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CONTENTS
1. II-Order Low Pass and High Pass Active Filters
3. Attenuators
5. Balanced Modulator
2. 555 Timer :
If IC is good for the applied 5 V D.C supply as in
ckt diagram the voltage at pin no. 5 will be 2/3
Vcc (3.3 Volts)
3. Transistor
Identify emitter, base and collector of the
transistor, with DMM in diode position, if
transistor junctions are good it should indicate a
low resistance upon forward biasing emitter base junction or collector – base
junction and should indicate either OL or 1.(depending on DMM) upon
reverse biasing EB or CB junctions.
4. Source impedance of ASG:
1. Connect the DRB with the maximum resistance to ASG as in figure.
2. Adjust the amplitude of sine wave of 5V pp at 1 KHz.
3. Start reducing the resistance of DRB this reduces the output voltage also.
Source resistance Rs is that value of DRB resistance when the amplitude of
the output signal is half of the initial value. (2.5 V pp)
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
II-Order Active Low Pass Filter
1
2. Filter Circuit : Cut off frequency fC =
2S R= C
5KHz
1 1
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
AIM: - Design a second order Butterworth active low pass / high pass filter for a
given cut-off frequency fC = ______Hz. Conduct an experiment to draw frequency
response and verify the roll off.
PROCEDURE: -
Conclusion:
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Tabulation:
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Tabulation:
Low Pass Filter Vi p-p = Volts (Constant)
I/P frequency in O/P Voltage Gain magnitude Gain magnitude in DB
Hz VO P-P (volts) (Vo/Vi) 20log(Vo/Vi)
Staff-in-charge:
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
II-Order Active Band Pass Filter
Design:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
AIM: - Design a second order band pass and band stop active filter for a given
frequencies fC1 = ______Hz and fC2 = ______Hz. Conduct an experiment to draw
frequency response and verify the Roll off (Band Width = 3 to 5 KHz).
PROCEDURE: -
corresponding frequencies are the lower cut-off frequency (fL) and the
upper cut-off frequency (fH) of the filter.
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design:
Specifications:
Pass band gain AV = 1.586, cut -off frequency fH = 5 KHz, fL=8 KHz, BW= 3 KHz
1. Amplifier:
Voltage gain AV = 1 + Rf / R = 1.586, choose R = 10K:,
Then Rf = 5.86 k: (use 5.6 k:+ 220 : std value)
2. Filter:
Cut - off frequency fH= 1/2S R2C2= 5 KHz
Choose C2= 0.01Pf, then R2 = 3.183 k: (Select R2 = 3.3 k:)
Cut - off frequency fL = 1/2S R1 C1 = 8 k Hz
Choose C1= 0.01Pf, then R1= 1.989 k : (Select R1 = (1.5 k: + 470:))
Tabulation:
Band Pass Filter Vi p-p = Volts (Constant)
Frequency
Hz O/P Voltage VO PP (volts) Gain (Vo/Vi) Gain in DB 20 log (Vo/Vi)
Vomax =
fL = G1
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Tabulation:
Band Elimination Filter Vi p-p = Volts (Constant)
Frequency
Hz O/P Voltage VO PP (volts) Gain (Vo/Vi) Gain in DB 20 log (Vo/Vi)
Vomax =
fL = G1
Conclusion:
Staff-in-charge:
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
T-Type Attenuator S-Type Attenuator
Design:-
S- Type
R (N 2 _ 1) R (N _ 1)
R O R O
1 2N 2 (N - 1)
RO=RS=600: (Assuming Rs. of ASG as 600:)
N = attenuation factor Vi / Vo = 2,
T-Type
S-Type
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
AIM: - Design the attenuation circuits using T, S, O-Pad and Lattice type
networks to attenuate a given signal of amplitude _______volts and frequency
______Hz to be reduced to 50% of the amplitude. Test the circuit and record the
results.
