CUPRINS

Alfabetul limbii engleze … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3

Vocalele limbii engleze … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4
Consoanele limbii engleze … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5
Substantivul … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ... 6
Articolul … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 9
Prepozitia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13
Conjunctia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21
Adverbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23
Adejectivul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30
Numeralul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38
Pronumele ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43
Verbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47

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 Alfabetului Limbii Engleze

Engleza foloseste un alfabet latin cu literele cunoscute si in alte limbi straine de origine
indo-europeana dar cunoaste grupuri de litere care se pronunta diferit. De exemplu, "th" este
grupul cel mai cunoscut.
Ceea ce este mai interesant in alfabetul englez este ca adesea "y" si "w" devin vocale si
astfel intervin schimbarile necesare (articolul nehotarat "a" se transforma in "an" daca cuvintele
incep cu una dintre aceste litere).
Engleza este o limba tonala in care intonatia este importanta. De aceea, adesea, vocea
ajuta sa transmita ironia sau surpriza, afirmatia sau interogatia. Spre exemplu, intrebarea poate fi
formata cu ajutorul inversiunii subiectului cu auxiliarul verbului dar exista si posibilitatea
mentinerii afirmatiei si a schimbarii intonatiei.
Diacriticele apar destul de rar in limba engleza, in special in cuvintele imprmutate
(appliqué, attaché, crêpe, élite) si pronuntia lor este identica cu cea din limba din care provin, in
mare parte din franceza.

Litera Transcriere fonetica

a [ei]
b [bi:]
c [si:]
d [di:]
e [i:]
f [ef]
g [dji:]
h [eitch]
i [ai] Vocalele Limbii Engleze
j [gei] (the voewls)
k [kei]
Limba engleza are 12
l [el]
vocale, lungi (mai lungi decat
m [em]
in limba romana, pe care le
n [en]
indicam in transcrierea
o [ou] fonemica prin doua puncte
p [pi:] [:]), si scurte (mai scurte
q [kju:] decat in limba romana):
r [a:]
s [es] a scurt, intre "a" anterior si
t [ti:] "o", ex.: nut [nat] nuca
u [ju:]
a: mai lunga decat vocala
v [vi:] romaneasca, urmata de obicei
w ['dablju:] de "r" (care nu se pronunta,
x [eks] doar daca urmatorul cuvant
y [wai] incape cu o vocala!), ex.:
z [zed] arm [a:m] brat, car [ca:]
masina

[a] a cu barcuta deasupra, e scurt, si intalnit in silabe neaccentuate, ex.: a pen [  a pen] un
stilou, at home [at haum] acasa, after [a:fta] dupa, England [ingland] Anglia

3
[a: ] a cu barcuta deasupra, prelungit si pronuntat printre dinti, intr-un zambet larg, ex.: girl
[ga:l] fata, learn [la:n] a invata

[ae] este un sunet intermediar intre "e" si "a", pronuntat cu gura foarte mult deschisa, ex.: Ann
[aen] Ana, has [haez] (el, ea) are

e similar cu vocala romaneasca, ex.: men [men] barbati, many [meni] multi, multe

i scurt, intre "i" si "e"

it [it] el, ea (pentru substantive ce denumesc obiecte, animale si notiuni abstracte), ex: big [big]
mare

i: vocala lunga, intalnita in exclamatiile din limba romana!, ex: be [bi:] a fi, see [si:] a vedea

o intermediara intre o si a, ex: dog [dog] caine, not [not] nu (adverb)

o: lung, intre "u" si "o", ex: all [o:l] toti, toate, door [do:] usa

u scurt, intre "u" si "o", ex: good [gud] bun

u: lung, ex: you [iu:] tu, voi, do [du:] a face

           

