjyonf?
(First World Report on Violence and Health, 2002, p. 149). (CEDAW) tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufurl vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI
wdwdusus zGifhqdkxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? taxGaxG t=uHjyKcsuf trSwf -19 wGifrl aumfrDwDu vdifuGJjym;r_ tay: tajccHI jzpfaom t=urf;zufr_udk todtrSwfjyKxm;+yD;/
(CEDAW) oabmwlnDcsufu cGifhjyKxm;onfh tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; cHpm;Edkifap&ef}uD;av;pGm wm;jrpfydwfyifr_ jzpfapa=umif;azmfjyonf? odk@
twGufa=umifh }uD;av;aom cGJjcm;qufqHr_ yHko¿mefwGifyg0ifonf[kazmfjyygonf? vdifuGJjym;r_tay:tajccHonfh t=urf;zufr_ t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufwGif rlaumfrD
wDu “trsKd;orD;wOD;udk &nf&G,faqmif&Gufonfh t=urf;zufr_jzpf+yD;/ olu trsKd;orD;jzpfaoma=umifh aqmif&Gufonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: rr#rwoufa&mufr_jzpf
aponf? Ttcsufrsm;wGif &kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh vdifr_ydkif;qdkif&m '%f&m&apr_rsm;/ emusOfxdcdkufapr_rsm;/ Todk@ jyKrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ twif;tusyfjyKr_
rsm;/ tjcm;vGwfvyfcGifhudk qHk;&_H;aponfhjzpf&yfrsm; pojzifhyg0ifonf”[k qdkygonf?
TvufpGJpmtkyftwGuf t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufudkrl&0ef'gEdkifiHqdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; (International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda (ICTR) rS &,lyg
onf? ta=umif;rSm tusOf;csKyftenf;qHk;azmfjyxm;+yD;/ rk'drf;r_udk t"d`g,fzGifhqdk&mwGif vdifuGJjym;r_udk =um;aeozG,f a&SmifuGif;azmfjyxm;ovdk/ vufawG@usI vHk
avmufaom us,fjyef@pGm jcHKiHkr_ &Sdygonf? See, Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998.
8/ rSwfcsufjyK&efrSm vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufjcif;twGuf t"d`g,fzGifhqdkr_rSm rk'drf;r_xufydkrdk us,fjyef@pGmzGifhqdkxm;ygonf? rk'drf;r_qdkonfrSm &kyfydkif;qdkif&mxdk;oGif;r_
tjzpfom uef@owfxm;aomfvnf;/ vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_wGif vdifr_udPESifhywfoufonfh rnfonfhudPrqdkjzpfEdkifygonf? vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ajrmufap&ef
twGuf &kyfydkif;qdkif&m xdk;oGif;r_ajrmuf&ef rvdktyfyg?
9/ Radhika Coomaraswamy, trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_udk pHkprf;wifjyol t&m&Sd. tpD&ifcHpm“'kQonftrsKd;orD;rsm;tay: vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_
rsm;/ umuG,fr_ay;&efESifh wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf&ef vrf;!$efcsufrsm;” Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, Sexual Violence Against Refugees:
Guidelines on Prevention and Response, 1995. See also, trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; tqHk;owfapa&; xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf Declaration on the
Elimination Against Women, Article 2, 20 December 1993, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/eliminationvaw.htm, (last visited 23 August 2006);
tjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;cHk&Hk;qdkif&m a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 7 (1)(g), 17 July 1998, http://
www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm (last visited 23 August 2006); Amnesty International, tjynfjynfqdkif&m vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@. vufpGJpm
apmif? rk'drf;r_udk ppfvufeufwckozG,ftoHk;case=ujcif;? Rape as a Tool of War: A Fact Sheet, http://www.amnestyusa.org/women/ (last visited 23
August 2006); Radhika Coomaraswamy, Special Rapporteur on the Violence Against Women Sexual Violence Against Refugees: Guidelines on
Prevention and Response, 1995.
10/ TOyrmrsm;rSm rqHk;Edkifatmifrsm;pGm&Sdygonf? owdjyK&efrSm rnfodk@aom vdifr_udPrsKd;udk rqdk twif;tusyfoabmjyKjcif; jzpfap/ vlwOD;.qüudk qef@usifI jyK
onfjzpfap/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufv#if tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'udkcsKd;azmufjcif; ajrmufEdkifygonf?
ndburma2.indd 157 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

a0g[m&ESifh ywfoufI owdðy&ef - rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_

rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHko¿mef trsKd;rsKd;wdk@. tajccHt*F&yfrsm;rSm twlwlyif
jzpfyg onf? odk@aomfvnf; rk'drf;ðyusifhr_wGif tjcm;oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;vdktyf+yD;/ “vdifr_oabm
obm0t& &kyfydkif;qdkif&m usL;ausmfcH&jcif;”jzpfa=umif; jyo&efvdktyfygonf? vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_wGif
rlydkI us,fjyef@aom t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuf&Sd+yD;/ “vdifr_qdkif&m oabmobm0&Sdonfh vkyfaqmifcsuftm;vHk;”
udk&nf!$ef; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
(4) ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;
tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aomt*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwum
Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm;ðypk&mY taxmuftuljzpfapygonf? csKd;azmufr_
t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf;owfrSwf
csufwck &&SdEdkifygonf?


1? vdifr_oabm obm0t& &kyfydkif;qdkif&m usL;ausmfcH&jcif;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;apjcif;?11

- rnfodk@ jzpfyGm;oenf;?
- Tjzpf&yf rnfonfhtcsdefu jzpfoenf;?
- oif rnfonfhae&mwGif wdk@xdcH&oenf;? rnfonfh udk,ft*F g tpdwftydkif;udk wdk@xd udk,fwG,fcH&oenf;?
- oifhudk rnfodk@rnfyHk xdawG@udkifwG,foenf;?
Todk@ t}udrfrnfr# jzpfcJhoenf;?
11/rk'drf;r_ usL;vGefcsKd;azmufa=umif; oufaojy&eftwGuf vdifr_oabm &kyfydkif;qdkif&m xdk;oGif;jcif;&Sda=umif; jyo&efvdktyfonf? odk@aomf rnfodk@aom vdifr_qdkif&m
oabmjyKrlr_ usL;vGefv#ifrqdk vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ usL;vGefjcif;ajrmufonf?
ndburma2.indd 158 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

2? EdkifxufpD;eif; ðya=umif;/ odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qENryg&Sda=umif; xif&Sm;atmif jyojcif;?

- Tjzpf&yf rwdkifrD§ jzpfyGm;aeqJESifh § aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif oifrnfodk@ vkyfaqmifoenf;?
- Tjzpf&yf rnfonfhae&mwGif jzpfyGm;oenf;?
- oif +cdrf;ajcmufcH&ygovm;? rnfodk@enf;? rnfolu +cdrf;ajcmufoenf;?
- TudP rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh jzpf&onf[k oifxifoenf;?
- Tjzpf&yf rnfodk@rnfyHk jzpfyGm;oenf;?
- Towif;tcsuftvufudk oifrnfodk@ od&Sdoenf;?

- Tjzpf&yfudk rnfoluusL;vGefoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? Tjzpf&yfudk rnfolwdk@odoenf;? T jzpf&yf
wGif rnfolwdk@u ulnD aqmif&Gufay;oenf;?
- T jzpf&yfESifhywfoufI oifwdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwf tb,fh
- Tjzpf&yfrjzpf&atmif tpdk;&uóuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifh ywfoufI ta&;,laqmif&Guf
ay;ygovm;?
EdkifiHwum Oya' csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SmazG pk
aqmif;&mYtcsdefESifhvkyfaqmifcsufwdk@vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifhtqifoifhay:vGif
xif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufaom
owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;rS
aeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_.
t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus rw&m;zrf;qD;r_
ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsKd;twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHwckudk az:jyay;ygrnf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHay:tajccHvsuf Ttcef;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_enf;emESifhywfoufaom taumif;ESifhtqdk; om"u
rsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ xda&mufpGmtcsuftvuf
&SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmuf

odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm;rpwifrDrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajc
tae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuftvuf&Sm
azGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkif
ygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;r_rðyrD/ aemufcH
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH
twGif; rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m tjcm;aomt=urf;zufr_yHko¿mefrsm; jzpfay:aejcif;ESifhywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&m
ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
ndburma2.indd 159 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m tjcm;aomt=urf;zufr_ yHko¿mefrsm;qdkif&m ordkif;ESifhEdkifiHa&;

qdkif&mtajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsufrsm;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom(1962)ckESpfu
pI tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod&ufpufjcif; enf;AsL[mjzifh wdkif;jynf
udk tkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_uJhodk@aom jzpf&yfrsKd;udk umuG,fay;&efESifh av#mhenf; us
qif;ap&ef “*sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufuGefAif;&Sif;” ESifh “trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: enf;rsKd;pHkESifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;
yaysmufapa&;twGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (pDa'g) (CEDAW)”uJhodk@aom tjynfjynfqdkif
&moabmwlnDcsufrsKd;udk ppftpdk;&u vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaomfvnf;/ ‚oabm wlnDcsufrsm;ygvdkufemapmifh
xdef;&rnfh wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufaeygonf? xdkr#ru ppftpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGifjzpfysuf
aeaom rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;twGuf trsm;tm;jzifhwm0ef&Sdaeol jzpf
ygonf? tu,fI axmif*%ef; r[kwfv#ifaomfrS &mcsDaom rk'drf;r_rsm; tygt0if vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf; zuf
r_rsm;udk jrefrmppftpdk;&. wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u usL;vGefcJh=u+yD;/ T jzpf&yfrsm;udk ,ckESpfrsm;twGif; pkaqmif;rSwf
wrf;wif azmfjycJh=u+yD; jzpfygonf?12 Todk@ usL;vGefolrsm;wGif tqifh toD;oD;&Sd ppfom;rsm;omru/ tqifh
jrifht&m&Sdrsm;yif yg0ifywfoufae=uygonf?13
Todk@ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; aexdkif=u&m ppfyGJZkefrsm;wGif tjzpf
rsm;aomfvnf;/ rk'drf;r_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;udk ppfwyfu tjynfht0 xdef;csKyfxm;onfh
a'orsm;/ òr@jyrsm;wGifvnf; jzpfyGm;aeonfudk awG@&ygonf? rnfonfhae&m/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk/ ae@-
nr[l jzpfyGm;wwfonfudkawG@&ygonf? vltrsm;oGm;vm=uaoma'orsm;/ yk~vdutdrf,mrsm;/ ppfpcef;
rsm;/ tvkyfXmersm;/ yGJvrf;obifrsm;usif;ypOf/ ae@pOfvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; aqmif&GufpOf/ v,fuGif;rsm;
twGif; tvkyfqif;pOfumvrsm; pojzifhwGif jzpfyGm;onfudkawG@&ygonf?14
rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHkpHrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppfwyfu usL;vGefcsKd;
azmufae+yD;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh tvGeftrif;&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_rsm;/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;uJhodk@
aom tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifhtwlyl;wGJI jzpfwwfygonf? Todk@ epfemcHpm;=u&ol um,
uH&Sifrsm;onf &dkufESufcH&jcif;/ vnfyif;n‡pfcH&jcif;/ yg;&dkufcH&jcif;/ a&aEG;yljzifhavmif;cH&jcif;/ udk,fcým
tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzwfawmufcH&jcif; ponfh &ufpufr_rsm;yg ñuHawG@cHpm;&onfudk owif;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&
od&Sd&ygonf? jzpf&yftrsm;wGif tkyfpkjzifh rk'drf;ðyusifhcH&onfudkawG@&ygonf? epfem&ol um,uH&Sifudk
wa,muf+yD;wa,muf qufwdkuf rk'drf;ðyusifh=uonfh tajctaersKd;jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom epfem&olrsm;udk
vdifr_aus;u|efwa,mufozG,f twif;tusyf odrf;oGif;cH&onfh tajctaersKd;udkvnf; jrifawG@=u&ygonf?
qdkvdkonfrSm olwdk@udk t}udrf}udrfusL;vGefapmfum;cH=u&+yD;/ umvwckwdkif Ttajctaetwdkif; cHpm;ae
=u&jcif;jzpfygonf?15 Todk@ vl@tcGifhta&;usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_rsKd;udk olwdk@.rdom;pk0ifrsm;a&S@arSmufrSmyif
usL;vGef=uonfudkvnf; awG@&ygonf? Tr_cif;udk twif;t"R apmifh=unfhap&efvnf; cdkif;apavh&Sdygonf?
Todk@ vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufcH&ol epfem&olrsm;udk aemufqHk;owfypfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf usef;rma&;t&/ pddwf
"gwf a&;&mt& jyif;xefpGmxdcdkufemusOfaponfh tajctaeESifh usef&pf&onfrsKd; ñuHawG@=u&ygonf? tcsKd@
aom epfem&olrsm;onf olwdk@udk,fwdkif w&m;r0if/ aq;ynmt& ravsmfnDaom enf;rsm;jzifh udk,f0efzsuf
cs&jcif;rsKd; aqmif&Guf&onfh tajctaeudk qdkufapygonf? odk@r[kwf olwkd@udk usL;vGefoGm;ol. uav;udk
qufvufxdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf=u&ygonf? Tepfem&olrsm;onf olwdk@. &yf&Gmudk,fYu t&Suf&apjcif;/
vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rS z,fusOfcH&jcif;rsm;vnf; ñuHawG@&avh&Sdygonf?16
12/ See, Licence to Rape, Shan Women’s Action Network, June 2002; System of Impunity: Nationwide Patterns of Sexual Violence by the Military
Regime’s Army and Authorities in Burma, Women’s League of Burma, September 2004; Catwalk to the Barracks: Conscription of Women for
Sexual Slavery and Other Practices of Sexual Violence by Troops of the Burmese Military Regime in Mon Areas, Woman and Child Rights Project,
July 2005, Shattering Silence, Karen Women’s Organization, April 2004; Hidden Crimes Against Chin Women, Women’s League of Chinland,
2006.
14/ Catwalk to the Barracks: Conscription of Women for Sexual Slavery and Other Practices of Sexual Violence by Troops of the Burmese Military
Regime in Mon Areas, Woman and Child Rights Project, July 2005.
16/ Gathering Strength – Women from Burma on their Rights, Images Asia, January 2002.
ndburma2.indd 160 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHkpHrsm;udk usL;vGefcsKd;azmufaeol ppfwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u

tjypf ay; ta&;,lcH&jcif; uif;vGwfpGm ðyusifhae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh ywfouf
I rSwfwrf;rsm; tus,ftjyef@ pkaqmif;azmfjy=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ppftpdk;&u TtpD&ifcHpmrsm;ygtwdkif;
pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;&ef ESifh todtrSwfðy&ef jiif;qefaeqJ jzpfygonf? ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;&rnfhtpm; Todk@
vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;jzpfap/ jyefIvufpm;acswkH@jyefjcif;jzpfapñuH
awG@&ygonf? a,bk,sqdk&v#if vl@tcGifhta&; usL;vGefcsKd;azmufolrsm;rSm ta&;,lcH&jcif;r&Sdwwfyg? T
tajctaewGif rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHkpHrsm;udk wdkif=um;vmolrsm;onf ppf
tpdk;&u '%faiGcsrSwfcH&jcif;/ xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&jcif;/ ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;cH&jcif;/ aoqHk;onftxd owfjzwf
cH&jcif;rsm; ñuHawG@&wwfygonf?17 Todk@ vufwkH@jyefcH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@pdk;&drfaoma=umifh epfem&olrsm;onf
E_wfqdwfae&jcif;/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;xH rwdkif=um;bJaejcif;rsm; &Sdae=uygonf? xdkr#ru Todk@aom vl
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk EdkifiHwumrS apmifh=unfhaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xH rwdkif=um;&ef ppftpdk;&u
aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk owday;}udrf;armif;jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf? 18

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&m tjcm;aom t=urf;zufr_
yHko¿mefrsm; tr_rsKd;twGuf tcsuftvufyHkpH wckudk atmufrSmOyrmazmfjy ay;xm;ygonf? Ttcsuftvuf yHkpH
onf csKd;azmufr_w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mYtoHk;0ifzG,f&Sdygonf? rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh vdifr_qdkif&mtjcm;
aom t=urf;zufr_ yHko¿mefrsm;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifhtnD
owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf atmufygtcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? vdifr_ oabmobm0t& aqmif&Gufr_19
2? EdkifxufpD;eif; ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf qENryg&Sdjcif;?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHkpHrsm;20

aemfavmif;u ol@cifyGef;jzpfolESifh uav;i,f 2-OD;twGuf npmjyifqifaeqJ&SdpOf/ olwdk@wHcg;udk jyif;xefpGm
acgufvdkufoHudk =um;vdkuf&onf? olu wHcg;oGm;zGifhay;onfhtcg jrefrmppfwyfrS t&m&SdwOD;ESifh ppfom; (5)
a,mufudk awG@vdkuf&onf? ppfwyfAdkvfuol@udk wGef;z,fI tdrftwGif;odk@ 0ifvmcJhonf? olu aemfavmif;.
a,mufsm;udk &Smaejcif;jzpfonf? aemfavmif;u ol@a,mufsm; ,ckwdkif v,fuGif;wGif tvkyfvkyfaeqJjzpf+yD;/
odyfr=umrDrSmyif npmpm;&ef tdrfodk@jyefa&mufvmrnf[kajymjyonf? ppfwyfAdkvfu aemfavmif;udk yg;&dkuf
vdkuf+yD; “u&ifppfwyftrmcH&J@ rdef;rvkyfwJholu ajymwmudk igu ,Hk&rvm;” [kajymonf?
ppfom; 2-a,mufukd tdrfudk&Sm&eftrdef@ay;onf? ppfom;rsm;u aemfavmif;. uav;rsm; aqmhupm;ae=u
onfh aemuftcef;wGif;odk@ 0ifvmonf? ppfom;rsm;u uav;rsm;udk wdwfwdwfae&efESifh rv_yf&efajymonf?
olwdk@u tdrfwGif;qufI &SmazGae=upOfwGif ol.om;ti,fu vSpfueJajy;I tdrfaemufzufwHcg;qDodk@ajy;
onf? AdkvfvkyfolujrifoGm;+yD; uav;acgif;udk aoewfjzifhypfcsvdkufonf? aemfavmif;u atmf+yD;uav;jzpf
olxHajy;oGm;rnfðy&m ppfom; 2-OD;u ol@udkqGJxm;onf? olwdk@u ol@udkajr}uD;ay:qGJvSJcsvdkufonf? aemuf
xyfppfom;wOD;u aemfavmif;. orD;i,fudkqGJI aemufzuf tcef;xJwGif ydwfxm;vdkufonf? aemfavmif;udk
18/ System of Impunity: Nationwide Patterns of Sexual Violence by the Military Regime’s Army and Authorities in Burma, Women’s League of
Burma, September 2004.
19/ rk'drf;r_ usL;vGefcsKd;azmufa=umif; oufaojy&eftwGuf vdifr_oabm &kyfydkif;qdkif&m xdk;oGif;jcif;&Sda=umif; jyo&ef vdktyfonf? odk@aomf rnfodk@aom vdifr_qdkif&m
oabmjyKrlr_ usL;vGefv#ifrqdk vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ usL;vGefjcif; ajrmufonf?
20/ ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdjyKapvdkygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;jyKazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD;a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wckudk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?
ndburma2.indd 161 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

qGJxm;onfh ppfom;upI uefausmuf&dkufESufonf? aoewf'ifESifhvnf; xkaxmif;onf? ol&dkufESuf cHae&

onfh tcsdefwGif ol@a,mufsm;vnf; v,fuGif;xJu jyefvmonfudk =um;&onf? olu ppfom;rsm;udk rvkyf&ef
atmfajymonf?
ppfom; 2 a,mufu aemfavmif;. a,mufsm;udk zrf;csKyfxm;vdkuf=uonf? olwdk@u ol@a,mufsm;aemuf
ausmwGif vufudkóu;wkwfxm;vdkuf=uonf? xdk@aemuf Adkvfvkyfolu ol@a,mufsm;udk u&ifawmfvSefa&;
wyfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f &Sd-r&Sd ar;jref;aeoHudk =um;ae&onf? olwdk@. awmif,mrSaeI olykefrsm;
twGuf tpm;taomufrsm;ay;aeonfudk olwdk@oda=umif;/ olwdk@ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ulnDaea=umif; ppfAdkvfu
ajymonf? aemfavmif;. a,mufsm;u pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk jiif;qdkonfhtcg ol@udkvnf;&dkufESufawmhonf?
aemfavmif;u ppfom; 2-a,muf qGJvSJcHxm;&onfh tajctaerS atmf[pfI tultnDawmif;onf?
ol@atmfoH=um;&onfhtcg ppfAdkvfuaemfavmif;zuf vSnfhvm+yD;/ a,mufsm;jzpfoludkajymonf? “'DrSm=unfh/
wdk@u olykefrdef;rqdk&if b,fvdkvkyfovJqdkwm”[k ajymonf? ppfAdkvfu aemfavmif;qDodk@vm+yD; yg;ESpfzufudk
tjyefjyef&dkufonf? olu tusF Dc|wf&efajymum/ aemfavmif;. t0wfrsm;udkqGJc|wfonf? aemfavmif;u
vGwf ajrmuf&ef óud;pm;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifyg? ppfAdkvfu aemfavmif;udk rk'drf;ðyusifhaeonfhtcsdefwGif ol.
a,mufsm;udkvnf; =unfhaeap&ef twif;tusyfcdkif;onf? aemfavmif;udk ppfom; 2-a,mufu zrf;csKyfxm;
ay;onf? olrk'drf;ðyusifhI+yD;aom tcg aemfavmif;. a,mufsm;udk x&yfum;qDodk@ wifac:oGm;&ef&Jabmfrsm;
udkajymonf? tu,fI aemfavmif;u ,ckjzpf&yfESifh ywfoufIwdkif=um;ygu ol@a,mufsm;udkowfypfrnfjzpf
a=umif; owday;ajymqdkonf?
‚naerSpI aemfavmif;. a,mufsm;xHrS rnfonfhowif;pum;r# r=um;&awmhay? olra,mufsm;
twGufpdk;&drf&ovdk/ tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;xHrSvnf; txifjrifao;cH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@aoma=umifh aemfavmif;u
Ttjzpfudk rnfonfh&Gmom;udkr#ajymrjyay? ppfom;rsm;aemufw}udrfjyefvmrnfudk pdk;&drfaoma=umifh aemf
avmif; aemufqHk; xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfodk@ xGufajy;vmcJh+yD; ,cktcg 'kQonfpcef;wGif orD;jzpfolESifhtwlaexdkif
aeonf? olu ,ckwdkif pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkufr_rsm; cHpm;ae&qJ jzpf+yD;/ ‚naeuñuH&onfh a=umufrufzG,f
tjzpfqdk;a=umifh nntcg tdyfraysmfEdkifbJ &Sdaeonf?

&if; rSm tjzpftysufwckESifh ywfoufI vlwdk@onf owif;tcsufrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Sdxm;olrsm;jzpfaoma=umifhyif jzpf
ar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSm az:jyxm;ygonf? yxr awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom

ar; - cifAsm; rk'drf;ðyusifhcH&wm [kwfygovm;?
aemfavmif; - [kwfygw,f? tJ'DudPudk usrajymzdk@cufvGef;ygw,f? usrom;vnf;towfcH&+yD;/ a,mufsm;vnf;tzrf;
cH&ygw,f? tckxufwdkif olaoovm;/ &Sifovm;vnf; rodygbl;? usrorD;uvnf; tckxufxdwdkif
bmjzpfaeovJqdkwm em;rvnfEdkifbl;jzpfaew,f? usrvnf; ol@udk b,fvdk&Sif;jy&rSef;awmifrodawmh
ygbl;?
ar; - tJonf rk'drf;r_ jzpfwkef;u cifAsm; tvdkqürygbJ xdef;odrf;cH&w,fqdkwm [kwfygovm;?
aemfavmif; - ppfom; 2 a,mufu usrudk qGJvSJcs+yD;awmh AdkvfvkyfwJholu usrudk rk'drf;usifhygw,f? usr xGufajy;
vdk@vnf; r&ygbl;?
ndburma2.indd 162 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

ar; - cifAsm;udk rk'drf;usifhwm jrefrmppfwyfuvlawGvm;?

aemfavmif; - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;u u&ifvlrsKd;jzpfwJhtwGufa=umifh tckvdk rk'drf;usifhcH&w,fvdk@ xifygovm;?
aemfavmif; - [kwfygw,f? tJovdkyJ xifygw,f?
ar; - tckudPudk wa,mufa,mufqDudk wdkif=um;wm&Sdovm;?
aemfavmif; - r&Sdygbl;?

t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;aom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;jzpf&jcif;rSm ta=umif;tcsuf rsm;pGm&Sdygonf?
yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azgufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif;rSwfwrf;
ðy&efwnf;[laom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;.&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkudk tao;pdwfay:vGifap
a&;twGuf ar;cGef;rsm; vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onf jzpf&yf. yHkum;csyfudktjynfht0
az:jya&;wGif txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSmaemfavmif;
taeESifh rnfodk@ajz=um;oifha=umif; t&dyftuJjyonfhoabmjzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf” odk@r[kwf
taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif/ aemfavmif;buf
uvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwf vyfvyf ajymjyvdkfonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol=um;vdkaom
tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm;oGm;Edkifygonf?
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm; csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jcif;
r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHkpHrsm;onftjcm;
aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;aeonfh =um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf? tao;pdwfusaomawG@qHkar;
jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh rk'drf;r_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qdkif&m usL;vGefr_uJhodk@aom &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefr_
rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? om"utm;jzifh- aemfavmif;.om;owfcH&jcif;ESifh
a,mufsm;udk twif;tusyf Oya'rJhzrf;qD;xm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- aemfavmif;. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvufwpHkw&mudk
TawG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;rS aeI r&&Sdacs? ol. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyay;rnfh rsufjrifoufaoESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;
&Edkif/ r&Edkif aemfavmif;udk ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaomrSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;
jzpfonf?

ar; - aemfavmif;? vGefcJhwJh &ufoWywf tenf;i,fwkef;u cifAsm;b,fvdkjzpfchJw,fqdkwm usaemfhudkajym
jyEdkifrvm;?
aemfavmif; - [kwfuJh? Adkvfwa,mufeJ@ ppfom; 5 a,muf usrtdrfudkvm+yD;/ usra,mufsm;udk vm&Smygw,f? usr

a,mufsm; tdrfrSmr&Sdygbl;? olwdk@u tdrfudk&SmazG=uygw,f? usrom;u xGufajy;zdk@óu;pm;awmh ol@udk
aoewfeJ@ypfowfvdk@ aooGm;ygw,f? usr a,mufsm; tdrfjyefa&mufvmawmh olwdk@u &dkufESuf=uygw,f?
AdkvfvkyfwJholu usrudk rk'drf;usifh+yD;awmh usra,mufsm;udkvnf; zrf;ac:oGm;=uygw,f? tJonftcsdefxJu
ol@ta=umif; r=um;&awmhygbl;? usr orD;uvnf; ol@tpfudkeJ@ol@ taz b,fvdkjzpfoGm;w,fqdkwm em;
rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfaeygw,f? usrvnf; ol@udk b,fvdk&Sif;jy&rSef;awmif rodawmhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;om;eJ@ a,mufsm;b,fvdkjzpfysufcJhw,fqdkwm jzpfEdkif&ifaemufydkif;rSmusaemfodvdkygw,f? tu,fI
cifAsm; ajymjycsifw,fqdk&ifaygh? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;tawG@tñuHudk p+yD;odvdkygw,f? cifAsm;ajymwm cifAsm;
rk'drf;ðyusifhcH&w,f ajymygw,f? 'DudPu ajymzdk@ tifrwefcufcJwJhudPqdkwm usaemfodygw,f? ajymzdk@
ndburma2.indd 163 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

tcsdef,l&if,lyg? usaemf wdk@ajymaewkef;rSmvnf; cifAsm;&yfcsif&if &yfvdkufEdkifygw,f? tck rk'drf;r_ b,fvdk

jzpfcJhw,fqdkwm ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
aemfavmif; - usrudk ppfom; 2 a,mufuvSJcs+yD;/ AdkvfvkyfwJholu usra,mufsm;udk u&ifwyf (KNLA) awGeJ@ ywf
oufaeovm;qdkwm par;ygw,f? usra,mufsm;u ar;cGef;udk aumif;aumif; rajzawmh/ AdkvfvkyfwJhol
uol@udk p+yD;&dkufESufygw,f? uefausmufygw,f? usrvnf;atmfygw,f? AdkvfvkyfwJholu usrqDudk
a&mufvmygw,f? olu usrudk yg;&dkufygw,f? usr t0wfawGqGJqkwf+yD;awmh ol@abmif;bDudkvnf;
c|wfygw,f? +yD;awmh ol@t*F gudk usrxJxdk;oGif;awmhwmygbJ? usr tifrwefemusOfygw,f?
ar; - olu wckck ajymao;ovm;?
aemfavmif; - olu usra,mufsm;udk ajymygw,f? tckvdkvkyfwm[m olykef rdef;rawGudk olwdk@ vkyfaeusvdk@ajymyg
w,f? aemuf olu usrudk rk'drf;usifhygw,f? aemufawmh olu usrudk }udrf;armif;ygw,f? tckudPudk
wa,muf a,mufudk jyefajymjyvdk@&Sd&if usra,mufsm;udk owfypfr,f ajymygw,f? usrvnf; tifrwef
a=umufaeygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; b,fESpf}udrf rk'drf;usifhcH&wmvJ?
aemfavmif; - w}udrfxJyg? AdkvfvkyfwJholu usifhwmyg?
ar; - cifAsm; ppfAdkvf&J@emrnf/ ol@wyfeHygwfudk odygovm;?
aemfavmif; - usr ol@emrnfudk rodygbl;? oluawmh cr& (273) uqdkwm usrodygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh olu
,leDazmif;0wfxm;+yD;/ tJ'Dwyfu usrwdk@&Gmem;rSm pcef;csygw,f?
ar; - wa,mufa,mufu cifAsm; vdift*F gawGudk udkifwmwG,fwm &Sdao;ovm;?
aemfavmif; - r&Sdygbl;? 'gayr,fh ppfom;awGu usrudk jyif;jyifxefxef &dkufESuf=uygw,f? olwdk@u uefw,f? yg;&dkuf
w,f? olwdk@ aoewf'ifawGeJ@ &dkufESuf=uygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; '%f&mawG bmawG&wm &Sdao;ovm;?
aemfavmif;- &dkufESufcH&wJh '%fa=umifh usrwudk,fvHk;vnf; zl;a,mifaeygw,f? usr rdef;rudk,fuvnf; aoG;awGqif;
aeygw,f? Adkufuvnf; tifrwefemygw,f?
ar; - +yD;wJhtcgrSm q&m0efudk oGm;jyowm&Sdygovm;?
aemfavmif; - +yD;wJh csufcsif;rSmawmh usrvnf; wa,mufa,mufudk oGm;ajymzdk@qdkwm tifrwef a=umuf&GH@aeygw,f?
usr xdkif;EdkifiHxJudk ra&mufrcsif; 'DudPudk b,fol@udkrS rajym&Jygbl;? usr 'Dudka&mufwJhwdkifatmifAdkufu
tifrwef emusOfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh q&m0efudk oGm;jyygw,f? olajymwmu usr udk,fxJrSm '%f&m&
aew,f? a&m*gydk; 0ifaew,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? olu usrudk aq;ay;ygw,f?
ar; - tu,fI cifAsm; aq;rSwfwrf;&csifvdk@ q&m0efudk qufoG,fr,fqdk&if jzpfEdkifygovm;?
aemfavmif; - jy\em r&Sdygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm; 'DudPudk wa,mufa,mufqD wdkif=um;ao;ovm;?
aemfavmif; - ckeu ajymovdkygyJ? jrefrmjynfrSm&Sdaewkef;u usra=umufvGef;vdk@ b,fol@udkrS rajym&Jygbl;? tu,f
I usrajymwm odoGm;&if AdkvfvkyfwJholu ajymovdk usra,mufsm;udk owfypfvdkufrSm pdk;&drfygw,f?
ppfwyfeJ@ ywfoufwJh jy\emwdkifwJholawGvnf; zrf;qD;cH=u&wmudk usrawG@zl;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; wckckjznfhpGufajymcsifwm &Sdygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; usaemhudk wckckar;jref;p&m&Sdyg
ovm;?
aemfavmif; - tck jzpfysufcJhwmawGudk usr odyf&Sufaeygw,f? usr&Gmu vlawG tckvdk jzpfysufcJhwmudk em;rvnf
=urSmyJ usra=umufaeygw,f? olwdk@u usrudk raumif;bl;/ usr udk,fYu jzpf&wmvdk@ pGyfpGJ=urSmudkpdk;
&drfygw,f? tJ'Dnaewkef;u jzpfysufcJhwmudk tckwdkif usr tdyfrufqdk;awG rufaewkef;yg? usr arhvdk@
aysmufvdk@&Edkifr,f rxifygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm; tcktawG@tñuHawGudk usaemhfudk jyefajymjyay;wmudk aus;Zl;trsm;}uD;wifygw,f? ajym&
wm tifrwefcufcJr,fqdkwm usaemfodygw,f? wu,fvdk@jzpfEdkifr,fqdk&if/ cifAsm;udPawGudkajymqdk
vdk@&r,fh rdwfaqGwa,muf/ cifAsm;pdwfcHpm;ae&wmawGudk ulnDay;Edkifr,fhol wa,mufudk usaemf!$ef;
ay;csifygw,f?
ndburma2.indd 164 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

aemfavmif; - usrvnf; awG@csifygw,f?

ar; - wu,fvdk@ usaemf aemufw}udrf xyf+yD;pum;ajymqdkcsifw,fqdk&if b,fvdkawG@EdkifygrvJ?
aemfavmif; - usrorD;eJ@ usrutck 'D'kQonfpcef;rSmbJ aexdkifygw,f? tcsdefra&G;vmawG@+yD;/ ajymqdkvdk@&ygw,f?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm aemfavmif;u ol. jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? yGJOD; xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ygygonf? ol.
tuljzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ aemfavmif;onf rk'drf;ðyusifhcH&r_ESifhywfoufI atmufyg
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- aemfavmif;onf ol. udk,fcýmtwGif;odk@ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m xdk;oGif;jcif;tjzpf oufaojy owfrSwfEdkif
a&;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;onf? aemfavmif;u ajymjy&mwGif ol.tusF Drsm;udk Adkvfvkyfolu
qGJc|wfqkwfjzJa=umif;ESifh ol@udk,fwGif;odk@ vdifwHxdk;oGif;a=umif; ajymjycJhonf? ol. jzpf&yfudk oufaocH&mY
q&m0ef. aq;rSwfwrf;u taxmuftulðyay;ygvdrfhrnf?
'kwd,- oabmwlcGifhðycsuf rygbJ/ EdkifhxufpD;eif;usaom xdrf;jrm;vufxyfr_. oabmobm0tjzpf
az:jya&;twGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk aemfavmif;uay;cJhonf? aemfavmif;udk ppfom; 2 OD;u
qGJvSJcsa=umif;udk oluazmfjycJhonf? ol.a,mufsm;ESifhtwl ol&dkufESufcH&onfhta=umif;ESifh ol.om;udkowf
jzpfypfvdkufa=umif;udk ajymjycJhonf? TxGufqdkcsuf tay:tajccHI awG@&Sd&aomtcsufrSm oabmwlcGifðy
csuf rygbJ/ Edkifhxuf pD;eif;usaomenf;jzifh oludk qufqHcHcJh&jcif;[lI jzpfygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- rk'drf;ðyusifhr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk aemfavmif;u az:jycJhonf? ol@
udk Adkvfvkyfolu ðyusifha=umif; aemfavmif;u twdtus axmufjyEdkifonf? ppfAdkvf. trnfudkrodaomf
vnf;/ ‚ppfAdkvf wm0ef&Sdonfh wyfeHygwfudk oluazmfjyEdkifonf? TtcsufESifhyifv#if tpdk;&.yg0if ywfoufr_
udk jyo&ef vHk avmufygonf?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh qufE$,faeaom twif;tusyf Oya'rJhzrf;qD;r_ESifh owf
jzwfr_uJhodk@aom tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;&&Sdygonf? ol.a,mufsm;rSm rnfonfh
jypfr_r#r&SdbJ zrf;qD;cH&jcif;jzpfa=umif; ajymjyonf? ol. om;jzpfolrSmvnf; aoewfESifh ypfowfcH&a=umif;
ajymjyonf? ol. orD;udk ar;jref;=unfhjcif;jzifh aemfavmif;. ajymjycsufrsm;udk twnfðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;,la&;twGuf xyfrHar;jref;&ef vdktyfaumif;/ vdktyf
rnfjzpfonf? aemfavmif;u aemufxyf awG@qHkajymqdk&ef oabmwlnDjcif;ESifh ar;jref;olu ol@udkrnfonfhae
&mwGif qufoG,f&rnfudk od&Sdvmaoma=umifh awG@qHkar;jref;r_ aumif;rGefpGm tqHk;owfEdkifcJhygonf?
(3) ed*Hk;csKyf
- rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifh tnD
rSwfom;od&Sdvmjcif;?
- rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
pkaqmif;&&Sda&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef;rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azgufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd- r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Guf jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfh tcef;rsm;u rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHkpH
trsKd; rsKd;. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkItao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
ndburma2.indd 165 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

(1) yk*¾vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;

Edik if w
H um vl@tcGit
hf a&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufr_ ajrmuf&efrmS csK;d azmufr.
_ t"dut*F g&yfrsm;
jynfhrD&ef vdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf Oya'ESifh
ta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;onf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m w&m;0ifpmcsKyf pmwrf;jyXmef;csufrsm;rS
aeI ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rSefor#udk pwifrSwfwrf;wifjcif; rðyrDrSm csKd;azmufr_
[laom t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mY vdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGm em;vnfxm;oifhygonf? T
tcef;wGif yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_ ay:vGifap&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom
t*F g&yfrsm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;. t"dy`g,fudk owfrSwfjcif;

(u) EdkifiHwum Oya't&qdkv#if yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;tr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&eftwGuf t*gF&yf (3) &yfESifh jynfhpHka=umif;oufao
jyo&ef vdktyfygonf?1
1 yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onfh EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif atmufygwdk@ yg0ifygonf?

- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr -17? Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 17
- vlr_a&;ESifhEdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 26 ESifh 27? (ICCPR), Articles 26 and 27
- vlrsKd;a&;t& cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_rsKd;pHk tqHk;owfapa&; tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-5? Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination, Article 5
- trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: enf;aygif;pHkESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHjcif; tqHk;owfapa&; tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (CEDAW), Article 16
- 'kQonfrsm; tqifhtwef;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oaabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 13 ESifh 14? Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Articles 13
and 14
- EdkifiHrJhjynfolrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 13? Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, Article 13
- a&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk;ESifh olwdk@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;jcif;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 15? Convention on the
Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, Article 15
a'oqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;uvnf; yk~vduydkifqdkifr_ xdyg;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk wm;jrpfa=umif;azmfjyxm;=uygonf? Oyrm- tar&duwdkufwGif/ vl@tcGifhta&;
qdkif&m tar&duwdkufEdkifiHrsm; oabmwlnDcsuf the American Convention on Human Right/ yk'fr (21)/ vlom;wdk@. tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0efrsm;qdkif&m
tar&d uefoabmwlnDcsuf American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man / yk'fr-23/ Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;
umuG,fay;r_qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf the European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Article 1) / yk'fr-1/
tmz&duEdkifiHrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m yÉdnmOfpmwef;/ the African Charteron Human Rights and Peoples' Rights / yk'fr-13 ESifh
14 wdk@ jzpfonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@wGif tvm;wl oabmwlnDcsuf&Sdaomfvnf; vufrSwfra&;xdk; &ao;yg?
Oya't& pnf;aESmifr_r&Sdaomfvnf; yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifhudk xdyg;aESmifh,Sufr_rS wm;jrpfxm;onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m taxmuftxm;/ rSwfwrf;rsm;&Sdygonf?
‚wdk@rSm-trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHa&; zsufodrf;ypfa&; a=unmcsuf Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women / yk'fr
(6)/ vlr_a&;wdk;wufr_ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf; Declaration on Social Progress and Development yk'fr (6)/ roefrpGrf;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
a=unmpmwrf; Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons yk'fr (13)/ EdkifiHwck. EdkifiHom;r[kwfbJ aexdkifaeolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&m a=unmpmwrf;
Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which they Live yk'fr (5)/ ESifh uBmhtodnm%fqdkif&m
ydkifqdkifcGifhtzGJ@tpnf; wnfaxmifr_qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf Convention Establishing World Intellectual Property Organization ESifh
vlwOD;csif;. yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk umuG,fr_ay;jcif;qdkif&m yJ&pftjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Pro-
perty wdk@ jzpfygonf?
TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif =unfh&_&,lEdkifygonf? see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ (last visited 27 July 2008).
yk~vdu ydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;ESifh TtcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;a&;udPrsm;udk yifrtjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif aocsmt"d`g,fzGifhqdkxm;jcif;
r&Sd yg? odk@aomfvnf; ,ckazmfjyyg ydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;udk tqdkygoabmwlnDcsufrsm;u tjcm;&_axmifh toD;oD;rS qef;ppfazmfjyxm;=uygonf? Oyrm- cGJj-
cm; qufqHr_r&Sdapa&;ESifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;. tcGifhta&;jzpfygonf? a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzpf=uonfh tar&duEdkifiHrsm; vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
tjynf jynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf American Convention on Human Rights ESifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk umuG,f
r_ay;jcif;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm; Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamen-
tal Freedoms wGif yk~vduydkifqdkifr_ umuG,fay;a&;ESifh ywfoufI ydkItm;aumif;aom Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mazmfjycsufrsm;&Sdygonf? ,if;twGufa=umifh ,ck
vuf pGJpmtkyfwGif Ta'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;rS azmfjyaomtcsufrsm;udk rSDwnfjyKpkxm;ygonf? 4if;tjyif tar&duEdkifiHrsm;t=um; vl@tcGifhta&;cHk&Hk;
rsm;ESifh Oa&my vl@tcGifhta&;cHk&Hk;rsm;rS r_cif;tvdkuf jzwfxHk;Oya'rsm;udk udk;um;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
ndburma2.indd 166 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

1? yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk xdyg; aESmifh,Sufjcif;

2? w&m;r0ifjyKr_
3? tpdk;&. aqmif&Gufcsufwdk@ jzpfygonf?
tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya' - yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifh

tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf; yk'fr (17)onf yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk twdtvif;
todtrSwfjyKxm;onfh wckwnf;aom tjynfjynfqdkif&myifr oabmwlnDcsufjzpfygonf? tjcm;aom
tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzpfonfh vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&mcGJjcm;zdESdyfr_ yHkpHtm;vHk;tqHk; owfapa&;EdkifiH
wumoabmwlnDcsuf Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination/ ESifh trsKd;
orD;rsm;udk enf;aygif;pHkESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHaejcif; tqHk;owfapa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf Con-
vention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women pojzifhwdk@onf oufqdkif&m&_
axmifhtoD;oD;rS yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk qef;ppfxm;=uygonf? Oyrmazmfjy&aomf- cGJjcm;qufqHr_ r&Sdjcif;
yif jzpfygonf? a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzpfonfh tar&duwdkuf EdkifiHrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsuf American Convention on Human Rights/ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; um
uG,f ay;a&;qdkif&m Oa&myEdkifiHrsm; oabmwlnDcsuf Protocol to the European Convention for the Protec-
tion of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms wdk@wGif yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm t"d`g,fzGifhazmf
jyxm;=uygonf?
(c) rnfonfhtcsufrsm;onf xdyg; aESmifh,Sufr_ ajrmufoenf;?
tpdk;&. rnfonfhXme/ tzGJ@tpnf;urqdk yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk xdyg;aESmifh,Sufonfh rnfonfhvkyfaqmifr_
rsKd; rqdkjyKvmygu tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; rSwfwrf;&,l&eftwGuf xdyg;csKd;azmufa=umif;ajrmufyg
onf? xdyg;aESmifh,Sufonfh tajctae/ twdkif;twmonf ta&;r}uD;yg? ydkifqdkifr_udk toHk;cs&mY/ aysmf&$ifr_cHpm;&mY
tenf;i,fr# taESmifh,Sufjzpf&v#ifjzpfap/ odk@r[kwf vHk;0epfemqHk;&_H;&v#ifjzpfap csKd;azmufr_ twlwlyifjzpfygonf? rnf
odk@ xdyg;aESmifh,Sufonfqdkonfh yHko¿mefuvnf;ta&;r}uD;vSyg? Todk@ csKd;azmufyHkrsm;wGif uef@owfwm;jrpfonfh
Oya'rsm;/ trdef@rsm;/ 'D*&Drsm;/ w&m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m vufawG@jyKrlaqmif&Gufr_rsm;yg0ifygonf? 2
(*) yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;wGif rnfonfhtcGifhta&;rsm; yg0ifae=uoenf;?

yk~vduydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;wGif tcGifhta&;rsKd;pHk yg0ifaeygonf? TtcGifhta&;rsm;wGif ydkifqdkifr_udk xdef;csKyf
cGifh/ toHk;cscGifh/ pDrHcef@cGJcGifh/ cHpm;cGifh/ tusKd;tjrwfxkwf,lcGifh/ v$Jajymif;cGifh/ odk@r[kwf a&mif;cscGifh/ odk@r[kwf pGef@ypfcGifh/
odk@r[kwf tjcm;ydkifqdkifr_rsm;rS oD;jcm;cGJjcm;xm;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;yg0if+yD;/ Tr#ESifh uef@owfxm;csufr&Sdyg? 3 xdk@tjyif
yk~vduydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI wnDw!Gwfwnf; t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufvnf;r&Sdyg? yk~vdu ydkifqdkifr_wGif a&$@
ajymif;Edkifaom/ ra&$@ajymif;Edkifaom t&m0ˆKtm;vHk;yg0ifygonf? xdawG@Edkifaom/ rxdawG@Edkifaom t&mtm;vHk;yg
0ifonf? TyPnf;rsm;tay:rS wefzdk;xkwf,lIvnf;&onf?4 Oyrm azmfjy&v#if- vlwOD;. udk,fcým/ vlwOD;. yk~vd
u ydkifqdkifr_/ ajr.,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mydkifqdkifr_/ todnm%fqdkif&m ydkifqdkifr_wdk@udk ydkifqdkifr_tjzpf rSwf,lygonf?5
2/ Icelandic Human Rights Center, “Interference Leading to Limitation in the Enjoyment of Property,” http://www.humanrights.is/the-human-rights-
rpoject/humanrightscasesandmaterials/comparativeanalysis/therighttoproperty/leading/ (last visited 4 November 2008).
3/ ydkifqdkifr_wckudk &,lydkifcGifhudkrl yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifh tcGihfta&;atmufY xnfhoGif;xm;r_ r&Sdyg? odk@twGufa=umifh vlwOD;wGif yxr OD;qHk; Oya'a=umif;t& ydkifqdkifr_
wckck &Sdae&rnfjzpf+yD;/ Tydkifqdkifr_tay: tajcwnfI tjcm; tcGifhta&;rsm; yl;wGJjzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfonf?
4 See, The Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingini Community v. Nicaragua, Judgement, Inter-American Court, Series C, no. 79, 31 August 2001,
para. 144. See also, General Recommendation No. 21, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
5 Francis Cheval, Property Rights as Human Rights, Swiss Human Rights Book, Vol. 1, 2001. Monica Carss-Fisk, Right to Property: A Guide to the
Implementation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights, Human Rights Handbook, No. 4, 2001. International
Convention on Civil and Political Right (Art. 27).
ndburma2.indd 167 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

(C) yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk rnfonfhtajctaewGif w&m;0if =um;0ifpGufzufcGifh &Sdoenf;?

yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifh qdkonfrSm tºuif;rJh tcGifhta&; r[kwfyg? EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&u vlwOD;. yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk
uef@owfr_ jyKaumif;jyKEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- tajctaewckwGif tpdk;&u vlwOD;. ydkifqdkifr_udk qHk;&_H;apjcif;/
odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ‚yk~dKvf. toHk;cscGifhudk uef@owfjcif; jyKaumif; jyKEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@ uef@
owfjcif;udk tcsKd@uef@owfxm;onfh tajctaeatmufYom aqmif&Guf&ef tusKH;0ifygonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m
Oya'atmufwGifrl yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifh csKd;azmufjcif;onf atmufazmfjyyg t*F g&yf (3) ck jynfhpHkrSom tusKH;0ifr_&Sdyg
onf?6
1? Oya't& jyXmef;jcif;?
2? vltrsm; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfjcif;?7
3? vltrsm; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;r_ESifh avsmfnDpGm uef@owfr_ jzpfjcif;?8
yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk rnfodk@aom uef@owfr_rsKd;rqdk txufazmfjyyg t*F g&yf 3- csufESif@ ppfaq;v#if w&m;0if
jzpfaeap&ygrnf? yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk uef@owf&mY txufazmfjyyg 3- csufESifh ppfaq;I uGJvGJrSK &Sdaev#ifrl/ w&m;
r0ifEdkifawmhyg/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'udk csKd;azmufxm;zG,f &SdaeEdkifonf[k owfrSwfEdkifygonf?9
(i)tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if twif;t"R vufxyfapr_ ajrmufap&eftwGuf tpdk;&w&yfuvkyfaqmif
csuf rsKd;jzpf&ef vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm “òr@awmfrSm tajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum todtrSwfðy ydkifeufe,fajr&Sd
vlrsm;/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkcsKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óu;yrf;aom trsKd;om;(EdkifiHawmftqifh)tzGJ@tpnf;”10
udk &nf!$ef;jcif; jzpfygonf? odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf csKd;azmufr_wGif wm0ef&Sd
onf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/ tpdk;&t&m&Sd wOD; OD;u
twif;t"R vufxyfxdrf;jrm;apr_wckudk usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udkaqmif
&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?11 tpdk;&vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;
aumif; jzpfyGm;aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifhywfoufI
vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&. ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf?12 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&yg
v#if/ yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifh csKd;azmufr_wdk@ usL;vGefaom wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay; ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if
tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwumOya'udk csKd;azmuf&m a&mufygonf?13
6/ UN International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, Article 19, 1966

7/ trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;qdkonfrSm us,fjyef@ajymonfh t,ltqwckjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;jy\emu¾aygif;pHkudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;r_&Sdygonf?
yk~vduydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&; udpPESifh ywfoufv#ifrl EdkifiHawmf (tpdk;&) onf trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm; twGuf vlwOD;csif;. yk~vduydkifqdkifr_udk xdyg;pGufzuf&ef
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf[k ,lqxm;=uygonf?
8/ uef@owfr_rsm;onf avsmfuefnD!Gwfr_ &Sdap&eftwGuf &yf&Gm.tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh vlwOD;csif;. yk~vduydkifqdkifr_t=um; r#r#ww&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf? uef@owfr_rsm;onf
vlwOD;csif;pD. yk~vdu ydkifqdkifr_udk tvGeftusL;xdyg;r_&Sdapygu wOD;csif;yk~vdu ydkifqdkifr_&Sdolonf “wOD;xJESifh tvGeftusL; 0efxkyf0efydk;” udk xrf;&onf[k jrif
=u+yD;/ uef@owfr_onf avsmfuefnD!Gwfr_&Sdonf[krqdkEdkifyg? Sporrong and Lonnroth v. Sweden, European Court of Human Rights, A52, 1982, para.
73.
9/ Monica Carss-Fisk, Right to Property: A Guide to the Implementation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human
Rights, Human Rights Handbook, No. 4, 2001.
Mary Callahan, Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Coexistence. Washington, DC: East-West
11/ rSwfcsufjyK&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fjyK +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&.vkyf&yfudk oufaojy&ef rvdktyfyg?
13/
ndburma2.indd 168 26-Dec-09 13:05:25


rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif; wckr[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ ðyaeonf
rsKd; &Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;. tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;/
yk~vduaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifonf?
Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm; tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) onf jynfwGif; Oya't& olwdk@
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk;& r[kwfaom tjcm;tif
tm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwumOya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@. vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&efrvdktyfonfh
tajctae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@usL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf vlom;
rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwumOya't& wm0ef
cH&ef ta=umif;&Sdvmonf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjynfht0 rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpf&ef
twGuf/ tpdk;&u usL;vGefonf jzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA) u
usL;vGefonfjzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&ef vdktyfonf?
(3) ta&;}uD;aomar;cGef;rsm; ar;jref;jcif;

ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif; tcsuftvuf
xda&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jref;Edkifonfh tawG@tñuHESifh pGrf;&nfay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh rlwnfygvdrfhrnf?
tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aom t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiHwum
Oya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm;ðypk&mY taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? csKd;azmufr_
t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom rlabmif/ pnf;urf;owf
rSwfcsufwckck &&SdEdkifygonf?

- vkHðcHa&;ESifh v#Kd@0Sufa&;twGuf txl;=uyfrwf *&kpdkuf&ef?

ndburma2.indd 169 26-Dec-09 13:05:25


- rdrd rvkyfay;Edkifaom uwdrsm;udk ray;ygESifh?
owif;ESifhywfoufI rdrd.=oZm rv$rf;rdk;rdatmif a&SmifusOfyg?
1? xdyg;aESmifh,Sufjcif; jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;atmif jyojcif;

- rnfol@ vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdyg;aESmifh,SufcH&oenf;?
- rnfodk@ jzpfoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefu xdyg;aESmifh,Sufr_ jzpfoenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mwGif xdyg;aESmifh,Sufr_ jzpfoenf;?
- rnfodk@rnfyHk vGwfvyfr_udk xdyg;aESmifh,Sufr_ cH&oenf;?
- Todk@jzpfysufonfudk oifrnfuJhodk@ od&Sdoenf;?
2? yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_ jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;apjcif;?