PROCEDURE: -
Design:-
1. T-Type attenuators:-
(N - 1)
R R 200
1 O (N _ 1)
For N=2 and RS = RO = 600 , then
N
R 2R 800
2 O (N 2 _ 1)
2. S-Type attenuators:-
(N 2 -1)
R R 450
1 O 2N
For N=2 and RS = RO = 600 , then
(N _ 1)
R R 1.8K
2 O (N _ 1)
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design:-
O-Pad Type
R (N 2 _ 1) R (N _ 1)
R O R O
1 2N 2 (N - 1)
RO=RS=600: (Assuming Rs. of ASG as 600:)
N = attenuation factor Vi / Vo = 2,
Lattice-Type
O-Pad Type
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design:-
3. Lattice-Type attenuators:-
(N - 1)
R R 200
1 O (N _ 1)
For N=2 and RS = RO = 600 , then
N
R 2R 800
2 O (N 2 _ 1)
(N 2 -1)
R R 450
1 O 2N
For N=2 and RS = RO = 600 , then
(N _ 1)
R R 1.8K
2 O (N _ 1)
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
Collector AM and Demodulation using Envelop Detector
Design:-
Specifications: -
Tuned frequency = fIFT, Assume fIFT = 455 KHz, t = 2.19 Psec
Check point: -
x Ensure that AFT is not loading the ASG.
x Check the transistor (See self checking)
x Adjust the carrier frequency exactly equal to fIFT.
x Observe the clamped signal at the base of the transistor.
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
PROCEDURE: -
2. By switching off the modulating signal, find the tuned frequency of IFT by
varying the carrier signal frequency.
3. Keeping the carrier frequency the tuned frequency of IFT switch on the
modulating signal and observe the AM signal at the output of IFT.
4. Find the modulation index ‘ m’, the amplitude of the carrier signal Vc and
the amplitude of the message signal Vm from the AM output by
measuring Vmax and Vmin.
5. By varying amplitude of the modulating signal note down ‘ m’, ‘ Vm’, ‘ Vc’
from Vmax and Vmin. Make sure that Vc is remaining constant.
7. Connect the envelope detector ckt to the IFT o/p and observe the
demodulated signal.
Note : To obtain the trapezoidal wave from, feed the modulating signal to
Channel ‘ A’ and the modulated signal to channel ‘ B’ of CRO and time / Div knob
in X via A position.
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Tabulation:-
Modulation
Tuned frequency of IFT, fIFT = ____________KHz
V - V - V
Sl.No Vmax (V) Vmin (V) m = max V mi n Vm = V2mimax
n Vc = 2 max _
V mi n
V
V _
m ax min
Demodulation
Sl.No Vo (V) fo (Hz)
m_ _1 _L_ L2
L
_L _
1 2
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
WAVE FORMS: -
(a) Carrier wave, (b) Sinusoidal wave, (c) Amplitude modulated signal.
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
Balanced Modulator (Using Diodes)
Waveforms-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Aim:- Rig up a balanced modulator (Ring modulator) circuit. Test its operation
and record the waveforms.
Procedure: -
2. Apply the modulating signal (Sine wave) with frequency fm and the
carrier signal (square wave) with frequency fC (fC = 10 f m).
Tabulation:-
Sl.No. VC Volts fC Hz Vm Volts fm Hz
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
Class-C Tuned Amplifier
V2 PD
CCu V I P
f Hz VO volts VDC volts IC mA RL ohms mW PAC O
8R mW
DC PAC
L
DC
Design:-
Specification:
Frequency f = 150 KHz, t = 6.66 usec
R1C1 >> t, i.e, R1C1 = 100 t
Choose C1 = 0.01Pf, the R1 = 66.6 K:.Select R1 = 68 K: (std value)
Tank ckt: f 150KHz
S
If C = 0.001Pf, then L = 1.125 mH a1mH. Then Factual = 159 KHz.
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the input frequency of the signal to get maximum output at the
load.
3. For the applied DC voltage adjust the amplitude of input sine wave signal
so that the output signal peak to peak amplitude is twice of the DC voltage
(without any distortion).
4. Vary the load resistance RL around 10 KW.
5. Note Vo, VDC, IC and RL to find PAC and PDC hence the efficiency.
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Frequency Modulation Circuit: -
B
Sl.No fc Hz fm Hz Vm volts fc ma x Hz fc min Hz G1 Hz G2 Hz G Hz T2
f
m
1
fcmax - fc , 2
fc - fcmin , Max of 1
or 2
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. By switching off the modulating signal m(t), note down the carrier sine
wave of frequency of fC at pin 2 of IC 8038.
5. Find the frequency deviation, modulation index & operation band width.
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design-1: -
1. FM modulator circuit.
Let carrier frequency fC = 3 KHz, fC = 0.3/R Ct.