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 Consoanele Lmbii Egleze

Unele consoane englezesti sunt deosebite de cele din limba romana:

a. urmate de aspiratie, de un "h" usor, cand sunt folosite la inceputul cuvintelor

k come [cham] a veni (de regula, "e"-ul din pozitie finala nu se citeste!)
p pen [phen] stilou
t ten [then] zece

b. alveolare; varful limbii se sprijina pe alveolele incisivilor superiori

d did [did] facut
t ten [ten] zece
n not [not] nu

c. interdentale, tine varful limbii intre dinti si rosteste "s" (consoana surda) sau "z"
(consoana sonora)
["s"] thank ["s"aenc] multumesc
["z"] then ["z"en] atunci

d. "l" velar, pozitie finala / "l" clar, apare inainte de vocale

tell [tel] a povesti like [laic] a place

e. "n" velar / "n" clar

sun [san] soare English [inglish] englez

f. "r" fricativ, nu se pronunta in pozitie finala, decat daca urmatorul cuvant incepe cu o
vocala
Henry

g. "s"-ul dintre doua vocale, sau uneori cel aflat la sfarsitul cuvantului se pronunta "z"
please [pli:z] va rog (adu-ti aminte ca "e" final, dupa consoana, nu se citeste!)
his [hiz] al lui

h. "sh" are ca echivalent "sh"-ul romanesc: shogun

English [inglish] englez

i. "ts" indentic cu "ts"-ul romanesc

           nuts [nats] nuci

5
 Substantivul (the noun)

Felul substantivelor
Substantivele în limba engleza se pot împarti în patru categorii:
substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp
substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary
substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy
substantive colective: crowd, group, team

Genul
Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:
Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog
Substantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:
Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe
Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nu
este cunoscut (pronume: it/they):
Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby
Exceptii: tarile, navele, în majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule
sunt de genul feminin.
Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele care
intra în aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe:
Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor,
profesoara).
Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:
Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son - daughter,
uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king - queen

Numarul
Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul sau mai
multe obiecte sau fiinte.
Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife, world, storm
Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s la forma de singular:
Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worlds
Pluralul substantivelor teminate în ch, o, sh, s, x se formeaza adaugând es la singular.
Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes, class+es=classes,
potato+es=potatoes, bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes

Pluralul neregulat
Substantive terminate în consoana+y fac pluralul în ies:
Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies
Unele substantive terminate în o fac plural prin adaugarea unui s.
Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos
Unele substantive terminate în f sau fe vor suferi la plural schimbarea în ves.
Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves, wolf – wolves
Exceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves
Câteva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne
Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth
Pluralul substantivului child este children.
Unele substantive ramân identice la plural Ex.: aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish

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Pluralul substantivelor compuse
În cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvânt va trece la plural.
Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents
Exceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sau woman vor primi semnul
pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente.
Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants
În cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv + prepozitie /
adverb + substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.
Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up
Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui s
Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)

Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)

Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte
puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.
Nume de substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood
Abstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, news,
beauty, experience, horror, knowledge, friendship, theory, literature
Alte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, weather
Substantivele unice sunt întotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular:
Ex.: This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful.

Nu sunt precedate de a/an; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se foloseste:
some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc.
Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice of bread is hard. The piece
of advice you gave me helped.
Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfel
devenind substantive comune si comportându-se ca atare (primes a/an la singular, pot avea
plural).

Sens Unic / Sens Comun

Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.)
She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par în lapte.)
Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.)
We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic în padure.)

1.5. Forma posesiva

Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina în s:
Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women's clothes
Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina în s.
Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence
Numele proprii terminate în s vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie 's
Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems
În cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvânt va primi 's
Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives
's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.
Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speech
Forma posesiva se foloseste în general când vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de
asemenea în urmatoarele cazuri:
În expresii temporale

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 Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes' break
În expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worth
Ex.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps
În alte expresii uzuale:
Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the plane's wings, the
train's departure
În cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului
urmator atunci când sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta).
Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's
(office). The kids went to Bobby's (house).
Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei of+substantiv. Aceasta
constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand
acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata.
Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house
I took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went to buy the book.

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 Articolul (the article)

Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete înteles într-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie
însotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este
articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:
Articolul hotarât - the
Articolul nehotarât - a / an
Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)
Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba în functie de numarul sau genul
substantivului si se aseaza în fata substantivului determinat.