- ‚onf rnfol@ ydkifqdkifr_ jzpfoenf;?
- rnfonfh ydkifqdkifr_rsKd; jzpfoenf;?
- Tydkifqdkifr_udk rnfonfhtcsdefu &&SdcJhoenf;?
- Tydkifqdkifr_ rnfonfhae&mY &Sdaeoenf;? ,cktcg rnfonfhae&mwGif &Sdaeoenf;?
- Tydkifqdkifr_onf rnfr# wefzdk;&Sdoenf;?
3? xdyg; aESmifh,Sufr_onf w&m;r0ifjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;apjcif;

- rnfol. =oZm trdef@ay;r_atmufwGif ,ck xdyg;aESmuf,Sufr_udk aqmif&Gufpnf;=uyfoenf;?
- T xdyg;aESmifh,Sufr_udk Oya'jzifh jyXmef;ygovm;? rnfonfh Oya'jzpfoenf;?
- Tuef@owfcsufudk rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh aqmif&Gufoenf;?
- Tuef@owfcsufonf avsmfuefygoavm?
ndburma2.indd 170 26-Dec-09 13:05:25


- Txdyg;r_ jzpf&yfudk rnfolu usL;vGefoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;cJhoenf;? Tjzpf&yfudk rnfolwdk@ odoenf;?
Tjzpf&yfwGif rnfolwdk@u ulnD aqmif&Gufay;oenf;?
- T jzpf&yfESifh ywfoufI oifwdkif=um;jcif;ðyygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwf tb,fh
- Tjzpf&yf rjzpf&atmif tpdk;&u óuwifumuG,fay;ygovm;? odk@r[kwf ‚ESifhywfoufI ta&;,laqmif&Guf
ay;ygovm;?
EdkifiHwum Oya' csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifh vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@ vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOfojzifh t&efoifh
ay:vGifxif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfouf
aom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
rS aeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmufr_.
t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctae tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeus yk~vduydkifqdkifr_
tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsKd;twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH wckudk az:jyay;ygrnf?
tvuf &SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyf od&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;

odk@r[kwf awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; rpwifrDrSm csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtajctae
tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuftvuf &SmazG
pkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul&Edkifyg
onf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;r_rðyrD/ aemufcH
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDppf=unhfa&;wGif taxmuftul &Edkifygonf? atmufrSmaz:jyxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH
twGif; twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;ESifh ywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;
tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufjcif;&m ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom (1962) ckESpfup
I tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod&ufpufjcif; enf;AsL[mjzifh wdkif;jynfudk
ndburma2.indd 171 26-Dec-09 13:05:25

tkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? txl;ojzifh vufeufudkif yÉdyQrsm;jzpfyGm;aeaom ae&mrsm;wGif ppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJ@

ae&mcsxm;r_rsm; txl;wdk;wufaqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif TtajctaerSaeI yk~vduydkifqdkifr_ tcGifh
ta&; csKd;azmufcH&jcif;rsm;vnf; qufI jzpfay:cJhygonf? t"R ajymif;a&$@ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;a=umifh vltrsm;
rSm olwdk@.ajrrsm;/ yk~vdu ydkifqdkifr_rsm; qHk;&_H;=u&+yD; tpdk;&. zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHcsuf
rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ t"RaiGa=u; aumuf,lr_rsm;a=umifhvnf; epfemqHk;&_H;=u&ygonf?14
ppftpdk;&u t"Rae&majymif;a&$@apjcif;udk tjrJwapqdkovdk vkyfaqmifwwf+yD;/ vlxkrsm;udk Tenf;
jzifh xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef óu;yrf;avh&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;aexdkif&m a'orsm;wGif Todk@
t"R ajymif;a&$@apjcif;udk aqmif&Gufavh&Sdygonf? vuf&Sdcef@rSef;csufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aexdkifol vlw
oef;ausmfrSm vGefcJhonfhq,fpkESpftwGif; ‚wkd@. aetdrfrsm;rS pGef@cGmajymif;a&$@cJh=u&ygonf?15 Todk@ t"R
ajymif;a&$@=u&pOfumvwGif jynfolrsm;onf olwdk@. aetdrfrsm;/ wd&d>mefrsm;/ oD;ESHrsm;/ yk~vduydkifyPnf;
OPmrsm;tygt0if/ ajrESifhydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm; qHk;&_H;=u&ygonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh ppfwyfu odrf;,ljcif;/ zsuf
qD;ypfjcif;rsm;vnf; ñuHawG@&wwfygonf?16
jrefrmjynfolrsm;onf (etz) ppftpdk;&ESifh tjcm;aom tzGJ@rsm;. aiGa=u;tcGeftwkwfrsm; us,fjyef@
pGm aumufcHaer_rsm;a=umifh olwdk@. ydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&_H;ae=u&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif T odk@
twif;tusyf aiGaumufcHjcif;udk ray;rae&'%faiGrsm;ay;aqmif&jcif;/ tca=u;aiGrsm;/ tvSLaiG/ vmbf
aiG/ tcGefpojzifh yHko¿mefrsKd;pHkESifh awG@ae&ygonf? xdkr#ru ajr/ tpm;taomufESifh tjcm;yPnf;rsm;udk
awmif;cHjcif;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? Todk@awmif;cHr_rsm;rSm aus;vufa'orsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;a'o rsm;wGif
or&dk;usyHkpHtjzpf jrifawG@ae&ygonf? tcsKd@aomudP&yfrsm;wGif &Gmom;rsm;onf tpdk;&.ta=umif;jycsuf
rsKd;pHkESifh ray;rae&a=u;rsm;udk ay;=u&ygonf? ppfwyfpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufr_twGufvnf;ay;aqmif=u&
ygonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&u uruxjyKonfh yGJvrf;obifrsm;/ ay:wma=u;/ ppfwyfrSppfajy;rsm;xGufajy;
onfhtwGuf ay;aqmif&onfha=u;pojzifh rsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf?17 tcsKd@aomudPrsm;wGif rnfonfhta=umif;
jycsufrSr&SdbJ aumufcHrSKrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? Todk@ twif;tusyfaumufcHonfh aiGa=u;yrm%onf &m
*%ef;rSonf axmifcsDI&Sdwwfonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmppfwyfur=umc%qdkovdk aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHrS
pm;eyf&dQmrsm;/ u|JEGm; tdrfarG;wd&d>mefrsm;/ wefzdk;&SdyPnf;OPmrsm;udkvnf; avsmfa=u;ray;bJ odrf;qnf;
wwfygonf?18
a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifjcif;r&Sdaom obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,loHk;pGJr_ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODwnf
aqmufa&; pDrHcsufrsm;a=umifhvnf; vlxkrsm;. yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifh csKd;azmufcH&jcif;vnf; ñuHawG@&wwf
ygonf? a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiG@ ydkufvdkif;wnfaqmuf&ef/ opfxkwf&ef/ oWKrdkif;wl;azmf&ef/ ajrydkifcGifhrsm;
csay;&ef/ qnfajrmif;/ vrf;ESifh tjcm; tajccH taqmuftODrsm; wnfaqmuf&ef twGuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk
olwdk@. aetdrfrsm;/ ajrrsm;rS t"RESifxkwfcH=u&ygonf?19 jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif; weoFm&Dwdkif;/ rGefa'oESifh
u&ifvlxka'orsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;onfh &wem-&JwHcGef obm0"gwfaiG@ ydkufvdkif;rsm; 1995 ckESpfrS 1998
ckESpftwGif; wnfaqmufr_a=umifh rGef/ u&if/ xm;0,f vlxkrsm;rSm avsmfa=u;aiGwpHkw&mr&&SdbJ t"RESif
xkwfcHcJh=u&ygonf? T"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHrS xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ obm0"gwfaiG@ wifydk@a&mif;cs&efjzpf
ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH taemufydkif;wGif urf;vGefrS wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrnfh wnfaqmufaeqJjzpfaom a&$"gwfaiG@
ydkufvdkif;rSmvnf; &cdkifjynfe,fudkjzwfI rauG;wdkif;/ rœav;wdkif;/ &Srf;jynfe,fudkjzwfum w&kwfEdkifiHodk@
14/ Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Displacement and Dispossession: Forced Migration and Land Rights – Burma, Country
Report, November 2007, p. 56.
15/ Thailand Burmese Border Consortium, Internally Displaced People and Relocations Sites in Eastern Burma, September 2002, p. 3.
16/ US Campaign for Burma, “Learn about Burma,” http://uscampaignforburma.org/learn-about-burma, (last visited 20 March 2008).
www.ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/livelihood.html#farmers, (last visited 3 September 2008).
18/ Ibid.
19/ EarthRights International, “Another Yadana: The Shwe Natural Gas Pipeline Project (Burma-Bangladesh-India),” 27 August 2004,
ndburma2.indd 172 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

"gwfaiG@rsm;udk ay;ydk@vdrfhOD;rnf jzpfygonf? T"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;a=umifhvnf; tvm;wlqdk;usKd;rsm; ñuHawG@cH

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aus;&Gmvl}uD;wOD;jzpf onfESifhtnD avm&,fu tpnf;ta0;twGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk jyifqif&ygonf?
20/ The Shwe Gas Movement, “Human Rights Abuses,” 14 November 2006, http://www.shwe.org/issues/militarisation-and-human-rights-abuses,
(last visited 20 March 2008).
21/ Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, “Myanmar (Burma) - Kachin state: land confiscation leads to displacement,” June 2005,
http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/91A5A1C4FDE7CCFF802570B8005AABCD?OpenDocume
nt, (last visited 3 September 2008).
22/ Salween Watch, “Burma’s Salween Dams Threaten Over Half a Million Lives Downstream,” 8 May 2007, http://www.salweenwatch.org/,
(last visited 20 March 2008).
23/ Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Displacement and Dispossession: Forced Migration and Land Rights – Burma, Country
Report, November 2007, p. 91.
24/ Moo Ko Htee, “Mission Impossible: Surviving under the Burmese Regime,” Burma Issues, April 2008, http://www.burmaissues.org/En/
Newsletter/BINews2008-04-01.html, (last visited 3 September 2008).
25/ Human Rights Documentation Unit, “Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2006,” National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, http://www.
ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/livelihood.html#farmers, (last visited 3 September 2008).
ndburma2.indd 173 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

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ndburma2.indd 174 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

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ndburma2.indd 175 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

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ndburma2.indd 176 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

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ar; - tJ'D ppfwyf cifAsm;wdk@&Gmudk a&mufvmcsdefupvdk@ cifAsm;wdk@eJ@a&m tjcm;jy\emawG &Sdygovm;?
avm&,f - wyf&if;rSL;u trdef@xkwf+yD; ppfwyfpcef;aqmufzdk@ &Gmom;awG tm;vHk;u aqmufvkyfa&;yPnf;awGaxmuf
yHh&r,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'D aqmufvkyfa&;yPnf;awGay;zdk@ wcsKd@olawGqdk&if tdrfzsuf+yD;awmifay;=u&
ygw,f? tJ'Dtrdef@udk wm0efrausrSmpdk;vdk@ usaemfwdk@ae@rtm;/ nrem;vkyf=u&ygw,f? usaemfwkd@ ouf
arG;0rf; a=umif;udPawGtwGufawmif tcsdefr&Sdawmhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;wdk@ tajctaeudk odwJhvlwa,mufa,mufeJ@ usaemf pum;ajymvdk@ &Edkifygrvm;? wjcm;olrsm; &Sd
ygOD;rvm;?
avm&,f - aocsmwmaygh? tck usaemfwdk@&Gmu vmwJhol trsm;}uD;&Sdaew,f? ppfwyfu a&mufvm+yDuwnf;u
jy\emwuf&wJholawGcsnf;yJ? usaemfh tdrfeD;csif;rdwfaqG wcsKd@udkar;csif&if/ reufjzefvmzdk@ usaemfpkxm;
ay;r,f?
ar; - 'gqdk odyfaumif;wmaygh? aemufxyf cifAsm;jznfhajymcsifwmawG/ usaemfar;zdk@ usefoGm;wmawG &Sdygo
vm;? cifAsm;ua&m usaemfhudk ar;zdk@ &Sdygovm;?
avm&,f - cifAsm; tckvdk pdk;&drf+yD;vmar;wmudkyJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? usaemfh&Gmu tifrwefqif;&Jygw,f? usaemf wdk@
rSm ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;OPmqdkvdk@ enf;enf;yJ&Sdygw,f? tJ'gudkvnf; tck ppfwyfu tukef,loGm;yg+yD? usaemf
wdk@ ajrawGawmif odrf;,loGm;ygw,f? tu,fI 'Dtwdkif;om qufjzpfaer,fqdk&ifawmh usaemfwdk@vnf;
b,fvdk toufquf&rSef;awmif rodawmhygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm; tawG@tñuHawG tckvdk ajymjyay;wm aus;Zl;wifygw,f? ckvdk jyefajym&wm odyfcufcJr,fqdkwm
usaemfodygw,f? tu,fI qü&Sdr,fqdk&if/ wu,fvdk@ jzpfEdkifr,fqdk&if/ cifAsm;udPawGudkajymqdkvdk@ &r,fh
rdwfaqGwa,muf/ cifAsm;pdwfcHpm;ae&wmawGudk ulnDay;Edkifr,fhol wa,mufudk usaemf!$ef;ay;csif
ygw,f?
ndburma2.indd 177 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

avm&,f - usaemfu tcktcsdefrSmawmh tdkauyg? aumif;ygw,f? cifAsm; tckvdkajymwm aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

ar; - wu,fvdk@ usaemf aemufw}udrfxyf+yD; pum;ajymqdkcsifw,fqdk&if cifAsm;udk b,fvdk qufoG,fEdkifyg
rvJ?
avm&,f - usaemfu tck 'D'kQonfpcef;rSm pm&if;0ifzdk@ apmifhaeygw,f? usaemf wae&m&moGm;zdk@ tpDtpOfvnf;
r&Sdygbl;? tu,fI tjcm;ar;cGef; &Sdr,fqdk&if tcsdefra&G;vmawG@+yD;/ ajymqdkvdk@ &ygw,f?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[kqdk&jcif;rSm avm&,fu ol. jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifhjzpf
ygonf? yGJOD; xGufar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;vnf;ygygonf? ol.
tuljzpfapygonf? om"u tm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if/ avm&,fonf yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifh csKd;azmufjcif;tr_ESifh ywf
oufI atmufygowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxr- avm&,fonf ol. yk~vduydkifqdkifr_udk xdyg;csKd;azmufcH&jcif;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;cJhonf? ppfom;rsm;u ol.0ufudk ypfowfjcif;ESifh ol.wJudk rD;&_d@ypfjcif;udk
azmfjycJhonf? ppfwyfu ol.v,fajrudk odrf;ydkufcJha=umif;vnf; azmfjyajymqdkcJhonf? tdrfeD;csif;rsm;ESifh
xyfrHar;jref;r_t& ol.ajymqdkcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfppfaq; twnfjyKEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
'kwd,- Todk@ xdyg;aESmifh,Sufr_onf w&m;r0if oabmoufa&mufa=umif; az:jya&;twGuf avm&,f
u tao;pdwfusaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;cJhonf? ol. ydkifqdkifr_ypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk odrf;ydkufjcif;
twGuf w&m;0if trdef@pm&Gufpmwef;yif &Sd-r&Sd owdrjyKrda=umif; avm&,fu ajymjyonf? Ttrdef@rsm;
onf vltrsm;. aumif;usKd; pD;yGm;twGuf aqmif&Gufonfh[efr&Sdyg? Ttrdef@rsm;onf &Gmom;rsm;tzdk@
rr# waom qdk;usKd;epfemr_rsm; ñuHawG@&apygonf? ol.xGufqdkcsuf tay:tajccHI awG@&Sd&aom tcsufrSm
w&m;0ifr[kwfygbJ ppfwyfu jyKrlcJhonf [lI jzpfonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- ol. yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifhudk xdyg;csKd;azmufonfh ta=umif;azmfjyr_wGif avm&,fu
tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udkaz:jycJhonf? oluazmfjy&mwGif jrefrmppfwyf (cr&-134) rS wyf&if;rSL;
ESifh ppfom;rsm;u usL;vGefcJhonf[k qdkonf? TtcsufESifhyifv#if tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk jyo&efvHk
avmufygonf?
TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rSaeI yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifhudk xdyg;csKd;azmufr_ESifh qufE$,faeaom ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_
uJhodk@aom tjcm;csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;& &Sdygonf? ol&dkufESufcH&a=umif;/ wdkif wGif
óud;ESifhcsnfwkwfcH&a=umif;/ ol@0ufudk ypfowfcJhonfh ppfom;rsm;u ol@udk touf&Sifv#uf rD;&_d@owfcH&rnfh
ta&; cHpm;cJh&a=umif; avm&,fuaz:jycJhonf? ol. tdrfeD;csif;rsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;tm;jzifhol. jzpf&yf
udkoufaocHa&;twGuf taxmuftulay;ygvdrfhrnf? tjcm;aom csKd;azmufcH&r_rsm;twGuf xyfrHar;jref;
&efvdktyfygvdrfhrnf? ,ckavm&,fESifhawG@qHkar;jref;cef;onf atmifjrifpGm+yD;qHk;cJhygonf? ta=umif;rSmaemuf
xyfar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdk&ef avm&,fu oabmwlnD+yD;/ ar;jref;oluvnf; ol@udkaemufaemif rnfodk@quf
oG,f&rnfudk od&SdcJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
ndburma2.indd 178 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

(3) ed*Hk;csKyf ?
- yk~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&jcif;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnDrSwfom;od&Sd vmjcif;?
- yk~vdu ydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&jcif;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sda&; twGuf
ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef;rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azgufr_w&yf jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; &Sd- r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudk aqmif&Guf
jcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfh tcef;rsm;u yk~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&jcif;. taxmuf
txm; rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkI tao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
ndburma2.indd 179 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;

(1) vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr_rsm;
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ ajrmuf&efrSm csKd;azmufr_. t"dut*F g
&yfrsm;jynfhrD&ef vdktyfygonf? Tt*F g&yfrsm;onf wdusa&&maom pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf Oya'ESifh qef@
usifaomvkyf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf &Sdae&rnfhywf0ef;usiftajctaewpHkvdktyfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;
t"d`g,fudk owfrSwf&mYvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;wduspGmem;vnfxm;oifhygonf? Ttcef;wGif
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_ay:vGifapa&;
twGuf vdktyfaom t*F g&yfrsm; jzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf?
(2) vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkjcif;

(u) EdkifiHwum Oya't& vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;udkrnfonfh t*Fg&yf
rsm;jzifh yg0if owfrSwfxm;oenf;?
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;udk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wck
tjzpf rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&ef twGuf atmufaz:jyyg t*F g&yf (3) &yf xif&Sm;a=umif; oufaowifjy&ygrnf?1
1/ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk umuG,fr_ay;xm;aom t"duusonfh EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;wGif atmufygwdk@ yg0ifonf?
- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr 19? Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19
- ukvor~ EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 19? UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR), Article 19
- ukvor~uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-13? UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Article 13
- ukvor~ vlrsKd;a&;t& enf;aygif;pHkESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHr_rsm;udk tqHk;owfapa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr- 5 (C) (8)? UN International Con-
vention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), Article 5(d)(viii)
a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDr_rsm;onfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifh csKd;azmufxdyg;jcif;udk umuG,fr_ay;xm;ygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-tar&duwdkufwGif tar&d
uefEdkifiHrsm; vl@tcGifhta&;oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-13 American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica,” (Art. 13) / Oa&mywdkuf
wGif Oa&myvl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (yk'fr-10) European Convention on Human Rights (Art. 10), vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhqdkif&m tajccH
rlrsm; xkwfjyefa=unmpmwrf;? trfpwm'rf t=uHðycsufrsm;ESifh bD&Suf xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf Declaration on Principles of Freedom of Expression, Amster-
dam Recommendations and Bishkek Declaration/ tmz&duwdkufwGif tmz&duwdkuf vlom;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m yÉd^mOfpmwrf;/ yk'fr-9 African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Art. 9) / tmz&duwdkufwGif; vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkjcif;qdkif&mrlrsm; xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf Declaration of Prin-
ciples on Freedom of Expression in Africa wdk@jzpfygonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@wGif tvm;wl oabmwlnDr_rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;&jcif;rðy&ao;yg?
Oya't& pnf;aESmifr_r&Sdaom EdkifiHwumpmcsKyf rSwfwrf;rsm;onfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmazmfjy ajymqdkcGifh csKd;azmufxdyg;cH&jcif;udk umuG,fay;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fxm;=uyg
onf? ‚wdk@rSm- +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh EdkifiHwumt=um; em;vnfr_ ydkrdk tm;aumif;vmap&ef/ vlrsKd;a&; oDoef@0g'rsm;/ tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_ESifh ppfyGJtwGuf v_H@
aqmfjcif;udk qef@usif&efESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; jr‡ifhwifEdkif&eftwGuf vlxkowif;rD'D,mrsm;udk yHhydk;onfhtajccHrlrsm; xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf Declaration on Fun-
damental Principles concerning the Contribution to the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion
of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War ESifh trsKd;om;vHkðcHa&;/ vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh owif;rsm;
&,lydkif cGifhqdkif&m *sKd[efePbwf a=unmpmwrf; Johannesburg Principles on National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information wdk@
jzpfygonf?
vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk umuG,fr_ay;xm;aom t"duusonfh EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;wGif atmufygwdk@ yg0ifonf?
- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr 20 ESifh 23? Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 20 and 23
- ukvor~ EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 21 ESifh 22? UN International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, Article 21 and 22
- ukvor~ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 8? UN International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights, Article 8
- ukvor~uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-15? UN International Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 15
- ukvor~ vlrsKd;a&;t&enf;aygif;pHkESifh cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHr_rsm;udk tqHk;owfapa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr- 5 (9) UN International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), Article 5(ix)
tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (tdkift,fvftdk) uvnf; pka0;cGifhESifh ywfoufI umuG,fr_ay;aom oabmwlnDcsuftrsm;qHk;jzwfxm;&Sd+yD; jzpfyg
onf? ‚wkd@wGif-
- (tdkift,fvftdk) oabmwlnDcsuf (11)? toif;tyif; zGJ@pnf;jcif;qdkif&m tcGifhta&; ILO Convention No. 11 concerning the Right of Association
- (tdkift,fvftdk)oabmwlnDcsuf (87)? toif;tyif; vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;cGifh ILO Convention No. 87 concerning Freedom of As-
ndburma2.indd 180 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

1? vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk =um;0ifaESmifh,Sufjcif;

2? w&m;r0if aqmif&Gufr_
3? tpdk;&. aqmif&Gufr_ wdk@ jzpfonf?
(c) rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u =um;0if aESmuf,Sufr_ ajrmufygoenf;?

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhtay: zdESdyf&eftvdk@Xm tpdk;&Xme/ tzGJ@tpnf;wckcku ðyvkyfaom
rnfonfh aqmif&Gufr_rqdk “=um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif;”tjzpf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_ajrmufapygonf? “=um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif;” .yrm% twdkif;tqteJtrsm;ESifh oufqdkifr_r&Sdyg? vGwfvyf
pGm azmfjycGifhESifhpka0;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wenf;enf;jzifh teJtusOf;taESmuft,Suf jzpfaponfjzpfap/ vHk;vHk;vsm;
vsm; wif;usyfuef@owfonfqdkonfh twdkif;twmjzpfap =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif; ajrmufonf? “=um;0ifaESmuf,Suf
jcif;” yHkpHonfvnf; tvm;wloufqdkifr_r&Sdyg? uef@owfxm;aom Oya'rsm;/ 'D*&Drsm;/ trdef@rsm;/ w&m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;ESifh &kyf0ˆKydkif;qdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;pojzifh tm;vHk;yg0ifonf?2
(*) vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhwGif rnfonfh tcGifhta&;rsm; yg0ifoenf;?

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk EdkifiHwum vltcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;wGif jyXmef;xm;&mY-
- rnfodk@aom t,ltq (tdkif'D,m)rsm;ESifh owif;rsm;udk rqdk
- rnfonfh ae&m/ tajctaersKd;wGifrqdk
- rnfodk@aom owif;rD'D,mrsm;rSwqifh
- &SmazG/ vufcH&,l/ owif;ydk@cGifh tcGifhta&; &Sd&rnf[k qdkygonf?
sociation and Protection of the Right to Organize

-(tdkift,fvftdk) oabmwlnDcsuf (98)? pka0;v_yf&Sm;cGifhESifh pkaygif;I nd‡Ed_if;awmif;qdkcGifhqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rlrsm;udktoHk;csjcif; ILO Convention No. 98 con-
cerning the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organize and to Bargain Collectively
- (tdkift,fvftdk) oabmwlnDcsuf (151)? pkpnf;v_yf&Sm;cGifhESifh tpdk;&Xmersm;wGif tvkyfae&m cef@xm;jcif;qdkif&m tajctaeESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm; ILO Conven-
tion No. 151 concerning Protection of the Right to Organize and Procedures for Determining Conditions of Employment in the Public Service
- (tdkift,fvftdk) . tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifhqdkif&m tajccHrlrsm; xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work wdk@jzpfyg
onf?
a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhudk csKd;azmufxdyg;jcif;udk umuG,fr_ay;xm;=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- tar&duwdkufwGif tar&d
uefEdkifiHrsm; vl@tcGifhta&; oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-15 ESifh 16 (1) American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica,” (Art. 15 and
16(1)) Oa&mywdkufwGif vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr-11 (1) ESifh (2) Convention for the Protec-
tion of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Art. 11(1) and (2)) / Oa&myvlr_a&; yÉd^mOfa=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr 5 ESifh 6 European Social Charter
(Art. 5 and 6) / Oa&myor~. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m yÉd^mOfpmwrf;/ yk'fr-11 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Art. 12) /
tmz&duwdkufwGif tmz&duvlom;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m yÉd^mOfa=unmpmwrf;/ yk'fr-10 ESifh 11 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
(Art. 10 and 11) / tmz&du uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;ESifh vlr_zlvHka&;qdkif&m yÉd^mOfpmwrf;/ yk'fr-8 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
(Art. 8) wdk@ jzpfygonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@wGif tvm;wl oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; rðy&ao;yg?.
TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif &,lEdkifygonf? (2008 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 27 aemufqHk; =unfh&_csuft&) see http://www2.ohchr.org/
english/law/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (CIL) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfðyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? (CIL) onf tpdk;&. a,bk,svkyfaqmifcsufrS
TOya'udk jiif;y,fvmcJhygu EdkifiHwckonf TOya't& pnf;aESmifr_ r&Sdyg?
2/ Leon E. Irish and Karla W. Simon, Freedom of Association: Recent Developments Regarding the “Neglected Right,” American Society of Interna-
tional Law Human Rights Interest Group Newsletter, Vol. 9. No. 1 and 2, p.37.
ndburma2.indd 181 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhwGif tcGifhta&;rsKd;pHk yg0ifygonf? vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhwGif owif;rsm;udk

azmfjyay;ydk@cGifhomru/ owif;ESifh t,ltq (tdkif'D,m)rsm;udk vufcH&,lcGifh/ &SmazGcGifhvnf; yg0ifygonf? om"utm;
jzifh azmfjy&v#if- EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&taeESifh &SmazG&,lEdkifrnfh Xme/ yPnf;rsm; yHhydk;axmufyHhay;&rnfh tjyif/ owif;/
rSwfwrf;rsm; awmif;qdkvmyguvnf; wkH@jyefay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?3 xdkr#ru yg0ifonfhta=umif;t&mESifhazmfjy
onfh rD'D,H(=um;cH)udkvnf; umuG,fr_rsKd;pHk vkyfaqmifay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?4 Todk@ azmfjyajymqdkr_rsm;udk EdkifiH
wume,fedrdwfrsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;uef@owfr_r&Sdapoifhyg? qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&wcktaeESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh
qufoG,fvufcH/ ay;ydk@cGifhudk cGifhðy&rnfjzpfygonf?5
(C) vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwGif rnfonfh tcGifhta&;rsm; yg0ifoenf;?

vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk EdkifiHwum vltcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;wGif jyXmef;xm;&mY ta=umif;udPwckcktwGuf
tjcm;olrsm; yg0ifpka0;cGifhyifjzpfygonf?6 vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwGif tcGifhta&;aygif;pHk yg0ifygonf? om"u azmfjy&v#if-
vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwGif pka0;cGifh tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fr_ ay;&Hkr#omrubJ/ tzGJ@tpnf;/ tkyfpkrsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ tzGJ@
wck/ toif;tyif;wckwGif tzGJ@0ifjzpf&ef vufcHcGifh/ jiif;y,fcGifhrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwGif ouf
qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? txl;ojzifh tvkyform;or~rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhESifh pkaygif;I tay;
t,lðy&ef awmif;qdkcGifhrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?7
(i) rnfonfhtcsdefwGif vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm; tm; =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif; w&m;0if oenf;?

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;onf tuef@towfr&Sd/ tºuGif;rJhtcGifh
ta&;r[kwfay? qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHawmftpdk;& wckonf TtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufI uef@owfwm;qD;rdef@xkwf
jyefEdkifonf? odk@&mwGif uef@owfxm;onfh tajctaersm;atmufYomv#if Twm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk xkwfjyefcGifh&Sdonf?
EdkifiHwumOya't& vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhrsm;udk atmufygtajctaersm;atmufY uef@
owfwm;jrpfrSom Oya't& w&m;0ifonf?8
(1) Oya't& jyXmef;owfrSwfcsuf jzpf&rnf?
(2) w&m;Oya'ESifhavSsmfuefaom atmufazmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifhaomf aqmif&Guf&rnf?9
- trsKd;om; vHkðcHa&;t&/ vltrsm;. vHkðcHa&;t&
- &yf&Gmwnf+idrfa&;ESifh &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf
- udk,fusifh pm&dWESifh usef;rma&; umuG,f&ef vdktyfcsuf t&
3/ Central Asian Pocketbook on Freedom of Expression, Article 19, October 2006.

4/ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhwGif wdusonfhtjrif/ tdkif'D,mrsm; yg0ifygonf? EdkifiHa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ pD;yGm; ukefoG,fa&;/ tEkynmazmfjycsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf?
xdkr#ru vltrsm;t=um; oabmrwltjiif;tcHk jzpfzG,f&Sdonfh/ rSm;,Gif;onfh/ xdwfvef@zG,fjzpfonfh ta=umif;csif;&mrsm;vnf; yg0ifEdkifonf? azmfjyr_qdkvdkonf
rSmvnf; rnfonfh rD'D,H=um;cHtjzpf uef@owfxm;r_r&Sday? a&;om;onfh toGifjzpfap/ toH/ &kyfjrif ponfjzifh enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh azmfjyr_udk qdkvdkonf?
5/ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhqdkif&m tv,fydkif; tm&SEdkifiHrsm; vufpGJpmtkyf/ 19 atmufwdkbmv/ 2006 ckESpfxkwf? Central Asian Pocketbook on Freedom
of Expression, Article 19, October 2006.
6/ ukvor~ EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr 21 ESifh 22? UN International Covenant of Civil and Political
Rights, Article 21 and 22.
7/ See, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Art. 23(4)), UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Art. 22(1)), UN International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Art. 8(1)), Preamble of the Constitution of the International Labor Organization (ILO), ILO
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (para. 2(a)), ILO Conventions No. 87 and 98.
8/ UN International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, Article 19, 1966
9/ w&m;Oya'ESifh avSsmfuefaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm oD;oef@oabm uef@owfr_&Sdygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm Tta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifhomwm;jrpfr_ aqmif&Guf
Edkif+yD;/ tvm;wl ta=umif;jycsufrsKd;jzifh vGyfvyfpGm qENxkwfazmfcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; uef@owfaumif; uef@owfEdkifonf?
ndburma2.indd 182 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

- tjcm;olrsm;. vGyfvyfr_ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf
(*) w&m;0ifaom ta=umif;jycsufwckcktwGuf xkwfjyefvkyfaqmifjcif; jzpf&rnf?10

vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wm;qD;uef@owfr_rsm;onf txuf
azmfjyyg tcsuf(3) csuf pmom;rsm;rS wckckESifh udkufnDrSomvSsif w&m;0ifjzpfrnf? vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwf
vyfpGmpka0;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: wm;qD; uef@owfr_onf txufygpmom;rsm;rS wckckESifh udkufnDr_ r&SdvsSifw&m;
r0ifbJ EdkifiHwum w&m;Oya' jyXmef;csufrsm;tay: qef@usifcsKd;azmuf&ma&mufaponf?
EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&wcktaeESifh vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhonf ppfyGJrsm;wdkufcdkufap&ef 0g'jzef@csdaejcif;/ trkef;
w&m;yGm;apaom rdef@cGef;rsm;jzpfvmygu w&m;0ifOya'a=umif;t& wm;jrpfEdkifonf?11
(p) tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?

EdkifiHwumw&m;Oya' t&qdkv#if vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudkydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif; ajrmufap&eftwGuf
tpdk;&w&yfu vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd; jzpf&efvdktyfygonf? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm“òr@awmfrSmtajcpdkufxm;+yD;/ EdkifiHwumtod
trSwfðyydkifeufe,fajr&Sd vlrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh pDpOfae&mcsxm;&ef óud;yrf;aomtrsKd;om;(EdkifiH
awmftqifh) tzGJ@tpnf;”udk &nf!$ef;jcif; jzpfygonf?12 odk@jzpf&m tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuft& TtzGJ@tpnf;onf
csKd;azmufr_wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k t"d`g,f&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if/
tpdk;&t&m&Sd wOD;uvGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif; usL;vGefonfqdk&mY tpdk;&vkyf
aqmifcsuftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif;/ cGifhðyr_jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;aom csKd;azmufr_/ (odk@ r[kwf) csKd;azmufr_udk wm;qD;&efaomf
vnf;aumif;/ csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufI vHkavmufpGm ta&;,l&efaomf vnf;aumif; tpdk;&. ysufuGufr_rsm;vnf;
yg0ifygonf?13 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajym qdkcGifh/ pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyif [ef@wm;jcif; usL;vGefaom
wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;udk tjypfay; ta&;r,lbJ v$wfay;xm;v#if tpdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHwum Oya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&muf
ygonf?14
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors -NSA) qdkonfrSm woD;yk~vvlrsm;/ tkyfpk
rsm;jzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif;wckr[kwf&yg? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&wckuJhodk@ tm%musifhoHk;r_ðyaeonfr_
rsKd;&Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;. tpktzGJ@rsm;/ awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;/
yk~vduaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ a'ocHjynfol@ppfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&uJhodk@ ðyrlaeonfh tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifonf?
10/“vdktyfcsuft&” qdkaomuef@owfcsufjzpf&eftwGuf/ ‚if;onf w&m;0ifonfh &nf&G,fcsufESifh udkufnD&rnf? tjcm;pum;jzifhqdk&vSsif tu,fI tjcm;aom

enf;tm;jzifh ‚&nf&G,fcsuftwGufudkyif uef@owfcsufðyygu/ ydkItaESmifht,SufESifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ enf;rnfqdkygu ,cktqdkðyvmaom uef@owfcsufonf
“vdktyfcsuft&r[kwf” [lI qdkEdkifonf?
11/ UN International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, Article 19, 1966. vl@tcGifhta&; aumfrDwD. tqdkt& EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;udk ppfyGJtwGuf v_H@
aqmfr_rsm;ESifh trkef;w&m;yGm;apaom rdef@cGef; ajymqdkr_rsm;udk wm;jrpf&ef cGifhðyxm;&Hkr#ru/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;onf txufyg azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk ydwfyifwm;jrpf&ef
vdktyfygonf? Human Rights Committee, General Comment 11, Article 20, 19th Session, 1983.
14/ rSwfcsufðy&efrSm vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,fðy +cdrf;ajcmufapaom jypfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&.vkyf&yfudk oufaojy&efrvdktyfyg?
ndburma2.indd 183 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

Todk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)onf jynfwGif; Oya't& olwdk@
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf wm0efcH&rnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚tpdk; &r[kwfaom tjcm;tif
tm;pkrsm;(Non State Actors - NSA)onf EdkifiHwumOya't&vnf; wm0efcH&jcif;rsdK;&SdEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&w&yf. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_t& olwdk@. vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oufaojy&efrvdk tyf
onfh tajctae/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@usL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfokwfoifr_/ odk@r[kwf
vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk tœ&m,f&Sdapaom &mZ0wfr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfI&vmv#if EdkifiHwum Oya't&
twGuf/ tpdk;&u usL;vGefonf jzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; (Non State Actors - NSA)
u usL;vGefonfjzpfap rSwfwrf;ðyxm;&efvdktyfonf?

ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;ESifh awG@qkaH r;jref;jcif;wdk@onf vl@tcGit
fh a&;csKd;azmufrr_ sm;ta=umif; owif;tcsut
f vuf
rsm; pkaqmif;&mY tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_w&yf. toHk;0ifr_onf tcsuftvuf&SmazGpk aqmif;ol.
xda&muf+yD;/ vHkavmufaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfh tawG@tñuHESifh pGrf;&nfay:rSm t"du tm;jzifh rlwnfygvdrfhrnf?
tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;aomt*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh/ EdkifiH
wumOya'csKd;azmufa=umif; owfrSwfa&;twGuf ta&}uD;ar;cGef;rsm; ðypk&mY taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? csKd;
azmufr_t*F g&yfrsm;rSaeI vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wGif toHk;0ifaom abmifpnf;urf;


ndburma2.indd 184 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

1? =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ tajctaeudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- rnfol. vGyfvyfcGifhonf rnfonfht&mjzifh =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ cH&oenf;?
- rnfodk@ jzpfysufcJhoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefu =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_udk awG@&SdcJh&oenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mY =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_udk awG@&SdcJh&oenf;?
- rnfodk@vGyfvyfcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufjcif; cHcJh&oenf;?
- Todk@jzpfysufcJhonfudk oifrnfodk@od&SdcJhoenf;?
2? azmfjyr_ tajctaeudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- rnfolu qufoG,faqmif&GufolvJ? rnfolrsm;u y&dowf jzpfoenf;?
- rnfonfh ta=umif;csif;&mudk qufoG,fazmfjy&ef óu;yrf;oenf;?
- rnfonfh =um;cH (rD'D,H) jzifh qufoG,f azmfjy&ef óu;yrf;oenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefu owif;udk qufoG,fazmfjy&ef óu;yrf;oenf;?
- azmfjyr_ rnfonfhae&mwGif jzpfay:cJhoenf;?
- Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oifrnfodk@ od&Sdoenf;?
3? pka0;r_ tajctaeudk owfrSwfjcif;?

- ,if; pka0;r_udk rnfolu OD;aqmifpnf;&Hk;oenf;? rnfolrsm;u yg0if=uoenf;?
- rnfonfhta=umif;twGuf pka0;=uoenf;?
- rnfonfhtcsdefu pka0;r_ jzpfyGm;oenf;?
- rnfonfhae&mwGif pka0;r_ jzpfyGm;oenf;?
- rnfr# ta&twGuf pka0;r_wGif yg0ifoenf;?
- Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oifrnfodk@ od&Sdoenf;?
3? =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; owfrSwfjcif;?

- rnfonfh tm%mydkif vufatmufY =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_ jzpfay:apcJhoenf;?
=um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_onf Oya't& jyXmef;xm;ygovm;? rnfonfh Oya'enf;?
- rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh wm;qD;uef@owfr_udk jzpfapcJhygoenf;?
- wm;qD;uef@owfr_onf vdktyfonfh t&mudPavm?
ndburma2.indd 185 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

- wm;qD;uef@owfr_. yef;wdkifonf tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhaum &&SdEdkifygovm;/ rnfodk@enf;?


- pDpOfr_udk rnfolu ðyvkyfoenf;? rnfolu trdef@ay;tenf;? Tta=umif;udk rnfolwdk@odoenf;? Ttvkyf
- TtjzpfESifh ywfoufI wdkif=um;jcif;ðycJhygovm;? tb,fa=umifh wdkif=um;ygoenf;? odk@wnf;r[kwf tb,fh
- Tjzpf&yfESifhywfoufI tpdk;&rS rnfodk@ wkef@jyef / umuG,fr_ ðycJhoenf;?
EdkifiHwum Oya'csKd;azmufr_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SmazG
pkaqmif;&mY tcsdefESifh vkyfaqmifcsufwdk@vdktyfygonf? csKd;azmufr_wck. t*F g&yfrsm;onf tpOftjzifhtqifoifh
ay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonf r[kwfacs? tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;olwOD;taeeSifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifhywf
oufaom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk xkwf,lEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;rS aeI csKd;azmufr_. ta&;}uD;t*F g&yfrsm;udkvnf; enf;vrf;wus az:xkwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? csKd;azmuf
r_. t*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfr_ðy&eftwGuf Ttcef;u jrefrmEdkifiH. tjctaetcsdeftcgrSm jzpfyGm;aeusvGwfvyfpGm
azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;twGuf taxmuftxm;ygaom jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHwckudk az:jyay;yg
rnf?
tvuf &SmazGa&;ESifhywfoufaom t=uHðycsufrsm;udk aemufxyfod&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;

tae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tajctae tcsdeftcgudk em;vnfjcif;tm;jzifh tcsuf tvuf&Sm
azGpkaqmif;oltzdk@ xda&mufaomar;cGef;rsm;ðypka&;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;wGif taxmuftul
&Edkifygonf? tawG@tñuH&Sdaom tcsuftvuf&SmazGpkaqmif;oltzdk@yifv#if tcsuftvuf&SmazG pkaqmif;r_rðyrD/
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;ESifhywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mESifh EdkifiH
a&; qdkif&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsuf tcsKd@jzpfygonf?
ndburma2.indd 186 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vGwfvyfpGmazmfjy ajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;. ordkif;qdkif&mESifh

EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajctae aemufcHta=umif;tcsufrsm;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%modrf;tpdk;&u wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom (1962) ckESpf
upI tqufqufaom ppftpdk;&rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh twdkif;rod&ufpufjcif; enf;AsL[mjzifhwdkif;jynf
udk tkyfpdk;vmcJh=uonf? tjcm;tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm; ydwfyifuef@owfcH&jcif;ESifh twlvGwfvyfpGm azmf
jyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; }uD;pGmuef@owfcH&ygonf? txl;ojzifh 1988ckESpf/ wEdkifiH
vHk;twdkif;twm vlxktHkºur_}uD; aemufydkif;wGif ydkIuef@owfcHvm&ygonf?15 EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,m
a&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD (etz) ppftpdk;&u ‚.tm%m qufvufwnfjrJa&;udk tœ&m,fðyEdkifonf[k
,lqonfh azmfjyajymqdkcsufrsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ pka0;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifcJhonf?16 Todk@ tajccH
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wm;jrpfaeonfhtwGuf z&D;'rf;a[mufpf (Freedom House)ac: uBmhEdkifiHrsm; vGwfvyf r_
twdkif;twmudk avhvmaeonfhtzGJ@}uD;u jrefrmEdkifiHudk uBmay:wGif tzdESdyfcHae&qHk;aom vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;
wcktjzpf owfrSwfazmfjycJhonf?17 2006 ckESpfwGif/ owif;axmufrsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;aumfrDwDujrefrm
EdkifiHudk uBmay:wGif qifqm wnf;jzwfydwfqdk@r_ 'kwd,trsm;qHk; EdkifiHwcktjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf?18 e,fpnf;
rjcm; owif;axmufrsm; tzGJ@uvnf; 2007 ckESpf uBmvHk;qdkif&m owif;pm vGwfvyfcGifh !$ef;udef;wGif
jrefrmEdkifiHudk EdkifiHaygif; (169) ckteufrS tqifh (164) wGifxm;I azmfjycJhonf?19
(etz) ppftpdk;&u owif;ESifh rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;udk pepfwus xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf? yHkESdyfESifh toHv$ifh
vkyfief;trsm;pkudk trsm;tm;jzifh jynfolydkifðyxm;+yD;/ (etz) ppftpdk;&. 0g'jzef@csda&;ud&d,mtjzpf toHk;
csaeonf? woD; yk~vvGwfvyfonfh yHkESdyfvkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&pmaypdppfa&;ESifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;rSwfyHk
wifXmeu qifqmwnf;jzwfpdppf+yD;rS vltrsm;xH jzef@csDcGifhay;onf? TXmeuyif tEkynm/ &kyf&Sif/ *Dw/
o&kyfaqmif azsmfajzr_rsm;udkvnf; qifqmwnf;jzwfpdppfr_ ðyaeonf?20 (etz) ppftpdk;&utifwmeufrS
wqifhowif;rsm;udk jzef@csjdcif;/ &,ljcif;udPrsm;udkvnf; pdppfjcif;/ qifqmwnf;jzwfjcif;/ uef@owfjcif;ðyae
jyefonf?21 Todk@aqmif&Guf&mwGif tifwmeuf 0efaqmifr_ ay;onfh &Hk;rsm;/ ò*[fwk qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;udk
oHk;Iuef@owfonf? aps;uGuftwGif; vufudkifzkef;rsm; ta&twGufudk uef@owfxm;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;owif;
rsm;udk zdESdyfxdef;csKyfaejyefonf?22
vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGihfudkvnf; (etz) ppftpdk;&u wif;usyfpGm uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;ygonf? ppftpdk;
&tkyfcsKyfa&;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_ jzpfap&ef tvm;tvm&Sdonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf;ypf
rSwfxm;um zdESdyfjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ uef@owfjcif;rsm;ðywwfygonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ ausmif;om;tzGJ@
rsm;/ tvkyform;or~rsm;/ bmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ typf&yfwdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;
twdkuftcH tiftm;pkrsm;udkvnf; tœ&m,ftjzpf ypfrSwfxm;um acsr_ef;avh&Sdygonf? Todk@aqmif&Guf
aer_a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDtenf;i,fr#om &yfwnfcGifh&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@teufrSygwD
tenf;pkom vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufEdkif=uygonf?23 qufvuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;udk
vnf; tjrJwap qdkovdk (etz) tm%mydkifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuf zdESdyfjcif;/ ESdyfuGyfjcif;cH=u&onf? w&m;r0if
15/ The Fund for Peace, “Country Alert: Burma,” 28 September 2007, http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie
w&id=258&Itemid=404 (last visited 2 September 2008).
16/ Committee to Protect Journalists, “Attacks on the Press in 2005: Burma,” 2005, http://www.cpj.org/attacks05/asia05/burma_05.html, (last visited
2 September 2008).
17/ Piano, Aili and Arch Puddington, eds, “The Worst of the Worst: The World’s Most Repressive Societies 2007,” Freedom House, 2007, http://
www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/58.pdf (last visited 8 April 2008), p. 5.
18 Committee to Protect Journalists, “10 Most Censored Countries,” 2 May 2006, http://www.cpj.org/censored/index.html (last visited 8 April
2008).
19/ Reporters Without Borders, Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007, 2007, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 (last visited
8 April 2008).
www.ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/expression.html#communications (last visited 9 April 2008).
21/ Ibid.
22/ Ibid.
23/ 2006 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (10) ckom usef&Sdawmh+yD;/ (3) ygwDom vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm; Edkifygonf?
ndburma2.indd 187 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fonf[k ,lq&olrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;/ axmifcsjcif;rsm;ðywwfygonf?24 xdk@

tjyif t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf (etz) ppftpdk;&. &kyfao; vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf; jzpfonfh jynfaxmifpk=uHhcdkifa&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;tzGJ@(=uHhzGH@ ) odk@ r0ifrae& 0ifap&ef zdtm;ay;cH=u&ygonf?
‚tzGJ@. pka0;yGJrsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf; twif;tusyf wufa&mufcdkif;ygonf? rwufa&mufygu '%faiG
ay;aqmif&jcif;ESifh zrf;qD;cH&Edkifjcif; ponfh tœ&m,frsm;vnf; ñuH&Edkifonf?25 tvm;wlyif/ ppftpdk;&uyHhydk;
ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;onfh pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@wGif ,cif &mZ0wfom;a[mif;rsm;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;/
tvkyfvufrJhrsm;udk pkaqmif;I EdkifiHa&; twdkuftcH tkyfpkrsm;tay: t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufapjcif;rsm; vnf;
vkyfaqmifavh &Sdygonf?
xdk@tjyif trsm;tjym;&Sdaeaom/ pmom; rwdrus a0a00g;0g; azmfjyxm;aom (etz) ppftpdk;&. jynf
wGif; Oya' rsm;ESifh trdef@a=unmcsufrsm;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk
t}uD;tus,f uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; jzpfaeapygonf? atmufwGif tvm;wlzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;aom Oya'
rsm;udk tusOf;oabm azmfjyxm;ygonf?26 ‚wdk@rSm-
tpdk;& v#Kd@0Suf tufOya' (1923) ckESpf? TOya't& trsKd;om; vHkðcHa&;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiH&yfjcm;ESifh qufqHa&;
qdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ owif; rSwfwrf;rsm;udk &,ljcif;/ vuf0,fxm;&Sdjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;ygonf?
ta&;ay: pDrHcsuf tufOya' (1950) ckESpf? EdkifiHawmfvHkðcHa&;udk xdyg;aprnfh rnfonfh vkyf&yfrsKd;rqdk/
odk@r[kwf ppfwyfudk tœ&m,f&Sdaprnfh rnfonfhvkyf&yfrsKd;rqdkudk wm;jrpfxm;onf?
rw&m; toif; tufOya' (1957) ckESpf? TOya't& EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJudk rnfodk@aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;
udkrqdk w&m;r0if owfrSwf a=unmydkifcGifh ay;tyfxm;onf?27
yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m Oya' (1962) ckESpf? TOya't& rnfodk@aom yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsKd;rqdk
tpdk;&. t,l0g'/ trsKd;om;vHkðcHa&;/ &yf&Gmwnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;udk tœ&m,fðy taESmuft,Sufjzpfapygu
jzef@csdjcif;rðycif qifqmpdppf wnf;jzwf&ef vdktyfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
&kyf&Sif Oya' (1962) ckESpfESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh AD'D,dk tufOya' (1996) ckESpf? TOya't& &kyf&SifZmwf!$ef;
rsm;ESifh zvifrsm;udk qifqmpdppf wnf;jzwfrnf jzpfonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;/ AD'D,dk &dkuful;Edkifonfh uifr&mrsm;/
pufrsm;/ ò*d[fwkqufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;udk rSwfyHkwifxm;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? AD'D,dkwdyfrsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf; qif
qmpdppf wnf;jzwfrnf jzpfonf? AD'D,dkacGrsm;udk rdWLul;,ljcif;ESifh jzef@csdjcif;twGufvnf; cGifhðycsufvdkifpif
vdktyfonf?
EdkifiHawmftm;aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;tEW&m,frS umuG,fwm;qD;onfh Oya'(1975)ckESpf? TOya'
t& trsKd;om;vHkðcHa&;ESifh &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf tajccH tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uef@
owf ydwfyifEdkifcGifh ay;tyfxm;onf? vlwOD;udk w&m;cHk&Hk;wifjcif;r&SdbJ/ t,lcHcGifhr&SdbJ 5-ESpfwdkifwdkif
axmifcs xdef;odrf;cGifh ay;tyfxm;onf?
24/ Human Rights Watch, “Burma: Civil Rights and Freedoms,” 1997, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/burma2/Burma-05.htm#P251_64497, (last
visited 2 September 2008).
25/ The Network for Democracy and Development, “The White Shirts: How the USDA will become the Next Face of Burma’s Dictatorship,” 30
May 2006, http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/pm/reports.php (last visited 2 September 2008).
26/ Venkat, Dr. Iyer, “Acts of Oppression: Censorship and the Law in Burma,” Article 19, March 1999, http://www.article19.org/pdfs/publications/
burma-acts-of-oppression.pdf (last visited 3 April 2008).
27/ Human Rights Watch, “Burma: Civil Rights and Freedoms,” 1997, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/burma2/Burma-05.htm#P251_64497,
(last visited 2 September 2008). Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “Burma: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007,”
US Department of State, 11 March 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100515.htm (last visited 2 September 2008).
ndburma2.indd 188 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

trdef@a=unmcsuf trSwf (2§88) ? Ttrdef@t& vltrsm;taESmifht,Suf jzpfap&eftwGuf odk@r[kwf