Choose R = 10K = Ra = Rb, then Ct = 0.01Pf.
Take RL = 10K , CC = 0.01Pf.
2. Demodulator using PLL.
Let fO = fC = 3 KHz, fO = 1.2/4R1C1.
Choose C1 = 0.001Pf, then R1 = 100K .
Filter design: Let fm = 1 KHz = 1/2SRC
Choose C = 0.1Pf, then R = 1.59 K a 1.5 K
Design - 2: -
1. FM modulator circuit.
Let carrier frequency fC = 5 KHz, fC = 0.3/R Ct.
Choose R = 10K = Ra = Rb, then Ct = 0.001Pf.
Take RL = 10K , CC = 0.01Pf.
2. Demodulator using PLL.
Let fO = fC = 3 KHz, fO = 1.2/4R1C1.
Choose C1 = 0.001Pf, then R1 = 100K .
Filter design: Let fm = 1 KHz = 1/2SRC
Choose C = 0.1Pf, then R = 1.59 K a 1.5 K
Wave Form: -
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design:-
Specification:
f c RC
0.3
Carrier frequency fC = 3 kHz,
t
Choose R= 10 K , Ra = Rb, then Ct = 0.01Pf (use DCB)
Ra = Rb = 10 K , RL = 10 K , Ct = 0.01Pf (use DCB). R = 82 K , CC = 0.01Pf.
Note: -
Usually the carrier frequency of the FM signal is in the range of 100s of
KHz, but is chosen in terms of 1s of KHz to enable proper measurement of
frequency deviating G.
Check Points: -
Ensure that a square wave and a triangular wave at pin 9 and 3 of IC 8038
respective.
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Radio Receiver: -
Selectivity: -
fm = _____Hz, %m = ______
Sl.No fC Hz Vo volts
Fidility: -
fm = _____Hz, %m = ______
Sl.No fC Hz Vo volts
Sensitivity: -
fm = _____Hz, %m = ______
fC Hz Vi volts Vo volts
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pre-emphasis De-emphasis
De-Emphasis N/W
Vo Normalized gain Normalized Gain
f Hz Vo volts Gain Gain/Go In db
Vi
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a sine wave of 5Vpp amplitude, vary the frequency and note down
the gain of the circuit.
Design: -
1. Pre-emphasis circuit.
Given f1 = 2.1 KHz, f2 = 15KHz.
f1 = 1/2SrC, f2 = 1/2SRC
Choose C = 0.1Pf then r = 820 and R = 100 .
Also r/R = Rf/R1, then R1 = 2.2K and Rf = 15K .
2. De-emphasis circuit.
fC = 1/2SRdCd.
Choose Cd = 0.1Pf and fC = f1 = 2.1KHz
Then Rd = 820 .
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Tabulation:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Aim:- Using IC1496, rig up an AM modulation and Demodulation circuit. Test its
operation and record the waveforms.
Procedure: -
a) AM Modulation
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Give the modulating signal of 2VPP (1KHz).
3. Give the carrier signal of 1VPP (600KHz).
4. Note down the AM modulated signal at pin 6 and also at the emitter of the
buffer (emitter follower).
5. Change the amplitude levels of the modulating signal, keeping fC and fm as
constant and find the depth of modulation.
b) AM Demodulation
1. Give the AM wave to pin1 of MC1496.
2. Also give the AM wave from the buffer o/p.
3. Note the demodulated signal at pin 12 of MC1496.
Design: -
Select Vdc = +12V, IC = 3mA. RL = + Vdc/ IC = 4K a3.9K .
Vbe = 700mV, I = 160mA, Voltage at pin 5 = 1.7V.
Vbias = (-8+1.7) = -6.3V
RS = Vbias/I = 6.3/160mA = 7K a6.8K
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation
Design: -
Specifications: -
IC = 1ma, hFE = 100, VCEsat = 0.3 V, VBEsat = 0.7v (assume), fm = 100hz.
Check Points: -
1. Ensure that square wave signal at the base of the transistor should have
amplitude > VJ.
2. Ensure that m (t) is having sufficient dc shift.
Tabulation: -
VC(pp) volts fC (Hz) Vm(pp) volts fm (Hz) Reconstructed output
VO volts fO (Hz)
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the square wave carrier signal of 2V peak to peak amplitude
with frequency fc = 5 kHz.