Articolul hotarât (the) se foloseste:

1. inaintea unui substantiv singular numarabil sau nenumarabil sau a unui substantiv plural
numarabil pentru a face o noua referire la ceva ce a fost deja sau la care s-a facut deja
aluzie:
He wanted to go to the bank to change some money, but all the banks were on
strike.
Dave had a nasty accident when he was young. You can still see the scar.
Do you remember the fun we had when we were at school together?
2. pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume:
The American economy is suffering at the moment.
The people I work with are very friendly.
I don’t like the president of that company.
3. in fata unui substantiv reprezentand o anume persoana sau un lucru sau un grup de
persoane sau lucruri:
I don’t feel well. Can you call the doctor? (= medicul personal)
The kids aren’t at home. (= proprii tai copii)
Can you pass me the butter, please? (= untul de pe aceasta masa)
Shall I drive the car? (= aceasta masina)
Maria Callas sang so beautifully that the audience threw flowers onto the stage.
(= publicul care o urmarea a aruncat flori pe scena pe care canta ea)
4. cu referire la ceva unic in mod absolut:
The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
The weather at the North Pole is very cold.
The President of the United States visited the Pope last May.
5. in fata adjectivelor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clasa de oameni. In acest
caz NU este nevoie de substantiv:
Only the strong survive. (= oamenii puternici in general)
The question of the unemployed came up again.
Robin Hood stole from the rich and gave to the poor.
6. in fata unui substantiv la singular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animale
sau obiecte:
The Indian elephant is smaller than the African elephant.
The dolphin is said to be a very intelligent animal.
Henry Ford invented the automobile.
The customer is always right.
7. inaintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mari si rauri,
lanturi muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de tari si deserturi:
the Middle East, the North of England, the Ivory Coast

9
 the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the English Channel, the River Thames, the
Straits of Gibraltar
the Himalayas, the Alps, the Carpathians
the Hawaiian Islands, the Falklands
the United States of America, the Netherlands, the Philippines
the Arizona Desert, the Mojave Desert
NOTA: THE nu se foloseste cu nume de munti izolati.
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland.
THE nu se foloseste cu nume de lacuri.
Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Ontario
8. in fata numelor de instruente muzicale:
Rachmaninov began to play the piano when he was only 4 years old.
The guitar has always been my favourite instrument.
9. in fata unor adjective – nationalitati cu referire la oameni dintr-o anumita tara. Aici se
foloseste un verb la plural:
The Swiss have decided not to join the EU.
The Spanish are doing very well in this year’s Olympics.
NOTA: In anumite cazuri, se pot folosi numai substantive la plural.
The Germans were upset about losing the WW II.
The Americans hosted the 1994 World Football Championship.
10. inaintea adjectivelor superlative si a numeralelor ordinale:
Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
Laura is the most beautiful in my class.
That is the silliest thing I have ever heard.
NOTA: Uneori numeralele oridinale pot fi folosite fara THE atunci cand se face
referire la ordinea in care se petrec evenimentele.
Brendan came first ad Colin second at 100 meters.
We went to Manhattan first, then on to Brooklyn.

Articolul nehotarât (a / an).

Se foloseste a înaintea substantivelor care încep cu o consoana si an înaintea substantivelor
care încep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u). Articolul nehotarât se foloseste:
1. inaintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima data:
I’ve received a postcard from a friend of mine in the US.
After months of searching, my brother found a job.
The Jacksons live in a bungalow.
2. pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slujbe sau profesii:
My neighbour is a sociologist and his wife is an architect.
Jenny doesn’t eat meat; she’s a vegetarian.
There is a man at the door who says he is a detective.
That was a kind thing to say.
3. dupa verbul be sau alte verbele copulative, cand dupa ele urmeaza locutiuni
prepozitionala sau propozitii relative care ofera mai multa informatie despre cineva sau
ceva:
I read an interesting article about pollution in yesterday’s paper.
Jack’s son is a talented artist.
He studied law at University and became a judge.
I bought a painting that reminded me of my childhood home.
John Smith wrote an interesting article on Education in the ‘Times’ yesterday.

10
 4. cu unele expresii numerice insemnand “unu” sau su expresii ale pretului, vitezei,
raportului si cantitatii:
A hundred guests were invited.
Petrol costs £ 1.50 a litre in England.
He’s crazy driving at 190 kilometres an hour.
You must take this medicine four times a day if you want to get better.
There was a great deal of noise coming form the house next door.
5. cu substantive numarabile la singular pentru a da definitii, a face afirmatii generale,
exclamatii sau cand ne exprimam dorinte:
A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms.
A house built of stone is stronger than a house built of wood.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. (proverb)
Wow! What a pretty girl walked by just now.
I’d like a nice cool glass of beer.