&mZ0wfr_ usL;vGef&eftwGuf &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdygu vl 5- OD;/ xdkxufydkI pka0;jcif;/ pDwef;vrf;av#mufjcif;/
tkyfpkzGJ@ csDwufjcif; udk wm;jrpfxm;onf?28
trdef@a=unmcsuf trSwf (6§88) ? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rSwfyHkwif&ef vdktyf+yD;/ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf
w&m;0if cGifhðycsuf&,l&ef vdktyfonf? w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk jiif;y,fcH&onfh tzGJ@. tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf
zrf;qD; cH&jcif;/ axmifcscH&Edkifjcif; ponfh tœ&m,fñuHawG@&Edkifonf?29
uGefjyLwm zGH@òz;r_ESifh ody`Henf;ynm Oya' (1996) ckESpf? TOya't& uGefjyLwm pufyPnf;rsm;/ ud&d,mrsm;/
zufpf ay;ydk@vufcHpufrsm;/ rdk'rfrsm;tm;vHk; w&m;0ifcGifhðycsuf vdkifpif&,l&efvdktyfonf?
tifwmeuf Oya' (2000) ckESpf? EdkifiHawmf. tusKd;pD;yGm;/ rl0g'rsm;ESifh vHkðcHa&;udP xdcdkufaponfh ta=umif;
csif;&mrsm;udk tifwmeufay: wifydk@jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onf?30
TOya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufrdonfh twGufa=umifh }uD;av;aom '%faiGaqmif&jcif;/ ESpf&Snfaxmif'%f
rsm;uscH&jcif;rsm;ESifh ao'%ftjypfay;cH&jcif;rsm;yg &Sdwwfonf? TOya'rsm;udk vGJrSm;toHk;csjcif;ESifh rdrd
tusKd;iSm wvGJoHk;jcif; tjyif/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh w&m;Oya't& tkyfcsKyfa&; uif;rJhaer_a=umifh
TOya't& pGyfpGJcH=u&ol rsm;rSm ckcHacsyydkifcGifh r&Sdoavmuf taetxm; jzpf=u&+yD; epfemae=u&onf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. wnfqJtajctaewGif jzpfavh&Sdaom vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@
wm;jcif;twGuf tcsuftvufyHkpH wckudk atmufrSm Oyrmazmfjy ay;xm;ygonf? TtcsuftvufyHkpHonf csKd;azmufr_
w&yf. t"dut*F g&yfrsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mY toHk;0ifzG,f&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudkydwfyif
[ef@wm;jcif;wnf;[laom csKd;azmufr_w&yfudk EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh tnDowfrSwfEdkifa&;
twGuf atmufyg tcsufrsm;yg&Sd&rnfudk owd&yg?
1? vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk =um;0ifaESmifh,Sufjcif;
2? w&m;r0if aqmif&Gufr_
3? tpdk;&. aqmif&Gufr_ wdk@ jzpfonf?
jzpf&yfrSefyHkpH- vGyfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_31

vGefcJhonfh (7) vu/ wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;cGif wckwGif twif; t"R vkyftm;cdkif;apaepOf (etz)
ppfom;rsm;u udkatmifcdkif. tpfudkudk jyif;xefpGm&dkufESufcJh=uygonf? Taqmufvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rSm
&cdkifjynfe,f taemufydkif;a'owGif ppfwyftaqmuftOD;wck wnfaqmufaejcif;jzpfygonf? Todk@&dkufESuf
cH&onfh '%fa=umifh ol. udk,fwydkif;aoovdk jzpfcJh&+yD;/ ol@rdom;pkydkif v,fuGif;wGif tvkyfrqif;Edkifatmif
jzpfcJh&onf? ol. tpfudk roefpGrf; jzpfoGm;jcif;a=umifh ol@tpfudk. v,fuGif;wGif tpm;xdk;tvkyfvkyf
www.ncgub.net/BHRY/2006/expression.html#communications (last visited 9 April 2008).
29/ Ibid.
30/ Ibid.
31/ ,ck azmfjyxm;onfh pdwful;azmfjycsuf yHkpHonf vltrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk tajccHa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa=umif; owdðyapvdk ygonf? ,ck vufpGJpmtkyfwGif
toHk;ðyazmfjyEdkif&eftwGufom zefwD; a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? vlwOD;. jzpf&yf/ trSefjzpf&yf wck udk azmfjya&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwfyg?
ndburma2.indd 189 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

udkifEdkif&ef udkatmifcdkifvnf; ausmif;rSem;I tvkyfvkyf&awmhonf? v,fuGif;wGif tvkyfvkyfaecsdefrS pI

udkatmifcdkifudkvnf; (etz) ppfom;rsm;u t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;&ef (10) }udrfxufrenf; qifhac: cH&ao;
onf?
vGefcJhonfh (2) vu/ vufzuf&nfqdkif wckodk@ rdwfaqGwOD;ESifh oGm;xdkifpOf udkatmifcdkifu ol. rdom;pk
tajctaeudk aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrdonf? ol@rdom;pktay: ppfwyfu rw&m;ðycH&onfh tajctaetay: a'go
jzpfvmrdonf? wae&mwGif ajymqdkae&if; a'gojzifh ol. toHvnf; jrifhwufvmonf? “tpdk;&qdkwmu
bmrSr[kwfbl;? vmbfpm;aewJh tm%m&l;aewJh tm%m&SifawGyJ/ olwdk@u igwdk@b0tm;vHk;udk rzsuf qD;cif
wckckawmh vkyfzdk@vdkae+yD” [kajymrdonf? ol@rdwfaqGu toHwdk;&ef t=uHay;aomfvnf; oluqufajymae
rdonf? “igwdk@ tm;vHk;u rvGwfvyfbl;? igwdk@tm;vHk;u tusOf;om;awGvdk jzpfae+yD” [k qufajymonf?
olu Todk@ajymaepOf ppfom; 2-OD;u vufzuf&nfqdkifxJodk@ 0ifvm=uonf? ol. rSwfcsufudk=um;
vdkufaoma=umifh xdkppfom;rsm;u udkatmifcdkifwdk@ pm;yGJodk@ av#mufvm=uonf? ppfom;wa,muf u
ol. yg;udk&dkufvdkufonf? “rif;ut&l;yJ/ rif;yg;pyfu &efol@yg;pyfvdk jzpfae+yD/ rif;yg;pyfudk rif;rxdef;csKyfEdkif
&ifawmh wu,fh tusOf;om; wa,muf b,fvdkqdkwm rif;udk jy&vdrfhr,f ”[k ajymonf? tjcm;ppfom;
wOD;u udkatmifcdkifudk ukvm;xdkifay:rS uefcsvdkuf+yD;/ pwif&dkufESufawmhonf? Todk@ &dkufESufpOf ol.
vufvnf; usKd;cJh&onf?
vufzuf&nfqdkiftwGif; TudPjzpfyGm;+yD;csdefwGif udkatmifcdkifu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jzpfysufaeonfh
tajctae tay: ydkI pdwfrcsrf;ajrh a'go jzpfvm&onf? TtwGufvnf; wckck vkyfaqmifcsifaeonf?
olu ol.rdwfaqG (8) OD;udk òr@xJ&Sd acgufqGJqdkifwGif qHkawG@&ef csdef;qdkvdkufonf? ol. rdwfaqGtm;vHk;u
vnf; tvm;wl'kQcHpm;ae&ol rsm;ESifh rausrcsrf; jzpfaeolrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk@u ppfwyfudkqef@usif I
qüjy=u&ef pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf=uonf? t"Rvkyftm; cdkif;apr_udk av#mhcs&efESifh vGwfvyfcGifhydkrdk&&Sda&;twGuf
awmif;qdk&ef oabmwl=uonf?
olwdk@u av;av;eufeuf aqG;aEG;ae=upOf t&yf0wfESifh vl (2) OD;u olwdk@. pm;yGJodk@ csOf;uyfvmonf?
xdkolrsm; u olwdk@udk vl (5) OD;xuf ydkI pka0;jcif;onf Oya't& qef@usifaea=umif; ajymonf? csufcsif;
vlpkcGJ&efvnf; ajym onf? xdkolrsm;onf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; wyfzGJ@0ifrsm; odk@r[kwf txl;owif;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;
jzpfonf[k oabmayguf vmonhftcg udkatmifcdkifESifh olrdwfaqGrsm;vnf;xI xGufcGmvmcJhawmhonf?
axmufvSrf;a&;wOD;u udkatmif cdkif. ycHk;ay:wGif ol. vufudkwifxm;+yD; ukvm;xdkifwGif qufxdkifae&ef
ajymonf? ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;xGufcGm oGm;onfhtcg udkatmifcdkif. teD;&Sdaeol axmufvSrf;a&;u ol.
yg;udk &dkufvdkuf+yD; ajymonf? “igwdk@u rif; vkyfykHudkifyHkawG ajymif;zdk@ owday;csifw,f? tckrif;wdk@ w&m;
r0if tpnf;ta0;vkyfae=uwmigwdk@ odxm;+yD? rif;udk 'DtwGuf tjypfay;&r,f” [k ajymonf?
zrf;qD;cH&rnfESifh tcsKyftaESmifcH&ygu axmiftwGif; ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;cH&rnfudk pdk;aoma=umifhaxmuf
vSrf;a&;rsm;u ol.vufudk pnf;aESmifaeonfhtcsdefwGif udkatmifcdkifu xdkolrsm;udk wGef;vSJvdkufonf?
xdkolvnf; ukvm;xdkif wckay:us+yD; ajray:acsmfvJoGm;onf? tjcm;olwOD;u tv#iftjrefajy;vm+yD;
udkatmifcdkifudk zrf;qD;&efóu;pm;onf? odk@aomfvnf; ratmifjrifyg? udkatmifcdkifu ol.tdrf a&mufonfh
txd wcsKd;wnf; ajy;vmcJhonf? tdrfodk@ a&mufonfhtcg wc%twGif; axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u aemuf
a,mifcH vdkufvmrnfudk olawG;rdvmonf? olu yPnf;rsm;udk tv#if tjrwfxkyfydk;I &efukefodk@xGuf
ajy;vmcJhonf? aemufqHk; xdkrSwqifh xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJh+yD; xdkif;EdkifiH taemufydkif; a'owck&Sdv,f
,mwckwGif vkyfom;tjzpf vkyfudkifaeonf?
ndburma2.indd 190 26-Dec-09 13:05:26


tao;pdwfusus az:xkwfa&;wGif aomhcsufwckjzpfygonf? txufaz:jyyg jzpf&yfrSefyHkpHudk tajccHxm;aom awG@qHk
ar;jref;jcif; erlemyHkpH (2) ckudk atmufrSmaz:jyxm;ygonf? yxr awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;aom

ar; - (etz) ppftpdk;&u cifAsm;&J@ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifheJ@ pka0;cGifhudk csKd;azmufw,f/ [kwfygovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - [kwfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf bmrS ajymvdk@r&ygbl;? pka0;vdk@vnf; r&ygbl;? 'kQawG@
&ygvdrfhr,f?
ar; - cifAsm;u wjcm;olawGeJ@ qufoG,fzdk@ óu;pm;wmudk olwdk@u =um;0ifaESmuf,SufcJhygovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - [kwfygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk uef@owfxm;wJh Oya'awG jyXmef;xm;wm&Sdovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemf rodygbl;? usaemfodwmu usaemfwdk@udk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqdkcGifh ay; rxm;bl;
qdkwmygyJ?
ar; - qdkawmh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vlawG&J@ ajymqdkcGifhudk (etz) ppftpdk;&u uef@owfxm;wmtwGuf w&m;Oya'
a=umif;t& &Sif;vif;azmfjycsufawG r&Sdbl;aygh?
udkatmifcdkif - tJonfvdk &Sdwm usaemf rodygbl;? olwdk@ajymwmu usaemh yg;pyfu &efoltoHk;cswJh yg;pyfvdk jzpfae
+yDvdk@ ajymygw,f? bmqdkvdkw,fqdkwm usaemf rodygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;&J@ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGihfudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufwm[m tpdk;&Xmeu vlwOD;OD; [kwfyg
ovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - jrefrmppfwyfu ppfom; 2-OD;u usaemfhudk &dkufESufygw,f? tpdk;&udkqef@usifajym&if zrf;qD;r,fvdk@ +cdrf;
ajcmufygw,f?
ar; - vltkyfpktvdkufvnf; awG@qHkvdk@ r&bl;? [kwfygovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - rSefygw,f? olwdk@u w&m;r0ifbl;vdk@ ajymygw,f?
ar; - vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk wm;jrpfxm;wJh Oya'awG jyXmef;xm;wm &Sdygovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - &Sdygw,f? usaemfwkd@udk vl 5-OD;xufydk+yD; pka0;cGifhray;ygbl;? 'gayr,fh 'DOya'udkvnf; tjrJwef; ta&;,l
aqmif&Guf aewmawmh r[kwfygbl;?
ar; - tJ'DOya'u w&m;0if ta=umif;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf jyXmef;wmvm;?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemf rodygbl;?
ndburma2.indd 191 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

ar; - cifAsm;&J@ vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufwm[m tpdk;&Xmeu vlwOD;OD; [kwfygovm;?

udkatmifcdkif - olwdk@u ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u vl 2-a,mufyg? usaemfuawmh olwdk@udk tJonfvdk xifwmygyJ? 'gay
r,fh olwdk@u t&yf0wf 0wfxm;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; tcsdefay; ajz=um;wm aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

yxrtcsuf- wdkvGef;onf? csKd;azmufr_wckjzpfa=umif; az:jy&efvdktyfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;ta=umif;rSwf
wrf;ðy&ef wnf;[laom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;. &nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufjcif;r&Sdacs? jzpfyGm;yHkudk tao;pdwf
ay:vGifapa&; twGuf ar;cGef;rsm; vHkavmufjcif;r&Sd? aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;onfjzpf&yf. &kyfyHkum;csyfudk
tjynfht0 az:jya&;wGif txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
'kwd,tcsuf- Tar;cGef;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaeonf? qdkvdkonfrSm rnfodk@
ajz=um;oifha=umif; udkatmifcdkifudk t&dyftuJjyonfhoabmjzpfaeonf? olu“[kwfygonf” odk@r[kwf
“r[kwfyg” [kajzae ygu ta&;}uD;aom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk usefoGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol
taeESifhvnf; ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufvGwfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif udkatmifcdkif
bufuvnf; ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymjyvdkonfh oabmenf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ awG@qHkar;jref;ol =um;
vdkaom tajzrsm;udk ay;vdkonfh oabmydkrsm;oGm; Edkifygonf?
udkomv#if tm&Hkpdkufxm;+yD;/ tjcm;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;
jcif;r&Sdacs? Tom"u jzpf&yfuJhodk@aom vGyfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufr_
jzpf &yfrsm;onf tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh =um;rSm jzpfyGm;wwfygonf?
tao;pdwfusaom awG@qHkar;jref;r_wckudk vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apjcif; uJhodk@aom usL;vGefr_
trsm;tjym;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuf- udkatmifcdkif. jzpf&yfudk twnfðyaz:jyay;rnfh owif;tcsuftvuf wpHkw&mudk
TawG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;rSaeI r&&Sdacs? udkatmifcdkif. owif;udk yHhydk; twnfðya&;twGufoufaotaxmuf
txm;&Sd/ r&Sd? ol@tm;ar;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom rSwfwrf;ðyr_wck. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;
jzpfonf?

ar; - udkatmifcdkif cifAsm;? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm b,fvdktajctaeawGñuHcJhvdk@ tckvdk xGufcGmvm&w,fqdkwm
ajymjyygvm;?
udkatmifcdkif - tpdk;&ta=umif; usaemfh pdwfxJ&Sdwmajymrdvdk@ tm%mydkifawGeJ@ jy\emwuf&ygw,f? usaemf jyif;jyif;
xefxef &dkufESufcH&+yD;/ aemufxyf wjcm;udPawG qufajymae&if axmifcscH&r,fvdk@vnf; +cdrf;ajcmufyg
w,f? axmufvSrf;a&;awGu usaemfoli,fcsif;awGeJ@ qüjyyGJwck pDpOfaewmudk=um;oGm;+yD;/ zrf;zdk@
vkyfygw,f? usaemf vGwfatmifxGufajy;vmEdkif+yD; tckxdkif;EdkifiHudk xGufvmwmyg?
ar; - tm%mydkifawGeJ@ jy\empwuf&wJh udPu yxrydkif;rSm cifAsm;u b,fvdkajymcJhvdk@vJ?
ndburma2.indd 192 26-Dec-09 13:05:26

udkatmifcdkif - trSeftwdkif; ajymrdwmyg? usaemf ajymwmu usaemfwdk@u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tusOf;om;vdk jzpfae&w,f?

usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; ysufpD;udef;rqdkufcif wckckvkyfzdk@vdktyfae+yDvdk@ ajymrdwmyg? usaemfu tckvdkzdESdyfcH
ae&wmudk pdwfukefaeyg+yD? a'govnf; xGufrdygw,f? usaemfwdk@udk tjrJwrf; t"Rvkyftm;ay;zdk@ ac:
aeygw,f? ppfom;awGu usaemfwdk@udk &dkufwJhtcgusawmh acG;awGvdkyJ qufqHygw,f? usaemfhtpfudku
tck udk,fwjcrf;avjzwfaeygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh olwkd@ESdyfpufxm;vdk@ygyJ? usaemf yg;pyfydwfrxm;
Edkifawmhygbl;?
ar; - 'DudPeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ cifAsm;b,fae&mrSm ajymovJ?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemfu 'Djy\emawGudk oli,fcsif;wa,mufeJ@ vufzuf&nfqdkifrSmajymrdwmyg? olu usaemfhudk
toHESdrfhajymzdk@ owday;ygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfu odyfa'goxGufaew,f? usaemf vdktyfwm
xufydk+yD; toHus,fus,f ajymrdw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; b,fvdk'kQawG@&wmvJ?
udkatmifcdkif - ppfom; 2-a,muf vufzuf&nfqdkifxJ 0ifvmwmudk usaemf owdrxm;rdygbl;? olwdk@ usaemfajym
wm =um;oGm;wJhyHk &ygw,f? olwdk@u usaemfwdk@ pm;yGJudk a&mufvm+yD; usaemfhudk yg;&dkufw,f? olwdk@u
usaemfhyg;pyf[m &efoltoHk;csyPnf;jzpfae+yDvdk@ ajymygw,f? axmifcsr,fvdk@vnf; +cdrf;ajcmufygw,f?
ar; - tJ'g+yD;wJhaemuf b,fvdk jzpfovJ?
udkatmifcdkif - olwdk@u usaemfhudk jyif;jyif;xefxef xdk;}udwf&dkufESufygw,f? usaemhfvuf usKd;oGm;+yD; wukd,fvHk;vnf;
zl;a,mifoGm;ygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; q&m0efqDudk oGm;jyovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - [kwfuJh? usaemfh '%f&mudk azmfjyxm;wJh aq;rSwfwrf; vdktyfr,fqdk&if ,lay;vdk@&ygw,f? cifAsm; pdwf
0ifpm;r,f qdk&ifaygh?
ar; - pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f? odyfaumif;wmaygh? cifAsm; ajymovdk vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk wm;jrpfxm;wJh
Oya'awGrsm; &Sdovm;? cifAsm; odovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - Oya' &Sdw,fvdk@awmh usaemf aocsmrodygbl;? usaemf odwmuawmh usaemfwdk@udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
ajyma&;qdkcGifh ray;wmygyJ? txl;ojzifh tpdk;&udk qef@usif+yD; ajymvdk@ r&ygbl;?
ar; - cifAsm;wdk@ aqG;aEG;ae=uwJhudPudk ppfom;awG 0ifaESmuf,Sufwm b,fvdkta=umif;jycsuf ay;ygovJ?
udkatmifcdkif - olwdk@u bmta=umif;jycsufrS ray;ygbl;? olwdk@u usaemfh yg;pyfawmh &efol@toHk;csyPnf;jzpfae+yDvdk@ yJ
ajymygw,f? olwdk@rSm ta=umif;&Sdw,fvdk@ usaemfawmh rxifygbl;? olwdk@u trSefw&m;udk ajymw,f
qdk&if tm;vHk;a=umufaewmygyJ? olwdk@ tm%mpGef@&rSmudk rvdkvm;ygbl;?
ar; - ppfom;awGu b,folawGvJ?
udkatmifcdkif - olwdk@ eHrnfawGawmh rodygbl;? olwdk@u usaemfxifwmawmh ajcjrefwyf&if; (552) u &dk;&dk;&Jabmfppfom;
awGyg?
ar; - cifAsm;ajymw,f? oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ qüjyyGJ wckpDpOf aqG;aEG;aewkef; jy\em xyfwufw,f qdkwmav?
b,fvdk jzpfwmvJqdkwm ajymjyEdkifrvm;?
udkatmifcdkif - [kwfuJh? usaemf ppfom;awG &dkufESufcH&+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHtajctaeeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ ydk+yD;
cHpm;a'go jzpfvm&ygw,f? usaemfu 'geJ@oli,fcsif;awGudk acgufqGJqdkifrSm csdef;vdkufygw,f? usaemf
ndburma2.indd 193 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

wdk@u tajctaeawGudk aqG;aEG;ygw,f? 'geJ@ aemufawmh qüjyyGJwckvkyfzdk@ aqG;aEG;ajymqdkjzpf=uyg

w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ axmufvSrf;a&;awG 0ifvmwmyg?
ar; - tJ'D tpnf;ta0;rSm cifAsm; rdwfaqGb,fESpfa,mufavmuf ygovJ?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemfyg&if 9-a,mufyg? usaemfeJ@ rdwfaqG 8-a,mufyg?
ar; - axmufvSrf;a&;awG a&mufvmawmh b,fvdk qufjzpfygovJ?
udkatmifcdkif - olwdk@u usaemfwdk@ tckvdk tpnf;ta0;vkyfaewm w&m;r0ifbl;? vlpkcGJ=uqdk+yD;ajymygw,f? usaemfh
udkawmh aecJhvdk@ ajymygw,f? usaemfholi,fcsif;awG xGufoGm;=uawmh rif;udkt&ifuvnf; owday;
+yD;om;vdk@ ajymygw,f? olwdk@u zrf;zdk@vkyfygw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfxGufajy;vmEdkifcJhw,f?
ar; - cifAsm;wdk@ tpnf;ta0;u bmjzpfvdk@ w&m;r0ifbl;vdk@ ajymwmvJ? odovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - bmjzpfvdk@vJ qdkawmh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vl 5-OD;xuf ydk+yD; pk&Hk;cGifh r&Sdbl;qdkwJh Oya'&Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tjrJwapawmh pnf;=uyfaewm r&Sdygbl;?
ar; - tJ'D Oya'jyXmef;&jcif;&J@ &nf&G,fcsufudk odygovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemfrodygbl;? usaemf xifwmawmh tu,fI usaemfwdk@pkqHk+yD; EdkifiH&J@ tajctaeudk pum;ajym=u
r,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@pnf;vHk;rd+yD; olwdk@udk awmfvSefrSmpdk;vdk@xifygw,f? olwdk@u usaemfwdk@udk zdESdyf+yD;
xm;csifwmyg? 'grSyJ usaemfwdk@udk wd&d>mefawGvdk quf+yD; tkyfcsKyfEdkifrSmyg?
ar; - tJ'DvlawGudk axmufvSrf;a&;vdk@ cifAsm; b,fvdk vkyfodovJ?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemf raocsmygbl;? olwdk@u t&yf0wfyJ 0wfxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@u awmufawmuf ajymif
ajymif 0wfpm;xm;wmyg? (etz) ppftpdk;&qDrSm axmufvSrf;a&; vkyfaewJholawGu 'DyHktwdkif;
0wfpm;=uwmyg? olwdk@u ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;vnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ 'grSr[kwf txl;owif;wyfzGJ@u
vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? olwdk@u tJ'g tjyif usaemhftwdwfu jy\emudkvnf; odxm;=uygw,f?
ar; - cifAsm; udPjy\emudk odwJh tjcm;olwOD;OD;eJ@ usaemf pum;ajymcsifw,fqdk&if jzpfEdkifrvm;?
udkatmifcdkif - &ygw,f? usaemfhudPudk tptqHk; odjrifvdkuf&wJh olwOD;u tck 'Dòr@tjyifzufem;rSmyJ aexdkifaeyg
w,f? olu ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGu ol@aemufvdkufvmrSmudk a=umuf+yD;/ usaemf xGufajy;+yD;aemuf
wywft=umavmufrSm xGufajy;vmcJhwJholyg? olu t&if vufzuf&nfqdkifwkef;uvnf;&Sdw,f?
acgufqGJqdkifudP jy\emrSmvnf; twl&SdaewJholyg? ol@udk b,fvdkqufoG,fEdkifw,fqdkwm usaemf
ajymjyEdkifygw,f?
ar; - odyfaumif;wmayghcifAsm? cifAsm; tjcm;udPwckck jznfhpGufajymcsifwmrsm; &Sdygao;ovm;? 'grSr[kwf
usaemhfudk ar;csifwmrsm; &Sdygovm;?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemf ar#mfvifhwmawmh wae@rSm usaemfhEdkifiHrSm at;at;csrf;csrf; jyef+yD; aevdk@&r,fxifygw,f?
usaemfu usaemfhEdkifiHudk rkef;vdk@r[kwfygbl;? usaemfhEdkifiHudk cspfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'DrSmtckawmh quf
aevdk@ rjzpfEdkifygbl;? vGwfvyfcGifhawG bmr#r&Sdygbl;? vlxkawGtwGuf +idrf;csrf;a&;qdkwmr&Sdygbl;? ppf
tm%mydkifawG&J@ oem;rSaevdk@&wJh b0tajctaeyg? wu,fvdk@ 'Drdkua&pD&&ifawmh tajctaeawG
aumif;vmr,fxifygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefawmh usaemfjyefyghr,f?
ar; - cifAsm;tawG@tñuHawGudk usaemfhudk rSsa0ay;wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;trsm;}uD;wifygw,f cifAsm? ckvdk
ajymjy&wm odyfcufcJr,fvdk@vnf; usaemf,Hk=unfygw,f? wu,fvdk@ qü&Sdr,fqdk&ifcifAsm; tcuf
ndburma2.indd 194 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

tcJawGudk ajymjyEdkifr,fhol/ cifAsm;udk ulnDay;Edkifr,fhol wa,mufa,mufudk usaemfrdwfqufay;csifyg

w,f? olwdk@ cifAsm; pdwfxJ&Sdwm ajymjyEdkifygw,f?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemf tcktcsdefrSmawmh tqifajyygw,f? tckvdk ajymwmaus;Zl;wifygw,f?
ar; - wu,fvdk@ usaemf cifAsm;udk xyf+yD;ajymqdkar;jref;csifwmav; awG&Sdr,fqdk&if b,fvdkqufoG,f&rvJ
cifAsm?
udkatmifcdkif - usaemf tckv,fuGif;rSmyJ ae@wdkif;tvkyfvkyfygw,f/ 'ga=umifh tu,fI cifAsm;odcsifwm ar;jref;csifwm
av;awG &Sd&if 'DudkyJvmvdk@&ygw,fAsm?

TawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;onf aumif;ygonf[k qdk&jcif;rSm udkatmifcdkif u ol@jzpf&yfudk ajymjyaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? yGJOD;xGuf ar;cGef;rsm;onf vrf;zGifhar;cGef;rsm; jzpf+yD;/ aemufqufwGJ ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
csKd;azmufr_wck tjzpf owfrSwfa&;twGuf t*F g&yftoD;oD;udk rSwfwrf;ðy&mY ol. ajz=um;csufrsm;onf
taxmuftul jzpfapygonf? om"utm;jzifhaz:jy&v#if udkatmifcdkifonf vGyfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh
pka0;cGifhudk csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufI atmufygowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;ygonf?
yxrtcsuf taejzifh udkatmifcdkifonf azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudkcsKd;azmufr_ owfrSwfa&;twGuf
vdktyfaom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ay;onf? ol@udk jrefrmppfom;rsm;u owday;a=umif;ESifh tpdk;&qef@
usifa&;pum; ajymqdkaeonfudk =um;&onfhtwGuf &dkufESufa=umif;azmfjyajymqdkcJhonf? oluxyfI
azmfjy&mwGifaxmuf vSrf;a&;rsm;uvnf; olESifhtjcm;rdwfaqGrsm; acgufqGJqdkifwGif tpnf;ta0;ðyaeonfudk
awG@&Sd&+yD; aemuf zrf;&efpDpOfcJha=umif;/ ajymjyonf? ol vufusKd;cJh&onfh aq;rSwfwrf;udk &vSsif ola-
jymjyonfh owif;tcsuf tvufudk twnfðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
'kwd,tcsuf taejzifh udkatmifcdkifonf ol.vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk toHk;cs&ef
óud;yrf;cJha=umif; tao;pdwf tcsufrsm;udk ajymjyonf? olu vufzuf&nfqdkifwGif tpdk;&udk a0zefrdonfudk
=um;oGm;onfhtwGuf jy\emwuf&a=umif; azmfjyonf? olESifh rdwfaqG 8-OD; aqG;aEG;pka0; ajymqdkae=u
onfudkvnf; axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u =um;0ifaESmuf,Sufa=umif;ajymjycJhonf? axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u ,ck
tpnf;ta0;onf w&m;r0ifjzpfa=umif;ajym+yD; udkatmifcdkifudk zrf;qD;&efóu;pm;onf? ol. xGufqdkcsuft&
olonf &ydkifcGifh&Sdonfh vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk toHk;csjcif;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;ay:vGif
aeonf? udkatmifcdkif. oli,fcsif;ESifh awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;jzifh olajymonfhudpPrsm;udk twnfðyEdkifrnfjzpf
onf?
wwd,tcsuftaejzifh udkatmifcdkifonf ol@tm;0ifa&mufaESmuf,Sufjcif;onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; owf
rSwf&ef twGuf tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;tyfcJhonf? olu wnf&Sdaeaom Oya'onf vuf
zuf&nfqdkif twGif; Y olajymqdkcJhonfh vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifhudk wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;jcif; &Sd-r&Sd raocsmaomf
vnf;/ Twm;jrpfcsufonf w&m;Oya'vrf;a=umif;t& jzpfEdkifacs r&SdrSef; odomygonf? tvm;wlyif udk
atmifcdkifu vl 5-OD;xuf ydkI pk&Hk;cGifh r&Sda=umif; Oya'jyXmef;xm;onfudk ajymjyonf? odk@aomf TOya'.
ta=umif;jycsufonf vdktyfcsufESifh w&m;0ifr_wdk@ twGuf pHcsdefpH!$ef; jynfhpHkonfh tvm;tvm r[kwfacs?
xdk@a=umifh 0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufjcif;onf w&m;r0ifa=umif;udk ay:xGufvmaponf?
aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh csKd;azmufr_wGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm;yg0ifa=umif;udk udkatmifcdkifu az:jycJh
onf? ol vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkonfudk ppfom; 2-OD;u 0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufa=umif;/ olu vGwfvyfpGm
vlpk a0;ajymqdkonf axmufvSrf;a&; 2-OD;u =um;0if[ef@wm;a=umif; ajymjyonf? TtcsufESifhyifv#if
tpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufr_udk jyo&ef vHkavmufygonf?
ndburma2.indd 195 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

TawG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;rSaeI vGyfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;ESifh qufE$,fae

onfh t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ uJhodk@aom tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;
rsm;&&Sdygonf? udkatmifcdkifu olESifhol@tpfudkudk ppfwyftwGuf t}udrf}udrf t"Rvkyftm;ay;&ef qifhac:cH&
a=umif; ajymjycJhonf? udkatmif cdkif. rdwfaqGudk awG@qHkar;jref;vSsif oufaocHEdkifrnf jzpfonf? tjcm;aom
csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk owfrSwf&eftwGuf aemufxyf ar;cGef;rsm; ar;&efvdktyfrnfjzpfonf? tifwmAsL;onf
aumif;rGefpGm+yD;qHk;cJhygonf/ tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf udkatmifcdkifu aemufxyf tjcm;ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz=um;
&efvnf; toifh&Sd+yD;/ ar;jref;oluvnf; ol@udkrnfodk@ qufoG,f&rnfudk od&SdcJh&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
(5) ed*Hk;csKyf ?
- vGyfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk [ef@wm;ydwfqdk@jcif;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD rSwf
om; od&Sdvmjcif;?
- vGyfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk [ef@wm;ydwfqdk@r_ ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;
&&Sda&; twGuf ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef;rsm; a&;om;ðypkjcif;?
- csKd;azmufr_w&yfjzpfyGm;cJhjcif;&Sd-r&Sd od&Sda&;twGuf xda&mufaom awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;w&yfudkaqmif&Gufjcif;?
TvufpGJpmapmif. aemufvmrnfhtcef;rsm;u vGyfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhudk ydwfqdk@r_.t
axmuftxm;rsm;udk tuJjzwfenf;ta=umif; ydkI tao;pdwfusus aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
ndburma2.indd 196 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

tcef; (2)
ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;udktuJjzwfjcif;
ndburma2.indd 197 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

(1) taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;jcif;

vHkavmufaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;+yD;onfESifh ‚if;wdk@udk tpDtpOfwu pkpnf;&efESifh EdkifiH
wum Oya'ESifhnd‡pGef;aom csKd;azmufr_wckjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm tuJjzwfay;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? tvm;wlvufcH
csifzG,fjzpfatmif wdkufwGef;wifjyay;&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? rSwfom;xm;&rnfrSm csKd;azmufr_wckudk EdkifiHwum
vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'ESifhtnD owfrSwfaz:jy&mY csKd;azmufr_. wifjyaomt*F g&yfrSefor#udk auseyfavmufatmif
wifjyay;&ef jzpfygonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pwifI ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf&mY oufqdkif&m csKd;azmufr_. t*F g&yf
rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;onfh pnf;rsOf;abmif (framework) tjzpftoHk;ðy+yD; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tpDtpOfwuspk
pnf;wifjyygv#if xda&mufEdkifygonf?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwdk@udk aESmuf,Sufjcif;tjzpf owfrSwf
az: jy&mY -
- vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhwdk@udk xdyg;aESmuf,Sufa=umif; jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfh
taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdaeygoenf;?
- TaESmuf,Sufr_onf Oya'ESifh rnDa=umif; jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdaeygoenf;?
- tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif;jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeygoenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if rw&m; zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm; udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY -

- zrf;qD;cH&jcif;/ odk@r[kwf xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&jcif;twGuf rnfonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkif
oenf;?
- twif;tusyf zrf;qD;cH&jcif;jzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- ,ck vkyfaqmifr_onf vlwOD;. yk~vdu vGwfvyfr_udk csKd;azmufqHk;&_H;ap&m a&mufa=umif; rnfonfhouf
aotaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjy Edkifoenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if uav;ppfom;rsm; owfrSwfaz: jy&mY -

- wyfom;tjzpf pkaqmif;odrf;oGif;cH&jcif;/ yg0ifaqmif&Guf&jcif;twGuf rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;
rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- epfem&ol um,uH&Sifonf touf 18-ESpfatmuf i,f&G,foljzpfa=umif; oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;
wifjy Edkifoenf;?
- Tuav;onf vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@. tzGJ@0if/ vufeufudkiftkyfpk/ odk@r[kwf wdkufcdkufr_rsm;wGifyg0ifcJh&a=umif;
rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ owfrSwfaz: jy&mY -

- tvkyfvkyf&jcif;/ 0efaqmifr_ ay;&jcif;twGuf rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
ndburma2.indd 198 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

- tvkyf/ odk@r[kwf0efaqmifr_udk qüryg&SdbJ&,ljcif;udk rnfonfhoufao taxmuftxm;rsm;wifjyEdkif

oenf;?
- tvkyf/ odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_udk rvkyfaqmifygu jypf'%fuscH&apEdkifaom tajctaeatmufY aqmif&Guf
&jcif;jzpfa=umif; rnfonfhoufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdaeyg
oenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if twif;t"rRvufxyfapjcif;udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY -

- tr_onf (vl) ESpfOD;t=um; w&m;0if aygif;oif;aexdkifjcif;jzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm;
wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- Todk@ aygif;oif;aexdkifr_onf tenf;qHk; vlwpfOD;. qüryg&SdbJjzpfyGm;a=umif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf zdtm;
oufa&mufapaom tajctaeYjzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeygoenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY

- vdifr_qdkif&mudP aqmif&Gufa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- Tvkyfaqmifr_onf vlwpfOD;. qüryg&SdbJ aqmif&Gufa=umif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf zdtm;oufa&muf
apaom tajctaeY jzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- Tvkyfaqmifr_onf aiGa=u;ESifh zvS,f&eftwGuf odk@r[kwf wpfenf;enf;aom yPnf;ay;aqmifr_ESifh ay;acs
zvS,fa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif;jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdaeygoenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if twif;t"rR a&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY

- xdkol§olrudk ‚.ajray:rS z,f&Sm;ESifxkwfa=umif; rnfonfhoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- ,ck aqmif&Gufr_onf twif;tusyf aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfa=umif; rnfonfhoufao taxmuftxm;rsm;
wifjy Edkifoenf;?
- xdkol §olr. qüudk qef@usifI aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;wifjyEdkif
oenf;?
- tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeyg
oenf;?
ndburma2.indd 199 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY

- vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;a=umif; rnfonfhoufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkif
oenf;?
- Tydwfyif[ef@wm;r_onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif;jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdaeyg
oenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY

- vlwpfOD; (vltrsm;) udk &,lpkaqmif;a=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- xdkolrsm;. qüryg&Sda=umif;/ twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;I aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufao
taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh aqmif&Gufa=umif; rnfonfhoufao taxmuftxm;rsm;wifjy
Edkifoenf;?
- tpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdaeyg
oenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufjypfjcif; udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY-

owfjzwfr_wckudk tr_wnfaqmuf&ef-
- vltoufudk &,lowfjzwfjcif; jzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- owfjzwfr_onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- ,ckowfjzwfr_wGif EdkifiHawmf (tpdk;&) . yg0ifywfoufaer_ &SdcJha=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuf
txm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
vufpwkef;azsmufzsufr_udk tr_wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf-
- ‚olwpfOD;udk jyefay;qGJa=umif;/ ta0;wae&modk@ ac:aqmifoGm;a=umif; rnfonfh oufaotaxmuf
- ,ck aysmufqHk;apr_onf xdkol. qüryg&SdbJ aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuf
- ,ck aysmufqHk;apr_wGif EdkifiHawmf (tpdk;&) . yg0ifywfoufr_ &SdcJha=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuf
- aysmufqHk;r_wGif EdkifiHawmf (tpdk;&) u jiif;qdka=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkif
oenf;?
ndburma2.indd 200 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif; udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY

- yk~vdu ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk csKd;azmufaESmuf,Sufa=umif; rnfonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifo
enf;?
- csKd;azmuf aESmuf,Sufr_onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsuf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif;jyo&eftwGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeyg oenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHko¿mefrsm;udk owfrSwfaz: jy

&mY
- &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& usL;ausmf xdk;oGif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf vdifr_qdkif&m oabmt& tjcm;udP wckck vkyfaqmif
a=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- ,ck aqmif&Gufr_onf qüoabmwlnDr_ r&SdbJ aqmif&Gufa=umif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf zdtm;oufa&muf
aponfh tajctaeatmufY aqmif&Gufa=umif; rnfonfh oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
om"utm;jzifh az: jy&v#if n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm;udk owfrSwfaz: jy&mY
- jyif;xefaom/ odk@r[kwf odomxif&Sm;onfh cHpm;&r_/ odk@r[kwf emusOfr_&Sda=umif; rnfonfh oufao t
axmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?1
- ,ck aqmif&Gufcsufonf wrifwum &nf&G,fcsufjzifh aqmif&Gufa=umif; rnfonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;
rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?
- ,ck aqmif&Gufcsufonf wm;jrpfxm;onfh &nf&G,fcsufwcktwGuf aqmif&Gufepfemapjcif; jzpfa=umif;rnfonfh
oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkifoenf;?2
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;+yD;aemufwGif aemufwdk; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
toHk;ðyum csKd;azmufr_ta=umif;udk ydkI jynfhjynfhpHkpHk&Sif;jy Edkifygonf? taxmuftxm;rsm;tjyif rnfol/ rnfonfh
csKd;azmufr_/ rnfonfhae&m/ rnfonhfta=umif;a=umifh/ rnfonfhtcsdeftcg/ rnfodk@rnfyHk[laom ar;cGef;rsm;udk jynfh
jynfhpHkpHk ajz=um;ay;&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? om"utm;jzifh -
- rnfol - usL;vGefcH&ol (rsm;)/ usL;vGefol (rsm;) ESif/h oufao (rsm;) udk az:xkwfjyjcif;?
- rnfonhf csKd;azmufr_ - jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom csKd;azmufr_ (rsm;) ESifh/ csKd;azmufr_ (rsm;) ESifhpyfvsOf;aom jzpf&yf
rsm;udk az:xkwfjyjcif;?
- rnfonfhae&m - tjzpftysufjzpfyGm;&mae&mudk !$efjyjcif;?
1/ ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;jcif;udk oufaojy&ef jyif;xefpGm cHpm;&a=umif;/ emusOfa=umif; oufaojy&efvdktyfygonf? tjcm;aomyHkpHrsm;jzifh ravsmfruefjyKa=umif;vnf;

jyo&ef odomxif&Sm;onfh emusOfr_/ cHpm;&r_&Sda=umif;om jyo&ef vdktyfonf?
2/ ,cktcsufonf ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_udk usL;vGef csKd;azmufaqmif&Gufa=umif; jyo&efom vdktyfcsufjzpfonf?
ndburma2.indd 201 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

- jzpfyGm;&jcif;ta=umif;&if;/ odk@r[kwf jzpfEdkifzG,f&m ta=umif;&if; (rsm;) udk az:xkwfjyjcif;?

- rnfonfh tcsdeftcg - jzpfyGm;&m tcsdeftcgudk az:xkwfjyjcif;?
- rnfodk@rnfyHk - tjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;yHkudk &Sif;jyjcif;?
txufazmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm; pkpnf;wifjyenf;udk toHk;jyjcif;tm;jzifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
wdus &Sif;vif;pGmESifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m wifjyEdkifygvdrhfrnf?
(2) tcsuftvufrsm; tiftm;aumif;apjcif;

vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_ wckwavudk aZmif;ay;az:jyjcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ/ csKd;azmufr_rsm;. oabmobm0
odk@r[kwf jzpfaeusyHkpHoabmudk az:jyEdkifrnf qdkygu taxmuftxm;rsm;udk ydkI tiftm;aumif;pGm wifjyEdkifygvdrfhrnf?
csKd;azmufr_rSefor#onfta&;}uD;+yD;/ EdkifiHwum. tm&Hkpdkufjcif;udk cH&avmufygonf? rsm;jym;pGmjzpfay:aeaom/ quf
EG,faeaom csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfay:aeygu ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;r_rsm;vnf; jzpfvmp&mta=umif; ydkI&Sdygonf?
om"utm;jzifh- vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifh odk@r[kwf vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhwdk@udk tpdk;&. aESmuf,Sufr_rsm;ESifh ñuH
awG@ae&aom vlrsKd;pkwpkqDrS tr_aygif; (50) ESifhywfoufI aumufcsufcsxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmwapmifonf jzpfae
usyHkpHoabmudk az:jyjcif;r&Sdaom woD;wjcm;jzpfyGm;&m tr_rsm;ESifhpmv#if =oZm&dkufcwfr_ ydkI}uD;wwfygonf?
odk@jzpf&m txmuftxm;rsm;udk tuJjzwf&mY woD;wjcm;pDjzpfyGm;aom tr_rsm;jzpfoavm/ odk@wnf;r[kwf
‚wdk@rSm tvm;wltr_rsm; &Sdaeoavmqdkonfudk qHk;jzwfowfrSwf&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&
v#if-
- EdkifiHa&;ygwD wckwnf;. ygwD0ifrsm;/ vlrsKd;pk wpkwnf;rS vlrsm;uJhodk@aom vltrsKd;tpm;wrsKd;wnf;udkom
ypfrSwfxm;aejcif;?3
- a'oe,fajrwckwnf;wGif vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ odk@r[kwf vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhwdk@ aESmuf,Sufr_rsm;
uJhodk@aom csKd;azmufr_ trsKd;tpm;wrsKd;wnf;udk usL;vGefjcif;?
- ppfwyf. wyfzGJ@wckwnf;u vltkyfpkwpkpktay: worwfwnf; ypfrSwfxm;jcif;uJhodk@ (usL;vGefol trsKd;tpm;
wrsKd;wnf;u) usK;vGefjcif;?
- vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH&r_wdk@udk todtrSwfðy 0efcHjcif;r&SdbJ/ t}udrf}udrf jiif;uG,fjcif; uJhodk@aom wkH@jyefr_
rsKd;udk tpdk;&u worwfwnf; vkyfaqmifaejcif;?
usL;vGefr_rsm;wGif tpdk;&u acgif;aqmifyg0ifaejcif; &Sd- r&SdqHk;jzwf&mY TjzpfaeusyHkpHrsm;onftaxmuf
tulay;Edkifygonf? EdkifiHwum vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; ay:aygufvmatmif ydkIcdkifvHkaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;&ef
twGuf tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk az:jy&mYvnf; taxmuftulay;Edkifygonf?
(3) EdkifiHwumOya't& }uD;av;aom&mZ0wfr_rsm; - vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk qef@usifa&;

&mZ0wfr_rsm;?
ydIk }uD;av;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm; jzpfymG ;vmaeygu }uD;av;aom csK;d azmufrr_ sm;. tvm;tvm
wck twdkif; jzpfay:aea=umif; wGufqzG,f &Sdygonf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if EdkifiHa&; twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh ywfouf
3/ tzGJ@tpnf;wck. tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf xdktzGJ@0ifjzpfaejcif;twGuf oD;oef@ypfrSwfxm; zdESdyfcHae&ygu olwdk@cHpm;ae&aom ab;'kQonf EdkifiHwumOya't& ydkI}uD;

av;aom &mZ0wfr_ESifh +idpGef;aeEdkifonf? ta=umif;rSm ,ckuJhodk@ csKd;azmufr_onf cGJjcm;zdESdyfonfhtoGif &Sdaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? cGJjcm;zdESdyfjcif;qdkif&m jy\em
rsm;udk ,ckvufpGJpmpOf aemufydkif; xkwfa0r_rsm;ESifh tjcm;pmapmifrsm;wGif qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
ndburma2.indd 202 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

I vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ odk@r[kwf vGwfvyfpGm pk&Hk;cGifhwdk@udk aESmuf,Sufr_rsm; pepfwusESifh tus,ftjyef@jzpf

yGm;aeaom taxmuftxm;rsm; odk@r[kwf/ “u&ifhckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;tjzpf oHo,jzpfcH&
olrsm; r=umcifrSm wOD;wavr# &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf”[laom wyfrSL;wpHkwa,mufu ajym=um;csuf ponfwdk@u !$efjy
aeonfrSm cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHonfh oabmudk azmfjyaeygonf? wenf; tkyfpkwpktay: ypfrSwfxm;I cGJjcm;zdESdyfae
a=umif; azmfjyaeygonf? odk@jzpfaeygu vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_
rsm; &SdaeEdkifonf? odk@jzpf&m a&S@qufI pHkprf;okawoejyKr_rsm;vnf; vdktyfaumif; vdktyfaeEdkifygonf?
(u) &mZ0wfr_rsm;. yrm% t&G,ftpm;udk em;vnfjcif;?

ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf t=uHðycsuf? ? t=uH^m%frsm; awmif;cHjcif;?
tawG@tñuHrsm;t& awG@&Sd&onfrSm tzGJ@tpnf;wckonf cdkifvHkonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;
r&SdbJ vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfaejcif;/ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm; usL;vGefae
onf[k pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk ðyvmonfhtcg xdktzGJ@tpnf;. *k%fodQmESifh ,Hk=unftm;xm;&r_rSm jy\em&Sd
vmEdkifygonf? cufcJaom tr_wr_udkwifjyonfhtcg/ e,fjcm;pnf;rSm jzpfyGm;aeaom csKd;azmufr_wr_ (vlrsKd;
wHk;owfjzwfr_ odk@r[kwf vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;[lI tqHk;pGefqHk;jzwfpGyfpGJ
&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifao;aom csKd;azmufr_)udk wifjyrnfqdkygu t=uH^m%frsm; awmif;cH&,loifhygonf? ydkif;jcm;
oHk;oyfr_udk taxmuftul jzpfaprnfh tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sdp&m ae&mrsm;pGm&Sdygonf? t=uH^m%f awmif;cH
jcif;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;wdk@jzifh rdrdjzpf&yfudk aumif;pGmwifjyEdkifonfhtjyif }uD;av;aom r[mAsL[mtrSm;
rsm;udkvnf; a&Smif&Sm;Edkifygonf?
vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfjcif;/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifh ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;onf

EdkifiHwum Oya'. t}uD;av;qHk;aom &mZ0wfr_}uD;rsm;jzpfygonf?4 ‚tr_}uD;rsm;onf tajccH tusqHk;aom vl@
tcGifhta&;rlrsm;tay: }uD;av;pGm csKd;azmufusL;vGefjcif; jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;/ vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yf
vHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifh ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;onf wuBmvHk;ESifh oufqdkifayonf? odk@
jzpf&m rlt&qdkv#if/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ oufqdkif&mOya'rsm;
udk vdkufemygrnf[k w&m;0ifoabmwlnDxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf;/ tvm;wl vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yf
vHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifh ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf usL;vGefcsKd;azmufygu wm0efcH&rnfjzpfygonf?5 T
pmpOfwGif yg&Sdaom TvufpGJpmapmifESifh tjcm;aompmapmifrsm;u vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yf vHk;
tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm; ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI ta=umif;
udk a&S@vmrnfh pmpOfrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;az:jyoGm;ygrnf jzpfonf?
4/ r=umao;rDumvwGif EdkifiHwumrdom;pku vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif; xyfavmif;IajymqdkazmfjycJh=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- EdkifiH

wum &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;. Ttr_rsm;tay: tav;xm;r_/ ukvor~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu r=umao;rDumvu vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rsm; umuG,fay;a&;
qdkif&m txl;t=uHay;wOD;udk cef@tyfwm0efay;vmr_ ponfhtcsufrsm; jzpfonf? ,cktcg ‚t=uHay;tjzpf z&efqpf'Jef; (Francis Deng) u wm0ef,laeygonf?
See Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/prev_genocide/index.htm (under construction when
last visited 27 July 2008) xdkr#ru taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ pdwfac:aeaom jy\emrsm;ESifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udP tqifhjrifhaqG;aEG;yGJu
t=uHjyKcJh&mwGif vHkðcHa&;aumifpDtaeESifh EdkifiHwcktaeESifh vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rsm;tay: umuG,fwm;qD;&ef/ odk@r[kwf xdkodk@jyK&ef tiftm;r&SdaomtajctaewGif
ppfa&;t& 0ifa&mufpGufzufoifhonf[k t=uHjyKxm;cJhonf? ,cif ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; (ICTY)ESifh &0rf'gqdkif&mEdkifiHwum&mZ
0wfr_cHk&Hk; (ICTR) wdk@u olwdk@. w&m;pD&ifr_rsm;wGif vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rsm;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk pD&ifjypf'%frsm;csrSwf
cJhygonf? See generally for the ICTY, www.un.org/icty/ (last visited 27 July 2008) and for the ICTR, www.un.org/ictr/ (last visited 27 July 2008).
5/ EdkifiHwum Oya't& }uD;av;aom jypfr_rsm; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_udk uBmwckvHk;u udkifwG,faqmif&Gufoifhonf[k a,bk,stm;jzifh vufcH
xm;=uygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm TvlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rsm; umuG,fay;a&; oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;rxdk;xm;onfh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;ESifh woD;yk~vyk~dKvf
rsm;udkyif ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifygonf? T,lqcsufudk EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;/ 1971 ckESpf bmpDvdkempmwrf;/ ukvtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. xkwfjyefa=u
nmcsuftrsm;tjym;wGif &nf!$ef;azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;ESifh &mZ0wfr_rsm;udktjypf'%f
ay;a&; oabmwlnDcsufwGif (c|if;csufjzifh) oabmwlyg0ifxm;onfh tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfygonf?
vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifaom &mZ0wfr_rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHwum "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'. tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpfxnfhoGif; owfrSwfxm;onfh twGuf
a=umifh uBmwckvHk;wGif tusKH;0ifr_ &Sdygonf? See, C. and Hampson, F. et al., “Crimes against Humanity and Uiversal Jurisdiction,” in Crimes of War,
The Book, http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/crimes-against-humanity.html (last visited 27 July 2008).
ndburma2.indd 203 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;onf }uD;av;onfhjypfr_rsm;

jzpf&m trsm;tm;jzifh tm;aumif;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;&&Sd+yD;rSom EdkifiHwum. ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;r_rsm; &Sd
vmwwfygonf? wcgw&HY tm;aumif;aom taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdaeygv#ufESifhyif/ jypfr_usL;vGefcH&I epfemae&ol
rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&ef/ wm0ef&SdolusL;vGefcsKd;azmufolrsm;udk jypf'%fcwfEdkif&eftwGuf aESmifhaES;=uef@=um
aewwfygao;onf? ta=umif;rSm a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;a=umifh ta&;,laqmif&Gufvdk aom
EdkifiHa&;pdwfqürsm;r&SdbJ jzpfaewwf+yD; ta&;,laqmif&Gufrnfh ta&;udk[ef@wm;xm;onfhES,f &Sdaewwfygonf? xdk@
tjyif TuJhodk@aom &mZ0wfr_}uD;rsm; usL;vGefcH&onfhtqifhodk@ a&mufonftxd epfemcHpm;ae&aomtkyfpkrsm;u
vnf; Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;onf }uD;av;aomusL;vGefr_rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfay;Edkifavmufaomtaxmuf
txm;rsm;jzpfa=umif; em;vnfod&Sdjcif; &SdcsifrS&Sdayvdrfhrnf? vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tzdk@ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwf
jcif;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom Oya't"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk
aumif;pGm od&Sdem;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@rSomv#if EdkifiHwumOya't& jzpfEdkifzG,f&m&Sdaom a&G;cs,fp&m
enf;vrf;rsm;udk odem;vnf+yD;/ tajctaeudk ydkIaumif;rGefpGm ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwf
jcif;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfxm;jcif;onf Tvkyf
ief;wm0efudk aqmif&Guf&mY rsm;pGmtaxmuftul jzpfapygonf?
(c) vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkjcif;

1? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;tr_. t*Fg&yfrsm;um; tb,fenf;?
a0g[m&ESifhywfoufIowdðy&ef - vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_
vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfjcif;qdkonfrSm vltajrmuftrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;[k a,bk,stm;jzifh em;vnfxm;
=uonf? odk@&mwGif EdkifiHwum Oya't&qdkv#if vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfjcif;qdkonfrSm vltkyfpk wpkvHk;(vlrsKd;
wrsKd; odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;pk wpk odk@r[kwf tom;ta&mif rwlaom odk@r[kwf bmoma&;qdkif&m tkyfpk wpkpk)
udkjzpfap/ wpdwfwydkif; udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufpwHk; zsufqD;ypf&ef =uH&G,faejcif;udk qdkvdkygonf? Oya'
t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft&qdkv#if vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfjcif;tjzpf pOf;pm;rdzG,fr&Sdonfh rk'drf;r_ESifh tjcm;vdifr_qdkif&m
csKd;azmufr_o¿mefuJhodk@aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;onfvnf; vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufEdkifyg
onf?
vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfjcif; tr_wGif vltkyfpk wpkvHk;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/
vufpwHk; zsufqD;ypf&ef &nf&G,faom jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; tñuH;0ifygonf? EdkifiHwum
Oya't& vltcGifhta&; csKd;azmufa=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfjcif;tjzpf owfrSwf&mYatmuf
yg taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf?6
(1) usL;vGefcH&ol/ epfem&olrsm;onf vlrsKd;wrsKd; odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;pkwpk odk@r[kwf tom;ta&mif rwlaom odk@ r[kwf
bmoma&; qdkif&m tkyfpk wpkpkrS jzpfaea=umif; xif&Sm;apjcif;?7
6/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_udk EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf trsm;tjym;wGif wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? ‚wdk@wGif- vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;ESifh &mZ0wfr_
rsm; udk jypf'%fay;a&; EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufrsm; (Genocide Convention) ESifh EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;twGuf a&mrOya' jyXmef;csufrsm;tjyif/ EdkifiHw
um "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'rsm;wGifvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf? T&mZ0wfr_rsKd;udk ppfjzpfaeonfh tcsdefrSma&m/ +idrf;csrf;aeonfh tcsdefrSmyg wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;ygonf?
EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;ESifh vufeufudkif twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@aom tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;yg Ttr_rsKd;usL;vGefygu vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_&mZ0wfr_
ajrmufygonf?
1956 ckESpfrSpwifI jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf. tzGJ@0ifjzpfcJh+yD;/ EdkifiHwum "avhxHk;wrf; Oya't&tusKH;0ifywfoufr_&Sdyg
onf?
EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;u vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif yg0ifonfh toHk;0ifvSaom t*F g&yfrsm;udk tusOf;csKyf azmfjyay;xm;ygonf? See, Elements of Crimes,
Article 6, http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/about/officialjournal/Elements_of_Crimes_120704EN.pdf (last visited 29 July 2008).
7/ tcsKd@aom rSwfcsufjyKolrsm;u a0zefajymqdk=u&mY vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_[lonfudk ydkIus,fjyef@pGm zGifhqdkoifhonf[kqdkonf? jypfr_usL;vGefoludk owfrSwfazmfjy
ovdk/ tkyfpkrsm;/ tkyfpkwGif yg0ifaeonfhtzGJ@0ifrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyoifhonf[kqdk=uonf? Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft& vlr_a&;tkyfpkrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;
vnf;yg0ifonf? See Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analysis and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
ndburma2.indd 204 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

(2) atmufyg jypfr_wckckudk usL;vGefjcif;?