3. Apply sine wave modulating signal with frequency fm = 100 Hz
with 5 Vpp amplitude and 3 V DC shift (use function generator).
4. Observe the PAM output.
5. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of the low pass filter.
6. Repeat the steps 2 to 5 for fc = 2 fm & fc < 2 fm.
Waveforms:
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pulse Width modulation and demodulation
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the modulating signal with minimum amplitude, observe the
output of astable multivibrator with 50 % duty cycle at frequency fc.
3. Apply the modulating signal with frequency fm and the amplitude less
than the critical amplitude observe the PWM signal.
4. Verify the variation of width of the pulses with respect to clamped
modulating signal (at point A).
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design: -
Specifications: -
Frequency fc = 1 KHz, duty cycle: 50 %
Check points: -
With modulating signal zero, the voltage at pin 5 of 555 timer should be 2/3 VCC.
Ensure that modulating signal is clamped.
Tabulation: -
Unmodulated carrier PWM Output Demodulator
Dynamic Modulating
Ton Toff Min.width
range frequency VO(V) fO(Hz)
ms ms fc Hz Max.width ms ms
volts fm Hz
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Waveforms:-
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pulse Position modulation and demodulation
Design:
m(t) = 1KHz, T = 1ms
T = RC, Let C = 0.01uf
Then R = 1
CHECK POINTS: -
x With modulating signal zero, the voltage at pin 5 of 555 timer should be 2 /3 Vcc.
x Ensure that wave form at pin 2 of 555 timer should have a trailing edge going below 1
/3 Vcc.
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Check the working of 555 timer as a monostable multivibrator by giving an
unmodulated PWM signal. Verify the pulse width of output signal for the
designed value.
3. By applying the PWM signal note the change in the position of the pulses i.e.
PPM signal.
4. Critical amplitude of the modulating signal is that value of m(t) at which the
pulse in PPM just disappears.
Waveforms:-
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
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Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Transistor Mixer
Transistor Mixer
Aim:- Conduct an experiment to generate PAM signal and also design a circuit to
demodulate the obtained PAM signal and verify sampling theorem. Plot the
relevant waveforms.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the amplitude of the local oscillator in minimum position, find the
tuned frequency of IFT (fIFT) by varying the carrier frequency (fs) of the
input AM signal.
Down conversion: -
Design: -
3. Adjust the carrier
Specifications: - frequency of the AM signal more than the tuned
frequency
VCC = 6V,of VCEIFT, nowassume
= 5V, adjusting
IC =the local
1ma, hFEoscillator frequency
= 100, VBEsat (fLO = fs +
= 0.6v.
fIFT)
VCC = VCE + IE * RE
(Note:IElocal
Since ~ IC,oscillator
then RE =amplitude
1 K: z 0). Observe the output AM signal with
carrier
Vb = IBfrequency at fIFT.
* RB + VBEsat + IE * RE ------ (1)
Where
4. Repeat Vb =3 VCC
the step * R2 /R1carrier
for different + R2, RB = R1 + R2, RB = R1 * R2 /R1 + R2
frequencies.
From eq -(1) it can be found that R1 ~ 2.5 R2, Choose R2 = 18 K:, then R1 45 K:
Up conversion:
R1 = 47 K:, R2 = 18 K:, RE = 1K:, CC = 0.1:f, CE = 10Pf
5. Adjust the carrier frequency of the AM signal l ess than the frequency of
Check points:
IFT, now- adjusting the local oscillator frequency (f LO = fS + f IFT) (Note :
During the mixer
local operation
oscillator under onzcircumstance
amplitude 0). Observethe
thefrequency
output AM of local
signaloscillator or
with carrier
frequency of the carrier should be kept at tuned frequency of IFT. (i.e., fLO = fIFT = fS)
frequency at f IFT.
Tabulation: - step 5 for different carrier frequencies.
6. Repeat the
fIFT = __________, Vmax = ___________, Vmin = _________, %m = __________
Formulas:
Operation fS Zo
Hz =fLO
VoHzrms/Io,
fO Hz gc = +Vo
fLO fS rms/
Hz (Vi rms.Zo)
Conclusion:-
Up Conversion
Staff-in-charge:-
Down Conversion
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