Articolul a / an si one
1. Atunci când numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie
a/an fie one pentru singular:
Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pounds
You can take an/ one hour for lunch.
2. Dar a/an si one nu înseamna întotdeauna acelasi lucru:
Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).
One box is no good, we need two boxes.

Articolul zero. Nu se foloseste articol în urmatoarele cazuri:

1. in fata substantivelor nenumarabile sau numarabile la plural cand se face o afirmatie
generala (adesea precedate de determinanti ca: some, any, a piece of, a lot of etc.):
Water quenches thirst on a hot day.
Pollution in big cities is very worrying.
Dogs make good companions.
There is some luggage to be taken upstairs.
Is there any bread in the kitchen?
2. in fata substativelor abstracte cand sunt folosite in mod generic: beauty, happiness, fear,
hope, knowledge, intelligence etc.; cu exceptia cazurilor cand sunt folosite cu sens mai
bine specificat:
Knowledge comes to us through our senses. DAR: She got the job because she
has a knowledge of English.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. DAR: What a beauty!
3. in fata substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane si numele unei companii, cu exceptia
situatiilor cand se vorbeste de familie ca un tot:
He works for Microsoft.
Helen and George Parker are coming to dinner tonight. DAR: The Parkers are
coming to dinner tonight.
4. pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, in fata numelor de echipe etc:
He loves football and supports Manchester Utd.
5. inaintea meselor zilei:
Where did you have breakfast / lunch / dinner?
6. inaintea cuvintelor home, church, university, prison, hospital, market etc. atunci cand
ele reprezinta o institutie sau o idee generala. THE se foloseste totusi atunci cand se face
o referire speciala la locul respectiv:

11
Al Capone was arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. (ne referim nu la o
anumita inchisoare, ci la institutie)
His mother went to the prison once a week to visit him. (aici ne referim la acea
inchisoare unde se afla Al Capone)
My mother goes to church every Sunday. (biserica in sensul de institutie, serviciu
religios)
She sometimes goes to the church near the Royal Palace. (acea biserica anume).
Our University is 150 years old. (institutia universitatii)
Emma and Ben often go to the university to talk to their professor. (la o
universitate anume, in cladirea ei)

12
 Prepozitia

1. Prepozitia de loc - se foloseste cu verbe statice: to be/to stay/to exist/to stand, etc.
in – in, la, pentru spatii mari Ex: I live in Bucharest.
at – in, la, pentru spatii reduse Ex: I live at Sinaia.
within – in cadrul, pentru suprafete restranse Ex: A lot of words have been said within
these walls.
against – rezemat Ex: The man is against the wall.
– impotriva Ex: We are against them.
on – pe (pozitia pe o suprafata) Ex: The book is on the table.
Pentru apropiere:
imediata: next to, close to, beside
apropiere: near, near by, by
Pozitia pe verticala:
over – deasupra
under – dedesubt (fara raportare la un punct fix)
above – deasupra
below – dedesubt (cu raportare la un punct fix) Ex: above zero, below the water
level
underneath – punctul cel mai de jos
on top of – punctul cel mai de sus (prin atingere) Ex: The green book is underneath.
(este cea mai de jos carte)
Pozitia pe orizontala:
in front of – in fata
behind – in spate (pentru lucruri pentru a indica pozitia) Ex: The tree is in front of the
house.
after – dupa
before – inainte (pentru oameni, pentru a indica ordinea) Ex: I’m before you at the
queue.
between – intre 2
among – printre (mai mult de 2)

2. Prepozitia de miscare - se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare

to – la, catre (pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go to school.
towards – la, catre (nu pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go towards office.
Into – in (pp patrunderea intr-un spatiu) Ex: Put the bag into the house.
Onto – pe (pp miscarea pe o suprafata orizontala;se pune “on”daca sta)The cat is running
onto the floor.
along – de-a lungul (pp miscarea pe o suprafata plana si lunga) Ex: I’m walking along the
beech.
through – prin (pp traversare si patrundere) Ex: I walk through the park.
across – traversare (nu si patrundere) Ex: I run across the street.
about – prin (arata o miscare nedefinita) Ex: I walk about town (prin oras, fara un tel
precis)
around – in jurul (pp o miscare circulara) Ex: I dance around the fire.
out of – pp iesirea dintr-un volum Ex: Get out of my house.
off – pp desprinderea de o suprafata Ex: The plane takes off.
up-and-down – in sus si in jos pe un plan vertical Ex: The children run up-and-down the
stairs.