- tkyfpk0if vlrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;?
- tkyfpk0ifrsm;tm; udk,fcýmt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ pdwf"gwft&aomfvnf;aumif; tjyif;txef xdcdkufemusOfap
jcif;?
- tkyfpk. touf&Sif aexdkifa&;tajctaersm;udk wrif xdcdkufysufpD;apjcif;tm;jzifh tkyfpkwpkvHk;wGifaomf vnf;
aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;rSm aomfvnf;aumif; &kyfydkif;qdkif&m ysufpD;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;apjcif;?
- tkyfpkxJrSm vlOD;a& wdk;yGm;r_rjzpfatmif wm;qD;ydwfyif&ef &nf&G,faom pDrHcsufrsm; csrSwfvkyfaqmifjcif;?
- tkyfpkwpkrSuav;rsm;udk tjcm;tkyfpkwpkodk@ twift"R a&$@ajymif;ay;aejcif;?
(3) xdktkyfpk. wpkvHk;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufpwHk;zsufqD;ypf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh

Tjypfr_rsm;udk usL;vGefcJhjcif; ponfhtcsufrsm; jzpfonf?
2? atmufygvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufonf[kqdkEdkifygovm;?
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifh

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh pka0;cGifhwdk@udk aESmuf,Sufjcif;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufa=umif; jyo
&efrSm tcuftcJ&SdEdkifygonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfyGm;aom ae&mrsm;YvGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifh
ESifh pka0;cGifhwdk@udk csKd;azmufr_rsm;onfvnf; tpOfojzifhjzpfyGm;wwfygonf?
rw&m; zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;

jzpfEdkifygonf? rw&m; zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufaotaxmuf
txm;rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufa=umif;jyo&ef jzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck.
&kyfydkif;qdkif&m zsufqD;r_udk wckvHk;aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif; tay:aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:ap&ef&nf&G,fwGuf
csufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;”vnf; yg0ifygonf? Ttajc tae
txd tqifha&mufatmif jzpfay:apaom tajctaersm;wGif atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;yg0ifygonf?
- usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_rsm;udk tedrfhqHk; wpHkw&m tajctaexuf edrfhusapjcif;?
- oifhavsmfaom vlaer_ tajctae &&SdcHpm;Edkifap&ef uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif;?
- tkyfpkwckk touf&Sifaexdkifr_twGuf &&Sd&rnfh tm[m&udk avsmhenf;&apjcif;?
- tajccH vdktyfcsuf vloHk;ukefyPnf;rsm;udk avsmhenf;apjcif;?8
Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHk
onfh tcg rw&m;zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaom
tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf? Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftay: tajcjyKI tjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;cHk&Hk;rsm;onf rw&m;zrf;qD;r_rsm;
ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;udk vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ &mZ0wfr_tjzpfjyo&ef jynfhrDa=umif; owfrSwf=uygonf?9
8/ See, Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, ICTR Trial Judgement, 21 May 1999, para 115-18; Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2
September 1998; Rome Statute, Footnote to Article 5(c).
9/ Ibid
ndburma2.indd 205 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

uav;ppfom;rsm;
jzpfEdkifygonf? uav;ppfom;rsm; toHk;csr_rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufao taxmuftxm;rsm;onf
vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ajrmufa=umif; jyo&efjzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk)wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m/
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mudk t}uD;tus,ftœ&m,fjzpfapr_”/“(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m zsufqD;r_udk wckvHk;aomfvnf;
aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif; tay:aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,fwGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_tajc
taersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;”tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfh
tcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkonfh tcg uav;ppfom; toHk;csr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;
wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf?
twif;t"rR a&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apr_rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;onf
vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ajrmufa=umif; jyo&efjzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m
zsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,fwGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_ tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufap
jcif;” tcsufvnf;yg0ifygonf? Ttqifh tajctaetxd a&mufapaom tcsufrsm;wGif atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;
yg0ifonf?
- oifhavsmfaom aexdkifp&mtdrfudk qHk;&_H;apjcif;?
- oifhavsmfaom aexdkifr_ trdk;tumrsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Edkif&ef uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif;?
- tdrfrsm;rSaeI pepfwus ESifxkwfjcif;?10
Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfh
pHkonfhtcg twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;jzpfyg
onf? Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftay: tajcjyKI tjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;cHk&Hk;rsm;uvnf; twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apjcif;
udk vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufaponf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?11
t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_
jzpfEdkifygonf? t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlrsKd;
wHk;owfjzwfr_ajrmufa=umif; jyo&efjzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk)wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m zsufqD;
r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,f wGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_ tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;”
tcsufvnf; yg0ifygonf? Ttqifh tajctaetxd a&mufapaom tcsufrsm;wGif atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;yg0if
onf?12
TvkyfaqmifusL;vGefr_rsm;udk t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apjcif;tm;jzifh u|efjyKr_tjzpfyg0ifonf[k t"d`g,f zGifhqdk=uyg
onf? Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm;jynfhpHk
onfhtcg t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf?
T t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftay: tajcjyKI tjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;cHk&Hk;rsm;uvnf; t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_udk vlrsKd;wkH;
owfjzwfr_ ajrmufaponf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?13
10? See, Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, ICTR Trial Judgement, 21 May 1999, para 115-18; Prosecutor
v. Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998; Rome Statute, Footnote to Article 5(c).
11? Ibid.
12? Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 6(c) 17 July 1998.
13? Prosecutor v. Kayishmea and Ruzindana, ICTR Trial Judgement, 21 May 1999, para. 115
ndburma2.indd 206 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

twif;t"rRvufxyfapjcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? twif;t"R vufxyfapr_rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;onf vl
rsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufa=umif;jyo&ef jzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tay:
&kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tœ&m,fjzpfapjcif;”ESifh “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m zsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef&nf
&G,f wGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_ tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;”/ “vltkyfpkwcktwGif;
uav;arG;zGm;r_rsm;udk [ef@wm;&ef &nf&G,fI tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfjcif;” ponfh tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? Tazmfjy
yg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkonfhtcg twif;
t"Rvufxyfapjcif;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaomtcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?12
vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;

jzpfEdkifygonf? vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoGif;cH&r_rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom
oufao taxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ajrmufa=umif; jyo&efjzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif
“(vltkyfpk) wck. tzGJ@0ifrsm; tay: &kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tœ&m,fjzpfapjcif;”/ ESifh “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyf
ydkif;qdkif&mzsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,f wGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufouf
a&mufapjcif;”/ “vltkyfpk wcktwGif; uav;arG;zGm;r_rsm;udk [ef@wm;&ef&nf&G,fI tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfjcif;” ponfh
tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom
tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkonfhtcg vdifvkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoGif;apjcif;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_jzpfay:
aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf?
vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;

jzpfEdkifygonf? vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufao
taxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufa=umif; jyo&efjzpfEdkifygonf? vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk
wenf;wzHkjzifh ydwfyif[ef@wm;ygu “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m zsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,fwGufcsufI
&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_ tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;” jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aqmif&Guf
jcif; jzpfygonf? Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm;
jynfhpHkonfhtcg vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k
azmfjyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf?
vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? vlukeful; a&mif;0,fjcif;rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlrsKd;
wHk; owfjzwfr_ ajrmufa=umif;jyo&efjzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tay:&kyf
ydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tœ&m,fjzpfapjcif;”ESifh “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&mzsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef&nf&G,f
wGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_ tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;”/ “vltkyfpkwckrS uav;rsm;
udk tjcm;tkyfpkwckxHodk@ twif;tusyfa&$@ajymif;jcif;” ponfh tcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? Tazmfjyygvkyfaqmifr_
rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkonfhtcg vlukeful;a&mif;0,f
jcif;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf?
ndburma2.indd 207 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufao taxmuftxm;rsm;
onf vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ ajrmufa=umif;jyo&ef jzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck. tzGJ@0ifrsm;
udk owfjzwfjcif;”/ “vltkyfpkwck. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tay: &kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m t}uD;tus,ftœ&m,fjzpfap
jcif;”/ ESifh “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&mzsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,fwGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifhaexdkifr_
tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;” ponfh tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk
usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkonfhtcg owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmuf
ypfjcif;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaomtcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?
yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom oufao taxmuftxm;
rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufa=umif;jyo&ef jzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck.&kyfydkif;
qdkif&m zsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,fwGufcsufI &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufouf
a&mufapjcif;”vnf; yg0ifygonf? Ttqifh tajctaetxd a&mufapaom tcsufrsm;wGif atmufazmfjyygtcsuf
rsm; yg0ifonf?
- oifhavsmfaom aexdkifp&m tdrfudk qHk;&_H;apjcif;?
- oifhavsmfaom aexdkifr_ trdk;tumrsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Edkif&ef uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif;?
- tdrfrsm;rSaeI pepfwus ESifxkwfjcif;?14
Tazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm;jynfhpHk
onfhtcg yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaomtcsufrsm;
jzpfygonf? Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftay: tajcjyKI tjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;cHk&Hk;rsm;uvnf; twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;
apjcif;udk vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufaponf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?15
rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHko¿mefrsm;

jzpfEdkifygonf? rk'drf;jyKusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHko¾mefrsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_
ajrmufa=umif; jyo&efjzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tay: &kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tœ&m,fjzpfapjcif;”/ ESifh “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&m zsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,fwGufcsufI
&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_ tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;”/ “vltkyfpkwcktwGif; uav;arG;zGm;r_
rsm;udk [ef@wm;&ef&nf&G,fI tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfjcif;” ponfhtcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? Tazmfjyygvkyfaqmif
r_rsm; udkusL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkonfhtcg rk'drf;jyKusifhr_ESifh
tjcm; aomvdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_yHko¾mefrsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ jzpfay:aeonf[kazmfjyEdkifaom tcsuf
rsm;jzpfygonf? Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftay: tajcjyKItjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;cHk&Hk;rsm;uvnf; twif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;
apjcif;udk vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufaponf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?16
14/ See, Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, ICTR Trial Judgement, 21 May 1999, para 115-18; Prosecutor
v. Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998; Rome Statute, Footnote to Article 5(c).
15/Ibid.
16/Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998, Kosovo Backgrounder: Sexual
Violence as International Crime, Human Rights Watch, 10 May 1999,
http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/kos0510.htm (last visited 23 August 2006).
ndburma2.indd 208 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm;

jzpfEdkifygonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ajrmuf
a=umif;jyo&ef jzpfEdkifygonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif “(vltkyfpk) wck. tzGJ@0ifrsm; tay: &kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;
qdkif&m tœ&m,fjzpfapjcif;”ESifh “(vltkyfpk) wck. &kyfydkif;qdkif&mzsufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap&ef &nf&G,fwGufcsufI &nf&G,f
csuf&Sd&Sdjzifh aexdkifr_ tajctaersm;tay: xdcdkufoufa&mufapjcif;” ponfhtcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? Tazmfjyyg
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonfhtcg/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ ajrmufapaom tjcm;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkonfhtcgtjynf
jynfqdkif&m w&m;cHk&Hk;rsm;u n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuefðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm;udk vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_jzpfay:
aeonf[k azmfjyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;ygonf?17
3? vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ jzpfyGm;a=umif; oufaojyo&ef twGuf vlaoqHk;r_ taxmuftxm;rsm; vdktyfygovm;?

rvdktyfyg? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ [laompum;&yfonf vlrsm;udktpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf owfjzwfjcif;[k a,bk,s
tm;jzifh em;vnfxm;wwf=uonf? twdwfumvu EdkifiHwum cHk&Hk;rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ta=umif; tpD&ifcH
pmrsm;rSmyg&Sdonfh vltawmfrsm;rsm; trSefwu,faoqHk;jcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tr_rsm;udkom t}uD;tus,ftm&Hk
pdkufcJh=uonf?18 odk@&mwGifvlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif trSefwu,faoqHk;a=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;vdktyfonfr[kwf
acs? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_. t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufwGif tñuH;0ifonfrsm;rSm tkyfpkwpk wjznf;jznf; aoqHk;aysmufuG,f
oGm;ap&eftwGuf zefwD;xm;aom tajctaersm;yifjzpfonf? aoqHk;onfhtxd rjzpfonfhwdkif n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_/ rk'drf;
r_uJhodk@aom tr_rsm; usL;vGefaom tajctaersm;onfyifv#if vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_. t"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufwGif tñuH;
0ifygonf?19
4? =uH&G,fcsufjzifh usL;vGefjcif;qdkonfrSm rnfonfht"dy`g,fudk qdkvdkygoenf;?

rSwfwrf;ðyjcif; twGuf t=uHðycsuf - =uH&G,fcsufudk oufaojyjcif;?
tkyfpkwpkpkonf rdrdwdk@ '%fcwfcHae&rSef;odaeygv#if/ =uH&G,fcsufudk az:jy&eftwGuf w&m;0ifpm&Gufpm
wrf; taxmuftxm;/ odk@r[kwf vkyfaqmifcsuf wpHkw&mudk ‚wdk@odxm;jcif; &Sd- r&Sd ‚wdk@udk ar;=unfh
&ef vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&t&m&Sd odk@r[kwf ppfAdkvfwOD;OD; taeESifh xdktkyfpkudk vufpwHk; zsufqD;ypfrnf[k
vlod&Sif=um; ajym=um;cJhonfudk =um;cJhzl;ygovm;? odk@wnf;r[kwf xdktkyfpkxJrS rnfolrnf0g[laom yk~dKvf
rsm;/ txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmifvl}uD;rsm;udk worwfwnf; ypfrSwfxm;I wdkufcdkuf&ef&Sm aeygovm;ponfh
tcsufrsm;&SmazG&ef vdktyfonf?
“=uH&G,fcsufjzifh”qdkonfrSm &nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sd+yD; wrifwum vkyfaqmifjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf? wpHkwa,muf
onf wpHkw&maom tusKd;qufudk a&S@&_v#uf &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd vkyfaqmifaomtcgY ol odk@r[kwf olr. tod&Sdaom
&nf&G,fcsufonf xdktusKd;qufudk jzpfyGm;ap&ef jzpfonf? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_. Tt*F g&yfudk oufaojy&eftwGufqdk
v#if tqdkygusL;vGefolrSm xdkodk@ðyjcif;twGuf wpHkw&maom ta=umif;&Sda=umif;udk jyo&ayrnf? qdkvdkonfrSm ‚
onf vlrsKd;wrsKd; odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;pkwpkk odk@r[kwf tom;ta&mif rwlaom odk@r[kwf bmoma&; qdkif&mtkyfpk wpkpk.
wckvHk;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ vufpwHk; ysufpD;oGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
Tt*F g&yfudk oufaojy&efrSm txl;cufcJygonf? ta=umif;rSm tqdkygjypfr_usL;vGefolonf usL;vGef&mYrnf
onfudk &nf&G,fcJha=umif; oifhtaeESifh oufaojy&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
17/ Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998.

18/ See, Prosecutor v Jelisic, ICTR Trial Judgment, 14 December 1999, para 82; Prosecutor v Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998.
19/ vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wck tjzpftxajrmuf&ef vlta&twGuf rnfr#xdcdkufepfem&rnf[kEdkifiHwum &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;u axmufjyxm;&mY ta&twGufonf wOD;/
xdkxufydkIvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? vlOD;a&. wpdwfwydkif;/ odk@r[kwf vlOD;a& wpHkvHk;eD;yg;udk owfjzwfokwfoif&ef oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;azmfjy&efyif rvdktyf
a=umif; tav;ay; azmfjyxm;ygonf? See, Elements of Crimes, http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/about/officialjournal/Elements_of_Crimes_120704EN.pdf (last visited 29 July 2008).
ndburma2.indd 209 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

5? vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_udk oufaojy&ef rnfol. =uH&G,fcsufu t&ma&muf oufqdkifygoenf;?

&mZ0wfr_wckudk vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ tjzpf oufaojyEdkifjcif; &Sd- r&Sd[k qdk&mY usL;vGefol. &nf&G,fcsufu
tqHk;tjzwfay;ygonf? jy\emum; rnfol. =uH&G,fcsufu t&ma&mufoenf; [laomjy\emyifjzpfygonf?
a,bk ,stm;jzifh vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_udk wdkuf&dkufESifhvlod&Sif=um;pwifaqmf=ool/ pDpOfjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ trdef@
ay;jcif; aomfvnf;aumif;ðyol (om"utm;jzifh-xdyfwef; tpdk;&t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;)a&m/ Tjypfr_udkvufawG@taumif
txnf az:ay;&ol (om"utm;jzifh-ppfom;rsm;tjyif/ xdkol. tdrfeD;em;csif; yk~dKvfrsm;onfyifv#if)wdk@udkyg w&m;pGJ
qdkEdkifygonf? ppfom;rsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;yk~dKvfrsm;onf “trdef@emcH”&olrsm; jzpfaeonfhwdkif ‚wdk@udkyg w&m;pGJqdk
Edkifjcif;yifjzpfonf?20 jypfr_usL;vGefoltjzpf pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;onf ‚wdk@udk,fwdkifu tkyfpkwpkudk vufpwHk;zsufqD;ypf &ef
&nf&G,fcsufr&Sdonf jzpfap/ “odv#ufESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ t"dutm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;” vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_
usL;vGefolrsm;udk ulnDay;onfhtwGuf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_rSm tjypf&Sdygonf?21
6? usL;vGefol. vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ usL;vGef&ef =uH&G,fcsufudk oufaojy&eftwGuf wdkuf&dkuf taxmuftxm;rsm;

vdktyfygovm;?
usL;vGefol. =uH&G,fcsufrsm;udk az:jya&;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&. a=unmcsuf/
odk@r[kwf ppfwyftrdef@rsm; uJhodk@aom wdkuf&dkuftaxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_udk oufaojy&mYvGef
pGm taxmuftulðyygonf?22 om"utm;jzifh- tkyfpkwpkESifh ywfoufI &dkif;yspGmESdrfcsajymqdkaompum;rsm;/ odk@r
[kwf tkyfpkudkjzpfap/ tkyfpk.ydkifqdkifyPnf;rsm;udkjzpfap udk,fxdvufa&muf ypfrSwfxm;jcif;uJhodk@aom pepfwus buf
pHkaqmif&Gufae=uaom yHkpHwckrSaeI =uH&G,fcsufudkaumufcsufqGJ,lEdkifygonf?23 bmoma&;tkyfpkwpkrSvltrsm;
tjym;. ysufpD;&m ysufpD;a=umif; =uH&G,fcsufudkaz:jyonfh wdkuf&dkuftaxmuftxm;(om"utm;jzifh-xdkyk~dKvfrsm;
rnfonfh ae@&ufwGif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; cHpm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; az:jyxm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;) onf
tu,fI tm;aumif;aom ywf0ef;usiftajctae jyqdkcsufrsm; &Sdaeygu vdktyfcsifrS vdktyfygvdrfhrnf?
ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf t=uHðycsuf - vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&;

&mZ0wfr_wdk@. rwljcm;em;csuf tcsKd@
- pdwfydkif;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsuf - vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_udk oufaojy&mY
usL;vGefolrSm tkyfpkwpkpkudkvufpwHk; ysufpD;oGm;apvdkaom =uH&G,fcsuf &Sdaea=umif; oufaojyp&mrvdk
yg? xdkolwdk@usL;vGefaom&mZ0wfr_rsm;onf t&yfom; jynfolwdk@tay: t}uD;tus,fESifh pepfwuswdkuf
cdkufjcif;. tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfqdkjcif;udk xdkolwdk@ od&Sdaea=umif;om oufaojy&ef vdktyfygonf?
- usL;vGefcH&ol trsKd;tpm; - vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_wGif usL;vGefcH&olrsm;onf vlrsKd;wrsKd;/ odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;pk
wpk/ odk@r[kwf tom;ta&mif rwlaom odk@r[kwf bmoma&;qdkif&mtkyfpkwpkpkrS jzpfa=umif; jyo&ef vdkyg
onf? vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;Yrl vlr_a&; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;uJhodk@
aom tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;Edkifygonf?
20/ Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998; Kosovo Backgrounder: Sexual Violence as International Crime, Hu-
man Rights Watch, 10 May 1999, http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/kos0510.htm (last visited 27 July 2008); Stiglmayer, Alexandra, “Sexual
Violence: Systematic Rape,” in Crimes of War, The Book,, http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/sexual-systematic-rape.html (last visited 27 July
2008).
21/ Orentlicher, Diane F., “Genocide,” in Crimes of War, The Book, http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/genocide.html (last visited 1 August 2008).
22/ See, Elements of Crimes, http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/about/officialjournal/Elements_of_Crimes_120704EN.pdf (last visited 29 July 2008).
23/ Prosecutor v Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998, para 523; Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana, ICTR Trial Judgment,
21 May 1999; Krstic Judgment, ICTY Trial Judgment, August 2001, para 580 (AvDrsm; zsufqD;onfh taxmuftxm;/ vltkyfpkwck. aetdrfrsm;udk
zsufqD;onfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh &nf&G,f csufudk cef@rSef;Edkifygonf?)
ndburma2.indd 210 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

- csKd;azmufr_trsKd;tpm;rsm; - vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ESifh qdkifaom usL;vGefr_rsm;ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:

qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;onf tcsKd@ae&mrsm;Y xyfwl jzpfaewwfygonf? odk@&mwGif rwluGJjym;onfh usL;
vGefr_ tcsKd@vnf; &Sdygonf?
(*) vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk t"dy`g,fowfrSwfjcif;

1? vlom;qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_rsm;. t*Fg&yfrsm;um;tb,fenf;?
vlom;qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_onf t&yfom;jynfolwdk@tay:tus,ftjyef@/ odk@r[kwf pepfwuswdkufcdkufjcif;
. tpdwftydkif;tjzpf usL;vGefjcif; jzpf&rnf? vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_rsm;udk usL;vGefonf
[k owfrSwf&eftwGuf atmufyg taxmuftxm;rsm; vdktyfygonf?24
(1) atmufyg jypfr_ wckckudk usL;vGefjcif;?
- owfjzwfjcif;ESifh rsKd;ðzwfypfjcif; (touf aoapavmufaomtajctaersm;udk zefwD;jcif; tygt0if jzpfonf?)
- vludk twif;t"R tpazsmufypfjcif;?
- u|efðyjcif;(vla&mif;0,fjcif; tygt0if)?
- vltajrmuftjrm;udk wdkif;jynfxJrS armif;xkwfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf (wdkif;jynf e,fedrdwftwGif;rSma&m/ tjyif tyodk@
yg a&$@ajymif;apjcif;) twif;t"R ae&ma&$@ajymif;apjcif;?
- EdkifiHumOya'udk csKd;azmufaomtm;jzifh tusOf;csjcif;/ odk@r[kwf taetxdkif vGwfvyfcGifhudk &kyfodrf;jcif;?
- n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif;?
- rk'dfrf;usifhjcif;/ vdif u|efðyjcif;/ tvdkrwlbJ udk,f0ef&apjcif;/ tvdkrwlbJ om;a=umjzwfjcif;?
- EdkifiHwum Oya't& '%fcwfjcif;rðy&[k wuBmvHk;rSm todtrSwfðyxm;onfudk qef@usifv#uf EdkifiHa&;tkyf
pkwpk odk@r[kwf tom;ta&mifrwlaom tkyfpkwpk odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;wrsKd;/ odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;pkwpk odk@r[kwf bmom
a&;qdkif&m tkyfpkwpk odk@r[kwf vdifuGJjym;aom tkyfpkwpk odk@r[kwf tjcm;aomtkyfpkrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkif
avmufaom tkyfpkwpkudk '%fcwfjcif;?
(2) Todk@ usL;vGefr_onf ae&mtESHtjym;/ odk@r[kwf pepfwus wdkufcdkufjcif; tpDtpOf. wpdwfwa'o vkyf&yfrsm;jzpf
aejcif;?
(3) t&yfom;jynfolwdk@tay: ypfrSwfxm; wdkufcdkufjcif;?
(4) usL;vGefol udk,fwdkifu rdrdwdkufcdkufaeonfhudPta=umif;udk od&Sdjcif;?
24/ Tt"d`g,fzGifhqdkcsufudk EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court yk'fr-7 rS &,lygonf?
vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifonfh &mZ0wfr_[lonfudk EdkifiHwumOya' csKd;azmufr_tjzpf EsL&ifbmh*f cHk&Hk; (1945) ckESpf uwnf;u w&m;0ifowfrSwf
jyXmef;cJhygonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif ukvor~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;t& vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifonfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk wm;jrpf
a=umif; todtrSwfjyK jyXmef;cJhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;. pD&ifydkifcGifhe,fy,fY wdkuf&dkuf usa&mufaejcif;r&Sdyg? odk@aomfvnf; vlom;rsKd;
EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifonfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef EdkifiHwum "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;udk vdkufem&ef wm0eft& wm0ef&Sdaeygonf? See, Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court (1998), Article 7, http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/english/rome_statute(e).pdf (last visited 2 August 2008);
Amnesty International, The International Criminal Court: Fact Sheet 4 – Prosecuting Crimes Against Humanity, http://web.amnesty.org/library/
index/engior400052000 (last visited 27 July 2008); see also, Bassiouni, C. and
ndburma2.indd 211 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

2? atmufygvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_ ajrmufygovm;?

vGwfvyfpGm az: jyajymqdkcGifh/ pka0;cGifhwdk@udk aESmuf,Sufjcif;
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ odk@r[kwf pka0;cGifhwdk@udk aESmuf,Sufjcif;onf vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:qef@
usifa&; &mZ0wfr_ajrmufa=umif; jyo&efcufygonf? odk@&mwGif EdkifiHa&; tkyfpkwpk odk@r[kwf tom;ta&mifrwlaom
tkyfpkwpk/ odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;wrsKd;/ odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;pkwpk odk@r[kwf bmoma&;qdkif&mtkyfpkwpk/ odk@r[kwf vdifuGJjym;
aomtkyfpkwpk/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aom tkyfpkrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifavmufaom tkyfpkwpkudk '%fcwfjcif;onf tjcm;
aomjypfr_t*F g&yfrsm;ESifh aygif;qHkaomtcgY ‚jypfr_onfvlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_ajrmuf
apEdkifygonf?25
rw&m; zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;

jzpfEdkifygonf? “axmifoGif; tusOf;csr_rsm;ESifh &kyfydkif;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhudk jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;pGm qHk;&_H;apjcif;”
onf tjcm;tajctaersm;vnf; jynfhpHkaeonfhtcg/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mr
tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;u twdtvif;jyXmef;xm;ygonf?26
uav;ppfom;rsm;
jzpfEdkifygonf? a&mr tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;u “u|efjyKr_” udk “vlwOD;tay:
ydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;ESifh qufEG,faeor#aom tm%mrsm; tm;vHk;aomfvnf;aumif;aumif;/ wckckudkaomfvnf;
aumif; usifhoHk; toHk;csjcif;”[k t"d`g,fzGifhqdkxm;ygonf? uav;ppfom; toHk;csjcif;onf u|efjyKjcif;yHkpHwrsKd;[k owf
rSwfEdkifygonf? uav;ppfom; toHk;csjcif;udk cGJjcm;zdESdyfjcif; yHkpHwrsKd;tjzpfvnf; owfrSwfEdkifygonf? ta=umif;rSm
tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk qHk;&_H;aponfh t"d`g,foufa&mufaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?27 odk@twGufa=umifh uav;ppf
om; toHk;csjcif;onf vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: usL;vGefcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_ajrmufEdkifygonf?
t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_
jzpfEdkifygonf? “t"R vkyftm;cdkif;apr_” onf tjcm;tajctaersm;vnf; jynfhpHkaeonfhtcg/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f
w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mrtjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;utwdtvif;
jyXmef;xm;ygonf?28 tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;u t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_udk vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;udk qef@usif
csKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_tjzpf todtrSwf jyKxm;ygonf? Trludk twnfjyKaomtm;jzifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wf
r_cHk&Hk;u ,cif ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHrS jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ jypfr_rsm;usL;vGefonfh tay:wm0ef
&Sdonfhtwdkif; jypf'%fay;cJhygonf?29
25/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr(7)(2)(q) t& “EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;udk qef@usifI tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk wrifwum &nf&G,f
csufjzifh/ tkyfpkwpk[k cGJjcm;owfrSwf+yD;/ odk@r[kwf odrf;usKH;pkaygif;I jyif;xefpGm csKd;azmufuef@owfv#if”tvm;wl aqmif&GufusL;vGefr_ajrmufonf[kqdkxm;
onf?
26/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) (i) t& “tjcm;tajctaersm; jynfhpHkv#if axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;ESifh &kyfydkif;qdkif&mvGwfvyf
cGifhydk jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;pGm qHk;&_H;apv#if ” vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk usL;vGefcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_ ajrmufonf[k qdkxm;onf?
27/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) (i) t&? 1998 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 17 &uf?
28/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (*) t&? 1998 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 17 &uf? “u|efjyKjcif;” udk tjcm; &mZ0wfr_ tajctaersm;jynfhpHkonfhtcg
vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk qef@usifcsKd;azmufaom &mZ0wfr_tjzpf tygt0if owfrSwf xm;ygonf?)
29/ Prosecutor v. Kunarac, et al., ICTY Trial Judgement, 22 February 2001, para. 542. Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, ICTY Trial Judgement, 15 March
2002, para. 358.
ndburma2.indd 212 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

twif;t"rRvufxyfapjcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? “twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;”udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf
a&mrtjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;u twdtvif;jyXmef;rxm;aomfvnf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif &m
"avhxHk;wrf; Oya'rsm;t& ‚udkvlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfxm; ygonf?30
tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_ cHk&Hk;rsm;uvnf; twif;t"R vufxyfapjcif;udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:qef@
usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;ygonf? Trludk twnfjyKaomtm;jzifh qD&mvD,GefEdkifiH&Sd txl;cHk&Hk;u
twif;t"R vufxyfapr_ usL;vGefolrsm;udk wm0ef&Sdonfhtwdkif; jypf'%fay;cJhygonf?31
vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;cH&jcif;

jzpfEdkifygonf? “vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"R oGwfoGif;cH&jcif;” udk tjcm;tajctaersm;
vnf; jynfhpHkaeonfhtcg/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mr tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfr_
cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;u twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;ygonf?32
twif;t"rR a&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? t&yfom; jynfolrsm;udk “twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apjcif;” udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@
usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mr tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;u t"d`g,fzGifhqdkxm;ouJhodk@/ tcsKd@
aomolrsm;udk ESifxkwfjcif;/ tiftm; toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh olwdk@w&m;0if wnf&Sdaexdkifaom a'orsm;rStwif;tusyf
a&$@ajymif;jcif;udkvnf; tvm;wl jyXmef;xm;ygonf?33
vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[ef@wm;jcif;

jzpfEdkifygonf? vlwOD;. “&kyfydkif;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhudk jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;pGm qHk;&_H;aponfhtcg”“jynfolvlxk
rsm;udk twif;t"R (EdkifiHwck. trsKd;om;e,fedrdwf jyifyodk@aomfvnf;aumif;/ twGif;Yaomfvnf;aumif;) a&$@ajymif;
aponfhtcg” vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mr tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'
jyXmef;csufrsm;u twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;ygonf? jynfolvlxkrsm;udk twif;t"R a&$@ajymif;apjcif; qdkonfrSm tcsKd@
aomolrsm;udk ESifxkwfjcif;/ tiftm;toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh olwdk@w&m;0if wnf&Sdaexdkifaoma'orsm;rS twif;tusyf
a&$@ajymif;jcif;[k t"d`g,fzGifhqdkxm;ygonf?34
jzpfEdkifygonf? “vlukeful;a&mif;0,fr_”onf tjcm;tajctaersm;vnf; jynfhpHkaeonfhtcg/ vlom;rsKd;EG,f
w&yfvHk; tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mr tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;utwdtvif;
jyXmef;xm;ygonf?35
30/ See, Prosecutor v. Brima, SCSL-2004-16A, Appeals Chamber Judgment, 22 February 2008, recognizing forced marriage as a crime against hu-
manity under customary international law.
31/ Prosecutor v. Brima, SCSL-2004-16A, Appeals Chamber Judgment, 22 February 2008
32/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) (q) t&? 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 17 &uf?
33/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) ESifh (2) t&? 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 17 &uf?
34/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) ESifh (2) t&? 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 17 &uf?
35/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) (*) t&? 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 17 &uf? yg0ifazmfjyxm;onfrSm (u|efjyKr_) udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f
w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_tjzpf tjcm;tajctaersm;vnf; jynfhpHkonfhtcg owfrSwfxnfhoGif;xm;ygonf? (yk'fr (7) (2) (*) t& u|efjyKr_
wGif vlukeful;a&mif;csr_vnf; yg0ifygonf?
ndburma2.indd 213 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;
jzpfEdkifygonf? “owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;”onf tjcm;tajctaersm;vnf; jynfhpHkaeonfhtcg/
vlom; rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk; tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mr tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csuf
rsm;u twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;ygonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;rsm;uvnf; owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypf
jcif;udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk qef@usifcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_[k todtrSwf jyKxm;ygonf? Trludk twnfjyK
aomtm;jzifh &0rf'gEdkifiHESifh ,cif,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;wGif aqmif&GufcJhonfh cHk&Hk;rsm;u owfjzwfr_ESifhtpazsmuf
ypfjcif;udk usL;vGefcJh=uonfh wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk jypf'%fay;cJhygonf?
yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;
“yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;”udk vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_tjzpf pGyfpGJwif
oGif;&efcufcJygonf? odk@aomfvnf; TcsKd;azmufr_rsm;onf“rnfonfhowfrSwfazmfjyI &aomEdkifiHa&;/vlrsKd;/ EdkifiH
om;/ wdkif;&if;om;/ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m/ bmoma&;qdkif&m/ vdifuGJjym;r_ odk@r[kwf tjcm;tajctaersm;tay: tajccH
onfh tkyfpkrsm;tay:cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_” wdkifatmif jzpfay:aponfhtcg/ tjcm;tajctaersm;vnf; jynfhrDonfhtcg vlom;
rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_ ajrmufapEdkifygonf?36
rk'drf;ðyusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHko¿mefrsm;

jzpfEdkifygonf? “rk'drf;jyKusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHko¾mefrsm;”udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f
w&yfvHk; tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf a&mr tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk; Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;u twdt
vif; jyXmef;xm;ygonf?37 tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;rsm;uvnf; rk'drf;jyKusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qdkif&m
t=urf;zufr_ yHko¾mefrsm;udk vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk qef@usifcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_[k todtrSwfjyKxm;yg
onf? Trludk twnfjyKaomtm;jzifh &0rf'gEdkifiHESifh ,cif,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; EdkifiHrsm;wGif aqmif&GufcJhonfh cHk&Hk;rsm;u
owfjzwfr_ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;udk usL;vGefcJh=uonfh wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk jypf'%fay;cJhygonf?38
n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif;yHkpHrsm;

jzpfEdkifygonf? “n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef jyKrljcif; yHkpHrsm;”udk tjcm;aomtajctaersm;
vnf; jynfph okH nfth cg/ vlom; rsK;d EG,w f &yfv;kH tay: qef@usiaf &; &mZ0wfrt _ jzpf a&mr tjynfjynfqikd &f m&mZ0wfr_ cH&k ;kH
39
Oya'jyXmef;csurf sm;u twdtvif;jyXmef;xm;ygonf? tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfr_ cH&k ;kH rsm;uvnf; n‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufjcif;ESihf
tjcm;aomravsmu f efjyKrjl cif; yHpk rH sm;udk vlom;rsK;d EG,f w&yfv;kH udk qef@usicf sK;d azmufonf&h mZ0wfr[ _ k todtrSwf
jyKxm;ygonf? Trlukd twnfjyKaomtm;jzifh &0rf'gEikd if EH iS hf ,cif,*l q kd vm;AD;,m; Edik if rH sm;wGif aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nfh cH&k ;kH rsm;u
40
owfjzwfrE_ iS hf tpazsmufypfjcif;udk usL;vGecf =hJ uonfh wm0ef&o dS rl sm;udk jypf'%fay;cJyh g onf?
36/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (2) (q) t& cGJjcm;zdESdyfjcif;[k qdk&mY “tkyfpkwck odk@r[kwf pkpnf;I tkyfpktjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonfh
olrsm;tay: tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'udk qef@usifI tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh/ jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;pGm csKd;azmufjcif;”vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
37/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) (q) t&? 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 17 &uf? vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:qef@usifcsKd;azmufaom
&mZ0wfr_ vkyf&yfwcktjzpfazmfjy&mY rk'drf;jyKusifhr_/ vdifydkif;qdkif&mu|efjyKjcif;/ vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odk@ twif;t"RoGwfoGif;jcif;/ t"R udk,f0efaqmif
apjcif;/ t"Rom;a=umjzwf oif;uGyjf cif;/ od@k r[kwf vdirf q _ ikd &f m tjcm;aomt=urf;zufry_ pkH rH sm;udk jyif;xefq;kd &Gm;pGm usL;vGeo
f nft
h ajctaersm;vnf;yg0if yg onf?
38/ rk'drf;jyKusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ yHko¾mefrsm;udk yxrOD;qHk; vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;udk qef@usifcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_tjzpf ,cif
,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiH tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_cHk&Hk;u pwif owfrSwfcJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm w&m;&Hk;uawG@&Sdcsuft& abmhpeD;,m;qmhAf ppfa&;acgif;aqmif
3-OD;udk rk'rf;jyKusifhjcif;/ u|efjyKjcif;/ rlpviftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;tay: ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_rsm;twGuf tjypf&Sda=umif;awG@&SdcJh&onf? See Prosecutor v.
Kunarac, ICTY Trial Judgment, 12 June 2002.
39/ EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk&Hk;. a&mrOya'jyXmef;csufrsm; yk'fr (7) (1) (p) t&? 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 17 &uf? “n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;” ESifh “tvm;wl oabmobm
0jzifh vlom;rqefaom vkyf&yfrsm;udk &nf&G,fcsufjzifh aqmif&GufI udk,fcýmudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mudkaomfvnf;aumif; jyif;xefpGmxdcdkufemusOf
apjcif;/ udk,fum,ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&musef;rma&;udk jyif;xefpGm xdcdkufapjcif;”rsm; yg0ifygonf? TusL;vGefr_onf tjcm;aom tajctaersm;vnf; jynfhpHkonfh
tcg vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk; tay: usL;vGefcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfr_ajrmufapygonf?
40/ Prosecutor v Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998; Prosecutor v. Kunarac, ICTY Trial Judgment, 12 June 2002; Prosecutor v. Tadic, ICTY, Trial Judgment, 30 July 2002.
ndburma2.indd 214 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

3? vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf oufaojya&;twGufae&mtESHtjym;ESifh pepfwuswdkuf

cdkufjcif;tjzpf rnfonfhtcsufu az: jyay;ygoenf?
“ae&mtESH@tjym;” qdkonfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh vltajrmuftjrm;tay: xdcdkufapjcif;[k qdkvdkygonf?41
odk@&m wGif vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_wGif ae&mtESH@ wdkufcdkufonfqdkjcif; twGuf wdusaomta&twGufudk owfrSwfxm;jcif;
r&Sdacs?
“pepfwus”qdkonfrSm wdkufcdkufr_wckonf pDrHudef;}uD; wckvHk;. wpdwfwa'ojzpf+yD;/ yk~vduqdkif&m odk@r
[kwftrsm;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;tygt0if t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf?42 odk@&mwGif pDrHudef;onf tpdk;&
ay:vpD odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf; ay:vpD. tpdwftydkif; jzpfa=umif;udk oufaojy&efrvdkacs? om"utaeESifhaz:jy
&ygv#if- tpdk;& odk@r[kwf tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;wckonf w&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaomay:vpD odk@r[kwf vkyfaqmif
csufwckay:rSm tajccHv#uf t&yfom;rsm;tay: csKd;azmufr_ wckudk usL;vGefygu “pepfwus” usL;vGefonf[k owf
rSwf&ef taxmuftxm; vHkavmufEdkifygonf?43
vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwf&mY “wdkufcdkufjcif;”qdkonfrSm wdkufcdkuf
aepOf umvtwGif; vkyf&yfrsm;udkomqdkvdkonf rubJ/ wdkufyGJrSm yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&SdcJhaom olrsm;tay:ðyrljcif;udkyg
qdkvdkygonf? odk@&mwGif wdkufcdkufr_wckonf ae&mtESH@tjym;ESifh pepfwuswdkufcdkufjcif; jzpfa=umif; taxmuf
txm;&Sd&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif ae&mtESH@tjym; odk@r[kwf pepfwus wdkufcdkufr_qdkonfrSm ppfa&;t&wdkufcdkufr_r# om
r[kwfbJ/ tkyfcsKyfa&; odk@r[kwf Oya'vkyfaqmifcsufuJhodk@aom wdkufcdkufr_rsm;udkyg qdkvdkygonf? om"utm;jzifh
twif;t"R ae&ma&$@ajymif;apjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf?45
4? t&yfom; jynfolwdk@tay: ypfrSwfxm;jcif;onf vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_. tpdwfydkif;
jzpfa=umif; rnfodk@ owfrSwfrnfenf;?
jynfolxJrSm wdkufcdkufa&;orm; tenf;tusOf;r# &Sdaeaumif; &Sdaeonfhwdkif/ xdkjynfoltkyfpkudk “t&yfom;rsm;”
tjzpfom,lqxm;ygonf?xdkjynfolrsm;onf“trSefwu,f t&yfom;rsm;”jzpfa=umif;ESifh t&yfom;rsm;onf “rawmf
rw&m;ðyp&m t"duypfrSwf”jzpfcJha=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm; jyo&ygrnf?46
5? vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_ wr_ESifh ywfoufaomwdkufcdkufr_ta=umif;udk usL;vGefol
udk,fwdkifu od&Sda=umif; rnfodk@oufaojyrnfenf;?
wdkufcdkufr_ta=umif;udk usL;vGefol udk,fwdkifu “od&Sd”a=umif; jyo&mY ol odk@r[kwf olrtaeESifh wdkufcdkuf
r_ESifh ywfoufaom tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sda=umif; oufaojyp&mrvdkyg? usL;vGefol taeESifh wrif=uH
&G,fv#uf wdkufcdkufr_rSm yg0ifulnDcJha=umif;/ odk@r[kwf wdkufcdkufr_vkyf&ef cGifhðycJha=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;onf vl om;
rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_udk “od&Sd”a=umif; vHkavmufaom taxmuftxm;rsm;yifjzpfygonf?47
Todk@od&Sda=umif;/ odk@r[kwf =uH&G,fa=umif; az:jyaom a&&mwdusonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;onftaxmuftul
ðyygonf? odk@&mwGif r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonfawmh r[kwfacs?
41/ See, Diego Garcia, A Crime Against Humanity? Public Debate at the House of Commons, 16 November 2004, citing Prosecutor v. Tadic, Trial
Judgment, paras 644-648; Prosecutor v Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998, para 580.
42/ Ibid.
43/ See, Human Rights Watch, Targeting the Anuak: Human Rights Violations and Crimes against Humanity in Ethiopia’s Gambella Regio, section
on Crimes Against Humanity in International Law, citing Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR Trial Judgment, 2 September 1998, para 580, http://hrw.
org/reports/2005/ethiopia0305/10.htm#_ftn201 (last visited 28 July 2008).
44/ Ibid.
45/ See, Amnesty International, The International Criminal Court: Fact Sheet 4 – Prosecuting Crimes Against Humanity, http://web.amnesty.org/
library/index/engior400052000 (last visited 28 July 2008); Bassiouni, C. and Hampson, F. et al., “Crimes against Humanity and Universal Jurisdic-
tion,” in Crimes of War, The Book, http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/crimes-against-humanity.html (last visited 28 July 2008).
46/ Prosecutor v. Naletilic and Martinovic, ICTY Trial Judgment, 31 March 2003, para 235, http://www.un.org/icty/cases-e/index-e.htm (last visited
28 July 2008).
47/ See Elements of Crimes, http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/about/officialjournal/Elements_of_Crimes_120704EN.pdf (last visited 29 July 2008).
ndburma2.indd 215 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

(4) ed*Hk;csKyf
Ttcef;udk zwf+yD;v#if oifhtaeESifh atmufazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnf?
- vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk wdus&Sif;vif;pGmESifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m wifjyEdkifa&;twGuf taxmuftxm;
rsm;udk tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;jcif;?
- jzpfaeusyHkpHrsm;ESifh tvm;tvmrsm;udk az:xkwfjyjcif;tm;jzifh csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufaomtaxmuf txm;
rsm;udk ydkI tm;aumif;apjcif;?
- vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfr_ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,f w&yfvHk;tay:qef@usifa&; &mZ0wfr_rsm;uJhodk@aom EdkifiHwum Oya't&
ydkI}uD;av;aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;. t*F g&yfrsm;udk od&Sdvmjcif;ESifh az:xkwfowfrSwfEdkifjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
Tpmapmif.aemufvmrnfhtcef;wGif txufazmfjyyg vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
wdkufwGef;pnf;&Hk;wifjyr_ r[mAsL[m ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
ndburma2.indd 216 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

tcef; (3)
tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;
ndburma2.indd 217 26-Dec-09 13:05:27

(1) taxmuftxm;rsm;udkwifjyjcif;
ajymif;vJr_rsm; jyK&ef odk@r[kwf jyefvnfukpm;a&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef vl@tcGifhta&;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk wifjyjcif;onf rnfonfhvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;twGufrqdk tjrifhqHk;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfygonf?
csKd;azmufr_/ odk@r[kwf csKd;azmufr_ trsm;tjym;ESifh ywfoufaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;/ pkpnf;jcif;/
ydkif; jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;ðy+yD;onfESifh y&dowf odk@r[kwf y&dowfrsm;xH owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wifjyum/ owfrSwf
xm;aom pnf;&Hk;wdkufwGef;r_ &nfrSef;csufudk +yD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufavh &Sdygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcH&efESifh vdktyfovdk wkH@jyefaqmif&Gufay;&ef y&dowf
OD;a&trsm;tjym; &Sdaewwfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;tkyfpkwdk@ ypfrSwfxm;avh&Sdaom y&dowftrsKd;tpm;tcsKd@rSm
om"utm;jzifh -
- a'otvdkufvlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm; (om"utm;jzifh/ u&if vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ 'kQonftodkif;t0dkif;rsm;)?
- a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm; (om"utm;jzif/h Asian Human Rights Commission/ Amnasty Interna-
tional/ Human Rights Watch) ?
- tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&at*sifpDtzGJ@rsm;(om"utm;jzifh (etz)ppftpdk;&/ xdkif;EdkifiHtpdk;&/ tar&d

uefjynfaxmifpkoRw)?
- EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;rS yk~dKvfrsm; (om"utm;jzifh- Oa&myEdkifiHom;rsm;/ tar&duefEdkifiHom;rsm;/ puFmyl
EdkifiHom;rsm;)?
- ukvor~. t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;(om"utm;jzifh/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_qdkif&m txl;oHt&m&Sd/ tvkyf
tzGJrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; aumifpD)?
y&dowf toD;oD;onf owif;tcsufrsm;udk =unfhjrifyHk/ pdwf0ifpm;yHkESifh toHk;ðyyHkcsif; wl=uonf r[kwfacs?
odk@ jzpf&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk txda&mufqHk; wifjyEdkifjcif; &Sd- r&SdqdkonfrSm vufcHrnfh y&dowftay:rSm
om wnfrSDayonf? Todk@aom ta=umif;a=umifh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rnfodk@wifjyrnf[k rqHk;jzwfrDrSmóuwifI
ypfrSwfxm;&rnfh y&dowfudk qHk;jzwfowfrSwfjcif;onf taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufv#if ukvor~onf txl;ta&;}uD;aom y&dowfjzpfonf? vl@
tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;onf jy\emrsm;udk ukvor~odk@ wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk EdkifiHwumjrifomatmif
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xdkrSwzef ypfrSwfxm;aom tpdk;&rsm;tay: zdtm;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmapygonf? vGwfvyfpGmazmf
jyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhwdk@udk csKd;azmufr_ESifhywfoufI wkH@jyefaqmif&Gufay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom ukvor~.tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdonfjzpf&m Ttcef;u ukvor~tajccHaom tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif; ta=umif;udktav;
wif; az:jyxm;ygonf? tjcm;y&dowfrsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ukvor~. ta&;,laqmif&uf
a&; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; ta=umif; tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk aemufxyf od&Sdvdkygu Tpmapmifyg “jrefrmEdkifiHvl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?
(2) ukvor*~. tcef;u¾

ukvor*~odk@ tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;twGuf t=uHðycsuf - ukvor*~ESifh qufoG,fjcif;. tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;
tcgcyfodrf;Y ukvor~. t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh at*sifpDrsm;. t=uHðycsufrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;u tvG,f vspfvsL&_
xm;=uonf? odk@&mwGif ukvor~onf EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;odk@ vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywf
oufI tpD&ifcHwifjya&;twGuf cdkifcef@aom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;w&yf ay;xm;ygonf? wdkif;jynfwjynftwGif;
vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ukvor~. t}udrf}udrf xkwfjyefaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf csKd;
azmufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;ay;atmifvnf; xdkwdkif;jynftpdk;&tay: zdtm;jzpfapEdkifygonf?
ndburma2.indd 218 26-Dec-09 13:05:28

EdkifiHtwGif; oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufI ppftpdk;&u csKyfcs,f uef@owfxm;r_rsm;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm

ukvor~. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf t}uD;tus,f abmifcwf cHae&ygonf? ppftpdk;&onf EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;
tay:rSma&m/ ukvor~0efxrf;rsm;tay:rSmyg wif;usyfaom jynf0ifcGifh ADZmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfxm;onfh
tjyif/ jynf0ifcGifh&xm;olrsm; tay:rSmvnf; jynfwGif;oGm;vmcGifhESifhywfoufI uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;onf? jrefrmEdkif
iHtwGif;rSm v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=uaom ukvor~ at*sifpDrsm;onf tenf;tusOf;r#om&Sd+yD;/ xdkodk@v_yf&Sm;aqmif
&Gufae=uolrsm;onfvnf; t}uD;tus,f uef@owfcsKyfcs,f cHae=u&onf? odk@&mwGif ukvor~onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk
qufvufapmifh=unfhaeqJjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfyGm;aeaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udkvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh vufcHtodtrSwfðyxm;ygonf?
tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESihf vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm; taeESifh ukvor~odk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wifjyEdkifaom t"du
enf;vrf; (2) &yf&Sdygonf?1
(1) ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk tajccHaom apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;odk@ wifjyjcif;?
(2) ukoor~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD. txl;tpDtpOfrsm; (special procedures) odk@wifjyjcif; jzpfonf?
ukvor~. apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh rwlaomtcsufrSm ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD. vkyfxHk;vkyf
enf;rsm;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;onf tkyfpkrsm;ESifh wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;tzdk@ wOD;csif;qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufrsm;wifjy&mY/
odk@r[kwf qufoG,fr_rsm;jyK&mY EdkifiHwum pmcsKyfrsm;udk oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;p&m rvdktyfjcif;yif jzpfyg
onf? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_ wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk tr_tvdkuf cef@xm;aom txl;oHt&m&Sdrsm;ESifh txl;udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;tajctaeqdkif&m avhvmwifjyaeol txl;oHt&m&SdxHodk@vnf; wifjyEdkifyg
onf?2 ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpepfESifh ywfoufIaemufxyf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;odvdkygu/ Tpmapmif
yg “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;” acgif;pOf. ta=umif;t&mudk =unfhyg?
atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm ta&;ygonfh ukvor~.at*sifpDXmersm;ESifh vlyk~dKvfrsm;ta=umif;tusOf;
azmfjycsufjzpfygonf? TtzGJ@ESifh yk~dKvfrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ udPrsm;tay: udkifwG,f
aqmif&Gufae=uolrsm; jzpfygonf?
(u) ukvor*~. jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeqdkif&m pHkprf;avhvma&; txl;oHt&m&Sd3
1? txl;oHt&m&Sd. tcef;u¾onf tb,fodk@ &Sdoenf;?
txl;oHwrefonf jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;tajctaeESifh ywfoufI apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;ESifh tpD&ifcH
wifjy jcif;/ t&yfom;tpdk;&xH tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;a&;jzpfpOf. wdk;wufr_rsm; &&Sd+yD;aemufwGif w&m;r#waom tajccH
Oya'a&;qGJa&;/ yk~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfr_udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&;/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvl@tcGifhta&;jyef vnf&
&Sda&;wdk@twGuf wm0ef&Sdayonf?4 tpdk;&rsm;tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS&&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk tajccHv#uf/ txl;oHt&m&Sdonf vl@tcGifha&;aumifpDESifh taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ t=uHðycsufrsm;ESifhwuGESpfywf
vnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;&onf?5
1/t"duusonfh EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;oabmwlnDcsuf (9) ckwGif jrefrmEdkifiHu ,ck vufpGJpmpOfrsm; a&;om;aeonfh tcsdef wGif oabmwlnDcsuf (2) ckudk (c|if;
csufjzifh) vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;ygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: enf;aygif;pHkESifh cGJjcm; zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (CEDAW) ESifh
uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (CRC) wdk@ jzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh oabmwlnDcsuf tajccHaom apmihf=unfha&;Xmersm;odk@
tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@rsm;u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@EdkifonfrSm TpmcsKyfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom aumfrDwD (2) ckom &Sdonf?
2/ ta=umif;t&mtvdkuf ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;pHkprf; tpD&ifcHol txl;oHt&m&Sdrsm;/ ukvtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. txl; oHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ ukvor*~
tvkyftzGJ@rsm; pm&if;tjynfhtpHkudk tGefvdkif;&Sd atmufygtifwmeuf pmrsufESmwGif&&SdEdkifygonf? http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/themes.
htm (last visited 5 October 2008).
3//2008 ckESpf/ arvwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&; tajctaersm;udk pHkprf;avhvmwifjya&;twGuf wm0ef,lxm;ol ukvtxl;oHt&m&SdrSm aomrwfpftdka[;
uGifwmem (Thomas Ojea Quintana) jzpfygonf?
5/ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Situation of human rights in Myanmar,” Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1992/58,
3 March 1992, http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.RES.1992.58.En?Opendocument (last visited 1 August 2008).
ndburma2.indd 219 26-Dec-09 13:05:28

2? txl;oH t&m&Sd xHodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;Edkifygoenf;?

txl; oHt&m&Sdonf jrefrmEdkifiH. vl@tcGifhta&;tajctae rSefor#ESifhoufqdkifaom owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm;at*sifpDXmersm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif; yk~dKvfrsm;
xHrS&&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;r&Sdygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk jrefrm
tpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; qufvufpHkprf;ay;&ef arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?6
3? txl;oHt&m&Sdonf rnfonfh csKd;azmufr_ owif; tcsufrsKd;rsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygoenf;?

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfyGm;aeaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rSefor#ESifh oufqdkifaom
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk pOf;pm; oHk;oyfygonf?
txl;oH t&m&Sdodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;ydk@jcif;
txl;oHt&m&SdxHodk@ pmtm;jzifha&;om;wifjyEdkif+yD;/ tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh atmufygcsKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh oufqdkif
aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef?
- jzpf&yf- jzpfyGm;&m ae@&ufESifh ae&m/ jzpfyGm;yHk/ wnfqJOya'/ vkyfaqmifyHk/ odk@r[kwf rl0g'ay:vpDwdk@u
csKd;azmufr_udk tm;ay;aeyHk?
- csKd;azmufcH&ol - cH&olOD;a&? cH&olrsm;. trnf/ touf/ vdif/ tvkyftudkif/ cH&olrsm;. ae&yfvdyfpm
rsm;/ odk@r[kwf arG;zGm;&m Zmwdrsm;?
- usL;vGefolrsm;- usL;vGefol[k pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;/ tb,fa=umifh
oHo,&Sda=umif;yg tygt0ifjzpfonf? tu,fI‚onf tpdk;&t&m&Sdjzpfygu tpdk;&taeESifh umuG,f
ay;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ jypf'%fay;&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ avsmf
a=u;&ap&efaomfvnf;aumif; tb,fha=umifh óu;pm;ay;oifhoavmuf óu;pm;ay;jcif;r&Sda=umif; owif;
tcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;ay;yg?
- csKd;azmufr_ - csKd;azmufcH&aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk az:xkwfjyv#uf/ jzpfEdkifv#if EdkifiHwumOya'jyXmef;
csuf topfrsm;udk &nf!$ef;az:jyyg? xdk@tjyif/ csKd;azmufr_udkvnf; tao;pdwf&Sif;jyyg?
- ta&;ay: wdkif=um;csufrsm; twGufqdkv#if/ txufyg tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif jzpfyGm;tHhqJqJ usL;vGefr_
rsm; twGufa=umuf&GH@ xdwfvef@ae&a=umif;udkyg xnfoGif;a&;om;yg?
vdyfpm
wOD;csif;qufoG,fr_rsm;udk atmufygvdyfpmtwdkif; tD;-ar;vfjzifhjzpfap/ acsmpmjzifhjzpfap/ zufpfydk@pufjzifh
jzpfapatmufyg vdyfpmodk@ay;ydk@Edkifygonf?
Secial Procedures Division, c/o Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCHR-UNOG, 8-14
Avenue de Paix, 1211, Geneva 10, Switzerland; Fax + 41 22 917 9006;
Email: SPDInfo@ohchr.org or urgent-action@ohchr.org. pmtdwfay:Yvnf;aumif;/

tD;-ar;vf. ta=umif;
t&mrsOf;ay:Yvnf;aumif;/ zufpfpufjzifh qufoG,f&mYvnf;aumif; oufqdkif&mtxl;oH t&m&Sdudk
wdwdususaz:jyyg?
6/ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Situation of human rights in Myanmar,” Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1992/58,
3 March 1992, http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.RES.1992.58.En?Opendocument (last visited 1 August 2008).
ndburma2.indd 220 26-Dec-09 13:05:28

vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh

(c) vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwdk@udk jr‡ifhwifa&;ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; qdkif&m ukvor*~
txl;oH t&m&Sd7
1? txl;oHt&m&Sd. tcef;u¾onf tb,fenf;?
txl;oHt&m&Sdonf vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwdk@udk xdyg;aESmuf,Sufjcif; ta=umif;
tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm;tygt0if owif;
ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHv#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxGaxGt=uHðy wifjy
csufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?8
2? txl;oH t&m&SdxHodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifygoenf;?

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm;at*sifpDXme
rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif; t&mrsm;r&Sd
ygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mtpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; qufvufpHkprf;ay;&ef
arWm&yfcHcsufESifh wuGay;ydk@ygonf?9 vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhqdkif&m txl;oHt&m&Sdonf
wdkifwef;pmrsm;wif&mY wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;tm; taxmuftul jzpfap&eftwGuf ar;cGef;yHkpHrsm; xkwfay;xm;ygonf?
Tar;cGef;pOf rdWLudk aemufqufwGJ pmrsufESmwGif xnfhoGif; az:jyxm;onfhtjyif/ atmufygtwdkif; tifwmeufwGif
xkwf,lEdkifygonf? http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/expressin/complaints.htm.
3? txl;oH t&m&Sdonf rnfonfh owif;tcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygoenf;?

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf atmufygwdk@ESifh pyfvsOf;aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ jy\emrsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygonf?
- vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk usifhoHk;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf jr‡ifhwifjcif;ðy&ef óu;pm;aeol wOD;tm; xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifjcif;/
odk@r[kwfcGJjcm;qufqHjcif;/ odk@r[kwf +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufjcif;/ odk@r[kwfzdESdyfravsmfuefjyKjcif;?
- twdkufcH EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tvkyform;or~rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;?
- owif;rD'D,mudk qef@usifaomvkyf&yfrsm;/ odk@r[kwf ‚wdk@.vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifaer_udk aESmuf,Suf
jcif;rsm;?
- xkwfa0olrsm;ESifh tjcm;owif;rD'D,mrsm;wGif aqmif&Gufvkyfudkifaeolrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;?
- vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&Smufolrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;?
- vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk aESmuf,Sufjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;I trsKd;orD;rsm;. vl@tcGifhta&; jy\emrsm;?
- zGH@òzd;cGifhrsm; wdk;wuf&&Sdapa&;twGuf tpdk;&rsm;wifjyaompDrHcsufrsm;/ vkyfief;opfrsm;ESifhywfoufI e,fajrtqifh/
a'otqifh/ wdkif;jynftqifhqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sda&;wGifawG@&aomtcuftcJrsm;? xdk@tjyif qHk;
jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfa&;wGif awG@&aom ta=umif;udPrsm;ESifh tcuftcJrsm;?
7/ 2008 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwdkifatmif vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhwdk@udk jr‡ifhwifa&;ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;qdkif&m ukvor~txl;oH t&m
&Sdtjzpf z&ef@cf 0DvD,Hvm &l; (Frank William La Rue) u wm0ef,laeygonf?
8/ Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression - Introduction, Office of the High Com-
missioner for Human Rights, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/expression/index.html (last visited 22 October 2008).
9/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDxH ESpfpOfwifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyaumif; azmfjyEdkifonf?
ndburma2.indd 221 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

4? txl;oHt&m&SdESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef tylwjyif; vdktyfygu rnfodk@vkyfaqmifrnfenf;?

vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifhywfoufIvnf;au
mif;/ jzpfay:tHhqJqJ+cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&mtpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay:arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&SdxH
wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf(yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;twGuf
tpdk;&udk arWm&yfcHay;ygvdrfhrnf?10
(*) oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESifh t=uHðycsufrsm;usifhoHk;a&;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform; tzGJ@csKyf (ILO) u|rf;usifol

ynm&Sifrsm; aumfrDwD?
1? aumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonfrnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0; usif;yyg
oenf;?
vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifh bmom&yfESifh ywfoufI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u|rf;usifol ynm&Sif (20) jzifh
u|rf;usifol ynm&Sifrsm; aumfrDwDudk zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? aumfrDwDonf ESpfpOf tpnf;ta0;usif;yygonf?
2? aumfrDwD. tcef;u¾onf tb,fenf;?

aumfrDwDonf (ILO) . vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf trSwf (87) ESifh (98) wdk@udk
taumiftxnfaz:jcif;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifhtnD tpdk;&rsm;vdkufemaqmif&Gufa&; twGuf
apmifh=unfhygonf? aumfrDwDonf tvkyform;ESifh tvkyf&Sifwdk@. xifjrifoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&rsm;.
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf;aumif; &,lvufcHjcif;ESifh pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;ðyygonf?11 aumfrDwDonf (ILO) . pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;
usifhoHk;a&;qdkif&m uGefz&ifhaumfrDwDodk@ ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;ygonf? TESpfpOf usif;yonfh uGefz&ifhaumfrDwD
wGif tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;/ tvkyf&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifhzGJ@pnf;xm;yg
onf?12
3? aumfrDwDodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;tyfEdkifoenf;?

aumfrDwDonf tpdk;&rsm;xHrS (ILO) oabmwlpmcsKyf trSwf (87) ESifh (98)yg jyXmef;csufrsm; taumif txnf
az:jcif; jzpfpOfESifh ywfoufaom yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf? ToabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif oabm wl
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tpdk;&rsm;omv#if aumfrDwDodk@ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?13 aumfrDwD onf
tvkyform; tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh tvkyf&Sif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,lyg onf?
aumfrDwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@vdkygu tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; taeESifh (ILO) . EdkifiHwum tvkyfpHcsdef pH!$ef;
rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;Xmeodk@ qufoG,fEdkifygonf?14
10/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef &nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;&SdaeEdkifao;
aomfvnf;/ yHkrSef arWm&yfcHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfay;avh &Sdygonf?
11/ (tdkift,fvftdk) . oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf (87) ESifh (98) wdk@ESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmudk oHk;oyfpdppf&Hk r#omru (ToabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf
vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh oufqdkifonf) u|rf;usifolynm&Sifrsm; aumfrDwDonf ToabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;rS
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf; olwdk@taeESifh ToabmwlnD csufrsm;udk oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;vmapa&;twGuf rnfonfh wnfqJOya'rsm;/ vkyfaqmifusifhoHk;aer_
rsm;u tcuftcJjzpfae&a=umif; pdppfoHk;oyfygonf? See, Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining, Clean Clothes Campaign,
September 2005.
12/ Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining, Clean Clothes Campaign, September 2005.
13/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf (tdkift,fvftdk) . oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf (87) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck jzpfonf?
14/ Tajgman, David and Karen Curtis, Freedom of Association: A User’s Guide, ILO, 2000.
ndburma2.indd 222 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

(C) (ILO) . vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&m aumfrDwD

1? aumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;usif;yyg
oenf;?
vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&m aumfrDwDudk (ILO) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@xJrS xkwfE_wfxm;aom tzGJ@0if (10)
OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? aumfrDwDonf ESpfpOf (3) }udrf tpnf;ta0;usif;yygonf? rwfv/ ZGefv ESifh Edk0ifbmvwdk@
wGif usif;yonf?

aumfrDwDonf (ILO). vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf trSwf (87) ESifh (98) wdk@udk
taumiftxnfaz:jcif;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh tnD tpdk;&rsm; aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf apmifh=unfh
ygonf? aumfrDwDonf vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifhudk azmufzsufjcif;a=umifh ay:aygufvmaom wdkifwef;csufrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif;/ t=uHðywifjycsufrsm; ay;jcif; ðyygonf? aumfrDwDonf oufqdkif&m
tpdk;&ESifh (ILO) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@odk@ rdrd. ed*Hk;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk wifjyygonf?15
3? aumfrDwDodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

aumfrDwDonf vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifh csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tpdk;&rsm;/ tvkyf&SiftzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;ESifh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSvmaom wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf?16 aumfrDwDonf (ILO). vGwf
vyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaom tpdk;&rsm;ESifhomru/ vufrSwfa&;xdk;
jcif;r&Sdao;aom tpdk;&rsm;ESifhyg oufqdkifaom wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk vufcH/ pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygonf?17 aumfrDwDodk@wdkif
wef;csufay;ydk@&mY tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taeESifh pmtm;jzifh a&;omxm;aom wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk ay;ydk@&ygrnf? 18
4? tylwjyif; ta&;ay: vkyfaqmif&ef &Sdygu rnfodk@vkyfrnfenf;?

aumfrDwDonf vl@touftœ&m,f/ odk@r[kwf yk~dKvfa&; vGwfvyfr_ESifhywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyf
orm; v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk;. vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;cGifhudk xdcdkufapaom tajctaeopfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI aomfvnf;aumif;/
ay:aygufvmaom ta=umif;udPrsm;/ qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ta&;ay:tajctaexJrSaeI ay:aygufvmaom
ta=umif;udPrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;wckzsufodrf;cH&rnfh tajctaeESifhywfoufaom ta=umif;udPrsm;&Sdv#if tylwjyif;
ta&;ay: vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; aqmif&Gufay;ygonf?19 tylwjyif; ta&;ay:aqmif&Gufp&m&Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;
ay; aqmif&Guf+yD;/ t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk (ILO) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@odk@ csufcsif;ay;ydk@ygonf?20
15/ tu,fIEdkifiHwckonf oufqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwckjzpfygu/ aumfrDwDu ed*Hk;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh t=uHjyKcsufrsm;udk

(tdkift,fvftdk). oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh t=uHjyKcsufrsm;udk toHk;cstaumif txnfazmfa&;qdkif&m u|rf;usifolynm&Sifrsm; aumfrDwDodk@vnf;ay;ydk@vdrfhrnf jzpf
ygonf?
16/ tzGJ@tpnf;wck[k qdk&mY (1) ‚if;udPudk wdkuf&dkufoufqdkifonfh EdkifiHtqifhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (2) tdkift,fvftdktzGJ@ESifh t=uHay; tjzpf tqifhtwef;&&Sdxm;onfh
tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyf&Sifrsm;/ odk@r[kwf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ odk@ r[kwf (3) tjynfjynfqdkif&m tjcm;tvkyf&Sif- tvkyform;tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm; (wdkif=um;r_onf olwdk@ESifhwdkuf&dkuf oufqdkifr_&Sdonfqdkygu) ponfwdk@ jzpfygonf? Solidarity Center, Justice for All: A Guide to Workers Rights
in the Global Economy, AFL-CIO, http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/JFA_Appendices.pdf (last visited 19 October 2008).
17/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf (tdkift,fvftdk) . oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf (87) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck jzpfonf?
19/ Committee on Freedom of Association Procedures, ILO, para. 55.
20/ ( ) tcsdeftxd ( ) u aumfrDwD. OuUXtjzpf aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
ndburma2.indd 223 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

(i) ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m aumfrDwD

1? aumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0; usif;yyg
oenf;?
vl@tcGifhta&;bmom&yfESifh ywfoufI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u|rf;usifolynm&Sif(18)OD;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_
a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m aumfrDwDudk zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?21 aumfrwD0if wOD;onf (4) ESpf oufwrf;
umvjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmif=u&onf? aumfrDwDonf ESpfpOf tpnf;ta0; (2) }udrf usif;yygonf? arvESihfEdk0ifbm-
'DZifbmvwGif jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0; w}udrfxdkifv#if oDwif;ygwf (3) ygwf =umonf?22

aumfrwDonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_tcGifha&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfudk taumiftxnf az:jcif;
ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsmESifhtnD tpdk;&rsm;aqmif&Gufaer_twGuf apmifh=unfhygonf? aumfrDwDonf
tpdk;&rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif;/ pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;ðy+yD;aemuf t=uHðywifjycsufrsm; ay;ygonf?23

aumfrDwDonf tpdk;&rsm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg jyXmef;
csufrsm; taumiftxnfaz:jcif; jzpfpOfESifh ywfoufaom yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf? Toabmwl
pmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tpdk;&rsm;omv#if aumfrDwDodk@ tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&efwm0ef&Sdygonf?24 aumf
rDwDonf tpnf;ta0; yxrae@wGifvl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@vmaomowif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk
&,lvufcHonfhtjyif/ E_wftm;jzifh xGufqdkwifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; =um;emygonf? aumfrwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;ay;ydk@&mY aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vaygif;tawmf=umóuwifI aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;xHodk@ a&;om;ay;ydk@
xm;&ygrnf?25
4? aumfrDwDodk@ wOD;csif; wdkifwef;r_rsm;udk =um;emjcif; &Sdygovm;?

avmavmq,fY aumfrDwDonf wOD;csif; wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk &,lvufcHEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;acs? odk@&mwGif jyifqif
csufrl=urf;wapmifudk aumfrDwDu pOf;pm;oHk;oyfv#uf&Sdygonf? Tjyifqifcsuft&qdkv#if aumfrDwDonf oabmwl
pmcsKyf csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufaom wOD;csif;wdkifwef;csufrsm;udkvnf; aemifwcsdefcsdefY vufcHpOf;pm;Edkifrnfjzpfyg
onf?26
22/ Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/
bodies/cescr/ (last visited 28 July 2008).
23/ Ibid.
24/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck r[kwfyg?
26/ Ibid.
ndburma2.indd 224 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

rw&m; zrf;qD;rIrsm;ESifh xdrf;odrf;csKyfaESmifrIrsm;

(c) twif;tusyf xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_qdkif&m ukvor*~ tvkyftzGJ@ (UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention)
1? aumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;usif;y ygo
enf;?
tvkyftzGJ@qdkonfrSm ukvor~ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD tzGJ@0if (5) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? tzGJ@0if wOD;csif;pDu
(3) ESpf oufwrf; wm0ef xrf;aqmif&ygonf? TtvkyftzGJ@onf wESpfv#if (3) }udrf awG@qHkpnf;a0;=uygonf?
2? tvkyftzGJ@. tcef;u¾ wm0efrSm tb,fenf;?

tvkyftzGJ@onf xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_ tajctaersm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmI tjynfjynfqdkif&m pHE_ef;owf
rSwfcsufrsm;ESifh rnDonfh twif;tusyf vkyfaqmifonf[k ,lqaom jzpf&yfrsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;ygonf? tvkyftzGJ@
onf vlwOD;csif;xHrS wdkif=um;r_rsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,l+yD;/ twif;tusyf xdef;odrf;cHae&onfh tajctaersm;tay:
‚wdk@.tjrifudkvnf; xkwfjyefygonf? Ttjrifrsm;tay:tajccHI tvkyftzGJ@onf oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;udk t=uHjyK
csufrsm;ay;ydk@ygonf?27 EdkifiHwck. xl;jcm;csuf tajctaersm;udk tjynfhtpHkem;vnf od&SdEdkif&efESifh xdk EdkifiHrS aqmif&Guf
ae=uolrsm;/ t&yfzuf vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh wdkuf&dkufawG@qHk aqG;aEG;Edkif&ef tvkyftzGJ@u uGif;qif;avhvma&;
c&D;pOfrsm;vnf; aqmif&Guf=uonf?28 tvkyftzGJ@onf vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmrsm;vnf;wifoGif;
onf? tvkyftzGJ@onf twif;tusyf xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;Edkifa&;twGuf a,bk,spHE_ef; owfrSwf
csufrsm;udkvnf; wajy;nDjzpfap&ef jyKpkwifjyonf? TpHE_ef;wifjycsufrsm;udk tdrftus,fcsKyfcsjcif;/ tvkyf=urf;
pcef;odk@ydk@aqmifjcif; ponfhacgif;pOfrsm;wGif vdkufemaqmif&Gufap&ef “aqG;aEG;jcif;”enf;jzifh qufoG,faqmif&Guf=u
onf?29
3? rnfolrsm;u tvkyftzGJ@odk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

tvkyftzGJ@onf rw&m; twif;tusyfzrf;qD;/ xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;/
udk,fpm; vS,frsm;xHrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcH&,lI pOf;pm;r_jyKygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
vnf; epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;ESifh olwdk@. rdom;pkudk,fpm; tvkyftzGJ@xHodk@ owif;ay;ydk@Edkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
xdk vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf olwdk@udk,fpm;jyKolrsm;xHrS cGifhjyKcsuf &&Sda=umif;ESifh Ttr_. &v'frsm;udk
qufoG,faqmif&Gufay;rnf jzpfa=umif; azmfjy&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
pdwf0ifpm;onfh tzJG@rsm;u owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk tvkyftzGJ@xH ay;ydk@Edkifygonf?30
4? tu,fI ta&;ay: aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfygu rnfodk@ aqmif&Gufrnfenf;?

tu,fI rw&m;twif;tusyf csKyfaESmifxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;onf vlwOD;. touftœ&m,f pdk;&drfzG,f
&Sdaeygu odk@r[kwf tajctaeonf ta&;ay: aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfaeygu tvkyftzGJ@onf ta&;ay:vkyfaqmifr_
rsm; aqmif&Gufrnf jzpfonf? ta&;ay: tr_rsm;udk oufqdkif&mEdkifiH. ukvor~&Sd tjrJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@xHodk@
27/ tvkyftzGJ@onf rnfonfhEdkifiHrSrqdk vlwOD;csif;. wdkif=um;csufrsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,lEdkifygonf? tu,fIoufqdkif&mEdkifiHu oufqdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabm

wlncD surf sm;udk vufrwS af &;xd;k rxm;onfwh ikd f wdik =f um;csurf sm; vufcEH ikd o
f nf? od@k aomfvnf; tvkyt
f zG@J u xde;f odr;f xm;r_ tajctaer#wjcif; &S-d r&Su d kd
ppfaq;tuJjzwf&ef/ od@k r[kwt f r_ppfaq;aepOfumvwGif oufaotcsut f vufrsm;tay: r#wr_ &S-d r&Sd tuJjzwfppfaq;&ef qufo, G af qmif&u
G rf nf r[kwyf g?
28/ 2008 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwdkifatmif jrefrmtpdk;&u rw&m; xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;r_ ppfaq;jcif;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@udk uGif;qif;avhvmap&eftwGuf zdwf
=um;jcif; r&Sdao;yg?
29/ Fact Sheet No. 26: The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/
english/about/publications/sheets.htm (last visited 30 August 2006).
30/ Ibid
ndburma2.indd 225 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

xufpmv#if ‚EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;xHodk@ wdkuf&dkufta=umif;=um;rnfjzpf+yD;/ TonfrSm yHkrSefaqmif&Gufae

usudPvnf; jzpfygonf? tœ&m,fusa&mufaeonfh xdkol. tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfh vkyf
ief;aqmifwmrsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ef tvkyftzGJ@u EdkifiHtpdk;&xHodk@ awmif;qdkygonf?31
tvkyftzGJ@ta=umif;ESifh vkyfief; vkyfaqmifyHk tqifhqifhESifh ywfoifI tusOf;azmfjycsuf32
rw&m; twif;tusyf xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&jcif; tr_wckESifhywfoufI owif;tcsuftvuf &&Sdonfh
tcg tvkyftzGJ@onf atmufazmfjyyg vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufygonf?
1? qufvuf csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;onf xdef;odrf;cHxm;&ol. touftœ&m,f &SdapEdkifygu/ odk@r[kwf xdef;
odrf;csKyfaESmifr_wGif tvm;wltajctaersKd;&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unf&ygu tvkyftzGJ@onf xdkEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;
a&;0ef}uD;xH ta&;ay:arWm&yfcHpmudk ay;ydk@ygonf?
2? ta&;ay: tajctaer[kwfaom qufoG,fr_udk oufqdkif&mEdkifiHodk@ qufvufay;ydk@ygonf? owif;
tcsuf tvufrsm;&&Sd&m &if;jrpfrsm;tm;vHk;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;ay;ygonf? EdkifiHtpdk;&wck
onf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;/ tcsufrSefrsm;/ toHk;csonfh Oya'rsm;udk ajzqdkrSwfcsufay;&ef &ufaygif; (90) tcsdef
&ygonf? Ttr_ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;ppfaq;r_&v'frsm;/ jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyEdkifonf?
EdkifiH tpdk;&wcktaeESifh tvkyftzGJ@xH wkH@jyef ajz=um;&ef cGifhjyK&uf aemufxyf&uf (60) xyfrHawmif;cH
Edkifygonf?
3? tu,fI EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u jyef=um;vmygu tvkyftzGJ@onf Tajz=um;csufudk wifjyvmonfh xdk
olxHodk@ aomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;xHodk@aomfvnf;aumif; jyefvnfay;ydk@+yD; aemufqHk;rSwfcsuf
awmif;cHygonf? tu,fI tpdk;&u jyefvnfajz=um;&ef ysufuGufygu &&Sdonfh owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;tay: tajccHjyD; tvkyftzGJ@u oHk;oyfxifjrifcsufudk azmfjyaumif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
4? tu,fI tvkyftzGJ@u ,ckxdef;odrf;xm;r_onf rw&m;twif;tusyf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif;
qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef owif;tcsuftvufrsm; xyfrHvdktyfa=umif;awG@&Sdygu tvkyftzGJ@utr_udk quf
vufzGifhxm;+yD;/ tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sdvmonftxd xm;&SdEdkifonf? tu,fI vHkavmuf
onfhowif;rsm; r&&Sdygu tvkyftzGJ@u Ttr_udk zGifhIudkifwG,frnf-rudkifwG,frnfudk qHk;jzwfEdkif
onf?
5? owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sdonfhtcg tvkyftzGJ@onf ,ck xdef;odrf;xm;r_onf rw&m;twif;tusyf
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; qHk;jzwfI xifjrifcsufudk azmfjyEdkifonf?
(u) tu,fI xdef;odrf;xm;r_onf rw&m;twif;tusyf xdef;odrf;xm;a=umif; rawG@&Sd&ygu Ttr_udk
ydwfypf Edkifonf?
(c) tu,fI xdef;odrf;xm;r_onf rw&m;twif;tusyf xdef;odrf;xm;a=umif; awG@&Sdygu/ tvkyftzGJ@onf
‚EdkifiHtpdk;&xH t=uHjyKcsuf ay;ydk@Edkifonf?
(*) tvkyftzGJ@ESifh qufoG,fr_&+yD;aemuf xdkyk~dKvfudk v$wfay;ygu Ttr_udk ydwfypfEdkifonf? rnfodk@jzpfap
rSwfcsufudk xnfhoGif;qHk;jzwf&ef vdktyfonf?
31/ EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&wckxHodk@ Todk@ qufoG,fr_rsm;wGif tvkyftzGJ@onf ,ckawmif;qdkcsufonf vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_tay: tajccHI aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpf
a=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyarWm&yfcHygonf? rw&m; twif;tusyf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;r_ESifh ywfoufI tuJjzwfr_ jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? Fact Sheet No. 26:
The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/sheets.htm (last visited 30 August 2006).
32/ ,ck Z,m;ESifh aemufxyf Z,m;azmfjycsufrsm;udk tvkyftzGJ@. jyefvnfjyifqifa&;om;xm;onfh vkyfief; vkyfaqmifyHkrS pkpnf;azmfjy xm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
ndburma2.indd 226 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

(C) &&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufu rvHkavmufbJ&Sdaeygu tvkyftzGJ@onf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuf

tvufudk qufvufawmif;qdkEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf TtajccHtay:wGiftr_udk ydwfypfEdkifonf?
6? tvkyftzGJ@rSwifjyaom xifjrifoHk;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh t=uHjyKcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xHodk@
ay;ydk@+yD;/ 3 ywft=umwGif qufoG,fvmolxHodk@ jyefvnfay;ydk@ygonf? tvkyftzGJ@onf ‚. ESpfywf
vnftpD&ifcHpmwGif vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@vnf; xifjrifcsufrsm;udk qufvufay;ydk@ygonf?
7? EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;onf tvkyftzGJ@odk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;ydk@&ef wm0ef&Sd+yD;/ t=uHjyKcsufrsm;tay:
vdkufemvkyfaqmif&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tvm;wl t=uHjyKcsufrsm;udk vdkufemtaumiftxnfazmf&mY
ñuHawG@&aom tcuftcJrsm;udkvnf; owif;ay;ydk@&efwm0ef&Sdonf?
nSOf;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif; ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef jyKrljcif;yHkpHrsm;

B. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment33
(c) n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif; yHkpHrsm; qdkif&m ukvor*~ txl;oHt&m&Sd34

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuef ðyrljcif; yHkpHrsm; ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@
ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm;tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;
rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHv#uf txl;oH t&m&Sdonf taxGaxGt=uHðy wifjycsufrsm;udk
a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?35

rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&; tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;
r&Sdygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&m tpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; qufvuf pHkprf;ay;&ef
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?36
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhqdkif&m txl;oHt&m&Sdonf wdkifwef;pmrsm;wif&mY wOD;
csif; yk~dKvfrsm;tm; taxmuftuljzpfap&eftwGuf ar;cGef;yHkpHrsm; xkwfay;xm;ygonf? Tar;cGef;pOfrdWLudkaemuf
qufwGJ pmrsufESmwGif xnfhoGif; az:jyxm;onfhtjyif/ atmufygtwdkif; tifwmeufwGif xkwf,lEdkifygonf?
http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/torture/rapporteur/model.htm.
33/ 2006 ckESpf/ rwfvwdkifatmif ref;z&uf Edk0uf Manfred Nowak u n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_qdkif&m pHkprf;wifjya&; ukvor~ txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wm0ef,l
aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
34/ 2008 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwdkifatmif vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifh ESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhwdk@udk jr‡ifhwifa&;ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;qdkif&m ukvor~ txl;oH
t&m &Sdtjzpf z&ef@cf 0DvD,H vm &l; (Frank William La Rue) u wm0ef,laeygonf?
35/ Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/torture/rapporteur/ (last visited 12 March 2007)
36/ Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/torture/rapporteur/ (last visited 12 March 2007). The Special Rapporteur may also include informa-
tion in the annual report to the Commission on Human Rights.
ndburma2.indd 227 26-Dec-09 13:05:29


txl;oHt&m&So d nf atmufygw@kd EiS hf pyfvsO;f aom csK;d azmufrr_ sm;/ jy\emrsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
37
pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygonf?
- &kyfydkif;qdkif&m t& emusOfap&ef jypf'%fay;jcif;38
- EdkifiHwum Oya'pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh qef@usifonfh jypf'%fay;r_rsm;
- wOD;wnf; tusOf;csxm;onfh ae&mwGif tjcm;rnfolESifhr# qufoG,fcGifhrjyKbJ a&&SnfcsKyfaESmifxm;r_
- xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;&mwGif “n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpuf&m a&mufapaom ”tajctaersm;
- aq;0g;ukoay;&ef jiif;qefjcif;ESifh tm[m& vHkavmufpGm ray;jcif;
- n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufcH&&efESifh tjcm;aom ravsmfuefjyKrlr_rsm;cH&&ef tœ&m,f&Sdaeonfh EdkifiHwckxHodk@ jyefvnfESif
xkwf ydk@aqmifjcif;
- Oya'pnf;=uyfa&; t&m&Sdrsm;u tiftm;tvGeftu|H toHk;jyKjcif;ESifh toHk;jyKrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;

vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifhywfoufIvnf;aum
if;/ jzpfay:tHhqJqJ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&mtpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay: arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&SdxH
wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;twGuf
C. UN Committee against Torture

(*) n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m ukvor*~ aumfrDwD
oenf;?
n‡Of;yrf; ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m ukvor~aumfrDwDudk n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_ESifh tjcm;aomravsmfuef
jyKrlr_rsm;qdkif&m udPe,fy,fwGif u|rf;usifol vGwfvyfaom ynm&Sif tzGJ@0if (10) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? tzGJ@0if
wOD;csif;pDonf (4) ESpf oufwrf; xrf;aqmifygonf? aumfrDwDonf wESpfv#if (2)}udrfawG@qHk+yD;/ aqG;aEG;r_onf arv
wGif (3) ywfESifh Edk0ifbmvwGif (2)ywf =umjrifhygonf?40

aumfrDwDu n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufudk rnfodk@taumiftxnf
azmfaqmif&Gufonfudk apmifh=unfhavhvm+yD; EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;u EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;twdkif; vdkufemjcif;&Sd-r&Sdapmifh
=unfhavhvmygonf? aumfrDwDu EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xHrS tpD&ifcHpmrsm; vufcHI oHk;oyfppfaq;ygonf? t=uHjyKcsuf
rsm; jyefvnfay;ydk@ygonf? aumfrDwDu EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;ESifh taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm; jyefvnf
wifoGif;ygonf?41
ndburma2.indd 228 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

3? aumfrDwDodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif; tcsuftvufrsm; ay;tyfEdkifoenf;?

aumfrDwDu EdkifiHrsm;taeESifh n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufyg jyXmef;
csufrsm;udk rnfodk@ taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufonf/ wdk;wufr_ &Sdonfudk yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm; vufcH&,lygonf?
T oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom EdkifiHrsm;uom aumfrDwDxHodk@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wifoGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdyg
onf?42 aumfrDwDu vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wifoGif;vmonfh owif;rsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,lygonf? tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;onf aumfrDwD tpnf;ta0; rwdkifrDvrsm; tenf;i,ftvdkY aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@xH vdyfrlI
a&;om;wifjy&ef vdktyfygonf?43
4? aumfrDwDodk@ wOD;csif; wdkifwef;r_rsm;udk =um;em;jcif; &Sdygovm;?

rSefygonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf. yk'fr (22) t&aumfrDwDu
woD;yk~v vlwOD;csif;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@rsm;xHrSvnf;aumif; owif;rsm;&,lvufcHEdkifygonf?44 odk@aomf
vnf; wifjycsufrsm;onf vufrSwfa&;xdk; oabmwlnDxm;onfh EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;ESifh ywfoufI azmfjycsufrsm;om jzpf
&ygrnf?45 jrefrmEdkifiHonf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;
oabmwlnDxm;jcif;r&Sdao;yg? odk@twGufa=umifh Todk@wifjywdkif;=um;Edkifonfh vkyfief;pOfonf ToabmwlnDcsuf
t& wOD;csif; jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf rjzpfEdkifao;yg?
uav;ppfom;rsm;
B. UN Special Representative on Children and Armed Conflict 46
(c) ukvor*~ uav;rsm;ESifh vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;qdkif&m txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,f

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf oufqdkif&m ukvor~ tzGJ@tpnf;/ Xmersm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ tjcm;=oZm&Sdonfh tzGJ@rsm;udk
ppfyGJvufeufudkif yÉdyQrsm;twGif; uav;rsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;a&;twGuf pnf;&Hk;wdkufwGef;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? T
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHI txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,fonf vufeufudkif yÉdyQrsm;twGif; uav;rsm;udk
umuG,fay;a&;ESifh ywfoufI todtjrifwdk;wufvmap&ef qufqHwdkufwGef; aqmif&Gufygonf?47
42/jrefrmEdkifiHonf n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh EdkifiHwck r[kwfyg?

43/ See, Committee against Torture, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/index.htm (last
visited 12 March 2007).
44/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf yk'fr (22)/ 10 'DZifbmv 1984? oabmwlnDcsuf yk'fr (21) wGif EdkifiHwckESifhwckt=um;
wdkif=um;r_rsm;udkvnf; aumfrDwDuvufcHygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwcku tjcm;tzGJ@0if EdkifiHwckudk qef@usifwdkif=um;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;EdkifiH
tcsif;csif;t=um; wdkif=um;&efqdkonfrSm ESpfEdkifiHpvHk;u n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuftay: vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh
tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm; jzpf&efvdktyfonf? See Convention against Torture, Article 21, 10 December 1984.
45/ xdkr#ru/ wdkif=um;r_rsm;tay:‚aumfrDwD. vufcHpOf;pm;Edkifonfh t&nftcsif;jynfh0r_tay: oufqdkif&mEdkifiHtpdk;&wcku vufcHtodtrSwfjyK&efvnf; vd-
ktyf onf?
46/ 2006 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvtxd vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;ta&;qdkif&m ukv txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,frSm &m[D;um ukrR&m qGmrd Radhika
Coomaraswamy jzpfygonf?
47/ Office of the Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict, http://www.un.org/children/conflict/english/home6.html (last visited 28
October 2006).
ndburma2.indd 229 26-Dec-09 13:05:29


txl;oHt&m&Sdonf vufeufudkif yÉdyQrsm;twGif; uav;rsm;ta&;ESifh ywfoufI tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/
tjcm; ukvor~tzGJ@tpnf; at*sifpDrsm;ESifh apmifh=unfhavhvmaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS vufcH&,lonf?48

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf atmufygwdk@ESifh pyfvsOf;aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ jy\emrsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;
udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygonf?49
- uav;rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;ESifh &kyfqif;t*F g ysuf,Gif;apjcif;
- uav;rsm;udk ppfom;vkyf&ef odrf;oGif;pkaqmif;jcif;
- uav;rsm;udk rk'drf;jyKusifhjcif;ESifh tjcm; ravsmfuefaom vdifr_qdkif&m usL;vGefazmufzsufr_rsm; jyKjcif;?
- uav;rsm;udk jyefay;qGJjcif;
- ausmif;rsm;/ aq;&Hkrsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;
- uav;rsm;udk vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDrsm; axmufyHhay;&ef jiif;qefaejcif;

vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifh ywfoufIvnf;
aumif;/ jzpfay:tHq
h qJ J +cdr;f ajcmufr_ wckc&k adS eygu oufqikd &f m tpd;k &od@k ta&;ay:arWm&yfcaH y;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&Sx
d H
wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeolyk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;twGuf
C. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child
(*) uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukvor*~ aumfrDwD

oenf;?
uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukvor~ aumfrDwDudk vl@tcGifhta&; u|rf;usifol vGwfvyfaomynm&Sif
tzGJ@0if (18) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?51 tzGJ@0if wOD;csif;pDonf (4)ESpf oufwrf;xrf;aqmifygonf? aumfrDwDonf
wESpfv#if (3) }udrf *sDeDAmwGif awG@qHk+yD;/ aqG;aEG;r_onf (4) ywf =umjrifhygonf?52
48/ Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. “Working with Partners,” http://www.un.org/
children/conflict/english/workingwithpartners.html (last visited 16 November 2008).
49/ See, Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/torture/rapporteur/(last visited 12 March 2007).
50/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;&SdaeEdkif
ao;aomfvnf;/ yHkrSef arWm&yfcHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfay;avh &Sdygonf?
51/ 2007 ckESpf/ rwfvrSpI ,ef[D; vD; Yanghee Lee u aumfrDwD OuUXtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
52/ Fact Sheet No. 10: The Rights of the Child, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publica-
tions/sheets.htm (last visited 28 October 2006); Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Committee on the Rights of the Child, http://
www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/index.htm (last visited 28 October 2006).
ndburma2.indd 230 26-Dec-09 13:05:29


aumfrDwDu uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufESifh a&G;cs,fvdkufemcGifh&Sdonfh Oya'
rl=urf; (2)ckjzpfonfh vufeufudkifyÉdyQrsm;twGif; uav;rsm;.ta&;ESifh uav;rsm;udka&mif;csjcif;/ uav;rsm;udk
jynfhwefqmjyKjcif;/ uav;rsm;udktjymnpfnrf; "mwfyHk&dkuf,ljcif;qdkif&mudPrsm;tay: oabmwl nDcsufrsm;udk rnf
odk@ taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufonfudk apmifh=unfhavhvmygonf? aumfrDwDu EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xHrS tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
vufcHI oHk;oyfppfaq;ygonf? t=uHjyKcsufrsm; jyefvnfay;ydk@ygonf? aumfrDwDu EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;ESifh taxGaxGnD
vmcHodk@ ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmrsm; jyefvnfwifoGif;ygonf?

aumfrDwDu EdkifiHrsm;taeESifh uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufESifh a&G;cs,fvdkufemcGifh
&Sdonfh Oya'rl=urf; (2)ckudk rnfodk@ taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufonf/ wdk;wufr_&Sdonfudk yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;
vufcH&,lygonf? T oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom EdkifiHrsm;uom aumfrDwDxHodk@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
wifoGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?53 aumfrDwDu vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wifoGif;vmonfh owif;rsm;udkvnf;
vufcH&,lygonf? aumfrDwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wifoGif;&ef tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf aumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;
rwdkifrDvrsm; tenf;i,ftvdkY aumfrDwD.twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@xH vdyfrlIa&;om;wifjy&ef vdktyfygonf?54aumfrDwDu
tpnf;ta0;rusif;yrD tóuumvrsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u E_wftm;jzifhoufaoxGufqdkcsufwifoGif;
vmonfhtay:vnf; vufcHygonf?55

r&Sdyg? aumfrDwDu wOD;csif; wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk vufcH&ef/ vdkufvHpOf;pm;&ef vdkyfief;pOf r&Sdyg?
D. UN Working Group of the Security Council on Children and Armed Conflict
(C) vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;ta&; ukvor*~ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD. tvkyftzGJ@

1? tvkyftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0; usif;y
ygoenf;?
tvkyftzGJ@udk ukvor~ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD. tzGJ@0if (15) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;ygonf? § tvkyftzGJ@onf tcsdefyHkrSef
owfrSwfI awG@qHkjcif;r&Sdyg?56
53/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;pmcsKyf (CRC) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck jzpfygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh yHkrSef tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;&ef
wm0ef&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHu tjcm;a&G;cs,fcGifh &Sdonfh pmcsKyfrl=urf; (2)ckudk vufrSwf a&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHr[kwfyg? 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv
txd jrefrmEdkifiHu ueOD; tpD&ifcHpmESifh 'kwd,tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGif;cJh +yD; jzpfonf? TtpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk atmufyg vifhcfwGif oGm;a&muf=unfh&_Edkifonf? Report
Status by Country, UN Treaty Database, http://www.unhchr.ch/TBS/doc.nsf/NewhvVAllSPRByCountry?OpenView&Start=117&Count=15&Exp
and=119.2#119.2 (last visited 24 November 2007)
54/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ tJef*sDtdk tzGJ@xHodk@ owif; tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifonf?
‚rSwqifh aumfrDwDodk@ qufvufay;ydk@rnf jzpfonf? tJef*sDtdk tzGJ@ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu atmufazmfjyyg vifhcfwGif avhvm=unfh&_Edkifonf? For more
information, visit the NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child at: http://www.crin.org/NGOGroupforCRC.
55/ Fact Sheet No. 10: The Rights of the Child, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publica-
tions/sheets.htm (last visited 28 October 2006).
56/ See, Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed
Conflict, http://www.un.org/children/conflict/english/workinggrouponca103.html (last visited 24 November 2007).
ndburma2.indd 231 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

2? tvkyftzGJ@. tcef;u¾onf tb,fenf;?

tvkyftzGJ@onf vufeufudkif yÉdyQjzpfyGm;&ma'orsm;&Sd uav;rsm;. tajctaeESifh ywfoufI quf
vufaqmif&Guf&ef vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;/ wdk;wufr_rsm;tay: jyefvnfoHk;oyfr_jyKygonf? tvkyftzGJ@u EdkifiHwck
csif; tvdkuf vufeufudkif yÉdyQjzpfyGm;&m a'orsm;&Sd uav;rsm;.ta&; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmI
uav;rsm;. taxGaxGtajctae/ txl;jzpfay:vmaeaom jy\emrsm;udkvnf; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_jyKygonf? T
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;tay: rlwnfI tvkyftzGJ@onf vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDodk@ uav;rsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;a&; ydkrdk
wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf t=uHjyKcsufrsm;ay;jcif; jyKygonf?57
3? tvkyftzGJ@odk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

tvkyftzGJ@onf EdkifiHwckckESifhywfoufI tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk pOf;pm;ygonf? ukvtaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
xHrS aeI taxGaxG owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vufcH&,lygonf?
t"r®vkyftm;apcdkif;rI
B. UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery 58
(c) acwfopf u|efjyKr_yHkpHrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ukvor*~. txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,f

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_tygt0if/ acwfopf u|efjyKr_yHkpHrsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifh
ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm;tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;
rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHv#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxGaxGt=uHðy wifjycsufrsm;
udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?59

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm; at*sifpDXme
rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&; tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif; t&mrsm;
arwWm&yfcHcsufESifh wuG ay;ydk@ygonf?60
57/ Ibid.
58/ 2008 ckESpf/ arvwGif *lem&m &Sm[D;eD,ef; Gulnara Shahinian u acwfopf aus;u|efjyKr_ yHkpHrsm;qdkif&m ukvor~ txl;oHt&m&Sdtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf
aeygonf?
Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery - Introduction, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.
org/english/issues/slavery/rapporteur/index.htm (last visited 29 October 2008).
59/ Ibid. txl; tpD&ifcHol oHudk,fpm;vS,fonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ wifjyrnfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyEdkifygonf?
ndburma2.indd 232 26-Dec-09 13:05:29


txl;oHt&m&Sdonf u|efjyKr_ESifh ywfoufI atmufygwdk@ESifh pyfvsOf;aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ jy\emrsm;twGuf
taxmuftxm;rsm; udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygonf?61
- t"R vkyftm;cdkif;apjcif;
- vlukeful;a&mif;csjcif;
- uav; vkyftm;cdkif;apjcif;
- trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;ukd a&mif;csjcif;
- t"R vufxyfxdrf;jrm;apjcif;
- trsKd;orD;rsm;. vdift*F gudk jzwfawmuf zsufqD;jcif;
- tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;qufqHr_ usifhoHk;jcif;
- u|efjyKr_ESifh tvm;wl tjcm;tajctaersm; usifhoHk;aejcif;

vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;
/ jzpfay:tHhqJqJ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&m tpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay: arwWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&SdxH
wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;) udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; twGuf
C. UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery
(*) acwfopf u|efjyKr_ yHkpHrsm;qdkif&m ukvor*~. tvkyftzGJ@

1? tvkyftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0; usif;yyg
oenf;?
tvkyftzGJ@0ifrsm;udk ukvor~ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDrS tzGJ@0if (5) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? TtvkyftzGJ@onf
wESpfv#if w}udrfawG@qHkygonf?63
61/ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 14:Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1991, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/
menu6/2/fs14.htm (last visited 29 October 2008). Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery - Introduction, Office of the High Com-
missioner for Human Rights,http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/slavery/rapporteur/index.htm (last visited 29 October 2008).
62/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm; &SdaeEdkifao;
aomfvnf;/ yHkrSef arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfay;avh &Sdygonf?
63/ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 14:Contemporary Forms of Slavery, June 1991, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/
menu6/2/fs14.htm (last visited 29 October 2008).
ndburma2.indd 233 26-Dec-09 13:05:29


tvkyftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf u|efjyKr_qef@usifa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk toHk;csr_ESifhywfoufI
apmifh=unfhavhvm&ef/ uBm. ae&mtoD;oD;wGif jzpfay:aeonfh tajctaersm;udkoHk;oyf&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tvkyf
tzGJ@onf ESpfpOfu|efjyKr_qdkif&mjy\emudk oabmw&m;t&vnf; avhvmpl;prf;r_jyKygonf? tvkyftzGJ@onf Tjy\
emESifhywfoufI EdkifiHtvdkufESifh EdkifiHwumvHk;qdkif&m aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGufvnf;avhvmItqdkjyKcsuf
rsm;ay;ydk@avh&Sdygonf? tvkyftzGJ@onf vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDxHodk@vnf; ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;ygonf?64

tvkyftzGJ@onf vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;xHrS owif; tcsuftvufrsm; vufcH&,lygonf?
tvkyftzGJ@onf ESpfpOf tpnf;ta0;usif;yaeonfh tcsdefwGif vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifh oufaoxGufqdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,lygonf? tvkyftzGJ@xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;ydk@
Edkif&ef toif;tzGJ@rsm;u tvkyftzGJ@. twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@xH vdyfrlI aumfrDwD tpnf;ta0; rwdkifrDvrsm; tenf;i,f
tvdkY ay;ydk@xm;Edkifygonf?65
D. International Labour Organization (ILO) Liaison Officer for Myanmar 66
(C) tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform; tzGJ@csKyf (tdkift,fvftdk) . jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m qufoG,fa&; t&m&Sd

1? qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sd tcef;u¾ wm0efu rnfodk@&Sdoenf;?
qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ csufcsif;ESifh xda&mufpGm ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;apEdkifa&;
twGuf aocsmaqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif t"R vkyftm;cdkif;apr_ESifh ywfoufI owif;
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh wkH@jyef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? qufoG,fa&; t&m&Sdu tdkif
t,fvftdk tvkyftr_aqmif 'g&dkufwmxHodk@ tajccHrlrsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tpD&ifcH
wifjy&ygonf?67
2? qufoG,fa&; t&m&SdxHodk@ rnfolrsm;u owif;ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

qufo, G af &;t&m&So
d nf tJe*f st
D rkd sm;/ tpd;k &rsm;/ tjcm; ukvor~ at*sipf rD sm;ESihf apmif=h unfah vhvmaeonfh
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ woD;yk~v jynfolrsm;xHrSvnf; qufoG,fI owif;&,lygonf?68 ,Hk=unf&r_r&Sdaom/ oufqdkifr_
64/ Ibid. Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/slavery/group.htm (last visited 29 October 2008).
65/ Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://
www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/slavery/group.htm (last visited 29 October 2008).
66/ 2008 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvrSpI pwdzf rm&S,f Steve Marshall onf tdkift,fvftdktzGJ@. jrefrmjynfqdkif&m qufoG,fa&; t&m
&Sdtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
67/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tdkift,fvftdk&Hk;. vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg vifhcfwGif =unfh&_Edkifygonf?
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/yangon/ (last visited 29 October 2008).
68/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifaexdkifonfh t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apcH&olrsm;. wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk vufcHEdkif&ef tdkift,fvftdk&Hk;wckudk zGifhvSpfxm;ygonf?
Tvkyfief;pOfwGif wdkif=um;ol/ epfem&olrsm;udk vufwkH@jyefcH&rnfhta&;rS umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ay;a&; yg0ifaomfvnf;/ vufwkH@jyefcH
&rnfhta&; qufvufa=umuf&GH@ae&olrsm;onf t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHjyify&Sd rnfonfhukvor~&Hk;
odk@rqdk wdkif=um;ay;ydk@Edkifonf? ‚wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk aemufydkif;wGif tdkift,fvftdk qufoG,fa&; t&m&SdxHodk@ jyefvnfay;ydk@rnfjzpf
onf?
ndburma2.indd 234 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

r&Sdaom jy\emrsm; ay:aygufvmygu qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdonf TpGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk jrefrmtpdk;&xHodk@ a,bk,stm;

jzifh ay;ydk@+yD;/ aemufxyf owif;tcsuftvufrsm; od&Sd&ap&efESifh ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;Edkif&ef ay;ydk@ygonf?69
E. ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations
(i) tdkift,fvftdk. EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh t=uHjyKcsufrsm;udk toHk;csr_ESifh ywfoufaom u|rf;usifolrsm;.

aumfrDwD
1? aumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;
usif;yygoenf;?
aumfrDwDudk vGwfvyfonfh u|rf;usifol ynm&Sif (20) OD; jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? TaumfrDwDonf ESpfpOfawG@
qHkygonf?

aumfrDwDonf tdkift,fvftdk. EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@taumiftxnf azmfae=uonfudk
apmifh=unfhavhvm+yD;/ EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;u EdkifiHwumusifhxHk; pHE_ef;rsm;twdkif; vdkufemr_ &Sd-r&Sd aocsmap&ef aqmif
&Gufygonf? aumfrDwDonf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS rSwfcsufrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;. tpD&if
cHpmrsm;udkvnf; jyefvnf oHk;oyfygonf? aumfrDwDu pHE_ef;rsm; toHk;csa&;qdkif&m tdkift,fvftdk. nDvmcH (uGefz&ifh)
aumfrDwDodk@vnf; ESpfpOf tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;ygonf? T nDvmcHaumfrDwDwGif tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tvkyform;/
tvkyf&Sif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?70

aumfrDwDonf EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xHrS tdkift,fvftdk oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGifyg0ifonfh jyXmef;csufrsm;udktaumif
txnfazmfaqmifaer_/ wdk;wufr_ESifhywfoufI tcsdefESifhtr# tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf? tdkift,f vftdk
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;oabmwlnDxm;onfh tpdk;&rsm;uom aumfrDwDxHodk@tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;
&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?71 aumfrDwDonf tvkyform;/ tvkyf&Sif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSvnf; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sdyg
onf? aumfrDwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wifjyvdkygu tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tdkift,fvftdk. tjynfjynfqdkif&m
vkyfom;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;Xme International Labour Standards and Human Rights Department of the ILO
xHodk@ qufoG,fay;ydk@Edkifonf?72
69/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tdkift,fvftdk&Hk;. vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg vifhcfwGif =unfh&_Edkifygonf? http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/yan-

gon/ (last visited 29 October 2008).
70/ Rules of the Game: A Brief Introduction to International Labour Standards, ILO, 2005.
71/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdkift,fvftdk t"rR vkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/ trSwf (29) udk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh tzGJ@0if EdkifiHwck jzpfygonf?
72/ Rules of the Game: A Brief Introduction to International Labour Standards, ILO, 2005.
ndburma2.indd 235 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

twif;t"r® vufxyfapjcif;
B. UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes, and Consequences
(c) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_/ jzpfyGm;apaom ta=umif;t&if;rsm;ESifh tusKd;qufrsm;qdkif&m ukvor*~

txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,f
txl;oH t&m&Sdonf rk'drf;jyKusifhr_ESifh tjcm;aomvdifr_qkdif&m ravsmfuef jyKrlr_rsm;tygt0if trsKd;orD;
rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_/ ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm; tygt0if
owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udktajccHv#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxGaxG t=uH
ðywifjycsufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?73

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm; at*sifpDXme
rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?74 trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_/ jzpfyGm;apaom ta=umif;t&if;rsm;ESifh
tusKd;qufrsm;qdkif&m ukvor~ txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,f.&Hk; (The Office of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against
Women, its Causes, and Consequences)u pHjyKxm;onfh ar;cGef;v$mrsm;jyKpkjzef@a0ay;+yD; vlwOD;csif;pDudk wdkif=um;r_
ay;ydk@Edkif&ef yHhydk;ulnDay;ygonf? Tar;cGef;v$mrsm;udk aemufqufwGJwGif&&SdEdkifygonf? atmufazmfjyyg tifwmeuf
vifhcfwGifvnf; &,lEdkifonf? http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur/complaints.htm.

vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifh ywfoufIvnf;
aumif;/ jzpfay:tHhqJqJ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&mtpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay: arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&Sd
xH wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f &Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;twGuf
C. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(*) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfa&; ukvor*~ aumfrDwD

1? aumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;
usif;yygoenf;?
73/Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its Causes, and Consequences- Introduction, Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, http://ww.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur (last visited 3August 2006).
74/ Ibid. txl;pHkprf;avhvmwifjyol oHt&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ESpfpOf vl@tcGifhta&; aumifpDodk@ wifjyonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy
Edkifygonf?
75/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef &nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;&SdaeEdkifao;
ndburma2.indd 236 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfa&; ukvor~ aumfrDwDwGif vGwfvyfaom trsKd;orD;

a&;&mudPY u|rf;usifolynm&Sif (23) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?76 aumfrDwD0ifwdkif;onf (4) ESpf oufwrf;xrf;aqmif
&ygonf? aumfrDwDonf wESpfv#if (2) }udrfawG@qHkygonf?77

aumfrDwDonf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (pDa'g)
pmcsKyfudkEdkifiHrsm;u taumiftxnfazmfyHkESifh EdkifiHwum pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemr_ &Sd-r&Sdudk apmifh=unfh
avhvmygonf? aumfrDwDonf EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xHrS tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lI oHk;oyfygonf? t=uHjyKcsufrsm;
jyefvnfay;ygonf? aumfrDwDonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&m aumifpDodk@ trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef; qdkif&m
aumffr&Sif (Commission on the Status of Women) rSwqifh tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;ygonf?78

aumfrDwDonf EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;xHrS (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsufyg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaer_
wdk;wufr_ tcsdefydkif;tvdkuf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf? (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh
tzGJ@0if EdkifiHrsm;om aumfrDwDxHodk@ tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?79 aumfrDwDonf vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;xHrSvnf; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,lygonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aumfrDwDxHodk@ wifjy&eftwGuf tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;onf aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@xHodk@ vdyfrla&;om;ay;ydk@&efvdktyf+yD;/ aumfrDwD tpnf;ta0; rusif;yrD
vtenf;i,ftvdkY wifoGif;&efvdktyfygonf? aumfrDwDonf vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS E_wftm;jzifh ouf
aocHcsufrsm;udkvnf; vufcH+yD;/ tvkyftzGJ@. quf&Siftpnf;ta0; rwdkifrD yxr&ufESifh yHkrSef quf&Sif tpnf; ta0;
'kwd,&ufwGif =um;emr_ jyKygonf? aumfrDwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfonfh pnf;a0;awG@qHkr_rsm;vnf; jyKEdkif+yD;/
twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@odk@ qufoG,f&ef vdktyfygonf?80

wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuf/ rl=urf; (Optional Protocol) yk'fr (2) t&aumfrDwDonf vl-
wOD; csif;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif; qufoG,f owif;&,lr_rsm; jyKEdkifygonf? odk@
aomfvnf; wifjycsufrsm;onf (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuf. rl=urf; jyXmef;csufrsm; (Optional Protocol)udk oabmwl
nD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;twGufomjzpfEdkifygonf?81 jrefrmEdkifiHonf rl=urf;oabmwlnD csufrsm;udk o
abmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif;r&Sdao;yg/ odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS vlwOD;csif;onf (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuf
t& wifjywdkif=um;&ef aqmif&GufI rjzpfEdkifao;yg?
76/ 2008 ckESpf/ rwfvrSpI 'lA&yfum qdkifrGefEdkApf Dubravka Šimonović onf aumfrDwD. OUXtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
77/ See, CEDAW, Article 21, 18 December 1979; Fact Sheet No. 22 - Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office of
the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs22.htm (last visited 23 August 2006).
78/ See, CEDAW, Article 21, 18 December 1979; Fact Sheet No. 22 - Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office of
79/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf pDa'g CEDAW EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwckjzpf+yD;/ tcsdefESifhtr# tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wifoGif;&ef wm0ef
&Sdygonf? 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHu ueOD;tpD&ifcHpmESifh 'kwd,/ wwd,tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wifoGif;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif zwf&_Edkifyg
onf? To view these reports, visit, Country Reports, Division for the Advancement of Women, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
reports.htm#m (last visited 20 November 2007).
80/ Fact Sheet No. 22 - Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs22.htm (last visited 23 August 2006).
81/ Optional Protocol to CEDAW, Article 2, 22 December 2000.
82/ Ibid.
ndburma2.indd 237 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
(C) trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;ESifh ywfoufaom aumfr&Sif

1? aumfr&Sif tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf nfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;usif;y
ygoenf;?
aumfr&Sifudk tzGJ@0if (45) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDrS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif; jyKyg
82
onf? aumfr&Sif.tzGJ@0if wOD;csif;onf 4-ESpf oufwrf; wm0efxrf;aqmif&ygonf? aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;udk
azaz:0g&DESifh rwfvrsm;wGif wESpfv#if w}udrfawG@qHkygonf?83
2? aumfr&Sif. tcef;u¾onf tb,fenf;?

aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufaeonfh vkyfief;tpDtpOf
rsm;udk apmifh=unfh avhvmr_ jyKygonf? aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD; jy\emrsm;ESifh ywfoufI t=uHjyKcsufrsm; a&;om;+yD;/
pdk;&drfzG,fudPrsm;twGufvnf;wkH@jyefI pwifaqmif&Gufr_rsm;jyKonf? aumfr&Sifu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDodk@
tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;onf?84
3? aumfr&Sifodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; aumfrDwD. tpD&ifcHpmudk
vufcH&,lI oHk;oyfr_jyKygonf? aumfr&Sifu tjcm;owif;rsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,l+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
E_wftm;jzifh oufaoxGufqdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; =um;emygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u aumfr&Sif. rsufESmpHk
nD tpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifh txl;tpnf;ta0;/ tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif yg0ifwufa&mufEdkif=uygonf? aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;
aqmifwmrsm;wGif yg0ifwufa&mufEdkif&efESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wifoGif;Edkif&ef pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpD
u todtrSwfjyKcsuf&,l&ef vdktyfygonf?85
aumfr&Sifu owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wifjyay;ydk@vdkonfh/ aumfr&Sifu aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdk=uonfh/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf tjynfhtpHk vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyay;xm;yg
onf?86
4? aumfr&Sifodk@ wOD;csif; wdkifwef;r_rsm;udk =um;emjcif; &Sdygovm;?

wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? aumfr&Sifu vlwOD;csif;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh wdkif=um;r_rsm; vufcH&,lygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aumfr&Sifu vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf
olrsm;udk wdkuf&dkuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ rjyKyg? olwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,Hk=unfudk;pm;&onf[k ,lq
v#if/ jzpfay:aeonfh taetxm;/ tvm;tvm/ cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHaeyHkrsm;udk oHk;oyfI rl0g'a&;&mt& t=uHjyK
csufrsm; jyKvkyfygonf?87
83/ 2008 ckESpfwGif tdkvDAD,m bJvD Olivier Belle onf aumfr&Sif. OUXtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
84/ See, CEDAW, Article 21, 18 December 1979; Fact Sheet No. 22 - Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office
of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs22.htm (last visited 23 August 2006).
85/ Ibid.
86/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDu todtrSwfjyKr_ &,lEdkif&efowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk Tae&mwGif &,lEdkifygonf? Visit How to Obtain Consultative Sta-
tus with ECOSOC, Economic and Social Council, NGO Section, http://www.un.org/esa/coordination/ngo/ (last visited 20 November 2007)
87/ aumfr&SifwGif owif; tcsuftvufrsm; wifjyEdkif&efESifh aumfr&Sifu pDpOfusif;yonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef aumfr&Sif. tJef*sDtdkrsm;
yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ u¾udk =unfh&_apvdkygonf? Visit NGO Participation in CSW Sessions, Commission on the Status of Women, Division for the
Advancement of Women, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw51/NGO.html#not_received (last visited 20 November2007)
ndburma2.indd 238 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

vdifazsmfajza&; vkyfief;twGif;odkY twif;t"r® oGwfoGif;cH&jcif;

B. UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography88
(c) uav;rsm; a&mif;csr_/ uav;rsm;udk jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apr_ESifh uav;rsm;npfnrf; "mwfyHk AD'D,dk &dkuf,lr_ qdkif&m
ukvor*~ txl;pHkprf; wifjya&; oHt&m&Sd
txl;oHt&m&Sdonf uav;rsm;udk twif;t"R jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif;tygt0if uav;rsm;udk tajc
jyKI vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk pHkprf;&efESifh wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf&ef/ tpD&ifcHwifjy&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm;
tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHv#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxG
axG t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?89

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~.tjcm; at*sifpDXme
r&Sdygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&m tpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; qufvufpHkprf;ay;&ef
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?90 uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif;/ npfnrf;"mwfyHk AD'D,dk
&dkuful;jcif;qdkif&m txl;oHt&m&Sd.&Hk;onf wifjyvdkonfh woD;yk~v wdkif=um;olrsm;twGuf ar;cGef;v$myHkpHrsm;jyKpk
xm;ygonf? Tar;cGef;v$mudk aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyay;xm;+yD;/ tGefvdkif;wGifvnf; atmufazmfjyyg vifhcfwGif &,l
Edkifygonf? http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/children/rapporteur/model.htm.

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf atmufazmfjyyg vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk
&,lygonf?
- uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csr_
- jynfhwefqmvkyfief;wGif uav;rsm;udk toHk;csr_
- npfnrf; "mwfyHk/ AD'D,dk &dkuful;&mwGif uav;rsm;udk toHk;csr_
- uav;rsm;udk txufazmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf vlukeful;a&mif;0,fr_
- uav;rsm;udk vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ jypfr_rsm;ESifh qufpyfI vdifr_ydkif;qdkif&m acgif;yHkjzwf csKd;azmufr_rsm;
txl;oHt&m&Sdonf txufazmfjyyg vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_udk cHpm;epfem&zG,f tœ&m,f&Sdaeonfh tajc
taersm;udk azmfjy&ef oufao taxmufrsm;udkvnf; &,lpkaqmif;ygonf?91
88/ 2008 ckESpf/ arvtxd uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif;/ npfnrf;"mwfyHk &dkuful;jcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;a&; txl; oHt&m&Sdtjzpf em*swftrf
*spfrmvm; Najat M’jid Maalla u wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeygonf?
89/ uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif;/ npfnrf;"mwfyHk &dkuful;jcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;a&; txl;oHt&m&Sd. aemufcHtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh vkyfydkifcGifh
rsm;udk avhvm&ef? Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/children/rapporteur/index.htm (last
visited 1 August 2008).
90/ Ibid.
91/ Ibid.
ndburma2.indd 239 26-Dec-09 13:05:29


aumif;/ jzpfay:tHhqJqJ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&m tpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay:arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&Sd
xHwdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; twGuf
C. UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes, and Consequences93
(*) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_/ ‚if;. ta=umif;t&if;rsm;ESifh aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm; pHkprf;wifjya&;

ukvor*~ txl;oH t&m&Sd
1? txl;oH t&m&Sd. tcef;u¾rSm tb,fenf;?
txl;oHt&m&Sdonf rk'drf;usifhjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m ravsmfuefjyKrljcif;yHkpHrsm; tygt0if/ trsKd;
orD;rsm; tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm; ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;
&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm; tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccH
v#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxGaxGt=uHðy wifjycsufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?94

rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&; tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;
r&Sdygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&m tpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; qufvufpHkprf;ay;&ef
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?95 txl;oHt&m&Sd. &Hk;onf wifjyvdkonfh woD;yk~v wdkif=um;olrsm;twGuf
ar;cGef;v$myHkpHrsm; jyKpkxm;ygonf? Tar;cGef;v$mudk aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyay;xm;+yD;/ tGefvdkif;wGifvnf;azmfjyyg
vifhcfwGif &,lEdkifygonf? http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur/complaints.htm.

aumif;/ jzpfay:tHqh q
J J +cdr;f ajcmufr_ wckc&k adS eygu oufqikd &f m tpd;k &od@k ta&;ay:arWm&yfcaH y;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&Sx
d H
wdkif =um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;) udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; twGuf
92/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;&SdaeEdkif

ao;aomfvnf;/ yHkrSef arWm&yfcHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfay;avh&Sdygonf?
93/ 2003 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtxd trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh aemufqufwGJtusKd;qufrsm; pHkprf;a&;ukvtxl;oHt&m&SdrSm a'gufwm
,muif tmwkuf Dr. Yakin Erturk jzpfygonf?
94/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm; pHkprf;a&; ukv txl;oHt&m&Sd ta=umif;udk Tae&mwGifavhvmEdkif
onf? Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://ww.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur (last visited 3 August 2006).
95/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sd. ESpfpOf tpD&ifcHpmwGif vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDrS tcsuftvuf owif;rsm;vnf; xnfhoGif;ay;ydk@Edkifonf?
96/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdonf touftEW&m,f rqkH;&_H;&avatmif &nf&G,faomtm;jzifh jynfwGif;Y ukpm;ajz&Sif;Edkifaom enf;vrf; rsm; &Sdaeao;aomfvnf;
a,bk,stm;jzifh arwWm&yfcHcsuf ay;ydk@avh &Sdygonf?
ndburma2.indd 240 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

D. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(C) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; ukvor*~ aumfrDwD

oenf;?
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfa&;ukvor~aumfrDwDwGif vGwfvyfaom trsKd;orD;
a&;&mudPY u|rf;usifolynm&Sif (23) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? ‡ aumfrDwD0ifwdkif;onf (4) ESpf oufwrf; xrf;aqmif&yg
onf? aumfrDwDonf wESpfv#if (2) ywf=um awG@qHkygonf?97

aumfrDwDonf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHr_rsm;tqHk;owfa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (pDa'g)
pmcsKyfudk EdkifiHrsm;u taumiftxnfazmfyHkESifh EdkifiHwum pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemr_ &Sd-r&Sdudk apmifh
=unfhavhvmygonf? aumfrDwDonf EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;xHrS tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lI oHk;oyfygonf? t=uHjyKcsuf
rsm; jyefvnfay;ygonf? aumfrDwDonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&maumifpDodk@ trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;qdkif&m
aumffr&Sif (Commission on the Status of Women) rSwqifh tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;ygonf?98

aumfrDwDonf EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;xHrS (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsufyg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaer_
tpnf;rsm;onf aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@xHodk@ vdyfrla&;om;ay;ydk@&ef vdktyf+yD;/ aumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; rusif;yrD
vtenf;i,ftvdkY wifoGif;&efvdktyfygonf? aumfrDwDonf vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS E_wftm;jzifhoufao
cHcsufrsm;udkvnf;vufcH+yD;/ tvkyftzGJ@. quf&Siftpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD yxr&ufESifh yHkrSefquf&Sif tpnf;ta0; 'kwd,
&ufwGif =um;emr_jyKygonf? aumfrDwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfonfh pnf;a0;awG@qHkr_rsm;vnf;jyKEdkif+yD;/ twGif;
a&;rSL;tzGJ@odk@ qufoG,f&ef vdktyfygonf?100

wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuf/ rl=urf; (Optional Protocol) yk'fr (2) t& aumfrDwDonf vlwOD;
csif;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif; qufoG,fowif;&,lr_rsm; jyKEdkifygonf?101 odk@aomf
97/ aumfrDwD.tpnf;ta0; tcsdefumv wdk;csJ@&ef tqdkjyKwifjycsufrsm;udk wifjyxm;+yD;/ ,cktcgukvor~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu vufcHpOf;pm;v#uf&Sdonf? Ttqdk
jyKcsufrSm ,cktcsdefwdkifatmif ouf0ifjcif; r&Sdao;yg? See, Meeting of States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimi-
nation against Women, 14th Meeting, 23 June 2006, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/statesmeeting/fourteenth.htm (last visited 14
August 2006).
98/ See, CEDAW, Article 21, 18 December 1979; Fact Sheet No. 22- Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office of
99/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf pDa'g CEDAW EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwckjzpf+yD;/ tcsdefESifhtr# tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;&ef wm0ef
&Sdygonf? 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHu ueOD;tpD&ifcHpmESifh 'kwd,/ wwd,tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGifzwf&_Edkif yg
onf? To view these reports, visit, Country Reports, Division for the Advancement of Women, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/re-
ports.htm#m (last visited 20 November 2007).
ndburma2.indd 241 26-Dec-09 13:05:29

vnf; wifjycsufrsm;onf (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuf. rl=urf; jyXmef;csufrsm; (Optional Protocol) udkoabmwlnD vuf
rSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;twGufom jzpfEdkifygonf?102 jrefrmEdkifiHonf rl=urf;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk oabmwl
nD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdao;yg/ odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS vlwOD;csif;onf (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuft&
wifjywdkif=um;&ef aqmif&GufI rjzpfEdkifao;yg?
E. Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
(i) trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;ESifh ywfoufaomaumfr&Sif

1? aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGiftpnf;ta0; usif;yyg
oenf;?
aumfr&Sifudk tzGJ@0if (45) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDrS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;jyKyg
103
onf? aumfr&Sif. tzGJ@0if wOD;csif;onf 4-ESpf oufwrf; wm0efxrf;aqmif&ygonf? aumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;udk
azaz:0g&DESifh rwfvrsm;wGif wESpfv#if w}udrf awG@qHkygonf?104

aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufaeonfh vkyfief;tpDtpOf
rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmr_jyKygonf? aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD;jy\emrsm;ESifh ywfoufI t=uHjyKcsufrsm;a&;om;+yD;/
pdk;&drfzG,fudPrsm;twGufvnf; wkH@jyefI pwifaqmif&Gufr_rsm;jyKonf? aumfr&Sifu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDodk@

aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; aumfrDwD. tpD&ifcHpmudk vufcH&
,lI oHk;oyfr_jyKygonf? aumfr&Sifu tjcm;owif;rsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,l+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u E_wf
tm;jzifh oufaoxGufqdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; =um;emygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u aumfr&Sif. rsufESmpHk
nDtpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifh txl;tpnf;ta0;/ tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif yg0ifwufa&mufEdkif=uygonf? aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;
u todtrSwfjyKcsuf &,l&ef vdktyfygonf?106
rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdk=uonfh/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf tjynfhtpHk vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyay;xm;yg
onf?107
102/ Ibid.
103/2008 ckESpfwGif tdkvDAD,m bJvD Olivier Belle onf aumfr&Sif. OUXtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
105/ Ibid.
107/ aumfr&SifwGif owif; tcsuftvufrsm; wifjyEdkif&efESifh aumfr&Sifu pDpOfusif;yonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef aumfr&Sif. tJef*sDtdkrsm;
yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ u¾udk =unfh&_apvdkygonf? Visit NGO Participation in CSW Sessions, Commission on the Status of Women, Division for the
Advancement of Women, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw51/NGO.html#not_received (last visited 20 November2007)
ndburma2.indd 242 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

4? aumfr&Sifodk@ wOD;csif; wdkifwef;r_rsm;udk =um;em;jcif; &Sdygovm;?

wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? aumfr&Sifu vlwOD;csif;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS aomfvnf;aumif;
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh wdkif=um;r_rsm;vufcH&,lygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aumfr&Sifu vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufolrsm;
udk wdkuf&dkufta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ rjyKyg? olwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,Hk=unf udk;pm;&onf[k ,lqv#if/
jzpfay:aeonfh taetxm;/ tvm;tvm/ cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHaeyHkrsm;udk oHk;oyfI rl0g'a&;&mt& t=uHjyKcsufrsm; jyK
vkyfygonf?108
twif;t"r® a&TUajymif;cH&jcif;
B. UN Representative of the Secretary General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons109
(c) jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfh 'kuQonfrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

. udk,fpm;vS,f
1? udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&Sd. tcef;u¾rSm tb,fenf;?
udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&Sdonf ukvor~ Xme/ at*sifpDrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ tjcm; =oZm&Sdonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
jynfwGif;Y xGufajy;ae=u&onfh 'kQonfrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI todtrSwfjyK&ef/ umuG,fr_ay;&ef
wdkufwGef; pnf;&Hk;r_ jyKygonf? tjcm;aom owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &&Sdonfh owif;rsm;udk tajccHI udk,fpm;vS,f
t&m&Sdonf vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDESifh ukvor~ taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ ESpfpOf tpD&ifcHpmwGif taxGaxG t=uHjyK
csufrsm; a&;om;wifoGif;ygonf?110
2? udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&SdxHodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifygoenf;?

rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&; tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? Towif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHI
udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&Sdonf jynfwGif; 'kQonfrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufr_ wdk;jr‡ifh usifhoHk;ap&ef
todynmay;/ pnf;&Hk;r_rsm; jyKygonf? udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&Sdonf 'kQonf todkuft0ef;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkI olwdk@.
tjrifrsm; od&SdavhvmEdkif&ef/ olwdk@&&SdEdkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm; od&Sdvmap&ef t=uHay;r_rsm;vnf; aqmif&Gufygonf?
xdkolrsm;. pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHwum rdom;pkxHodk@ jyefvnf azmfjyay;ygonf?111
108/ Fact Sheet No. 22 – Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs22.htm (last visited23 August 2006). See also, Women’s Rights the Responsibility of
All: Basic Information Kit No. 2, Commissionon the Status of Women, 10 November 1997.
109/ 2004 ckESpfwdkifatmif a0:vfwm umvif; Walter Kälin u ukvor~ jynfwGif;'kQonfrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. udk,fpm;
vS,ftjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeonf?
110/ Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/ (last visited 20 November 2007)
111/ Ibid
ndburma2.indd 243 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

C. UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing112
(*) vHkavmufaom tdk;tdrf&&Sda&;qdkif&m pHkprf;wifjya&; txl;oHt&m&Sd

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf tpdk;&rsm; tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
tajccHv#uf tdrf,mtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufjcif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif&Guf
ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? txl;oH t&m&Sdonf taxGaxG t=uHðy wifjy csufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@
ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?113
2? rnfolrsm;u txl;oHt&m&Sd owif; tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm;at*sifpD
Xmersm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS&&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;
arWm&yfcHcsufESifh wuG ay;ydk@ygonf?114
D. UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

(C) ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m aumfrDwD
oenf;?
vl@tcGifhta&;bmom&yfESifh ywfoufI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u|rf;usifolynm&Sif (18) OD;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm; qdkif&m aumfrDwDudk zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?115 aumfrDwD0ifwOD;onf(4) ESpfoufwrf;
umvjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmif=u&onf? aumfrDwDonf ESpfpOf tpnf;ta0; (2) }udrf usif;yygonf? arvESihf Edk0ifbm
-'DZifbmvwGif jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0; w}udrfxdkifv#if oDwif;ygwf (3) ywf =umonf?116

aumfrDwDonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifha&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfudk taumiftxnf
az:jcif;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsmESifhtnD tpdk;&rsm;aqmif&Gufaer_twGuf apmifh=unfhygonf? aumf
rDwDonf tpdk;&rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif;/ pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;ðy+yD;aemuf t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;ay;yg
onf?117
112/ 2008 ckESpfwdkifatmif a&uG,f &dkvfepfuf Raquel Rolnik u vHkavmufaom tdk;tdrf&&Sdr_qdkif&m pHkprf;wifjyol txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,f tjzpfwm0ef,l
aqmif&Gufaeonf?
113/ UN Special Rapporteur on Housing, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/housing/index.
htm (last visited 20 November 2007).
114/ Ibid.txl;oHt&m&Sdu owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@wifoGif;onfh ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyaumif;azmfjyEdkifonf?
117/ Ibid.
ndburma2.indd 244 26-Dec-09 13:05:30


aumfrDwDonf tpdk;&rsm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_tcGifha&;rsm;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyfygjyXmef;csuf
rsm; taumiftxnfaz:jcif;jzpfpOfESifh ywfoufaom yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvufcH&,lygonf? Toabmwl pmcsKyfwGif
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tpdk;&rsm;omv#if aumfrDwDodk@ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&efwm0ef&Sdygonf?118 aumfrDwDonf
tpnf;ta0; yxrae@wGifvl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSay;ydk@vmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lvufcHonfh
tjyif/ E_wftm;jzifhxGufqdk wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; =um;emygonf? aumfrDwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;ydk@&mY
aumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vaygif;tawmf=umóuwifI aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;xHodk@ a&;om;ay;ydk@xm;&yg
rnf?119

csuf rl=urf;wapmifudk aumfrDwDu pOf;pm;oHk;oyfv#uf &Sdygonf? Tjyifqifcsuft&qdkv#if aumfrDwDonfoabmwl
pmcsKyf csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufaom wOD;csif; wdkifwef;csufrsm;udkvnf; aemifwcsdefcsdefY vufcHpOf;pm;Edkifrnfjzpfyg
onf?120
vGwfvyfpGm vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhudk ydwfyif[efYwm;jcif;

B. UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants121
(c) a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;wifjyol ukvor*~ txl;oHt&m&Sd

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@.rdom;pk0ifrsm; vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufjcif; tpD&ifcH
pmwdk@ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?122 txl;oHt&m&Sdonf tpdk;&rsm;
tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udktajccHv#uf taxGaxGt=uHðywifjycsuf
rsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&; aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?123

rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&; tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS&&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?124 txl;oH t&m&Sd. &Hk;u a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfouf
118/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;? ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck r[kwfyg?
120/ Ibid.
121/ 2005 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtxd a*smh- at-bwfpwmrefaw; Jorge A. Bustamante u a&$@ajymif; tajccsolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukv txl; oHt&m&Sdtjzpf
wm0ef,laeonf?
122/ a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m txl;oHt&m&Sdu vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_owif;rsm;udk rnfonfhEdkifiHrSrqdk vufcH&,lI pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfygonf?
TEdkifiHu a&$@ajymif;tajccsvkyfom;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@rdom;pk0ifrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwf
a&;xdk;xm;onfjzpfap- ra&;xdk;xm;onfjzpfap owif;vufcH&,lygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rjyKcif jynfwGif;Y ajz&Sif;vkyfaqmif&ef
enf;vrf;rsm; ukefqHk;onftxd apmifhqdkif;ae&ef rvdktyfyg?
123/ Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants - Introduction, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.
org/english/issues/migration/rapporteur/ (last visited 22 October 2008).
124/ Ibid. txl; oHt&m&Sdu ESpfpOf vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ wifjyonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyaumif; azmfjyEdkifonf?
ndburma2.indd 245 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

I woD;yk~v vlwOD;csif;xHrS wifjywdkif=um;Edkif&ef yHhydk;ulnDr_tjzpf ar;cGef;v$myHkpHrsm;udkvnf; jyKpkxm;ygonf?

ar;cGef;v$mudk aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;+yD;/ atmufazmfjyyg tGefvdkif;vifhcfwGifvnf; &,lEdkifygonf? http://www2.
ohchr.org/english/issues/docs/mmig-quest.doc.

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf atmufazmfjyyg vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf oufaorsm;udk pkaqmif;pOf;pm;yg
125
onf?
- a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&r_ pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI wOD;csif; tr_rsm;qdkif&m
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
- a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&r_rsm;ESifhywfoufI oufqdkif&m EdkifiHwck. a,bk,s
tajctae owif;rsm;

vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifhywfoufIvnf;
aumif;/ jzpfay:tHhqJqJ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&m tpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay: arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&Sd
xHwdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeolyk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; twGuf
C. UN Representative of the Secretary General on the Human Rights of Internally

Displaced Persons127
(*) jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfh 'kuQonfrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL;. udk,fpm;vS,f
1? udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&Sd. tcef;u¾rSm tb,fenf;?
udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&Sdonf ukvor~Xme/ at*sifpDrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ tjcm;=oZm&Sdonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
jynfwGif;Y xGufajy;ae=u&onfh 'kQonfrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI todtrSwfjyK&ef/ umuG,fr_ay;&ef
wdkufwGef;pnf;&Hk;r_ jyKygonf? tjcm;aom owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS&&Sdonfh owif;rsm;udktajccHI udk,fpm;vS,ft&m&Sd
onf vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDESifh ukvor~ taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmwGif taxGaxGt=uHjyKcsufrsm; a&;
om;wifoGif;ygonf?128
125/ Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants - Communications, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.
ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/rapporteur/complaints.htm (last visited 22 October 2008).
126/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef &nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm; &SdaeEdkif
ao;aomfvnf;/ yHkrSefarWm&yfcHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfay;avh&Sdygonf?
127/ 2004 ckESpf/ arvwdkifatmif a0:vfwmumvif; Walter Kälin u jynfwGif;'kQonfrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukvtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. udk,fpm;
vS,ftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeonf?
128/ Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/ (last visited 20 November 2007)
ndburma2.indd 246 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

2? udk,fpm;vS,f t&m&SdxHodk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifygoenf;?

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm;at*sifpDXm
ersm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS&&Sdygonf? Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udktajccHI udk,fpm;
vS,ft&m&Sdonf jynfwGif;'kQonfrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufr_ wdk;jr‡ifhusifhoHk;ap&ef tod
ynmay;/ pnf;&Hk;r_rsm; jyKygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ft&m&Sdonf 'kQonf todkuft0ef;rsm;ESifhawG@qHkI olwdk@.tjrifrsm;
od&SdavhvmEdkif&ef/ olwdk@ &&SdEdkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm; od&Sdvmap&ef t=uHay;r_rsm;vnf; aqmif&Gufygonf? xdkolrsm;
. pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHwum rdom;pkxHodk@ jyefvnf azmfjyay;ygonf?129
D. UN Committee on Migrant Workers

(C) a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;rsm;qdkif&m ukvor*~. aumfrDwD
oenf;?
a&$@ajymif; tajccsvlxkrsm;ta&;ESifh ywfoufI u|rf;usifol oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u|rf;usifolynm&Sif (10)
OD;jzifh TaumfrDwDudk zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? aumfrDwD0if wOD;onf (4) ESpf oufwrf;umvjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmif=u&
onf? aumfrDwDonf ESpfpOf tpnf;ta0; (1) }udrf usif;yygonf?

aumfrDwDonf a&$@ajymif;vkyfom; tm;vHk;ESifh ‚wdk@ rdom;pk0ifrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;a&;qdkif&m
EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfudk taumiftxnfaz:jcif;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsmESifh tnD
tpdk;&rsm; aqmif&Gufaer_twGuf apmifh=unfhygonf? aumfrDwDonf tpdk;&rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif;/
pDppf oHk;oyfjcif; ðy+yD;aemuf t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;ay;ygonf? aumfrDwDu ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;+yD; oufqdkif&m
EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;ESifh ukvor~taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ wifoGif;ygonf?130

aumfrDwDonftpdk;&rsm;xHrS a&$@ajymif;vkyfom; tm;vHk;ESifh ‚wdk@rdom;pk0ifrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f
r_ay;a&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfyg jyXmef;csufrsm; taumiftxnfaz:jcif;jzpfpOfESifh ywfoufaom
yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf? Toabmwl pmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tpdk;&rsm;omv#ifaumf
rDwDodk@ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?131 aumfrDwDonf vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@vmaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; &,lvufcHygonf? aumfrDwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;ydk@&mY aumfrDwD
tpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vaygif;tawmf=um óuwifI aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;xHodk@ a&;om;ay;ydk@xm;&ygrnf?132
129/ Ibid
130/ Committee on Migrant Workers, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/index.htm
(last visited 22 October 2008).
131/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@rdom;pk0ifrsm; tcGifhta&;umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh
tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck r[kwfyg?
132/ Committee on Migrant Workers, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/index.htm
(last visited 22 October 2008).
ndburma2.indd 247 26-Dec-09 13:05:30


a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;tm;vHk;ESifh ‚wdk@rdom;pk0ifrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;a&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum
oabmwlnDcsuf yk'fr (77) t& aumfrDwDrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tkyfpkrsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif; wdkifwef;csuf/ owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lvufcHygonf?133
odk@&mwGif oabmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@0if EdkifiH (10) cku vdktyfaom xkwfjyefa=unmr_
rsm; jyK+yD;onfhtcgrSom vufawG@aqmif&GufI &rnf jzpfygonf? TpmcsKyfudk oabmwlnDvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh
EdkifiHrsm;twGufom wdkif=um;csufrsm; tusKH;0ifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHu pmcsKyfudk oabmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;
r&Sdao;yg? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS jynfolwOD;csif;taeESifh ToabmwlnDcsuft& wifjywdkif=um;jcif; rjyK
Edkifyg?
E. UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

(i) ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m aumfrDwD
oenf;?
vl@tcGifhta&;bmom&yfESifh ywfoufI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u|rf;usifolynm&Sif (18) OD;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm; qdkif&m aumfrDwDudk zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?134 aumfrDwD0if wOD;onf (4) ESpf ouf-
wrf; umvjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmif=u&onf? aumfrDwDonf ESpfpOf tpnf;ta0; (2) }udrf usif;yygonf? arv ESihf
Edk0ifbm- 'DZifbmvwGif jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0; w}udrfxdkifv#if oDwif;ygwf (3) ygwf =umonf?135

aumfrDwDonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifha&;rsm;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyfudk taumift xnf
az:jcif;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsmESifhtnD tpdk;&rsm; aqmif&Gufaer_twGuf apmifh=unfhygonf?
aumfrwDonf tpdk;&rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif;/ pDppfoHk;oyfjcif; ðy+yD;aemuf t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;
ay;ygonf?136

aumfrDwDonf tpdk;&rsm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifha&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg jyXmef;csuf
rsm; taumiftxnf az:jcif; jzpfpOfESifh ywfoufaom yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf? T oabmwlpm
csKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tpdk;&rsm;omv#if aumfrDwDodk@ tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?137 aumf
rDwDonf tpnf;ta0; yxrae@wGifvl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@vmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
133/ EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf/ yk'fr (74) t& aumfrDwDonf EdkifiHwckESifh wckt=um; wifjywdkif=um;vmonfh tr_tcif;rsm;udk vufcH&ef tm%m &Sdygonf?
qdkvdkonfrSm tzGJ@0if EdkifiHwcku tjcm;EdkifiHwcktay: pGyfpGJwdkif=um;jcif; jzpfonf? Todk@ EdkifiHwcku EdkifiH wcktay: wdkif=um;&ef qdkonfrSm ESpfEdkifiHpvHk;u
oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk; tzGJ@0if jzpfae&ef vdktyfonf? Ibid.
136/ Ibid.
ndburma2.indd 248 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

&,lvufcHonfh tjyif/ E_wftm;jzifh xGufqdk wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; =um;emygonf? aumfrDwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvuf

rsm;ay;ydk@&mY aumfrDwD tpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vaygif;tawmf=um óuwifI aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;xHodk@ a&;om;ay;ydk@
xm;&ygrnf?138

csufrl=urf;wapmifudk aumfrDwDu pOf;pm;oHk;oyfv#uf &Sdygonf? Tjyifqifcsuft&qdkv#if aumfrDwDonfoabm-
wl pmcsKyf csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufaom wOD;csif;wdkifwef;csufrsm;udkvnf; aemifwcsdefcsdefY vufcHpOf;pm;Edkifrnfjzpfyg
onf?139
B. UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, especially in Women and Children140
(c) vlukeful; a&mif;0,fjcif; (txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;) qdkif&m ukvor*~ pHkprf;
wifjya&; txl;oH t&m&Sd
txl;oHt&m&Sdonf vlukeful;a&mif;csjcif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif
&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdonf tpdk;&rsm;tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHv#uf taxGaxGt=uHðy wifjycsufrsm;udka&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywf
vnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?141

rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&; tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;
r&Sdygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&m tpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;qufvuf pHkprf;ay;&ef
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?142 txl;oHt&m&Sd.&Hk;u vlukeful;a&mif;cscH&olrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh
ywfoufI woD;yk~v vlwOD;csif;xHrS wifjywdkif=um;Edkif&ef yHhydk;ulnDr_tjzpf ar;cGef;v$m yHkpHrsm;udkvnf; jyKpkxm;ygonf?
ar;cGef;v$mudk aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;+yD;/ atmufazmfjyyg tGefvdkif; vifhcfwGifvnf; &,lEdkifygonf?
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/questionnaire.htm.
139/ Ibid.
140/ 2008 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwdkifatmif *|Kdif;idkZD t,fvfZDvdk Joy Ngozi Ezeilo u vlukeful;a&mif;0,fr_ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;wifjyol ukvtxl;oHt&m&Sd jzpfonf?
141/ Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons - Introduction, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/eng-
lish/issues/trafficking/index.htm (last visited 1 August 2008).
142/ Ibid. txl; oHt&m&Sdu vl@tcGifhta&;aumufpDxH Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ESpfpOf tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyaumif; azmfjyEdkifonf?
ndburma2.indd 249 26-Dec-09 13:05:30


vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifhywfoufI vnf;
aumif;/ jzpfay:tHhqJqJ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&mtpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay:arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt
&m&SdxH wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;) udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;
twGuf tpdk;&udk arWm&yfcHay;ygvdrfhrnf?143
C. UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography144
(c) uav;rsm; a&mif;csr_/ uav;rsm;udk jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apr_ESifh uav;rsm;npfnrf; "mwfyHk AD'D,dk &dkuf,lr_
qdkif&m ukvor*~ txl;pHkprf; wifjya&; oHt&m&Sd
txl;oH t&m&Sdonf uav;rsm;udk twif;t"R jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif; ygt0if uav;rsm;udk tajcjyK
I vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk pHkprf;&efESifh wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf&ef/ tpD&ifcHwifjy&efwm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm;
tygt0ifowif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udktajccHv#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxG
axG t=uHðy wifjycsufrsm;udka&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?145

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm; at*sifpDXme
rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfha&; tzGJ@rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;xHrS &&Sdygonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom ta=umif; &mrsm;
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?146 uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpfcdkif;apjcif;/ npfnrf;"mwfyHk
AD'D,dk&dkuful;jcif;qdkif&m txl;oHt&m&Sd.&Hk;onf wifjyvdkonfh woD;yk~v wdkif=um;olrsm;twGuf ar;cGef;v$myHkpHrsm;
jyKpkxm;ygonf? Tar;cGef;v$mudk aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyay;xm;+yD;/ tGefvdkif;wGifvnf; atmufazmfjyyg vifhcfwGif
&,lEdkifygonf? http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/children/rapporteur/model.htm.

&,lygonf?
- uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csr_
- jynfhwefqmvkyfief;wGif uav;rsm;udk toHk;csr_
143/ Ibid.txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef &nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;&Sdae

Edkifao;aomfvnf;/ yHkrSef arWm&yfcHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfay;avh &Sdygonf?
144/ 2008 ckESpf/ arvwdkifatmif em*swf trf-*spf rmvm; Najat M’jid Maalla u uav;rsm; a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;rsm;udk jynfhwefqmtjzpfcdkif;apjcif;/ uav;
rsm;udk npfnrf;"mwfyHk AD'D,dk&dkuf,ljcif; udPrsm; pHkprf;wifjy&ef ukvtxl; oHt&m&Sdtjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeonf?
145/ uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif;/ npfnrf;"mwfyHk &dkuful;jcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;a&; txl; oHt&m&Sd. aemufcH tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk avhvm&ef? Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/children/rapporteur/
index.htm (last visited 1 August 2008).
146/ Ibid.
ndburma2.indd 250 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

- npfnrf; "mwfyHk/ AD'D,dk &dkuful;&mwGif uav;rsm;udk toHk;csr_

- uav;rsm;udk txufazmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf vlukeful;a&mif;0,fr_
- uav;rsm;udk vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ jypfr_rsm;ESifh qufpyfI vdifr_ydkif;qdkif&m acgif;yHkjzwf csKd;azmufr_rsm;
txl;oH t&m&Sdonf txufazmfjyyg vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_udk cHpm;epfem&zG,f tœ&m,f&Sdaeonfh tajc
taersm;udkazmfjy&ef oufaotaxmufrsm;udkvnf; &,lpkaqmif;ygonf?147

vlyk~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. *k%fodQmESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ touftœ&m,fESifhywfoufI vnf;aumif;
jzpfay:tHhqJqJ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&mtpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay:arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&SdxHwdkif
=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; twGuf tpdk;&
udk arWm&yfcHay;ygvdrfhrnf?148
owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufjypfjcif;
B. UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions149
(c) w&m;r0iftusOf;&Hk; owfjzwfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf uGyfrsufjcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;wifjya&; ukvor*~txl;oH

t&m&Sd
txl;oHt&m&Sdonf w&m;r0if tusOf;&Hk;owfjzwfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf uGyfrsufjcif;rsm;udk pHkprf;&ef
ESifh wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf&ef/ tpD&ifcHwifjy&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?150 tpdk;&rsm;tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS
&&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHv#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxGaxGt=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/
vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?151

txl;oHt&m&Sdonf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;/ ukvor~. tjcm;at*sifpDXme
r&Sdygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mtpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; qufvufpHkprf;ay;&ef
147/ Ibid.
148/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm; &SdaeEdkifao;
aomfvnf;/ yHkrSefarWm&yfcHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfay;avh&Sdygonf?
149/ 2004 ckESpfrSpI zdvpf t,fvfpwef Philip Alston u w&m;r0if tusOf;&Hk;owfjzwfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyf uGyfrsufjcif;rsm; pHkprf;wifjya&;qdkif&m ukv
or~txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,f tjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeonf?
150/ txl;oHt&m&Sd. vkyfydkifcGifhwGif txl;ojzifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;/ uav;rsm;ESifh vlenf;pkrsm;ESifh qüjyolrsm;uJhodk@aom +idrf;csrf;pGmaqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;udk
owfjzwfuGyfrsufonfhtay: tm&Hkxm;avhvm&ef udPvnf;yg0ifonf? T t&m&Sdonfw&m;r0if/ twif;tusyfESifh tusOf;&Hk;uGyfrsufr_rsm;udk pHkprf;azmfxkwf
a&;ESifh xda&mufpGm umuG,fay;a&; rl0g'rsm;udk vdkufemap&ef apmifh=unfh }uD;=uyf&onfh vkyfief;.t}uD;tuJvnf; jzpfonf? See Report of the Special
Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston: Civil and Political Rights, Including the Questions of Disappear-
ances and Summary Executions; E.CN.4/2005/7, 22 December 2004, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/executions/annual.htm (last visited
1 November 2005).
151/ See Fact Sheet No 11 (Rev. 1), Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.
unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs11.htm (last visited 1 November 2005).
ndburma2.indd 251 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?152 w&m;r0if tusOf;&Hk;owfjzwfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyfuGyfrsufjcif;rsm;

qdkif&m txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,f&Hk;u wOD;csif;wifjywdkif=um;Edkifa&;udk ulnDyHhay;onfhtaeESifh ar;cGef;v$myHkpHrsm; xm;&Sd
yg onf? Tar;cGef;v$mudk aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;+yD; atmufazmfjyyg tGefvdkif; vifhcf wGifvnf;&,lEdkifonf?
http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/executions/model.htm.

&,l oHk;oyfygonf?153
- ao'%f tjypfay;jcif;? w&m;pD&ifr_wGif rr#wr_rsm; &Sdaeonfhtcg/ tusOf;om;u toufrjynfhao;ol uav;
jzpfonfhtcg/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m rzGH@òzd;onfhol odk@r[kwf &l;oGyfaeol jzpfonfhtcg/ udk,f0efaqmifrdcif odk@r[kwf
r=umao;rDurS rdcifjzpfvmol jzpfaeonfhtcg
- aoaprnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u trSefwu,fuGyfrsufrnf[k a=umuf&GH@pdk;&drfzG,f&mtajctae
&Sdonfhtcg/
- xdef;odrf;xm;pOfwGif aoqHk;jcif;? ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;&if; aoqHk;jcif;/ aoqHk;apEdkifavmufaom tajctaersm;ESifh
vspfvsLjyKxm;r_rsm;
- tiftm;oHk;I aoqHk;jcif;? tpdk;&u tvGeftu|Htiftm;oHk;I aoqHk;&jcif;?
- tpdk;&u OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufI aoqHk;&jcif;? tpdk;&vHkjcHKa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&u ausmaxmufaemufcH
ay;xm;onfh tkyfpkrsm;a=umifh aoqHk;&jcif;?
- vufeufudkif yÉdyQtwGif;wGiftouf&SifoefydkifcGifh qHk;&_H;apatmif csKd;azmufcH&jcif;? cGJjcm;qifjcifr_ r&SdbJvufeuf
}uD;tajrmufypfcwfjcif;a=umifh aoqHk;&jcif;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
- vlwOD;udk EdkifiHwckodk@ ESifxkwfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf xdkol. touftEW&m,f &Sdaeaponfhae&modk@ ESifxkwfjcif;?
- vlrsKd;wkef; okwfoifowfjzwfjcif;?
- pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef ysufuGufjcif;? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&efysufuGufjcif;ESifh jypfr_ usL;vGefol
rsm;udk tjypfay; ta&;,lr_ r&Sdjcif;?
- avsmfa=u;ay;&ef ysufuGufjcif;? tpdk;&uepfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;ESifh rdom;pkrsm;udk avsmfa=u;ay;&ef ysufuGuf
jcif;?

aumif;/ jzpfay:tHq h q
J J +cdr;f ajcmufr_ wckc&k adS eygu oufqikd &f m tpd;k &od@k ta&;ay: arwWm&yfcaH y;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&Sd
xH wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;) udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;twGuf
tpdk;&udkarWm&yfcHay;ygvdrfhrnf?154
152/ See, Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions – Mandate, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/execut/exe_mand.htm#violations (last visited 1 November 2005). The Special Rapporteur may also
include information in the annual report to theHuman Rights Council.
153/ See, Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions – Mandate, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/execut/exe_mand.htm#violations (lastvisited 1 November 2005).
154/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu toufrqHk;&_H;&avatmif umuG,fay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jynfwGif;Y tjcm;ukpm;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;&SdaeEdkifao;
ndburma2.indd 252 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

C. UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances

(*) tvdkqENrygbJ vlaysmufqHk;r_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf t"rRtpazsmufypfr_rsm;qdkif&m ukvor*~tvkyftzGJ@
1? tvkyftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;
usif;yygoenf;?
tvkyftzGJ@udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh u|rf;usifol ynm&Sif (5) OD;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?155 tvkyftzGJ@onf
wESpf v#if (3) }udrf awG@qHkygonf?156
2? tvkyftzGJ@. tcef;u¾onf tb,fenf;?

tvkyftzGJ@onf vlaysmufqHk;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI apmifh=unfhjcif;ESifh pHkprf; ppfaq;jcif; jyKygonf? tvkyftzGJ@u
vlwOD;csif;xHrS wdkif=um;r_rsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,lygonf? wdkif=um;r_rsm;tay: tajccHI tvkyftzGJ@u oufqdkif&m
tpdk;&rsm;udk aysmufqHk;r_ESifh ywfoufI today;+yD;/ pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;&ef vdktyfa=umif; today;rnfjzpfonf?156
oufqdkif&m EdkifiHwckwGif jzpfay:aeonfh tajctaeudk tjynfht0 em;vnfapEdkifa&;twGuf tvkyftzGJ@u tpdk;&acgif;
aqmifrsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh uGif;qif; ppfaq;r_rsm;wGif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf?157
tvkyftzGJ@onf vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfpOf tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;ygonf?158
3? tvkyftzGJ@odk@ rnfolwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

tvkyftzGJ@onf aysmufqHk;aeolrsm;ESifh ywfoufI xdkol. rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh qufoG,fI owif;
tcsuftvuf &,lygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSvnf; aysmufqHk;ol rdom;pk0ifrsm;.udk,fpm; owif;
tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; tr_onfrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyK&ef cGifhjyKcsuf&Sda=umif;/ qufoG,fr_&v'f
rsm;udk jyefvnf today;rnfjzpfa=umif; jyo&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;/ vl@tcGihfta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tjcm;
pdwfyg0ifpm;ol tzGJ@tpnf; Xmersm;uvnf; tvkyftzGJ@xHodk@ owif;rsm; wifjyEdkifygonf?159
4? tu,fI ta&;ay: aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfygu rnfodk@ aqmif&Gufrnfenf;?

tu,fIaysmufqHk;aejcif;onf vlwOD;. touftœ&m,fpdk;&drfzG,f&Sdaeygu odk@r[kwf tajctaeonf ta&;
ay:aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfaeygu tvkyftzGJ@onf ta&;ay:vkyfaqmifr_rsm; aqmif&Gufrnfjzpfonf? ta&;ay:tr_
rsm;udk oufqdkif&mEdkifiH. ukvor~&Sd tjrJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@xHodk@ xufpmv#if ‚EdkifiH.EdkifiH jcm;a&;0ef}uD;xHodk@
wdkuf&dkufta=umif;=um;rnfjzpf+yD;/ TonfrSm yHkrSefaqmif&Gufaeus udPvnf;jzpfygonf? tœ&m,fusa&mufaeonfh
xdkol. tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ef tvkyftzGJ@u
EdkifiHtpdk;&xHodk@ awmif;qdkygonf?160
155/ 2004 ckESpfrSpI qefwDa,*dk aumfpD;&m Santiago Corcuera u tvkyftzGJ@. OUXtjzpf wm0ef,laeonf?
156/ Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/eng-
lish/issues/disappear/index.htm (last visited 24 November 2007).
157/ ‚tvkyftzGJ@u aocsm&Sif;vif;jcif;r&Sdao;onfh vlaysmufqHk;r_ ta&twGufrsm;udk wESpfwcg tpdk;&rsm;xHay;ydk@avh&Sd+yD;/ tpdk;&rsm;u ta&;ay:ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;r&Sd
onfh tr_rsm;udk wESpfv#ifESpfcg tpdk;&rsm;xHay;ydk@onf? tvkyftzGJ@u vlwOD;csif;xHrS vnf; wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk vufcH&,lEdkifonf? xdkEdkifiHu oufqdkif&mEdkifiH
wumoabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk oabmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xkd;onfjzpfap/ ra&;xdk;onfjzpfap wdkif=um;yguvufcHonf? odk@aomf aysmufqHk;aeonfholrnfonfhae
&ma&muf&Sdaea=umif; od&Sd&onftxd/ tu,fI xdkolaoqHk;onfudk awG@&Sd&onftxd tvkyftzGJ@uqufvufI yg0ifywfoufaqmif&Gufaejcif; rjyKyg?
158/ uGif;qif; avhvmpHkprf;r_rsm;udk oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;. tpdk;&rsm;uzdwf=um;onfhtcg aqmif&Gufonf? tvm;wl uGif;qif;avhvmr_rsm;udk vufcHzdwf=um;&ef
jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaersm; pHkprf;wifjyol 155ukvtxl;oHt&m&Sd/ ukvtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m txl;oHudk,fpm;
vS,f/ ukvor~ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tjcm;Xmeat*sifpDrsm;u wdkufwGef;cJh=uaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHujiif;y,fcJhonf? rdrdqütavsmuf jrefrmppftpdk;&u
t"Rtpaysmufapjcif;/ qürygbJ vlaysmufqHk;r_rsm;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@udk uGif;qif;avhvma&;c&D;twGuf zdwf=um;&ef jzpfEdkifajc tvm;tvmr&Sdyg?
159/ See Fact Sheet No. 6 (Rev. 2) Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, Officer of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.unh-
chr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs6.htm; http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/disappear/members.htm (last visited 1 November 2005).
160/ Ibid.
161/ For a case to be included in the urgent action procedure, it must have occurred within the three months preceding receipt of the report by the
Working Group. Where there have been allegations of intimidation, persecution or reprisal against relatives or other individuals involved in
investigating the disappearance, the Chairman may also use the urgent action procedure to notify the government that immediate action is nec-
essary to protect the fundamental rights of these people. See Fact Sheet No. 6 (Rev. 2) Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, Officer of the
High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs6.htm; http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/disappear/members.
ndburma2.indd 253 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tpazsmufypfjcif;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@. vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_ tpDtpOf tusOf;csKyf162

1? tu,fI vlaysmufqHk;r_onf tpD&ifcHpm&&SdcsdefrS 3-vwm umvtwGif; jzpfyGm;ygu tvkyftzGJ@u
oufqdkif&m tpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;xHodk@ ta&;ay:arWm&yfcHcsuf ay;ydk@rnf?
2? tu,fI vlaysmufqHk;r_onf tpD&ifcHpm&&SdcsdefrS 3-vwmausmfI jzpfyGm;cJhygu Ttr_udk tpdk;&.
ukvor~ tjrJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,f oHt&m&SdxH ay;ydk@rnf jzpfonf?
3? tu,fI tpdk;&u jyef=um;ygu tvkyftzGJ@onf jyef=um;csufudk tzGJ@tpnf;rSwqifh oufqdkif&m
rdom;pk0ifrsm;xH ay;ydk@rnf jzpfonf?
4? tu,fI rdom;pk0ifrsm;u jyef=um;csufESifh ywfoufI auseyfygu tr_udkqufvufaqmif&Guf&ef r&Sd
awmhyg? “ajz&Sif;+yD;” [k owfrSwfonf?
5? tu,fI rdom;pk0ifrsm;wGif jyef=um;csuftay: wkH@jyef&ef cdkifvHkaom ta=umif;jycsufrsm;&Sdygu tzGJ@
tpnf; rsm;u tvkyftzGJ@xHodk@ tpdk;&xHrS ajz&Sif;csuf &&Sdonfh ae@rSpI (6) vtwGif; ta=umif;=um;
Edkifonf?
6? tu,fI tvkyftzGJ@onf ,ck wkH@jyefcsufonf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmf cdkifvHkonf[k qHk;jzwfygu/ ‚u tzGJ@
tpnf;. rSwfcsufudk tpdk;&xHodk@ ay;ydk@+yD; xyfrHI owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;&ef awmif;cHEdkifonf?
7? tu,fI wkH@jyefcsufonf rcdkifvHk[k tvkyftzGJ@u qHk;jzwfygu Ttr_udk “ajz&Sif;+yD;” [k owfrSwfEdkif
onf?
wkH@jyefcsufudk tvkyftzGJ@xHodk@ tpdk;&xHrS ajz&Sif;csuf &&Sdonfh ae@rSpI (6) vtwGif; wifjy&rnf?
(tzGJ@tpnf;u (tpdk;&. jyef=um;pmudk) tvkyftzGJ@xHrSwqifh jyef=um;pm vufcH&&Sdonfh ae@pGJrS 6-v
r[kwfyg?) odk@rSom tr_udk ydwfypfvdkufjcif;rS a&Smifv$JEdkifrnf jzpfonf?
yk*¾vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;
B. UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing163
(c) vHkavmufaom tdk;tdrf&&Sda&;qdkif&m pHkprf;wifjya&; txl;oHt&m&Sd

txl;oH t&m&Sdonf tpdk;&rsm; tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
tajccHv#uf tdrf,mtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufjcif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif&Guf
ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxGaxG t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@
ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?164
162/ The information in this table and the next table on contacting the Working Group was compiled from Fact Sheet No. 6 (Rev. 2) Enforced or
Involuntary Disappearances, Officer of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs6.htm; http://www.
ohchr.org/english/issues/disappear/members.htm (last visited Nov 1, 2005) and Frontline Defenders, Working Group on Enforced or Involun-
tary Disappearances, http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/manual/en/wgid_m.htm (last visited Nov. 30, 2005)
163/ 2008 ckESpfwGif &muG,f &dkvfepfcf Raquel Rolnik u vHkavmufaom tdk;tdrf&&Sda&;qdkif&m pHkprf;wifjyol txl;oHt&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
164/ UN Special Rapporteur on Housing, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/housing/index.
ndburma2.indd 254 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

2? rnfolrsm;u txl;oHt&m&Sd owif; tcsuftvufrsm; ay;ydk@Edkifoenf;?

r&Sdygu txl;oHt&m&Sdonf pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mtpdk;&xHodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; qufvufpHkprf;ay;&ef
arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?165
(*) ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&maumfrDwD

1? aumfrDwD0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0; usif;yyg
oenf;?
vl@tcGifhta&;bmom&yfESifhywfoufI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u|rf;usifolynm&Sif (18) OD;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm; qdkif&m aumfrDwDudk zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?166 aumfrDwD0if wOD;onf (4)ESpf oufwrf;
umvjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmif=u&onf? aumfrDwDonf ESpfpOf tpnf;ta0; (2) }udrf usif;yygonf? arvESihf Edk0ifbm-
'DZifbmvwGif jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0; w}udrfxdkifv#if oDwif;ygwf (3) ygwf =umonf?167

aumfrDwDonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifha&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfudk taumiftxnf az:jcif;
ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsmESifh tnD tpdk;&rsm; aqmif&Gufaer_ twGuf apmifh=unfhygonf? aumfrDwDonf
tpdk;&rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif;/ pDppfoHk;oyfjcif; ðy+yD;aemuf t=uHðywifjycsufrsm; ay;ygonf?168

aumfrDwDonf tpdk;&rsm;xHrS pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifha&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg jyXmef;csuf
rsm; taumiftxnf az:jcif; jzpfpOfESifh ywfoufaom yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lygonf? T oabmwlpmcsKyf
wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aomtpdk;&rsm;omv#if aumfrDwDodk@ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&efwm0ef&Sdygonf?169 aumfrDwDonf
tpnf;ta0; yxrae@wGifvl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@vmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk&,lvufcH onfh
tjyif/ E_wftm;jzifhxGufqdkwifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; =um;emygonf? aumfrDwDodk@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;ydk@&mY
aumfrwD t
D pnf;ta0;rwdik rf D vaygi;f tawmf=umóuwifI aumfrw D .D twGi;f a&;rSL;xHo@kd a&;om;ay;yd@k xm;&yg rnf?170

avmavmq,fY aumfrDwDonf wOD;csif; wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk &,lvufcHEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;acs? odk@&mwGifjyifqif
csuf rl=urf;wapmifudk aumfrDwDu pOf;pm;oHk;oyfv#uf &Sdygonf? Tjyifqifcsuft&qdkv#if aumfrDwDonfoabm
wlpmcsKyf csKd;azmufr_ESifhywfoufaom wOD;csif; wdkifwef;csufrsm;udkvnf; aemifwcsdefcsdefY vufcHpOf;pm;Edkifrnf jzpfyg
onf?171
165/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdu vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfpOfwifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif Towif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; wifjyaumif; wifjyEdkifonf?
168/ Ibid.
171/ Ibid.
ndburma2.indd 255 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

rk'drf;jyKusifhrIESifh tjcm;aom vdifrIqdkif&m tMurf;zufrI yHko@mefrsm;

(c) B. UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes, and Consequences172
(c) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_/ ‚.ta=umif;t&if;rsm;ESifh aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm; pHkprf;wifjya&;

ukvor*~ txl;oHt&m&Sd
txl;oH t&m&Sdonf rk'drf;usifhjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m ravsmfuefjyKrljcif; yHkpHrsm;tygt0if/
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmwdk@ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;avhvm&efESifh ta&;,laqmif
&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? tpdk;&rsm;tygt0if owif;ay;ol trsKd;rsKd;wdk@xHrS &&Sdaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
tajccHv#uf txl;oHt&m&Sdonf taxGaxG t=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udka&;om;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDodk@ ESpfywf
vnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;onf?173

arWm&yfcHcsufESifhwuG ay;ydk@ygonf?174 txl;oHt&m&Sd.&Hk;onf wifjyvdkonfh woD;yk~v wdkif=um;olrsm;twGuf
ar;cGef;v$myHkpHrsm; jyKpkxm;ygonf? Tar;cGef;v$mudk aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyay;xm;+yD;/ tGefvdkif;wGifvnf; azmfjyyg
vifhcfwGif &,lEdkifygonf? http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur/complaints.htm.

aumif;/ jzpfay:tHhqqJ J +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wckck&Sdaeygu oufqdkif&m tpdk;&odk@ ta&;ay:arWm&yfcHay;yg&ef txl;oHt&m&SdxH
wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? txl;oHt&m&Sdu tœ&m,f&Sdaeol yk~dKvf (yk~dKvfrsm;)udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; twGuf
C. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

(*) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; ukvor*~aumfrDwD
oenf;?
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfa&; ukvor~ aumfrDwDwGif vGwfvyfaom
trsKd;orD; a&;&mudPY u|rf;usifolynm&Sif (23) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf?176 aumfrDwD0ifwdkif;onf (4) ESpf oufwrf;
xrf;aqmif&ygonf? aumfrDwDonf wESpfv#if (2) ywf=um awG@qHkygonf?177
172/ 2003 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwdkifatmif a'gufwm ,muif tmwkuf Dr. Yakin Erturk u trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh tusKd;qufrsm;
qdkif&m pHkprf;wifjyol ukvtxl; oHt&m&Sd wm0ef,lxm;onf?
173/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm; pHkprf;a&; ukvtxl;oHt&m&Sdta=umif;udk Tae&mwGif avhvm
Edkifonf? Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://ww.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur (last visited 3 August 2006).
174/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sd. ESpfpOf tpD&ifcHpmwGif vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDrS tcsuftvuf owif;rsm;vnf; xnfhoGif;ay;ydk@Edkifonf?
175/ Ibid. txl;oHt&m&Sdonf touftœ&m,f rqkH;&_H;&avatmif &nf&G,faomtm;jzifh jynfwGif;Y ukpm;ajz&Sif;Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;&Sdaeao;aomfvnf;
a,bk,stm;jzifh arWm&yfcHcsuf ay;ydk@avh&Sdygonf?
176/ 2008 ckESpf/ rwfvwdkifatmif 'lA&yfum qdkifrGefEdkApf Dubravka Šimonović u aumfrDwD. OUXtjzpf wm0ef,laeonf?
177/ aumfrw D .
D tpnf;ta0; tcsed u f mv wd;k cs@J &ef tqdjk yKwifjycsurf sm;udw
k ifjyxm;+y;D / ,cktcg ukvor~taxGaxGnv
D mcHu vufcpH Of;pm;v#u&f o
dS nf? Ttqdjk yKcsuf
rSm ,cktcsed w f ikd af tmifouf0ifjcif;r&Sad o;yg? See, Meeting of States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women, 14th Meeting, 23 June 2006, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/statesmeeting/fourteenth.htm (last visited 14 August 2006).
ndburma2.indd 256 26-Dec-09 13:05:30


aumfrDwDonf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfa&; EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf (pDa'g)
pmcsKyfudk EdkifiHrsm;u taumiftxnfazmfyHkESifh EdkifiHwum pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemr_ &Sd-r&Sdudk apmifh
=unfhavhvmygonf? aumfrDwDonf EdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;xHrS tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcH&,lI oHk;oyfygonf? t=uHjyKcsufrsm;
jyefvnfay;ygonf? aumfrDwDonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&maumifpDodk@ trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aumffr
&Sif (Commission on the Status of Women) rSwqifh tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;ygonf?178

aumfrDwDonf EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xHrS (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsufyg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaer_
tpnf;rsm;onf aumfrDwD. twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@xHodk@ vdyfrla&;om;ay;ydk@&efvdktyf+yD;/ aumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;rusif;
yrSD vtenf;i,ftvdkY wifoGif;&efvdktyfygonf? aumfrDwDonf vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS E_wftm;jzifh
oufaocHcsufrsm;udkvnf; vufcH+yD;/ tvkyftzGJ@. quf&Siftpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD yxr&ufESifh yHkrSef quf&Sif tpnf;ta0;
'kwd,&ufwGif =um;emr_jyKygonf? aumfrDwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfonfh pnf;a0;awG@qHkr_rsm;vnf;jyKEdkif+yD;/
twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@odk@ qufoG,f&ef vdktyfygonf?180

wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuf/ rl=urf; (Optional Protocol) yk'fr (2)t& aumfrDwDonf vlw
OD; csif;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif; qufoG,fowif;&,lr_rsm; jyKEdkifygonf?181 odk@
aomfvnf; wifjycsufrsm;onf (pDa'g) oabmwlnDcsuf. rl=urf; jyXmef;csufrsm; (Optional Protocol) udk oabm
wlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;twGufomjzpfEdkifygonf?182 jrefrmEdkifiHonf rl=urf;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk
oabmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdao;yg/ odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS vlwOD;csif;onf (pDa'g) oabmwlnD
csuft& wifjywdkif=um;&ef aqmif&GufI rjzpfEdkifao;yg?
D. Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)

(C) trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;ESifh ywfoufaom aumfr&Sif
1? aumfr&Sif tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfoenf;? aumfrDwDonf rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0; usif;y
ygoenf;?
aumfr&Sifudk tzGJ@0if (45) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDrS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif; jyKyg
183
onf? aumfr&Sif. tzGJ@0if wOD;csif;onf 4-ESpf oufwrf; wm0efxrf;aqmif&ygonf? aumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;udk
178/ See, CEDAW, Article 21, 18 December 1979; Fact Sheet No. 22- Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office
of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs22.htm (last visited 23 August 2006).
179/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf pDa'g CEDAW EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck jzpf+yD;/ tcsdefESifhtr# tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;&ef
wm0ef&Sdygonf? 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHu ueOD; tpD&ifcHpmESifh 'kwd,/ wwd, tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif
zwf&_Edkifygonf? To view these reports, visit, Country Reports, Division for the Advancement of Women,http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/
cedaw/reports.htm#m (last visited 20 November 2007).
182/ Ibid.
183/ 2008 ckESpfwGif tdkvDAD,m bJvD Olivier Belle onf aumfr&Sif. OUXtjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
ndburma2.indd 257 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

azaz:0g&D ESifh rwfvrsm;wGif wESpfv#if w}udrf awG@qHkygonf?184

aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufaeonfhvkyfief;tpDtpOf
rsm;udk apmifh=unfh avhvmr_ jyKygonf? aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD; jy\emrsm;ESifh ywfoufI t=uHjyKcsufrsm;a&;om;+yD;/
pdk;&drfzG,f udPrsm;twGufvnf; wkH@jyefI pwifaqmif&Gufr_rsm;jyKonf? aumfr&Sifu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDodk@

aumfr&Sifu trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm; tqHk;owfapa&; aumfrDwD. tpD&ifcHpmudk vufcH&
,lI oHk;oyfr_jyKygonf? aumfr&Sifu tjcm;owif;rsm;udkvnf; vufcH&,l+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u E_wf
tm;jzifh oufaoxGufqdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; =um;emygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u aumfr&Sif. rsufESmpHk
nDtpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifh txl;tpnf;ta0;/ tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif yg0ifwufa&mufEdkif=uygonf? aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;
u todtrSwfjyKcsuf&,l&ef vdktyfygonf?186
rsm;wGifyg0ifaqmif&Gufvdk=uonfh/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf tjynfhtpHk vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyay;xm;yg
onf?187
4? aumfr&Sifodk@ wOD;csif; wdkifwef;r_rsm;udk =um;em;jcif; &Sdygovm;?

wdkif=um;Edkifygonf? aumfr&Sifu vlwOD;csif;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS aomfvnf;aumif;
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh wdkif=um;r_rsm; vufcH&,lygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aumfr&Sifu vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufol
rsm;udk wdkuf&dkuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ rjyKyg? olwdk@u owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,Hk=unf udk;pm;&onf[k ,lqv#if/
jzpfay:aeonfh taetxm;/ tvm;tvm/ cGJjcm;zdESdyf qufqHaeyHkrsm;udk oHk;oyfI rl0g'a&;&mt& t=uHjyKcsufrsm;
jyKvkyfygonf?188
(p) ukvor*~&Sd oufqdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

Tu¾wGif ukvor~. jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaetay: avhvmapmifh=unfha&;twGuf wm0ef&Sdaom
t"du tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@ESifh qufoG,f&ef tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf?
185/ Ibid.
187/aumfr&SifwGif owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wifjyEdkif&efESifh aumfr&SifupDpOfusif;yonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef aumfr&Sif. tJef*sDtdkrsm;
yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ u¾udk =unfh&_apvdkygonf? Visit 236NGO Participation in CSW Sessions, Commission on the Status of Women, Division for the
Advancement of Women, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw51/NGO.html#not_received (last visited 20 November 2007)
188/ Fact Sheet No. 22 – Discrimination Against Women: The Convention and the Committee, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs22.htm (last visited 23 August 2006). See also, Women’s Rights the Responsibility of
All: Basic Information Kit No. 2, Commissionon the Status of Women, 10 November 1997.
ndburma2.indd 258 26-Dec-09 13:05:30

qufoG,f&ef vdyfpmrsm;
Contact Information (qufoG,f&ef vdyfpmrsm;)
Organization Contact Details Useful Websites

(tzGJ@tpnf;) (vdyfpmrsm;) (ta&;ygonfh 0ufbf pmrsufESmrsm;)
ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf Sec- Secretary General: Ban Ki-Moon ukvor~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf ta=umif;
retary General, Headquarters: ydkrdkod&SdEdkif&ef visit: http://www.un.org/sg/bi-
Ban Ki-Moon 1st Ave and 46th street ography.shtml
New York, Ny 1001 USA
Tel: + 1212 963 1234 e,l;a,muf+rdK@&Sd tjrJwrf;ukvor~ rpf&Sifudk quf
Fax: + 1212963 4879 oG,fEdkif&ef see: http://www.un.org/Over-
view/missions.htm
ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; aumifpD To submit complaints to the Coun- vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDta=umif; ydkrdkod&SdEdkif&ef
Human Rights cil under the 1503 Procedure: visit:http://www.ohchr.org/e!$lish/bodies/
Council **** hrcouncil/
Treaties and Human Rights Coun-
cil Branch TaumifpDodk@ vkyfief;pOf 1503 t& wdkif=um;
c/o OHCHR-UNOG Edkifonfhvkyfief;pOf ta=umif; od&SdEdkif&ef visit:
Palais des Nations http://www2.ohchr.org/e!$lish/bodies/chr/
8 – 14, Avenue de la Paix complaints.htm
CH – 1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland TaumifpD. txl;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ta=umif; ydkrdkod&SdEdkif&ef
…..41 22 917 9011 visit: http://www2.ohchr.org/e!$lish/bod-
E-mail: CP@ohchr.org ies/chr/special/index.htm
To submit communications to
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tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m aumifpD Social and Cultural Rights tcGifhta&;rsm; aumfrDwDta=umif;ydkrdk od&SdEdkif&ef
UN Committee on c/o OHCHR – UNOG visit:http://www.unhchr.ch/htm/menu26/
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Rights, 8 – 14, Avenue de la Paix
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ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; UN Office of the High Commis- ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;
UN Office of the High sioner for Human Rights &Hk;ta=umif; ydkrdkod&SdEdkif&ef visit:http://www.oh-
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Navanethem Pillay 8 – 14, Avenue de la Paix
Switzerland
Fax : + 4122 917 90 00
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national Labour Organization dards/CFA/lang--en/index.htm
Human Rights of Migrants, Jorge Human Rights of Migrants teur, visit:
A. Bustamante c/o OHCHR-UNOG http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/
Palais des Nations migration/rapporteur/index.htm
Fax: +41 22 917 90 06
UN Committee on Migrant Work- UN Committee on Migrant Workers To learn more about the Committee, visit:
ers Petitions Team http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/
c/o OHCHR-UNOG cmw/index.htm
Palais des Nations
Fax: +41 22 917 9022
E-mail: tb-petitions@ohchr.org
ndburma2.indd 262 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

UN Special Rapporteur on Traf- UN Special Rapporteur on Traf- To learn more about the Special Rappor-
ficking in Persons, especially in ficking in Persons, especially in teur, visit:
Women and Children, Joy Ngozi Women and Children http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/
Ezeilo OHCHR-UNOG trafficking/index.htm
Fax: +41 22 917 90 06
Sale of Children, Child Prostitu- Sale of Children, Child Prostitu- teur, visit:
tion, and Child Pornography, tion, and Child Pornography http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/
Najat M’jid Maalla OHCHR-UNOG children/rapporteur/index.htm
Fax: +41 22 917 90 06
Special Rapporteur on Extraju- Special Rapporteur on Extraju- For more information on the Special Rap-
dicial, Summary, and Arbitrary dicial, Summary, and Arbitrary porteur, visit:
Executions, Philip Alston Executions, http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/ex-
OHCHR-UNOG ecutions/index.htm
Palais des Nations
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
Working Group on Enforced or For more information on the Working
Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances Group, visit:
Involuntary Disappearances c/o OHCHR-UNOG http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/dis-
CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland appear/index.htm
Tel: (41-22) 917 9176
Fax: (+41-22) 917 90 06
E-mail: wgeid@ohchr.org
Special Rapporteur on Torture, Special Rapporteur on Torture To learn more about the Special Rappor-
Manfred Nowak c/o OHCHR-UNOG teur on Torture, visit:
Palais des Nations http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/tor-
8-14 Avenue de la Paix ture/rapporteur/
Fax: +41 22 917 90 06
Email: urgent-action@ohchr.org
Committee against Torture, Chair- Committee against Torture To learn more about the Committee
person, Claudio Grossman Petitions Team against Torture, visit:
c/o OHCHR-UNOG http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/
Palais des Nations
Fax: +41.22.917.9022
E-mail: tb-petitions@ohchr.org
ndburma2.indd 263 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

(3) ed*Hk;
Ttcef;udk zwf&_avhvm+yD;onfhtcg oifonf atmufazmfjyyg udPrsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifygvdrfhrnf?
- oufao tcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGmESifh wduspGm wifjyEdkifjcif;?
- vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf ukvor~tzGJ@odk@ qufoG,f&ef vdyfpmrsm; od&SdEdkifjcif;
- ukvor~odk@ rnfodk@rnfyHk tcsuftvuf wifjy&rnfudk od&SdEdkifjcif; wdk@ jzpfygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH&r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ukvor~xHodk@ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyjcif;ESifh
ywfoufI ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu “jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;jyKpkjcif;” vufpGJpmpOfrsm;udk
aus;Zl;jyKI qufvuf avhvmapvdkygonf?
aemufqufwGJ (1)? twif;t"rR zrf;qD;cH&jcif;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;qdkif&m pHjyKar;cGef;v$m yHkpH

APPENDIX 1 – MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ARBITRARY ARREST AND DETENTION189
twif;t"rR zrf;qD;cH&onf/ xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&onf[k pGyfpGJwdkif=um;rnfholrsm;u jznfhoGif;&ef200

(1) udk,fa&;tcsuftvuf
1? rdom;pktrnf -------------------------------
2? (yxr) trnf -------------------------------
3? vdif (usm;§r) -------------------------------
4? (xdef;odrf;cH&pOf) arG;ae@ odk@r[kwf touf --------------------------------------
5? vlrsKd; -----------------------------------------------------------------
6? rSwfyHkwif taxmuftxm; (&Sdygu) -
(c) xkwfay;ol ---------------------------------------------------------
(*) xkwfay;onfh (&ufpGJ) --------------------------------------------------
(C) eHygwf -------------------------------------------------------------
7? tvkyftudkif ESifh§ odk@r[kwf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_ (zrf;qD;-xdef;odrf;r_ESifh oufqdkifonf[k ,lqygu)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
189/ rSwfcsuf? Tar;cGef;v$mudk www.unhchr.comrS jyefvnf&,lxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ND-Burma tzGJ@ESifh ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&mr[mrif;}uD;
&Hk;t=um; rnfodk@r# qufoG,fr_r&Sdyg? Tar;cGef;v$mrSm oifwef;wGiftoHk;jyK&ef taxmuftultjzpfom &,lazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
190/ t"Rzrf;qD;cH&jcif;ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&jcif; tr_wckcsif;pDtwGuf oD;jcm;ar;cGef;v$mrsm;udk jznfhoGif;&ef vdktyfygonf? jzpfEdkifygu vdktyfonfh tao;pdwf
tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyay;&efvdktyfonf? odk@r[kwfygu vdktyfonfhtcsuftvufrsm; rjynfhpHkaoma=umifh wifjyjcif;udkvufrcH/ qufoG,fI r&onfh
tcuftcJrsKd; =uHKawG@Edkifonf?
ndburma2.indd 264 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
8? yHkrSef aexdkifonfhvdyfpm ----------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) zrf;qD;r_ 201
1? zrf;qD;cH&onfh ae@pGJ -------------------------------------------------------
2? zrf;qD;cH&onfhae&m (wwfEdkifor# wdwdususazmfjyay;yg)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
3? zrf;qD;onfhwyfzGJ@ odk@r[kwf vma&mufzrf;qD;onf[k ,Hk=unfzG,f&Sdolrsm;
------------------------------------------------------------------
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4? tpdk;& t&m&SdwOD;OD;xHrS zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;/ odk@r[kwf trdef@udk xdkolrsm;u xkwfjyygovm;?
jyonf (Yes) ------------ rjyyg (No) ----------------------
5? trdef@0&rf;/ qHk;jzwfcsufudk xkwfay;onfh tm%mydkif
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
6? oufqdkifonf[k azmfjyonfh Oya' (od&Sdygu)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) csKyfaESmifjcif;
1? xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&onfh ae@pGJ -------------------------------------------------
2? xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&onfh umv (twdtus rodygu/ jzpfEdkifajc)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
3? xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;onfh wyfzGJ@rsm;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
4? xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;onfh ae&m (a&$@ajymif;r_rsm;ESifh vuf&Sd csKyfaESmifxm;qJ ae&m)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
5? csKyfaESmif&ef trdef@csrSwfonfh tm%mydkif
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
201/ Tar;cGef;v$m. &nf&G,fcsuft& “zrf;qD;r_” qdkonfrSm vlwOD;udk zrf;qD;&ef ueOD; }udK;yrf; vkyfaqmifr_udk qdkvdkonf? “xdef;odrf; jcif;” qdkonfrSm ,cifu
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vnf;&Sdwwfonf? rnfodk@jzpfap jzpfEdkifygu tcef;rsm;tm;vHk;udk jznfhoGif;ay;oifhonf?
ndburma2.indd 265 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
6? tm%mydkifrsm;u pGyfpGJonfh csKyfaESmifxm;&onfh ta=umif;&if;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
7? toHk;csonfh Oya'a=umif;&if; (od&Sdygu)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) zrf;qD;r_ tajctae ESifh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;onfh tajctaersm;udk azmfjyyg? oifhudk zrf;qD;/ xdef;odrf;csKyf
aESmifjcif;onf twif;t"R oabmaqmifa=umif; rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh xifjrif,lqygoenf;?202
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) jynfwGif;Y aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udkazmfjyyg? Oya'a=umif;t&/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mt&jynfwGif;
Y ukpm;r_ cHEdkifcGifhrsm;/ txl;ojzifh xdef;odrf;r_ESifh ywfoufI vkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ qDavsmfygu Tvkyfaqmifr_
&v'frsm;/ odk@r[kwf Tvkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf rxda&mufa=umif; usKd;a=umif;qifajc azmfjycsufrsm;/ odk@r[kwf
ygu rnfonfh twGuf raqmif&Gufay;a=umif; ponfwdk@yg azmfjyay;yg?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6) Twifjycsufudkay;ydk@ol. trnfESifh vdyfpmtjynfhtpHk(jzpfEdkifyguw,fvDzkef;ESifh zufpfeHygwfygazmfjyay;
&ef)203
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ae@pGJ ---------------------------------
vufrSwf -----------------------------
Tar;cGef;v$mudk atmufazmfjyyg vdyfpmodk@ ay;ydk@&ef
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
United Nations Office at Geneva
8-14 avenue de la Paix
1211 Geneva 10,Switzerland,
Fax No. (022) 917.90.06
E-mail: urgent-action@ohchr.org.
102/ zrf;qD;r_/ xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_onf t"rRoabmaqmifa=umif; azmfjyonfh pm&Gufpmwrf; taxmuftxm;rsm;. rdWL/ odk@r[kwf tr_udkydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm
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103/ Ttr_udk epfemol um,uH&Sif/ ‚.rdom;pk r[kwfbJ tjcm;wOD;OD;u tvkyftzGJ@odk@ wifjyvmygu Tyk~dKvf odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;onf epfemol um,
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ol. rdom;pkcGifhjyKpmrsm; pojzifh tm;vHk;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;&Sdrnfjzpfonf?
ndburma2.indd 266 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

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APPENDIX 1 – MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FORCED MARRIAGE
v#dK@0Suf Confidential
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuf &,lonfh yHkpH
Violence against Women Information Form
1? wifjyav#mufxm;ol (,ck owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk txl;pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu &,lrnfjzpf+yD;

v#Kd@0Suf xdef;odrf;xm;ay;rnf jzpfonf?)
(u) vlyk~dKvf§ tzGJ@tpnf; trnf
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) epfem&ol um,uH&Sif (rsm;) ESifh qufEG,fr_
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) vdyfpm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) wifjyonfh ae@pGJ--------------------------------------------------------------
(p) tjcm;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2? pGyfpGJwifjyonfh jzpf&yf tr_udpP
2? 1? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif (rsm;) ESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm;
(u) trnf--------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) vdif----------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) arG;ae@ odk@r[kwf touf ------------------------------------------------------
(C)vlrsKd; -------------------------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 267 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

(i) tvkyftudkif -------------------------------------------------------------

(p) wdkif;&if;om;§udk;uG,f&m bmom§vlr_a&; aemufcH (oufqdkifygu) ----------------------
(q) vdyfpm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Z) tjcm; oufqdkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm; (Oyrm- ywfpfydk@/ rSwfyHkwifu'f pojzifh)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ps) epfem&ol um,uH&Sif (rsm;) u ,ckowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ol. udk,fpm; wifjyay;&ef oabmwl
nDyg ovm;? -------------------------------------------------------------
(n) tu,fI txl;pHkprf;wifjyol txl;t&m&Sdu Ttr_udk ol. udk,fpm; qufvuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufrnf
qdkygu Tjzpf&yfudk tm%mydkifrsm;xH ay;ydk@ta=umif;=um;vdrfhrnf qdkonfudk epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;xH
}udKwif today;xm;ygovm;?
-------------------------------------------------------------
(É) tu,fI,ck wifjycsufudk qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnf qdkygu/ ol. jzpf&yftusOf;udk txl;pHkprf; ppfaq;ol
oHt&m&Sd. vltrsm; zwf&_Edkifonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyvdrfhrnf qdkonfudk od&Sdygovm;?
-------------------------------------------------------------
(X) epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu trnftjynfhtpHk odk@r[kwf twdkaumuftrnfudkom txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;ol.
vltrsm; zwf&_Edkifaom tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyapvdkygovm;?
-------------------------------------------------------------
(rSwfcsuf? tpdk;&rsm;ESifh qufoG,f aqmif&Guf&mwGif epfem&ol um,uH&Sif. trnfudk tjynfhtpHkazmfjy
rnf qdkygu tpdk;&u xdkoltay: aemufxyf tœ&m,fjyK&ef r&SdrSom azmfjyrnfjzpfonf? txl; oHt&m&Sd.
vltrsm; zwf&_Edkifonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyrnfqdkygu vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufcH&onfh touf 18-ESpf
atmuf epfem&ol. trnfudk azmfjyvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? ‚tpm; trnftwdkaumufudkom azmfjyrnfjzpf
onf?)
2? 2? jzpf&yfESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;

(u) vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufyHkta=umif; tao;pdwf azmfjycsuf
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) tcsdef ------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) ae&m/ EdkifiH -------------------------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 268 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) usL;vGef csKd;azmufolrsm; ta&twGuf -------------------------------------------
(p) TusL;vGefcsKd;azmufolrsm;udk epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu odoavm/ aqGrsKd;awmfpyfoavm? rnfodk@
enf;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(q) usL;vGefol (rsm;) . trnfESifh tjcm;trnf (tu,fI od&Sdygu toGiftjyif/ trm&Gwf/ udk,fcE<m&Sd
trSwftom;/ Oyrm rSifa=umif/ t0wftpm;/ ,leDazmif;/ wHqdyf &mxl; trSwftom;/ toHk;jyKonfh,mOf
pojzifh)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Z) olr. vdifa=umifh txl;ypfrSwfxm;cH&onf[k epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu ,Hk=unfygovm;? tu,fI
,Hk=unfygu rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhenf;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ps) oufqdkif&m tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;xH Tjzpf&yfudk wdkif=um;cJhygovm;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
odk@jzpfygu rnfonfh tm%mydkifrsm;xH wdkif=um;cJhoenf;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 269 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

rnfonfhtcsdefenf;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(n) Tjzpf&yf+yD;aemuf tm%mydkifrsm;u rnfodk@ ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;cJhoenf;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
odk@qdkygu rnfonfh tm%mydkifenf;?-----------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
rnfodk@ aqmif&Gufoenf;?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
rnfonfhtcsdef
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
(É) tu,fI usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_udk (tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm; r[kwfbJ) vlwOD;/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@rsm;uaqmif
&GufcJhonf qdkygu tpdk;&u Todk@rjzpfyGm;ap&ef umuG,fr_ay;&ef/ pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef/ tjypfay;&ef/ usL;
vGefcsKd;azmufr_ twGuf epfema=u;ay;&ef tpdk;&zufu oifhavsmfonfh vHk@vtm;xkwfr_ ysufuGufa=umif;
azmfjy&ef?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(X) Tjzpf&yf jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu q&m0efESifh awG@qHkcJhygovm;? jzpfyGm;cJhonfh tr_ESifh
ywfoufI aq;rSwfwrf;/ rSwfcsuf wpHkw&m azmfjy&ef &Sdygovm;?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3)? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ jzpfyGm;ap&ef axmufulay;aeaom Oya'rsm;/ rl0g'rsm;
(u) tu,fI Oya'/ rl0g'udk wifjyay;ygu/ ‚wdk@u trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm; taumiftxnf
azmfa&; tay: oufa&mufapr_rsm;udk tusOf;csKyfI azmfjyay;yg? jzpfEdkifygu Oyrmrsm; azmfjyay;yg?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
,ck ar;cGef;v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif txl; pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdudk tjcm; owif;tcsuf
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aq;r_/ odk@r[kwf w&m&Hk; qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&vm'f/ qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r[kwf
=uHK&aom+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
wifjyay;ydk@&ef vdyfpm
THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
OHCHR-UNOG
1211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
E-mail: urgent-action@ohchr.or
ndburma2.indd 270 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

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APPENDIX 1: MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE ON CHILD PROSTITUTION
uav;rsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif;ESifh uav;rsm;udk npfnrf;"mwfyHk AD'D,dk &dkuf,ljcif;

udpPrsm; pHkprf; ppfaq;wifjyol txl;oHt&m&Sd twGuf pHjyKar;cGef;v$m
MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SALE OF
CHILDREN, CHILD PROSTITUTION AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
rSwfcsuf
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ol oHt&m&Sdu pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; wifjyrnf/ tpdk;&rsm;xH TudPrsm;tay: avhvm&efESifh jyefvnfrSwfcsuf
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- Tar;cGef;v$mwGif yg0ifonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfygu v#Kd@0Suf
"CONFIDENTIAL" tjzpf rSwfom; azmfjyxm;apvdkygonf?
- ay;tyfxm;onfh uGufvyfrsm;ESifh rvHkavmufbJ tydkpm&Gufrsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef vdktyfygu rqdkif;rwG
azmfjy Edkifygonf?
- TyHkpHudk ajzqdk&mY oifhwGif ar;cGef;rsm;&Sdygu txl;pHkprf; wifjyol oHt&m&SdxH qufoG,fapvdkygonf?
taxGaxG owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
1? ,ck jzpf&yfonf vlwOD;csif;twGuf jzpfcJhovm;? tkyfpkwcktwGuf jzpfysufcJhovm;?

2? tu,fI tkyfpkwcktwGuf jzpfysufcJhygu jzpf&yfwGif ywfoufonfh vlOD;a&ESifholwdk@. xl;jcm;onfh 0daoo
vQ%mudk azmfjyay;yg?
a,mufsm;av;rsm;ta&twGuf§vlysKd0if+yD;ol ta&twGuf ------------------------
rdef;uav;rsm; ta&twGuf§tysKdjzpf+yD;ol ta&twGuf --------------------------
3? jzpf&yfjzpfyGm;onfh EdkifiH (rsm;)
4? epfem&ol (rsm;) . vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHom;
oufqdkifonfh ol. ta=umif;&yfrsm;

rSwfcsuf? ? tu,fI wOD;xufydkI ywfoufaeygu vlwOD;csif;pD. oufqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk oD;jcm;pD jznfhoGif;azmfjyay;apvdkygonf?
1? rdom;pk trnf Family name: -------------------
2? trnf First name: ---------------------------------
3? vdif ---------------------
4? arG;ae@ odk@r[kwf touf ------------------
5? vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHom; ----------------
rSwfcsuf? Tar;cGef;v$mudk www.unhchr.com rS jyefvnf&,lxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ND-Burma tzGJ@ESifh ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&; rsm;qdkif&mr[mrif;}uD;&Hk; t=um;
rnfodk@r# qufoG,fr_ r&Sdyg? Tar;cGef;v$mrSm oifwef;wGif toHk;jyK&ef taxmuftultjzpfom &,l azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf
ndburma2.indd 271 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

6? vlrsKd;pk qdkif&m aemufcH tcsuftvuf (vdktyfygu) ---------------
pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh csKd;azmufcH&r_ESifh ywfoufaom owif; tcsuftvufrsm;
1? ae@pGJ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
2? ae&m (ae&m/ EdkifiH/ EdkifiHrsm;) ----------------------------------------------------
3? tcsdef --------------------------------------------------------------------
4? jzpf&yf. oabmobm0 (taxGaxG owif;tcsuftvufrsm; atmufY azmfjyxm;onfh trsKd;tpm;
twdkif; cGJjcm; azmfjyyg?) --------------------------------------------------------
5? usL;vGefol ta&twGuf -------------------------------------------------------
6? TusL;vGefolrsm;udk epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu od&Sdygovm;? ------------------------------
7? usL;vGefolrsm;. vlrsKd; (EdkifiHom;jzpfr_) ---------------------------------------------
8? pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh tr_ESifh ywfoufI wm0ef&Sdaomol ---------------------------------
9? tpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm; (wduspGm azmfjyyg) --------------------------------------------
10? tpdk;&r[kwfonfh wm0ef&Sdolrsm; (wduspGm azmfjyyg) -----------------------------------
11? xdkwm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf tpdk;&. vl odk@r[kwf tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@rsm;xHrSvl[k raocsmygu rnf
onfhtwGufa=umifh Todk@xifjrif&onfudk azmfjyay;yg?
12? tu,fI jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;onf tpdk;&. vl[k ,Hk=unf&ygu/ aus;Zl;jyKI owfrSwfazmfjyay;yg? (ppf
wyf/ &J/ vHkjcHKa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ xdkolrsm;. wyfzGJ@eHygwf/ &mxl;wm0ef/ vkyfaqmifyHk pojzifh) xdkolrsm;u rnf
onfhtwGufa=umifh wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,lq&onfudkvnf; wwfEdkifor# wdwdusus azmfjyay;yg?
13? tu,fI tpdk;&. vl[k owfrSwfcGJjcm;azmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifygu/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;/ vlrsm;u tr_twGuf
wm0ef&Sdonfh xdkolrsm;ESifh qufEG,faeonf[k oif,lqygovm;? rnfonfhtwGufa=umifhenf;?
14? Tjzpf&yfwGif rsufjrifoufao &Sdygu xdkolrsm;. trnf/ touf/ qufEG,fywfouf trsKd;awmfyHk/ vdyf
pmwdk@udk azmfjyay;yg? xdkolrsm;u trnfrazmfjybJ aevdkygu xdkolrsm;onf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfonf/ odk@r[kwf
jzwfoGm;vm&if; jrifolrsm; jzpfonfudk azmfjyay;yg? oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdygu azmfjyay;yg?
ndburma2.indd 272 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

epfem&ol um,uH&Sif udk,fpm; oludk,fwdkifuaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdom;pkuaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpHkwOD;uaomf

vnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;tqifhrsm;
1? tu,fI wdkif=um;cJhygu rnfonfhtcsdef/ rnfol@xH wifjywdkif=um;onf/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/ odk@r[kwf

jynfhpHkvHkavmufonfh Xmersm; (Oyrm &J/ tr_vdkuf/ w&m;&Hk;) wdk@xH wdkif=um;r_udk azmfjyyg?
2? qufvuf aqmif&Gufonfh tjcm;tqifhrsm; -------------------
3? tm%mydkifrsm;u aqmif&Gufonfh tqifhrsm; -------------------
4? oifod&Sdor# tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif; &Sd-r&Sd azmfjyay;yg?
pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; jyKygu rnfodk@ aqmif&Gufoenf;? TpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;. wdk;wufr_ taetxm;/
tjcm; rnfonfh udPta&;,lr_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;ao;oenf;?
5? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf ol. rdom;pku wdkif=um;ygu tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;/ tjcm;vHkavmufonfh
Xmersm;u xdkolrsm;tay: rnfodk@ qufqHjyKrl ygoenf;? T=um;emr_rsm;twGuf rnfonfh&v'f xGuf
ay:cJhoenf;?
TyHkpHudk jznfhoGif;wifjyol. udk,fa&;tcsuftvuf/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tcsuftvuf
1? rdom;pk trnf Family name: ------------------------------

2? trnf First name: -------------------------------------
3? tqifhtwef;? wOD;csif;/ tkyfpk/ tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&rsm; pkzGJ@xm;onfh EdkifiHpHk tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;& wduspGm azmfjyyg?
qufoG,f&ef zkef;eHygwf odk@r[kwf vdyfpm (EdkifiHtwGuf uk'feHygwfyg xnfhoGif; azmfjyay;yg)
zufpf ------------------
w,fvDzkef; -------------------
tD;ar;vf --------------------
4? oif. udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xm;&Sdapvdkygu aus;Zl;jyKI azmfjyay;yg?
TyHkpHudk wifoGif;onfh ae@pGJ -----------------------------
jznfhoGif;a&;om;ol. vufrSwf ---------------------------
,ck ar;cGef;v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif txl;pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdudk tjcm;owif;tcsuf

tvufrsm; wifjy&ef&Sdygu/ oif. pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udkvnf; vHkavmufpGmazmfjyEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf pHkprf;
ppfaq;r_/ odk@r[kwf w&m&Hk; qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&v'f/ qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r
[kwf =uHK&aom+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON TH CHILD PROSTITUTION AND
CHILD E SALE OF CHILDREN,
PORNOGRAPHY
OHCHR-UNOG
1 211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
ndburma2.indd 273 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

aemufqufwGJ (2)? jynfhwefqmtjzpf t"rR oGwfoGif;cdkif;apjcif;qdkif&m pHjyK ar;cGef;v$m

APPENDIX 2: MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE ON FORCED PROSTITUTION
v#Kd@0Suf Confidential
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuf &,lonfh yHkpH
Violence against Women Information Form

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) vdyfpm
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) wifjyonfh ae@pGJ------------------------------------------------------------
(p) tjcm;
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2? jzpf&yfESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
2? 1? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufyHkta=umif; tao;pdwf azmfjycsuf
(u) trnf -----------------------------------------------------------------
(c) vdif -------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) arG;ae@ odk@r[kwf touf -----------------------------------------------------
(C) vlrsKd; ------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) tvkyftudkif -------------------------------------------------------------
(p) wdkif;&if;om;§udk;uG,f&m bmom§vlr_a&; aemufcH (oufqdkifygu) -----------------------
(q) vdyfpm
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ps) epfem&ol um,uH&Sif (rsm;) u ,ckowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ol. udk,fpm; wifjyay;&ef oabm
wlnDyg ovm;? ------------------------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 274 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

(n) tu,fI txl;pHkprf;wifjyol txl;t&m&Sdu Ttr_udk ol. udk,fpm; qufvuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufrnf

qdkygu Tjzpf&yfudk tm%mydkifrsm;xH ay;ydk@ta=umif;=um;vdrfhrnf qdkonfudk epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;xH
}udKwif today;xm;ygovm;?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(É) tu,fI,ck wifjycsufudk qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnf qdkygu/ ol. jzpf&yftusOf;udk txl;pHkprf; ppfaq;ol
oHt&m&Sd. vltrsm; zwf&_Edkifonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyvdrfhrnf qdkonfudk od&Sdygovm;?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(rSwfcsuf? tpdk;&rsm;ESifhqufoG,f aqmif&Guf&mwGif epfem&ol um,uH&Sif.trnfudk tjynfhtpHk azmf
jyrnfqdkygu tpdk;&u xdkoltay: aemufxyf tœ&m,fjyK&ef r&SdrSom azmfjyrnfjzpfonf? txl; oHt&m
&Sd. vltrsm; zwf&_Edkifonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyrnfqdkygu vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufcH&onfh touf
18-ESpfatmuf epfem&ol. trnfudk azmfjyvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? ‚tpm; trnftwdkaumufudkom
azmfjyrnf jzpfonf?)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) tcsdef -------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) ae&m/ EdkifiH ---------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) usL;vGef csKd;azmufolrsm; ta&twGuf -------------------------------------------
enf;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(q) usL;vGefol (rsm;) . trnfESifh tjcm;trnf (tu,fI od&Sdygu toGiftjyif/ trm&Gwf/ udk,fcým&Sd
pojzifh)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
,Hk=unf ygu rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhenf;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ps) oufqdkif&m tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;xH Tjzpf&yfudk wdkif=um;cJhygovm;?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
rnfonfhtcsdefenf;?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 275 26-Dec-09 13:05:31


--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
odk@qdkygu rnfonfh tm%mydkifenf;? -----------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
rnfonfhtcsdefenf;?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(É) tu,fI usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_udk (tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm; r[kwfbJ) vlwOD;/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@rsm;u
aqmif&GufcJhonf qdkygu tpdk;&u Todk@rjzpfyGm;ap&ef umuG,fr_ay;&ef/ pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef/ tjypfay;&ef/
usL;vGefcsKdf;azmufr_ twGuf epfema=u;ay;&ef tpdk;&zufu oifhavsmfonfh vHk@vtm;xkwfr_ ysufuGuf
a=umif; azmfjy&ef?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(X) Tjzpf&yf jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu q&m0efESifh awG@qHkcJhygovm;? jzpfyGm;cJhonfh tr_
ESifh ywfoufI aq;rSwfwrf;/ rSwfcsuf wpHkw&m azmfjy&ef &Sdygovm;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(u) tu,fI Oya'/ rl0g'udk wifjyay;ygu/ ‚wdk@u trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm; taumiftxnf
azmfa&; tay: oufa&mufapr_rsm;udk tusOf;csKyfI azmfjyay;yg? jzpfEdkifygu Oyrmrsm; azmfjyay;yg?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
,ckar;cGef;v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif txl;pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdudk tjcm;owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;wifjy&ef&Sdygu/ oif. pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf pHkprf;ppfaq;r_/
odk@r[kwf w&m&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&v'f/ qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r[kwf =uHK&aom
+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
OHCHR-UNOG
1211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
ndburma2.indd 276 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

aemufqufwGJ (1)? vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk ydwfqdk@[ef@wm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh pHjyK ar;cGef;v$m

APPENDIX 1: MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR OBSTRUCTION OF FREEDOM OF OPINION AND
EXPRESSION
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhudk jr‡ifhwifay;a&;ESifh umuG,fay;a&; qdkif&m txl;pHkprf; ppfaq; wifjyol

oHt&m&Sd twGuf wifjy&rnfh pHjyK ar;cGef;v$m
MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE PROMOTION AND
PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION
1? vlwOD;/ vltrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfh pGyfpGJazmfjycsuf

pGyfpGJazmfjycsufudk &ufpGJ/ ae&m/ jzpf&yf aemufcHtajctae pojzifh wwfEdkifor# tao;pdwf azmfjyay;yg?
trnf -------------------------
touf ------------------------
vdif ---------------------------
vlrsKd;aemufcH (oufqdkifygu) --------------------
tvkyftudkif ------------------------------
tjrif/ oufqdkifqufEG,fr_/ twdwfESifh vuf&Sd EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ wdkif;&if;om;/ tvkyform; tzGJ@tpnf;/
v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;wGif yg0if aqmif&Gufaer_/
pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh csKd;azmufcH&r_ESifh ywfoufaom tao;pdwf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;
2? qufoG,fa&; =um;cH (rD'D,H) ESifh ywfoufI pGyfpGJazmfjycsuf
tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: csKd;azmufcH&jcif;udk&ufpGJ/ ae&m/ jzpf&yf aemufcH tajctae tygt0if wwfEdkifor#

tao;pdwf azmfjyyg?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
oufa&muf xdcdkufcH&aom =um;cH (Oyrm- owif;pm/ vGwfvyfaom a&'D,dk) pojzifh? xkwfa0aomapmif

a&/ xkwfv$ifhonfh z&DuGifpDvd_if;/ vltrsm;a&S@ azsmfajzr_ tygt0if/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
‚=um;cH. EdkifiHa&; OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf (oufqdkifygu) ----------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 277 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

3? pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh usL;vGefcsKd;azmufolESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
trnf --------------------------
tpdk;&ESifh ywfoufqufpyfr_ (Oyrm-ppfwyf-&J) ---------------------------
xdkolrsm;u wm0ef&Sda=umif; ,lqonfh qifajc ta=umif;&if;
tu,fI xdkolrsm;onf tpdk;&.vlr[kwfygu/ tpdk;&ESifh rnfodk@ oufqdkifaea=umif; azmfjyay;yg? (Oyrm-
tpdk;&. vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u yHhydk;ay;xm;onfh aumfydka&;&Sif;) pojzifh? oufqdkifygu tpdk;&ESifh rouf
qdkif onfh tzGJ@tpnf; (tkyfpkjzpfap- wOD;csif;jzpfap)jzpfaomfvnf; tpdk;&u olwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyKyHk/ cGifhjyK vdkufav#mxm;yHkudkazmfjyyg? owif;rsm;udk &SmazGcGifh/ &,lcGifh/ jzef@jzL;cGifh
tygt0if vlwOD;csif;. vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhrsm;udk usifhoHk;&mY qef@usifydwfyif &efjyKonfh +cdrf;
ajcmufr_/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufr_/ zdESdyf ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;udk azmfjyyg?
4? tpdk;&. ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufESifh ywfoufonfh owif; tcsuftvufrsm;

tu,fI Tjzpf&yfonf qufoG,fa&;=um;cHrsm;tay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,fjcif; (Oyrm- qifqmwnf;jzwf
jcif;/ owif;Xmersm;udk ydwfyifjcif;/ pmtkyfwtkyf xkwfa0&ef ydwfyifjcif;/ pojzifh) qdkygu-
- oufqdkifonfh tm%mydkif. ta=umif;tcsuf (wOD;csif;ESifh odk@r[kwf 0ef}uD;Xme/ Xmeponf)
- toHk;csonfh Oya'jyXmef;csuf
- jynfwGif;wGif epfemr_udk jyefvnfukpm;Edkif&ef tqifhrsm;
tu,fI jzpf&yfonf vlwOD;/ odk@r[kwf vltcsKd@udk zrf;qD;jcif; jzpfygu

- oufqdkifonfh tm%mydkif. ta=umif;tcsuf (wOD;csif;ESifh odk@r[kwf 0ef}uD;Xme/ Xme ponf)
- toHk;csonfh Oya'jyXmef;csuf
- tu,fI od&Sdygu xdef;odrf;xm;onfhae&m
- Oya'a=umif;t& wdkifyif&rnfholrsm;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qHkcGifh ay;jcif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;
- jynfwGif;wGif epfemr_udk jyefvnfukpm;Edkifonfh tqihfrsm;/ odk@r[kwf xdkol. tajctaeESifh tqifh
twef;udk owfrSwfazmfjyonfh tcsufrsm;
tu,fI jzpfEdkifygu pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufjcif; &Sd-r&Sd/ &Sdygu tpdk;&.rnfonfh 0ef}uD;Xme/ odk@r
[kwf Xmeuaqmif&Gufoenf;/ pGyfpGJr_ wifjyonfhtcsdefwGif pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ tqifhtwef;/ odk@r[kwf
ppfaq;pOfumvwGif tjcm; ta&;,lr_rsm; &Sd-r&Sd tygt0if azmfjyyg?
5? qufoG,fa&;twGuf owif;&if;jrpfESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm;
trnf -----------------------
vdyfpm ------------------------
w,fvDzkef; --------------------
zufpfeHygwf --------------------
tD;-ar;vf ---------------------
,ck pGyfpGJcsufudk wifjywdkif=um;ol/ tzGJ@tpnf;. trnfESifh qufoG,f&ef vdyfpm
rSwfcsuf? txufyg awmif;qdkxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/ tr_odk@r[kwf jzpf&yfESifh ywfoufaeonfh

aemufcH rSwfpkrsm;udkvnf; ay;ydk@rnfqdkygu txl;pHkprf; wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu óuqdkygonf?
ndburma2.indd 278 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

aemufqufwGJ aqmif&Gufr_rsm;
txl;pHkprf; wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu wifjyxm;onfh tr_. txl;tav;teufxm;+yD;/ ,cifwifjyxm;onfh
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh tr_tay: aemufqufwGJ jzpfay:aer_rsm;udk ay;ydk@&ef txl;zdwfac:vdkygonf?
Todk@ ay;ydk@&mwGif taumif;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_a&m/ tqdk;tajctaeyg wifjyEdkifygonf? rdrd. vGwfvyfpGm
azmfjyajymqdkcGifh tcGifhta&;udk toHk;csonfhtwGufa=umifh/ owif;rsm;udk &,l/ &SmazG/ jzef@a0jcif;a=umifh
zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;udk jyefvnfv$wfay;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf vuf&SdOya'/ rl0g'rsm;udk ajymif;vJonfh Oya'/ rl0g'
topfrsm; csrSwfjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh owif;&&SdcGifhtay: taumiftxnfazmf&mY rnfodk@
tjyKoabmoufa&mufr_ &Sdapjcif; udPrsm;udk wifjyEdkifonf?
tajccH a&aomufjrpf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;

vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufcH&r_ tajctae. tajccHa&aomufjrpfrsm;udk &SmazG aqmif&GufEdkifa&;onfvnf;
txl; pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&SdtwGuf txl; ta&;}uD;vSygonf? oluvGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhESifh
owif;rsm;udk &SmazG/ &,l/ jzef@a0cGifhtay: oufa&mufr_&Sdaponfh Oya'rl=urf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI Towif;
tcsuftvufrsm;/ pm;om;rsm;tay: rsm;pGm pdwf0ifpm;ygonf? txl;pHkprf; wifjyol oHt&m&Sdonf tifwm
euf tygt0if tDvufx&Gefepf rD'D,mESifh ywfoufonfh tpdk;&. Oya'rsm;/ rl0g'rsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;
ygonf? owif;enf;ynmtopfrsm;udk &,lcGifh&Sdonfhtajctaea=umifh vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqdkcGifhtay:
rnfodk@rnfyHk tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &SdapEdkifa=umif; udPrsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;ygonf?
qufoG,fa&;udpPrsm;
tu,fI vdktyfI awmif;qdkvmygu txl; pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;r_ESifh ywfouf
onfh owif;&if;jrpf vlyk~dKvfrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xm;&Sday;rnf jzpfygonf?
,ck ar;cGef;v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif txl; pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdudk tjcm; owif;tcsuf
aq;r_/ odk@r[kwf w&m&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&v'f/ qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r[kwf =uHK&
aom+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
c/o OHCHR-UNOG
1211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9003
ndburma2.indd 279 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

aemufqufwGJ (1)? a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm; tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH&r_tay: pGyfpGJazmfjycsufrsm;ESifh ywfouf

aom aemufqufwGJ (1)? a&$@ajymif;tajccs vlxkrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; csKd;azmufcH&r_ pGyfpGJazmfjyaom
pHjyK ar;cGef;v$m
APPENDIX 1: MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ALLEGATIONS OF VIOLATIONS OF MIGRANT
RIGHTS
a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm; tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH&r_tay: pGyfpGJazmfjycsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom pHjyK ar;cGef;v$m

MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ALLEGATIONS OF VIOLATIONS OF MIGRANT RIGHTS
rSwfcsuf
- Tar;cGef;v$mrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufonf a&$@ajymif;tajccsolrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm; csKd;azmufcH&r_tay:
wdusaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEdkif&ef jzpfygonf? wifjyvmaom jzpf&yfrsm;tay: tajccHI
txl;pHkprf; wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; wifjyrnf/ tpdk;&rsm;xH TudPrsm;tay: avhvm&efESifh
jyefvnfrSwfcsufay;&ef arWm&yfcHjcif; aqmif&Gufrnf jzpfygonf?
- Tar;cGef;v$mwGif yg0ifonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfygu (oufqdkif&m
u¾rsm;wGif) v#Kd@0Suf "CONFIDENTIAL" tjzpf rSwfom; azmfjyxm;apvdkygonf?
- tu,fI oifu ay;ydk@vdkonfh owif;rsm;onf tajctaersm;/ rl0g'/ usifhoHk;yHkrsm;/ Oya'rsm; ponfh
taxGaxG tajctaersm;a=umifh a&$@ajymif; tajccsolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;udk xdyg;aponf[k ,lqygu/
,ck ar;cGef;v$mudk toHk;rjyKygESifh? aemufydkif;&ufpGJrsm;jzifh jyKpkxm;onfh a&$@ajymif;tajccs vkyfom;rsm;.
vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fr_ay;a&;twGuf aumif;rGefaom usifhxHk;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf tzsufoabmaqmif
onfh jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI wifjyvdkygu txl;oD;jcm; yHkpH&Sdygonf? vuf&SdtajctaewGif
,ckar;cGef;v$m yHkpH. atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onfh vdyfpmxHodk@ ,ckyHkpHudk jznfhpGufp&mrvdkbJ a&;om;
ay;ydk@Edkifygonf?
- tu,fI ay;tyfxm;onfh uGufvyfrsm;u rvHkavmuf[k ,lqygu tydkaemufqufwGJ pm&Gufrsm; oHk;pGJ
&ef wGef@qkwfjcif;r&Sdapvdkyg?
1? taxGaxG owif;tcsuftvufrsm; (oufqdkifonfh tajzudk =uufajccwfay;yg)
,ck jzpf&yfonf vlwOD;csif;twGuf jzpfcJhovm;? ------ tkyfpkwcktwGuf jzpfysufcJhovm;?--------
tu,fI tkyfpkwcktwGuf jzpfysufcJhygu jzpf&yfwGif ywfoufonfh vlOD;a& -------- ESifh olwdk@.

xl;jcm;onfh 0daoo vQ%mudk azmfjyay;yg?
a,mufsm;}uD;rsm;ta&twGuf -------
trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm; ta&twGuf-------
t&G,f ra&mufao;olrsm; ta&twGuf ------
jzpf&yfjzpfyGm;onfh EdkifiH (rsm;) -------------
epfem&ol (rsm;) . vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHom; ----------------
2? oufqdkifonfh vlyk*~dKvf. ta=umif;tcsufrsm;

rSwfcsuf? tu,fI vlwOD;xufydkI ywfoufaeygu/ vlwOD;csif;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk oD;jcm;pD
jznfhoGif;yg?
1? rdom;pktrnf Family name: --------------------------
ndburma2.indd 280 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

2? trnf First name: ---------------------------

3? vdif usm; -------------- r --------------
4? arG;ae@/ odk@r[kwf touf -------------------
5? vlrsKd; (EdkifiHom;jzpfr_)-----------------------------
6? vlr_a&; tajctae (vlysKd/ tdrfaxmif&Sd/ pojzifh) --------------------
7? tvkyftudkifESifh vkyfaqmifr_ (Oyrm- tvkyform;or~/ EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;/ vlom;csif;pmemr_/ aoG;
pnf; nD!Gwfa&;/ vl@tcGifta&;/ pojzifh tzGJ@rsm;)
8? Tjzpf&yf jzpfyGm;onfh EdkifiH. tqifhtwef;
rSwfwrf; wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? ----------------------------------

cef;axmuf ----------------------------------
c&D;oGm;{nfhonf ----------------------------------
ausmif;om; ----------------------------------
tvkyfvkyfcGifh vufrSwf&Sd ----------------------------------
aexdkifcGifh &Sdol ----------------------------------
'kQonf ----------------------------------
EdkifiHa&; cdkv_HcGifh av#mufxm;ol ----------------------------------
,m,D apmifha&Smufr_ ay;xm;ol ----------------------------------
tjcm; ( tao;pdwf azmfjyyg?) ----------------------------------
pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh csKd;azmufr_ESifh ywfoufonfh owif; tcsuftvufrsm;
1? &ufpGJ --------------------------------------------------------------------
2? ae&m --------------------------------------------------------------------
3? tcsdef --------------------------------------------------------------------
4? jzpf&yf. oabmobm0? jzpf&yf. tajctaeudkazmfjyyg?
5? oH&Hk; aumifppf0efrsm;u wdkif=um;xm;onfh epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf pGyfpGJcHxm;&onfh epfemol

um,uH&SifESifh qufoG,fygovm;? (&Sif;jyyg)?
6? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf pGyfpGJcHxm;&onfh epfemolu ol-olr. rdcifEdkifiHrS oH&Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh

awG@qHkcGifh tcGifhta&;&Sdonf[k od&Sdxm;ygovm;? (&Sif;jyyg)?
7? pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdonfhol -----------------------
tpdk;& vl (twdtus azmfjyyg)-----------------------------------------------------
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rS vl (twdtus azmfjyyg) -----------------------------------

tu,fI xdkolonf tpdk;&.vl/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rSvl[k aocsmrcGJjcm;Edkifygu
aus;Zl;jyKI rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh qdkonfudk &Sif;jyyg?
ndburma2.indd 281 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

tu,fI jypfr_usL;vGefolonf tpdk;&. vl[k ,Hk=unf&ygu aocsm azmfjyay;yg? (ppfwyf/ &J/ vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@
0ifrsm;/ xdkolrsm;. wyf/ &mxl;ESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm; pojzifh)? xdkolrsm; rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh wm0ef&Sd
onf[k ,lqoenf; jzpfEdkifor# tao;pdwf &Sif;jyyg?
tu,fI tpdk;&. vl[k owfrSwfcGJjcm;azmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifygu/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/ vlrsm;u tr_twGuf

4? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif udk,fpm; oludk,fwdkifuaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdom;pkuaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpHkwOD;

uaomf vnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;tqifhrsm;
1? tu,fI wdkif=um;cJhygu rnfonfhtcsdef/ rnfol@xH wifjywdkif=um;onf/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/ odk@r[kwf

jynfhpHkvHkavmufonfh Xmersm; (Oyrm &J/ tr_vdkuf/ w&m;&Hk;) wdk@xH wdkif=um;r_udk azmfjyyg?
2? qufvuf aqmif&Gufonfh tjcm;tqifhrsm;
3? tm%mydkifrsm;u aqmif&Gufonfh tqifhrsm;
4? oifod&Sdor# tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif; &Sd-r&Sd azmfjyay;yg? pHkprf;

ppfaq;r_rsm;jyKygu rnfodk@aqmif&Gufoenf;? TpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;. wdk;wufr_ taetxm;/ tjcm;rnf
onfh udPta&;,lr_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;ao;oenf;?
5? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf ol. rdom;pku wdkif=um;ygu tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;/ tjcm;vHkavmufonfh

Xmersm;u xdkolrsm;tay: rnfodk@qufqHjyKrl ygoenf;? T=um;emr_rsm;twGuf rnfonfh&v'f xGufay:cJh
oenf;?
5? TyHkpHudk jznfhoGif;wifjyol. udk,fa&;tcsuftvuf/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk

azmfjyyg?
1? tzGJ@tpnf; -----------------------
2? wOD;csif; -------------------------
2? trnf -------------------------
3? qufoG,f&ef zkef;eHygwf odk@r[kwf vdyfpm (EdkifiHtwGuf uk'feHygwfyg xnfhoGif; azmfjyay;yg)
zufpf ------------
w,fvDzkef; ------------
tD;ar;vf --------------
TyHkpHudk wifoGif;onfh ae@pGJ ------------
ndburma2.indd 282 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

,ck ar;cGe;f v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif txl; pHpk rf;wifjyol oHt&m&Su
d kd tjcm; owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;
wifjy&ef&Sdygu/ oif. pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf pHkprf;ppfaq;r_/ odk@r[kwf
w&m&Hk; qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&v'f/ qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r[kwf =uHK&aom+cdrf;ajcmufr_
rsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF MIGRANTS
OHCHR-UNOG
1211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
aemufqufwGJ (1)? vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;twGuf pHjyKar;cGef;v$m

APPENDIX 1: MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING
vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh txl;pHkprf; wifjyol oHt&m&SdtwGuf ay;ydk@&rnfh pHjyKar;cGef;v$m

(txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;udk a&mif;0,fjcif;?)
MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS,
ESPECIALLY IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN
rSwfcsuf
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEdkif&efjzpfygonf? wifjyvmaom jzpf&yfrsm;tay:tajccHI txl;pHkprf;wifjy
oloHt&m&Sdu pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; wifjyrnf/ tpdk;&rsm;xH TudPrsm;tay:avhvm&efESifh jyefvnfrSwfcsuf
ay;&ef arWm&yfcHjcif; aqmif&Gufrnf jzpfygonf?
- Tar;cGef;v$mwGif yg0ifonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xm;&Sd&efvdktyfygu v#Kd@0Suf
- TyHkpHwGif epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf oufqdkifywfoufaeolrsm;u olwdk@. tr_udPudktxl;pHkprf;
wifjyol oHt&m&SdxHrSwqifhtpdk;&xH txufazmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf ay;ydk@rnfudk oabmwlnD
a=umif; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyay;&rnf jzpfygonf?
- ay;tyfxm;onfh uGufvyfrsm;ESifh rvHkavmufbJ tydk pm&Gufrsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef vdktyfygu rqdkif;rwG
azmfjy Edkifygonf?

2? tu,fI tkyfpkwcktwGuf jzpfysufcJhygu jzpf&yfwGif ywfoufonfh vlOD;a&ESifh olwdk@. xl;jcm;onfh
0daoo vQ%mudk azmfjyay;yg?
a,mufsm;}uD;rsm;ta&twGuf -------------
trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm; ta&twGuf ------------
t&G,f ra&mufao;olrsm; ta&twGuf -----------
3? jzpf&yfjzpfyGm;onfh EdkifiH (rsm;) -----------------
ndburma2.indd 283 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

4? epfem&ol (rsm;) . vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHom;

1? rdom;pk trnf Family name: ---------------------

2? trnf First name: -------------------------
3? vdif -------------------
4? arG;ae@ odk@r[kwf touf -----------------
5? vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHom; --------------------
1? ae@pGJ ---------------------
2? ae&m (ae&m/ EdkifiH/ EdkifiHrsm;) ------------------
3? tcsdef --------------------
4? jzpf&yf. oabmobm0 (taxGaxG owif;tcsuftvufrsm; atmufYazmfjyxm;onfh trsKd;tpm;
twdkif; cGJjcm; azmfjyyg?)
5? usL;vGefol ta&twGuf ---------------------
6? TusL;vGefolrsm;udk epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu od&Sdygovm;?
7? usL;vGefolrsm;. vlrsKd; (EdkifiHom;jzpfr_) --------------
8? pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh tr_ESifh ywfoufI wm0ef&Sdaomol --------------
9? tpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm; (wduspGm azmfjyyg) --------------
10? tpdk;&r[kwfonfh wm0ef&Sdolrsm; (wduspGm azmfjyyg) ---------------
11? xdkwm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf tpdk;&. vl odk@r[kwf tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@rsm;xHrSvl[k raocsmygu
rnfonfh twGufa=umifh Todk@xifjrif&onfudk azmfjyay;yg?
12? tu,fI jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;onf tpdk;&. vl[k ,Hk=unf&ygu/ aus;Zl;jyKI owfrSwfazmfjyay;yg?
(ppfwyf/ &J/ vHkjcHKa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ xdkolrsm;. wyfzGJ@eHygwf/ &mxl;wm0ef/ vkyfaqmifyHk pojzifh) xdkolrsm;u
rnfonfh twGufa=umifh wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,lq&onfudkvnf; wwfEdkifor# wdwdusus azmfjyay;yg?
13? tu,fI tpd;k &. vl. owfrw S cf jJG cm;azmfjy&ef rjzpfEikd yf gu/ tpd;k & tm%mydik rf sm;/ vlrsm;u tr_twGuf
14? Tjzpf&yfwGif rsufjrifoufao&Sdygu xdkolrsm;. trnf/ touf/ qufEG,fywfouf trsKd;awmfyHk/
vdyfpmwdk@udk azmfjyay;yg? xdkolrsm;u trnfrazmfjybJ aevdkygu xdkolrsm;onf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfonf/
odk@r[kwf jzwfoGm;vm&if; jrifolrsm; jzpfonfudk azmfjyay;yg? oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdygu
azmfjyay;yg?
epfem&ol um,uH&Sif udk,fpm; oludk,fwdkifuaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdom;pkuaomfvnf;aumif;/

wpHkwOD;uaomfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;tqifhrsm;
1? tu,fI wdkif=um;cJhygu rnfonfhtcsdef/ rnfol@xH wifjywdkif=um;onf/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;/ odk@r

[kwf jynfhpHkvHkavmufonfh Xmersm; (Oyrm &J/ tr_vdkuf/ w&m;&Hk;) wdk@xH wdkif=um;r_udkazmfjyyg?
2? qufvuf aqmif&Gufonfh tjcm;tqifhrsm;
ndburma2.indd 284 26-Dec-09 13:05:31


4? oifod&Sdor# tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif; &Sd-r&Sdazmfjyay;yg? pHkprf;
ppfaq;r_rsm; jyKygu rnfodk@aqmif&Gufoenf;? TpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;. wdk;wufr_taetxm;/ tjcm; rnf
onfh udPta&;,lr_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;ao;oenf;?
5? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf ol. rdom;pku wdkif=um;ygu tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;/ tjcm;vHkavmuf
onfhXmersm;u xdkolrsm;tay: rnfodk@qufqHjyKrlygoenf;? T=um;emr_rsm;twGuf rnfonfh&v'fxGufay:
cJhoenf;?
1? rdom;pk trnf Family name: ---------------------
2? trnf First name: -------------------------
3? tqifhtwef;? wOD;csif;/ tkyfpk/ tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&rsm; pkzGJ@xm;onfh EdkifiHpHk tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&
wduspGm azmfjyyg?
zufpf -------------
w,fvDzkef; ------------
tD;ar;vf --------------
TyHkpHudk wifoGif;onfh ae@pGJ -------------

jznfhoGif;a&;om;ol. vufrSwf -----------
,ck ar;cGef;v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif txl; pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdudk tjcm;owif;tcsuf

aq;r_/ odk@r[kwf w&m&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&v'f/ qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r[kwf =uHK&
aom +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SALE OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROSTITUTION AND
CHILD
PORNOGRAPHY
OHCHR-UNOG
1211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
ndburma2.indd 285 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

aemufqufwGJ (2)? uav;rsm;udk vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;twGuf pHjyKar;cGef;v$m

APPENDIX 2: MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE ON CHILD TRAFFICKING
uav;rsm;udk vlukeful;a&mif;0,fjcif;/ uav;rsm;udk jynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apjcif;/ uav;rsm;udk npf

nrf;AD'D,dk "mwfyHk &dkuf,ljcif;wdk@twGuf txl;pHkprf; wifjyol oHt&m&SdxH wifjy&rnfh pHjyKar;cGef;v$m
MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SALE OF CHILDREN,
CHILD PROSTITUTION AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
rSwfcsuf
owif; tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEdkif&ef jzpfygonf? wifjyvmaom jzpf&yfrsm;tay: tajccHI txl;pHkprf;
wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; wifjyrnf/ tpdk;&rsm;xH TudPrsm;tay: avhvm&efESifh jyefvnf
rSwfcsufay;&ef arWm&yfcHjcif; aqmif&Gufrnf jzpfygonf?
- Tar;cGef;v$mwGif yg0ifonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suftjzpf xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfygu v#Kd@0Suf
- ay;tyfxm;onfh uGufvyfrsm;ESifh rvHkavmufbJ tydkpm&Gufrsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef vdktyfygu rqdkif;
rwG azmfjyEdkifygonf?

2? tu,fI tkyfpkwcktwGuf jzpfysufcJhygu jzpf&yfwGif ywfoufonfh vlOD;a&ESifh olwdk@. xl;jcm;onfh
0daoo vQ%mudk azmfjyay;yg?
a,mufsm;av;rsm;ta&twGuf§vlysKd0if+yD;ol ta&twGuf ---------
rdef;uav;rsm; ta&twGuf§tysKdjzpf+yD;ol ta&twGuf -----------
3? jzpf&yfjzpfyGm;onfh EdkifiH (rsm;) -------------------
4? epfem&ol (rsm;) . vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHom; ---------------------

1? rdom;pk trnf Family name: -----------------------
2? trnf First name: -------------------------
3? vdif --------------------
4? arG;ae@ odk@r[kwf touf --------------------
5? vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHom; -------------------
ndburma2.indd 286 26-Dec-09 13:05:31

6? vlrsKd;pk qdkif&m aemufcH tcsuftvuf (vdktyfygu)
1? ae@pGJ ----------------------
2? ae&m (ae&m/ EdkifiH/ EdkifiHrsm;) --------------------------
3? tcsdef -------------------------
4? jzpf&yf. oabmobm0 (taxGaxG owif;tcsuftvufrsm; atmufYazmfjyxm;onfh trsKd;tpm;

twdkif; cGJjcm; azmfjyyg?)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
5? usL;vGefol ta&twGuf ------------------------------------------------------
6? TusL;vGefolrsm;udk epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu od&Sdygovm;? -----------------------------
7? usL;vGefolrsm;. vlrsKd; (EdkifiHom;jzpfr_) --------------------------------------------
8? pGyfpGJazmfjyxm;onfh tr_ESifh ywfoufI wm0ef&Sdaomol --------------------------------
9? tpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm; (wduspGm azmfjyyg) -------------------------------------------
10? tpdk;&r[kwfonfh wm0ef&Sdolrsm; (wduspGm azmfjyyg) ---------------------------------
11? xdkwm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf tpdk;&. vl odk@r[kwf tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@rsm;xHrSvl[k raocsmygu rnf

onfh twGufa=umifh Todk@xifjrif&onfudk azmfjyay;yg?
12? tu,fI jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;onf tpdk;&. vl[k ,Hk=unf&ygu/ aus;Zl;jyKI owfrSwfazmfjyay;yg?

(ppfwyf/ &J/ vHkjcHKa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ xdkolrsm;. wyfzGJ@eHygwf/ &mxl;wm0ef/ vkyfaqmifyHk pojzifh) xdkolrsm;u
rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,lq&onfudkvnf; wwfEdkifor# wdwdusus azmfjyay;yg?
13? tu,fI tpdk;&. vl. owfrSwfcGJjcm;azmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifygu/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/ vlrsm;u tr_
twGuf wm0ef&Sdonfh xdkolrsm;ESifh qufEG,faeonf[k oif,lqygovm;? rnfonfhtwGufa=umifhenf;?
14? Tjzpf&yfwGif rsufjrifoufao &Sdygu xdkolrsm;. trnf/ touf/ qufEG,fywfouf trsKd;awmfyHk/

vdyfpmwdk@udk azmfjyay;yg? xdkolrsm;u trnfrazmfjybJ aevdkygu xdkolrsm;onf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfonf/
odk@r[kwf jzwfoGm;vm&if; jrifolrsm;jzpfonfudk azmfjyay;yg? oufao taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdyguazmfjy
ay;yg?
epfem&ol um,uH&Sif udk,fpm; oludk,fwdkifuaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdom;pkuaomfvnf;aumif;/

wpHkwOD;uaomf vnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;tqifhrsm;
ndburma2.indd 287 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

1? tu,fI wdkif=um;cJhygu rnfonfhtcsdef/ rnfol@xH wifjywdkif=um;onf/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/

odk@r[kwf jynfh pHkvHkavmufonfh Xmersm; (Oyrm &J/ tr_vdkuf/ w&m;&Hk;) wdk@xH wdkif=um;r_udk azmfjyyg?
2? qufvuf aqmif&Gufonfh tjcm;tqifhrsm; -----------------------------------
3? tm%mydkifrsm;u aqmif&Gufonfh tqifhrsm; -----------------------------------
4? oifod&Sdor# tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif; &Sd-r&Sd azmfjyay;yg? pHkprf;ppf

aq;r_rsm; jyKygu rnfodk@ aqmif&Gufoenf;? TpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;. wdk;wufr_ taetxm;/ tjcm;rnfonfh
udPta&;,lr_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;ao;oenf;?
5? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf ol. rdom;pku wdkif=um;ygu tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;/ tjcm;vHkavmuf

onfhXmersm;u xdkolrsm;tay: rnfodk@qufqHjyKrlygoenf;? T=um;emr_rsm;twGuf rnfonfh&v'fxGufay:
cJhoenf;?

1? rdom;pk trnf Family name: -----------------------------
2? trnf First name: -------------------------------
3? tqifhtwef;? wOD;csif;/ tkyfpk/ tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&rsm; pkzGJ@xm;onfh EdkifiHpHktzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&
wduspGm azmfjyyg?

zufpf ------------------
w,fvDzkef; ------------------
tD;ar;vf Email --------------------------

TyHkpHudk wifoGif;onfh ae@pGJ -------------------
jznfhoGif;a&;om;ol. vufrSwf ---------------------
,ckar;cGef;v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif txl; pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdudk tjcm; owif;tcsuftvuf

rsm; wifjy&ef&Sdygu/ oif. pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf pHkprf;ppfaq;r_/
odk@r[kwf w&m&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&v'f/ qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r[kwf =uHK&aom+cdrf;
ajcmufr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif; azmfjyEdkifygonf?
THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SALE OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROSTITUTION AND
CHILD
PORNOGRAPHY
OHCHR-UNOG
1211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
ndburma2.indd 288 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

aemufqufwGJ (1)? w&m;r0if owfjzwfjcif;/ tusOf;&Hk; ESifh twif;t"rR uGyfrsufjcif;wdk@udk tpD&ifcH

wifjy&ef pHjyKar;cGef;v$m
APPENDIX 1 – MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR REPORTING EXTRAJUDICIAL, SUMMARY, AND
ARBITRARY EXECUTIONS
w&m;r0ifowfjzwfjcif;/ tusOf;&Hk;ESifh twif;tusyf uGyfrsufjcif;wdk@udk pHkprf;wifjyrnfh txl;oHt&m&Sd

pHjyKar;cGef;v$m
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON EXTRAJUDICIAL, SUMMARY OR ARBITRARY EXECUTIONS -
MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE
txl; pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdonf atmufazmfjyyg tr_rsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif; jyKonf?

(u) ao'%ftjypfay;jcif;ESifh qufpyfaeonfh vlwdk@. touf&SifoefydkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;rsm;? w&m;r#
wr_r&SdonfhcHk&Hk;rsm;rSwqifh ao'%ftjypfay;r_rsm; &Sdvmonfhtcg/ odk@r[kwf t,lcHydkifcGifhudk ray;bJ
ysufuGuf csKd;azmufonfhtcg/ toem;cHydkifcGifhudk ydwfyifxm;onfhtcg/ tjypf'%fudk av#mhayghay;&ef
jiif;qefaeonfhtcg txl;pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu =um;0ifaqmif&Gufygonf? tjypfuscH&olu
toufrjynfhao;ol uav;jzpfaev#if/ udk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;jzpfaev#if/ odk@r[kwf r=umao;rSDu
rS rdcifjzpfvmol qdkv#if txl;pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdu =um;0ifaqmif&Gufygonf?
(c) aoaprnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;u/ t&Hjynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;u/ tjcm; woD;yk~v
vlrsm;u/ tzGJ@rsm;u tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&u onf;cH rodusKd;u|HjyK
aeonfh taetxm;a=umifh w&m;r0ifowfjzwfrnf[k usdef;aoonfhtajctaersm;/ odk@r[kwf
txufazmfjyyg trsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh qufEG,faeol twdtusowfrSwfrazmfjyEdkifol wOD;OD;uowfjzwf
rnf[k usdef;aojzpfaeonfh tajctaersm;?
(*) ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_/ vspfvsL&_xm;r_/ odk@r[kwf tiftm;toHk;jyKr_/ touftœ&m,f&Sdaponfh tajc
taewGif csKyfaESmifxm;r_wdk@a=umifh xdef;odrf;xm;pOf aoqHk;&jcif;
(C) Oya'pnf;=uyfa&; t&m&Sdrsm;u odk@r[kwf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wdkuf&dkufaomfvnf;aumif;/ oG,f0dkufI
aomfvnf;aumif; ywfoufvkyfaqmifaeonfholrsm;u tiftm;toHk;jyKr_a=umifhaoqHk;&jcif; (tif
tm;toHk;jyKr_ qdkonfrSm tºuif;rJhvdktyfr_ &Sdonfhtajctae/ avsmfuefaom tcsKd;tpm;toHk;jyKr_
pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;ESifh rudkufnDbJ &Sdaejcif;?
(i) tpdk;&vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u/ odk@r[kwf t&Hjynfol@ppfrsm;/ vufr&GH@vlowfwyfzGJ@rsm;/ odk@r[kwfyk~vdu
cg;ydkuf aqmifwyfzGJ@rsm;u wdkufcdkufr_a=umifh aoqHk;&jcif;/ Twdkufcdkufr_onf tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif
&Gufjcif;a=umifh jzpfEdkifovdk tpdk;&uvspfvsL&_onf;cHaeonfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?
(p) vufeufudkif yÉdyQrsm;twGif; vlwdk@. touf&SifoefydkifcGifhudk csKd;azmufr_/ txl;ojzifh vlom;csif;pmem
r_ Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufI t&yfom;jynfolwdk@udk wdkufcdkufjcif;?
(q) xdkolwdk@. touftœ&m,f&SdapEdkifonfh EdkifiHwckodk@ ESifxkwfjcif;/ tjypf'%fay; e,fESifjcif;
(Z) vlrsKd;wkef; owfjzwfr_
(ps) touftœ&m,f&Sdaponfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf usL;vGefr_udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&efwm0efudk ysufuGufI
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk w&m;rpD&ifbJ xm;r_
(n) touf&SifoefydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk csKd;azmufusL;vGefcH&onfh epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;udk av#mfa=u;
ay;&ef wm0efysufuGufaer_
ndburma2.indd 289 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

vdyfpm ------------------------------------
w&m;r0if owfjzwfjcif;/ tusOf;&Hk;ESifh twif;tusyf uGufrsufjcif; tr_rsm;udk wifjy&ef atmufygvdyfpm
odk@ qufoG,fEdkifonf?
Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions

c/o OHCHR-UNOG, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
Fax: (+41 22) 917 90 06
rSwfcsuf? tu,fI ,ck ar;cGef;v$myHkpHwGif azmfjyxm;onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk v#Kd@0Sufxm;&Sdap

vdkygu “v#Kd@0Suf "CONFIDENTIAL" [k oufqdkif&mu¾ab;rsOf;wGif azmfjyay;yg? tu,fI ay;tyfxm;
onfh uGufvyfr#jzifh rvHkavmuf[k ,lqygu tjcm; tydkaqmif;pm&Gufrsm; jznfhwGJay;&ef wkef@qdkif;jcif;
r&SdygESifh?
1? oufqdkifonfh vlyk*~dKvf. owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
rSwfcsuf? tu,fI vlwOD;xufydkI yg0ifywfoufr_ &Sdygu/ vlwOD;csif;twGuf ar;cGef;v$mwck jznfhoGif;

ay;yg?
1? rdom;pk trnf Family name: --------------------------------------------------
2? trnf First name:----------------------------------------------------------
3? vdif (usm;-r)-------------------------------------------------------------
4? arG;ae@/ odk@r[kwf touf-----------------------------------------------------
5? vlrsKd;/ (EdkifiHom;jzpfr_)------------------------------------------------------
6? vlr_a&; tqifhtwef; (vlysKd/ tdrfaxmif&Sd pojzifh) -----------------------------------
7? rSwfyHkwif vufrSwf----------------------------------------------------------
eHygwf ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
rnfolu xkwfay;onf?--------------------------------------------------------
xkwfay;onfh ae@pGJ------------------------------------------------------------
8? tvkyftudkifESifh v_yf&Sm;r_ (Oyrm- tvkyform;or~/ EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;/ vlom;csif;pmemr_/
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf; pojzifh)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
9? yHkrSef aexdkifonfh vdyfpm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
10? tjcm;ol- tjcm;tr_rsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_ &Sdygovm;? aus;Zl;jyKI azmfjyyg?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1? ae@pGJ----------------------------------------------
2? ae&m----------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 290 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

3? tcsdef ----------------------------------------------
4? jzpf&yf. oabmobm0 (jzpf&yftajctaeudk atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;tygt0if azmfjyay;yg)
(u) ao'%f tjypfay;jcif; odk@r[kwf r#waom w&m;cHk&Hk; tmrcHcsufrsm;&Sdjcif; (tao;pdwfazmfjyyg) (w&m;
rr#waom Oya'/ odk@r[kwf =um;emr_rsm;/ pGyfpGJaomtr_rsm;/ aemufqHk;t,lcHjcif;/ ao'%fuscH&ef
usdef;ao oavmuf&Sdaejcif;/ pojzifh)
(c) touf&SifoefydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk csKd;azmuf&ef usdef;aooavmuf&Sdaeonfh tajctaeudk pdk;&drf
ae&jcif; (aoaprnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ touftœ&m,fpdk;&drf&onfh tajctaeodk@ ESifxkwf&ef
usdef;aojcif;/ odk@r[kwf e,fESif tjypfay;zG,f&Sdjcif;) (tao;pdwfazmfjyyg)?
(*) tjcm; (csKyfaESmifxm;pOf aoqHk;jcif;/ vufeufudkif yÉdyQtwGif; aoqHk;jcif;/ Oya'pnf;=uyfa&; t&m
&Sdrsm;u tiftm;tvGeftu|H toHk;jyKr_a=umifhaoqHk;jcif;/ EdkifiHtpdk;&. vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u odk@r[kwf
t&Hjynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;/ odk@r[kwf yk~vdu cg;ydkufaqmifwyfrsm;u wdkufcdkufr_a=umifh aoqHk;jcif;/ pHk
prf; ppfaq;ay;&ef wm0ef0W&m;rsm;udk ysufuGufaejcif;/ ponfjzifh)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
3? jzpf&yftwGuf wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,lqonfh wyfzGJ@rsm;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
(u) tu,fI jypfr_usL;vGefolonf tpdk;&.vl[k ,Hk=unf&ygu tao;pdwfazmfjyyg? (Oyrm- ppfwyf/

&J/ ,leDazmif; 0wfxm;ol/ odk@r[kwf t&yf0wfjzifh/ vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0if at;*sifhrsm;/ xdkolwdk@. wyfzGJ@/ &mxl;/
wm0ef pojzifh)? xdkolwdk@onf rnfonfhtcsufa=umifh wm0ef&Sdonf[k owfrSwfEdkifa=umif; jzpfEdkifor#
wduspGm azmfjyay;yg?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) tpd;k &. vl[k owfrwS af zmfjy&ef rjzpfEikd yf gu ,ckjzpf&yftr_wiG f wm0ef&o
dS rl mS tpd;k & tm%mydik jf zpfa=umif;
rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh oif,Hk=unf aeoenf;? odk@r[kwf tpdk;&ESifh qufpyfaeonfhol[k ajymEdkifoenf;?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) tu,fI Tjzpf&yfwGif rsufjrifoufao &Sdygu xdkolrsm;.trnfudk azmfjyay;yg? xdkolrsm;u trnfudk
razmfjybJ xm;apvdkygu xdkolwdk@ qufpyfyHkudk azmfjyyg? (aqGrsKd;awmfpyfol/ vrf;wGif jzwfoGm;&if;awG@ol/
pojzifh)
tu,fI oufao taxmuftxm;&Sdygu azmfjyay;yg?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
4? epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf rdom;pk0ifrsm;u aqmuf&Gufonfh vkyfief;tqifhrsm;
(u) tu,fI wdkif=um;r_jyKygu azmfjyay;yg? rnfonfhtcsdef/ rnfolu/ rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf; Xmea&S@wGif

wdkif=um; onf?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) tjcm; qufvufaqmif&Gufonfh tqifh
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(u) tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; jyKvkyfjcif; &Sd-r&Sd azmfjyay;yg? tu,fI pHkprf;ppfaq;r_
ndburma2.indd 291 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

jyKygu rnfodk@aom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_enf;? pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ wdk;wufjzpfay:r_ESifh tajctae/ tjcm;rnfonfh

udPrsm;aqmif&Gufao;oenf;? (Oyrm- &ifcGJI vlaoppfaq;jcif;)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) epfem&ol um,uH&Sif/ odk@r[kwf rdom;pku wdkif=um;onfhtcg ‚Xmersm;u olwdk@udk rnfodk@

qufqHjyKrl=u oenf;? T=um;em aqmif&Gufr_rsm;rS rnfonfh &v'fxGufay:oenf;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
6? tr_udk wifjyol. owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
1? rdom;pktrnf Family name----------------------------------------------------

2? trnf First name(s)---------------------------------------------------------
3? tqifhtwef; (wOD;csif;/ tkyfpk/ tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;/ tpdk;&rsm;t=um; zGJ@pnf;onfh tzGJ@/
tpdk;&) tao;pdwfazmfjyyg?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
4? vdyfpm (w,fvDzkef;/ zufpf/ tD;ar;vf)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
5? oifu ,ckwifjycsufudk v#Kd@0Sufxm;apvdkjcif; &Sd-r&Sd azmfjyyg?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ae@pGJ -------------------
wifjya&;om;ol. vufrSwf ---------------
ndburma2.indd 292 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

aemufqufwGJ (1)? rk'drf;jyKusifhjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufjcif;twGuf pHjyKar;cGef;v$m

APPENDIX 1 – MODEL QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RAPE AND OTHER FORMS OF SEXUAL VIO-
LENCE
v#Kd@0Suf- trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; yHkpH

Confidential Violence against Women Information Form

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) vdyfpm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) wifjyonfh ae@pGJ------------------------------------------------------------
(p) tjcm;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

2? 1? vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufyHkta=umif; tao;pdwf azmfjycsuf
(u) trnf -----------------------------------------------------------------
(c) vdif --------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) arG;ae@ odk@r[kwf touf -----------------------------------------------------
(C) vlrsKd; ------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) tvkyftudkif --------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(p) wdkif;&if;om;§udk;uG,f&m bmom§vlr_a&; aemufcH (oufqdkifygu) -----------------------
(q) vdyfpm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ps) epfem&ol um,uH&Sif (rsm;) u ,ckowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ol. udk,fpm; wifjyay;&ef oabm
wlnDyg ovm;? --------------------------------------------------------------
(n) tu,fI txl;pHkprf;wifjyol txl;t&m&Sdu Ttr_udk ol.udk,fpm; qufvufta&;,laqmif &Guf
rnfqdkygu Tjzpf&yfudk tm%mydkifrsm;xH ay;ydk@ta=umif;=um;vdrfhrnf qdkonfudk epfem&ol um,uH&Sif
rsm;xH }udKwiftoday;xm;ygovm;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 293 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

(É) tu,fI,ck wifjycsufudk qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu/ ol. jzpf&yftusOf;udk txl;pHkprf; ppfaq;

ol oHt&m&Sd. vltrsm;zwf&_Edkifonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyvdrfhrnf qdkonfudk od&Sdygovm;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(rSwfcsuf? tpdk;&rsm;ESifh qufoG,f aqmif&Guf&mwGif epfem&ol um,uH&Sif. trnfudk tjynfhtpHkazmfjy
rnfqdkygu tpdk;&u xdkoltay: aemufxyf tœ&m,fjyK&efr&SdrSom azmfjyrnfjzpfonf? txl;oHt&m&Sd.
vltrsm; zwf&_Edkifonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyrnfqdkygu vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufcH&onfh touf 18-ESpf
atmuf epfem&ol. trnfudk azmfjyvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? ‚tpm; trnftwdkaumufudkom azmfjyrnf
jzpfonf?)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) ae@pGJ-------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) tcsdef ------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) ae&m/ EdkifiH -------------------------------------------------------------
(i) usL;vGef csKd;azmufolrsm; ta&twGuf ------------------------------------------
enf;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(q) usL;vGefol (rsm;) . trnfESifh tjcm;trnf (tu,fI od&Sdygu toGiftjyif/ trm&Gwf/ udk,fcým&Sd
pojzifh)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
,Hk=unfygu rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhenf;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ps) oufqdkif&m tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;xH Tjzpf&yfudk wdkif=um;cJhygovm;?------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
rnfonfhtcsdefenf;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ndburma2.indd 294 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
odk@qdkygu rnfonfh tm%mydkifenf;?------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
rnfonfhtcsdefenf;? -----------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(É) tu,fI usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_udk (tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm; r[kwfbJ) vlwOD;/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@rsm;u
aqmif&GufcJhonf qdkygu tpdk;&u Todk@rjzpfyGm;ap&ef umuG,fr_ay;&ef/ pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef/ tjypfay;&ef/
usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_ twGuf epfema=u;ay;&ef tpdk;&zufu oifhavsmfonfh vHk@vtm;xkwfr_ ysufuGufa=umif;
azmfjy&ef?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(X) Tjzpf&yf jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf epfem&ol um,uH&Sifu q&m0efESifh awG@qHkcJhygovm;? jzpfyGm;cJhonfh tr_
ESifh ywfoufI aq;rSwfwrf;/ rSwfcsuf wpHkw&m azmfjy&ef &Sdygovm;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(u) tu,fI Oya'/ rl0g'udk wifjyay;ygu/ ‚wdk@utrsKd;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;taumiftxnfazmf
a&; tay: oufa&mufapr_rsm;udk tusOf;csKyfIazmfjyay;yg? jzpfEdkifygu Oyrmrsm; azmfjyay;yg?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
,ck ar;cGef;v$mudk wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif txl;pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sdudk tjcm; owif;tcsuftvuf

rsm; wifjy&ef&Sdygu/ oif. pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf pHkprf;ppfaq;r_/
odk@r[kwf w&m&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuf/ aemufqHk;&v'f/ qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnfh tpDtpOf/ odk@r[kwf =uHK&aom
+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyEdkifygonf?
OHCHR-UNOG
1211 GENEVA 10
SWITZERLAND
Fax: +41 22 917 9006
ndburma2.indd 295 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

tcsyfydk (1) uav;rsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;jcif;

uav;rsm;. oabmobm0
- uav;rsm;onf rdrdudkar;jref;rnfh tifwmAsL;umvtwGif;b,fvdkjzpfrnf oufa&mufr_rsm;b,fvdk&Sdrnfudk
rod=uyg?
- uav;rsm;.tawG;tjrifrsm;onf toufwckomr[kwf olwdk@jzwfoef;vmcJhaom b0tawG@t}uHKrsm;ay:wGif
rlwnfaewwfonf?
- uav;rsm;. rSwfrdEdkifpGrf;onf wOD;csif;pDu xl;xl;jcm;jcm; cHpm;rdaom/ jrifrdaom/ pdwf0ifpm;aomt&mrsm;om
jzpfwwfonf? ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;xuf wOD;csif;pDu xl;jcm;onf[k jrifrd/ =um;rd/ cHpm;rdaomtcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk
rSwfrdwwfonf?
- uav;rsm;u ta&;}uD;onf[kxifaomt&mrsm;onf vl}uD;rsm;u ta&;}uD;onf[kxifaom t&mrsm;
r[kwfwwf=uay? ar;jref;vdkaomol odcsifonfhtcsufrsm;vJ r[kwfwwf=uacs? odk@aomfxdkajym=um;csufrsm;u
ar;jref;oltwGuf tusdK;&Sdwwfonf?
- jzpfysufcJhaomta=umif;t&mrsm;udk yHkazmfajymcdkif;&mwGif uav;rsm;u olwdk@udk r,Hk=unfI ajymcdkif;onf[k
oHo,&Sdwwfonf? olwdk@udkvl}uD;rsm;u xdkodk@rajymjybl;ygu ydkrdktcuftcJawG@wwfonf?
- uav;rsm;udk t&G,fyrm%/ touft&G,frsm;udk cef@rSef;cdkif;&mwGif aocsmatmifrwdkif;wmwwf=uacs?
uav;rsm;ESifhudkufnDonfh tifwmAsL; (ASEAN Guideline)

- EdkifiHawmftaejzifh uav;.tr_ESihfywfoufI tpdk;&Xmersm; tm;vHk;od&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ar;oifh
a=umif; tifwmAsL; vrf;n$efcsufrsm;udk jyifqif&rnf?
- &JwyfzJG@taejzifhuav;udk tifwmAsL;rvkyfrD uav;ESifh ol. rdbtkyfxdrf;olrsm; odk@r[kwf vlr_zlvHka&;Xme.cGifh
jyKcsufudk ,l&rnf?
- ar;jref;rnfholonf uav;ESifh vdifwloljzpfoifhonf? ,leDazmif;r0wf&? uav;ESifh udkufnDonfhtifwmAsL;rsm;
ar;jref;yHkudk avhvmxm;oljzpf&rnf? uav;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ta=umif; em;vnfoljzpf&rnf? uav;em;vnf
aom bmompum;jzpf&rnf? t&nftcsif;&Sdaom bmomjyefjzpf&rnf?
- uav;udk tifwmAsL;csdefwGif vlr_zlvHka&;Xme0efxrf;ESifh rdbtkyfxdrf;ol odk@r[kwf uav;ua&G;cs,faom vl}uD;
wa,muf&Sd&rnf?
- uav;udk tifwmAsL;aomae&monf uav;twGuf oufawmifhoufom&Sdaom ae&mrsdK;jzpf&rnf?
- uav;ukd tifwmAsL;&mwGif "mwfyHk/ ADG'D,dk/ toHzrf;pufoHk;ygu uav;ESifh ol.rdbtkyfxdrf;ol/ vlr_0efxrf;Xme
0efxrf; odk@r[kwf uav;,Hk=unfaom vl}uD;wa,muf. qüudk OD;pm;&,l&rnf?
uav;rsm;udk tifwmAsL;vkyf&efjyifqifjcif;
- rdrdudk,fudkrdrd t&ifqHk;rdwfqufyg?
- tifwmAsL;vkyf&onfhta=umif;udk em;vnfatmif&Sif;jyyg?
- ar;onfhtajzudk rodygu/ rajzEdkifygu bmrSrjzpfa=umif; }udKwifajymjyyg?
ndburma2.indd 296 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

- ar;onfholu ajymqdkr_rSm;ygu tcsdefra&G;jyeffjyifqifEdkifa=umif; }udKwiftoday;yg?

- uav;rsm;uaeI rdrdwdk@jzpfysufcJhonfhtjzpftysufrsm;udk rsufpdwGifjrifvmouJhodk@ ajymqdkjcif;rsdK;jzpfatmif
vkyfyg?
- uav;taeESifhoufawmifhoufomjzpfvmatmif t&ifvkyfaqmifyg? twlupm; jcif;/ pum;ajymjcif;/ rkef@
twlpm;jcif;vkyfyg?
- uav;twGuf tqifajyEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk jyifqifyg? &kyfyHkqJGjcif;/ ajryHkqJGjcif;wdk@u tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyef
ajymvmatmif ydkrdkvkyfaqmifay;Edkifonf?
- xdkodk@vkyfaqmif&mwGif [efaqmifaeonfhtoGifrsdK;r[kwfbJ trSefwu,fuav;udk cspfcifonfhtoGifrsdK; ayguf
ygap?
ar;cGef;rsm;pwifar;jcif;
- uav;u ol@tjzpftysufrsm;udk ajymvmatmif zGifhay;yg?
- tzGifhar;cGef;rsm; ar;yg/ ausmif;wuf&wmajymyg?&GmrSmae&wmajymyg ponfjzifh
- xdkodk@aepOf uav;. pum;ajymqdkyHk trlt,mwdk@udk tuJcwfEdkifonf? aemufxyfajzqdkvmpOf xdkavhvmcsuf
rsm;u taxmuftuljzpfwwfonf?
- uav;ajymaeonfudk pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifaeonfhtoGifjyyg?
- tao;pdwfar;cGef;rsm;xuf tzGifhar;cGef;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;ar;yg? ol@bmomajymvmatmif rsm;rsm;tm;ay;yg? xdk
odk@ar;jcif;jzifh uav;udk pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfapjcif;/ zdtm;ay;cH&jcif;rsdK;rcHpm;apEdkifyg?
- rjzpfraeod&rnfh tcsufrsdK;rSvJGI tao;pdwfar;jcif;rjyKygeJ@?
- a&vmajrmif;ay;pum;rsdK;onf uav;rsm;ESifhroifhawmfyg? uav;rsm;onf ar;onfhol vdkcsifonfhtajzrsdK;ay;
&efwm0ef&Sdonf[k cHpm;aewwfonf?
- uav;ajymonfhtay:em;axmif+yD; olem;vnfatmifjyefajymjyjyD;rS twnf,lyg?
aqmif&ef a&Smif&efrsm;
- ar;cGef;wckudk w}udrfwGif wcGef;omar;yg?
- ar;aom0gusrsm;onf em;vnfvG,f&Sif;vif;aom0gusrsm;jzpf&rnf?
- ajz;ajz;csif; El;nhHnifompGm ajymqdkyg?
- uav;ajz+yD;+yD;csif; xdktajztwGufar;cGef;udk aemufxyfcsufcsif;jyefrar;ygESifh? uav;taeESifh oltajzudk
trSm;[kxifonf[k ,lqoGm;+yD; ar;jref;ol}udKufrnf[k xifaom tjcm;tajzrsm;udk ay;vmEdkifonf?
- uav;ajymaepOf pum;jzwfrajymygESihf? olajymjyD;rS jyeftwnfjyKar;jref;Edkifonf?
- uav;rsm;onf oufqdkifonf roufqdkifonfudk oabmaygufem;vnfEdkifrnf r[kwfqdkonfhtcsuftm; em;
vnfyg?
ndburma2.indd 297 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

- rdrd.tjyKtrl/ aexdkifyHkudk owdjyKyg/ uav;rsm;txufwGif cyfwnfwnfxdkifjcif;rsdK; a&Smifyg?

- uav;rsm;onf wae&mwGif =um=umraeEdkif/ pdwfpl;pdkufr&Edkifjcif;udk t+rJowdjyKyg? qufar;oifhrar;oifh/
tem;ay;oifhray;oifhudk t+rJavhvm+yD; qHk;jzwfyg?
- ar;jref;rnfhtcef;jyifqifyHkudk owdjyKyg?
- uav;ESifh &if;ESD;atmifvkyfaepOf xdkuav;.rSwfrdEdkifpGrf;udk tuJcwfyg? ta&mif/ ta&twGuf/ t&G,ftpm;
rsm;ESihfywfoufI rnfr#rSwfrdEdkifonfudk avhvmyg?
- uav;t&kyfrsm;jzifhjynfhaeaomtcef;rsdK;jzpfygu uav;taejzifh xdkupm;p&mt&kyfrsm;udkom pdwfa&mufae
vdrfhrnf?
- vl}uD;toHk;taqmifrsm;om&Sdaeaomtcef;rsdK;qdkv#ifvJ uav;twGuf +iD;aiG@p&mrsdK;jzpfaevdrfhrnf?
uav;ESifh reD;vGef; ra0;vGef;aomae&mrsdK;wGif xdkifyg?
- ,leDazmif;yHkpHrsdK;aygufaeaom t0wftpm;rsdK;0wfqifjcif;udk a&Smifyg?
- rvdktyfygu wjcm;olrsm;tcef;wGif r&Sdoifhyg? uav;qü&Sdygu olac:vdkaomoludk ac:Edkifonf?
- rdrdta=umif;udkrdwfqufygu “OUX/ refae*sm”qdkaom &mxl;rsm;udk roHk;ygESifh/ trnfESifh uav;em;vnfEdkifrnfh
tvkyfrsdK;udkom ajymjyyg?
- jzpfysufcJhonfhtjzpftysufudk rdrdrod&Sd&onfhtwGuf rnfuJhodk@jzpfysufcJhyHkudk &Sif;jyajymjy&efvdka=umif;uav;
udk&Sif;vif;jyyg?
- ajymjy&mwGif rodv#ifroda=umif;/ rrSwfrdv#if rrSwfrda=umif; ajymjyEdkifonf[k }udKwifajymjyyg? trSefwu,fjzpf
onfhta=umif;rsm;udk ajymjy&efta&;}uD;a=umif; &Sif;jyyg?
- rrSwfrdonfhtcsufrsm;udk pdwful;,Of/ cef@rSef;ajymjyp&mrvkda=umif; }udKwifajymjyyg?
- wcsdK@t&mrsm;udk yHkazmf&mwGif tcuftcJ&Sdwwfa=umif; em;vnfyg?
- ajz=um;xm;onfhtajzudk ESpfcgar;rdygu uav;tay:r,Hk=unfI r[kwfa=umif; }udKwifajymjyyg?
,cifar;cJhonf udk arhoGm;Ijzpfa=umif;/ ajz=um;r_udkr&Sif;vif;Ijzpfa=umif; ajymjyxm;yg?
- cýmudk,ftpdwftydkif;udk ajymjyEdkif&ef t&kyfrsm;udk oHk;Edkifonf? odk@aomfvdifapmfum;r_
ta=umif;ajz=um;&efjzpfygu t&kyfroHk;oifh?
- ,cifu &&Sdxm;aomowif;tcsufrsm;twdkif; uav;udk twif;t=uyfajymqdkcdkif;jcif;rsdK; a&Smif=uOfyg?
- pdwfr&SnfonfhavoH/ tcsdefr&SdonfhyHkpHrsdK;jzifh rar;ygESifh?
- bma=umifhjzpf&wmvJqdkonfhar;cGef;rsdK;rar;oifhyg?
- uav;taejzifh ajymvdkpdwf&Sdr&Sdudk t+rJtuJcwfyg? uav;. qüudk av;pm;yg?
- uav;em;vdkonfhtoGifjyvmygu ar;jref;jcif;udk &yfem;yg?
- uav;tm; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymyg?
- rjzpfEdkifonfh *wdrsm;/ ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; ray;ygESifh?
ndburma2.indd 298 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

tcsyfydk (2) tMurf;zufcH&aomtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh awGYqHkar;jref;jcif;
t=urf;zufcH&aomtrsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf awG@qHkar;jref;rnfae&monf txl;ta&;}uD;vSonf?olwdk@.

tjzpf tysufrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;uod=um;oGm;rnfudk txl;pdk;&drfwwf=uonfhtwGuf olwdk@ESifhawG@qHkar;jref;onfh
ae&monf olwdk@taejzifh pdwfcsvHk+cHKonfhae&mrsdK;jzpf&efvdktyfonf/ odk@rSomolwdk@}uHKawG@cJh&onfhtjzpf tysufrsm;udk
ajymjyEdkifrnfjzpf.? xdk@twGufa=umifh awG@qkHar;jref;rnfhae&monf qdwf+idrf+yD; ajz=um; rnfholtwGuf vHk+cHKpdwfcsr_
cHpm;Edkifavmufonfh ae&mrsdK;jzpfonf? xdkodk@ae&ma&G;cs,f&mwGif pdwfcsvHk+cHKr_&Sdr&Sdudk ar;jref;rnfholoufoufu
qHk;jzwfjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ ajz=um;rnfhol. pdwfqüudk ar;jref;oifhonf/ ar;jref;rnfholu pdwfcsvHk+cHKonf[k xifjrif
wwfonfh aetdrfrsm;/ &Hk;cef;rsm;onf wcgw&HwGif ajz=um;rnfholtwGuf pdwfcsvHk+cHK onfhae&mrsm;rjzpfwwfa=umif;
owdjyK&rnf? trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufapmfum;wwfolrsm;onf xdkaetdrfrsm;/ tzJG@tpnf;rsm;rSjzpfygu xdk
trsdK;orD;twGuf rnfodk@rSpdwfcsvHk+cHKr_udk &&dSaprnfr[kwfyg? xdk@tjyif xdkae&mrsdK;onf vltrsm;oGm;vmaeonfh vl
&lwfaxG;pnfum;onhfae&mrsdK;jzpfygu ajz=um;rnfholrsm;twGuf pdwftaESmuft,SufjzpfEdkifonfhtwGuf xdkae&m
rsdK;udk a&Smif=uOfoifhonf?
tifwmAsL;twGufjyifqifjcif;
- rdrdb,foljzpfa=umif;/ rdrdtvkyftudkifESifh ,ckowif;aumufcHr_onf rnfhonfhtwGufjzpfa=umif; yxrOD;qHk;
&Sif;jyyg?
- rdrdtm;ajz=um;r_rsm;udk ajz=um;ol.qürygbJ tjcm;olrsm;odatmif vkyfaqmifrnfr[kwfa=umif; &Sif;jyyg? ajym
jyaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf pdwfcsvHk+cHKr_udk rdrdwm0ef,lrnfjzpfa=umif; *wdjyKyg? ajz=um;rnfhol.
cGifhjyKcsufudk awmif;cHyg?
- rdrdtaejzifh ajz=um;rnfhol. udk,fa&;&mZ0ifrsm;udk,lxm;jcif;onf oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; twGuf
rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;jzpf+yD; vltrsm;odapEdkifrnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;twGuf toHk;jyKrnfr[kwfa=umif; aocsm
pGm &Sif;jyyg?
- xdkodk@cGifhjyKcsuf&,l&mwGif trnf/ vdyfpm/ &kyfyHk/ toHwckcsif; oHk;cGifh&Sdr&Sd cGifhawmif;yg? wcsdK@onf trnfudkcGifh
jyKaomfvJ &kyfyHkudk toHk;jyKcGifhrjyKonfh tajctaersdK;vJ&Sdwwfonf? xdka=umifh trnf&if;oHk;cGifh &Sdr&Sd/ tjcm;
trnfodk@ajymif;vJGoHk;Edkifjcif;&Sdr&Sd/ udk,fa&;ta=umif;rsm;udk rnfr#txd azmfjyEdkifjcif;&Sdr&Sd wcsufcsif;aocsmpGm
ar;jref;&rnf?
- bmomjyefvdktyfIoHk;rnfqkdygu xdkbmomjyefrnfholonf t=urf;zufapmfum;cH&onfh trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh ywf
oufI em;vnfoabmayguf+yD; vkyfudkifbl;onfh tawG@t}uHK&Sdbl;oljzpfoifhonf?
- trsdK;orD;taejzifh rdrd,Hk=unfpdwfcs&onfholwOD;wa,mufudk bmomjyeftjzpf tultnDawmif; Edkifr_&Sdr&Sd
ar;jref;I tultnDawmif;Ekdifonf? odk@aomfxdktaejzifh rdrdar;jref;rnfhta=umif;t&m. &nf&G,fcsuf/ vkyfxHk;
vkyfenf;rsm;udk oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jy&rnf?
- bmomjyefrnfholrsm;onf ajzqdkrnfholudk txifao;jcif;/ tjypfwifjcif;rsm;r&Sdatmif }udKwif &Sif;jyxm;oifhonf?
odk@rSomxdkbmomjyefrnfholonf csdK;azmufcH&aomoltay: ESdrfhcstxifao; tjypfwifjcif;rsm;udkrvkyfaqmif
vmatmif }udKwifwm;qD;Edkifrnf?
- ppcsif;ar;aomar;cGef;rsm;onf &Sif;vif;+yD;vG,fulaom ar;cGef;rsm;jzpfoifhfonf? tvmyovmy pum;rsdK;jzifh
pwifjcif;/ vG,fulaomar;cGef;rsm;jzifhpwifjcif;tm;jzifh ajzqdkrnfholtaejzifh pdwfoufawmifhoufom jzpf+yD;
ndburma2.indd 299 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

ESpfOD;=um; ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmuf&mvJjzpfaponf?
- rdrdod&Sdvdkaomta=umif;t&mrsm;udkar;aomar;cGef;rsm;jzifhrpao;bJ ajz=um;rnfholtaejzifh tvG,fwulajz
=um;Edkifrnfh omrefar;cGef;rsm;jzifhpwifoifhonf?
- rdrdodvdkaomta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufonfhar;cGef;rsm;pwifar;jref;rnfqdkygu vGwfvGwfvyfvyfajzqdkEdkifrnfh
tzGifhar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;oifhonf? tzGifhar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;jcif;jzifh ajz=um;rnfholajymor#udk *&kwpdkuf
em;axmifay;onf[laom cHpm;r_rsdK; aygufaygufaponf? xdkodk@cHpm;csuf rsdK;ay:aygufvmonhf aemufydkif;wGif
ajz=um;oltaejzifh ydkrdkpdwfcspGmajymqdkvmEdkifvdrfhrnf? xdkodk@ r[kwfbJ tydwfar;cGef;rsm;udkom ar;jref;onfhtcg
ar;jref;oltaejzifh tvsifpvdkjzpfonfhyHkpHrsdK; aygufae+yD; tcsdefray;Edkif[kaom tjrifrsdK;aygufaponfudk owdjyK
yg? xdk@jyif vrf;a=umif;ay;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jref;ygu ajz=um;ay;olonf xdkar;cGef;rsm;udkom tm&Hkpdkufajz
=um;wwfonfh twGuf tjcm;ta&;}uD;onfhtjzpftysufrsm;udk usefoGm;wwfonfudk owdjyKoifhonf?
- vlrsm;onf rdrdta=umif;udk rdrdtqufrjywfajymqdkcGifh&Sdygu ydkrdk pdwfygvufygajymqkdEdkifavh&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh
xdkodk@ajymqdkvmEdkifatmif tzGifhar;cGef;rsm;jyifqifI ajymqdkvmatmif vkyfaqmif&rnf?
- trsdK;orD;rsm;onf olwdk@&ifqdkif}uHKawG@&aom tjzpftysufrsm;a=umifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&memusifr_rsm; &Sdaewwf
onfhtwGuf xdkodk@ajymqdkvmatmif vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf?
- cHpm;&oltrsdK;orD;ajymjyaeaomtjzpftysufudk em;axmifwwf&efowdxm;yg? xdk@twGufpdwf&Snfyg? olrajym
jyaeonfhtjzpftysufudk em;vnfoabmaygufonftxd em;axmifyg? ajymjyae onfhtcsufrsm;udk yHkpHazmf
jrifvmatmif jrif=unfhyg? tcsufrsm;udk rSwfom;yg? odk@rSom tjzpftysuf udk pHkvifpGmem;vnfoabmaygufrnf?
olrajymjyaeonfhtxJrS rjzpfraear;jref;&efvdktyfaom tcsufrsm;udkom ar;jref;&efvdkonf?
- olrajym=um;aeaomtcsufrsm;ukd tajccH+yD; yHkazmfEdkif+yDqdkrSom tao;pdwfar;cGef;rsm;udk vdktyfygu ar;jref;Edkif
onf?
- b,ftcsdefujzpfwmvJ/ b,fae&mrSmjzpfwmvJ?
- rjzpfcifu tajctaeb,fvdkvJ/ jzpfjyD;awmh b,fvdkjzpfvJ?
- usL;vGefolawG&J@ yHkpHu b,fvdkvJ?
- rsufjrifoufaoawG&Sdvm; (rsufjrifoufao[kqdk&mwGif tcif;jzpfyGm;aomtcsdefwGif&Sdaom rsufjrifoufao
rsdK;omr[kwfyg? tcif;rjzpfyGm;cif usL;vGefcH&aomtrsdK;orD;tajctaeudk awG@jrif&aomolrsdK; odk@r[kwftcif;
jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf usL;vGefcH&aomtrsdK;orD;udk awG@jrif&aomolrsdK;udkvJqdkvdkonf/)
- oufaocHyPnf;rsm; &Sdygovm;? ('%f&mrsm;omru usdK;yJhysufpD;oGm;aom yPnf;toHk;taqmifrsm;/ t0wf
tpm; tpkwft+yJrsm;)
- ajzqdkonfholajz=um;+yD;+yD;csif; xdktajzudk csufcsif;tao;pdwfar;jref;jcif;rjyKoifhyg? yxrajz=um;onfhtajzESifh
ywfoufI tao;pdwfodvdkygu xdkodk@tao;pdwfodvdkaoma=umifh xyfrHar;jref;jcif;jzpfonfudk em;vnfatmif
&Sif;jyyg? ajzqdkay;oltaejzifh rdrdtay:r,Hk=unfaoma=umifh xdkodk@ar;jref;onf[k txiftjrifvJGrSm;oGm;apEdkif
onf?
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olrtm; odrfi,fr_rcHpm;Edkifatmif owdjyK&rnf? rdrd.t=unfh/ rdrd. udk,ftrlt,monf olrtm; tm;ay;
aom/ pmemaom yHkpHrsdK;jzpfygap?
ndburma2.indd 300 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

- olr.tjzpftysuftm; rSm;rSefqHk;jzwfay;jcif;rsdK;a&Smifyg? tjypfwifjcif;rsdK;a&Smifyg? “bma=umifh r&kef;wmvJ/

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txl;owdjyKyg?
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tjcm;olrsm;twGuf rnfuJhodk@tusdK;&Sdapa=umif; olrem;vnfEdkifatmif&Sif;jyyg? trsdK;orD;twGuf a&S@quf&
rnfhb0rsm;usefao;a=umif; xdkb0rsdK;udk av#mufvSrf;Edkifrnfh t&nf taoG;rsm;quf&Sdaeao;a=umif; tm;ay;
yg?
- awG@qHkar;jref;r_jyD;qHk;oGm;ygu olrtwGufulnDEdkifrnfh tultnDrsm;/ ulnDEdkifrnfhtzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,f
Edkifatmifvkyfaqmifay;yg? xdktzJG@rsm;taejzifh trsdK;orD;. pdwfcsvkH+cHKpGmxdrf;odrf; &rnfhowif; tcsufrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI apmifhxdef;&rnfhta=umif; od&Sdvdkufematmifvkyfyg?
- rjzpfEdkifonfh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; ray;ygESifh?
-------??-------
ndburma2.indd 301 26-Dec-09 13:05:32

HRM လူအခြင့္အေရး မွတ္တမ္းျပဳျခင္း လတ္စြဲစာစဥ္မ်ား စာအုပ္ (ND-Burma)

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HRM လူအခြင့္အေရး မွတ္တမ္းျပဳျခင္း လတ္စြဲစာစဥ္မ်ား စာအုပ္ (ND-Burma)

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ndburma2.indd 1 26-Dec-09 13:05:17

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ndburma2.indd 2 26-Dec-09 13:05:18

ndburma2.indd 3 26-Dec-09 13:05:18

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ndburma2.indd 4 26-Dec-09 13:05:18

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ndburma2.indd 5 26-Dec-09 13:05:18

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- Assistance Association for Political Prisoners - Burma (AAPPB)

- EarthRights International (ERI)

- Human Rights Documenation Unit (HRDU)

- Human Rights Education Institute of Burma (HREIB)

- Human Rights Foundation of Monland (HURFOM)

- Kachin Women’s Association – Thailand (KWAT)

- Lahu Women’s Organization (LWO)

- Palaung Women’s Organization (PWO)

- Ta'ang Students and Youth Organization (TSYO)

- Yoma 3 News Service wdk@ jzpf=uonf?

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ndburma2.indd 6 26-Dec-09 13:05:18

ndburma2.indd 7 26-Dec-09 13:05:18

ndburma2.indd 8 26-Dec-09 13:05:18

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ndburma2.indd 9 26-Dec-09 13:05:19

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ndburma2.indd 11 26-Dec-09 13:05:19

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ndburma2.indd 13 26-Dec-09 13:05:19

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ndburma2.indd 14 26-Dec-09 13:05:19

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ndburma2.indd 16 26-Dec-09 13:05:20

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ndburma2.indd 17 26-Dec-09 13:05:20

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ndburma2.indd 18 26-Dec-09 13:05:20