13
 from – de la, de pe, din Ex: Take it from my bag.
past – langa (pp apropierea imediata prin miscare) Ex: I drive past the university (si nu
near the university!, pt ca sunt in miscare)

3. Prepozitia de timp
in – pentru ani, lunile anului, anotimpuri, perioade ale vietii (in my childhood),
in anumite momente ale zilei (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening)
at – pentru ora (at 10 o’clock), in anumite momente ale zilei (at noon, at midday, at
midnight, at dusk), pentru varsta (at the age of 15), mesele zilei (at lunch time), cu week-
end (at the week-end) si in sarbatori (at Christmas)
on – cu zilele saptamanii (on Sunday), data (on the 15th of June) si
sarbatorile (on Christmas day – cand este vorba de ziua de Craciun, nu de toata perioada)
before si after – inainte si dupa, cu raportare la un punct fix
by – nu mai tarziu de Ex: Try to arrive by ten.
during – in timpul
over – in timpul, dar pe perioade scurte Ex: Read it over the week-end.
throughout / althrough – de-a lungul, dar pe o prioada lunga de timp Ex: Althrough the
years.

4. Diferentiere intre prepozitii

in time on time
cu ceva timp inainte la fix
in the end at the end
finally, in cele din urma la capatul (urmeaza un substantiv)
in with
pentru ceva cu care esti imbracat pentru o trasatura fizica
Ex: A woman in trousers. A woman with long hair.
as like
pentru rol, functie, pozitie pentru comparatie
Ex: I work as a teacher. Ex: I talk like a teacher.
(I am a teacher) (I am an engineer)
on about
in legatura cu, folosit academic despre
Ex: Give me a book on Economics. Ex: Let’s talk about sex.
due to owing to
datorita (doar dupa “to be”) datorita (restul inafara de “to be”)
Ex: My success is due to her. Ex: Owing to my work I succeeded.
over across
pp traversarea peste un obstacol traversare pe jos
Ex: I’m over the ocean. (cu avionul) Ex: I’m across the ocean. (cu barca)
despite in spite of
dupa urmeaza CD (niciodata sub.) dupa urmeaza genitiv
Ex: Despite the bad weather I left. Ex: In spite of the bad weather I left.
made of – recunosc materialul Ex: made of gold
made from – deduc ceva elemente Ex: the cake is made from cocoa
made with – recunosc 1 element Ex: a chocolate made with milk (dar laptele nu este
elementul de baza)
in – in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
at – at dawn, at midnight

14
 on – pentru orice moment al zilei atunci cand exista un atribut
Ex: In the morning dar On a fine day
At night dar On a starry night

5. Pentru mijloace de locomotie

by – cu orice mijloc de transport, daca nu este determinat
Ex: by car, by bus, by plane (dar on foot!)
in – pentru autovehicule, daca sunt determinate
Ex: in my father’s car, in the car that you bought me
on – pentru toate celelalte in afara de autovehicule daca sunt determinate
Ex: on my father’s plane, on the tube/subway/underground

6. Expresii cu Prepoziţii
Prepozitia Expresii
About (despre) About the town-prin oraş
About six o‘clock-în jurul orei şase
A journey about the world-o călătorie prin lume
About my head-deasupra capului meu
About all-mai presus de orice,în primul rând
Across (de-a curmezişul sau de-a To walk across the street-a traversa strada
latul) Across the road-peste drum
After (după) After dark-după lăsarea întunericului
After breakfast-după micul dejun
After five o‘clock-după ora cinci
Day after day-zi de zi,zi după zi
Time after time-deseori,foarte adesea
After theat-după aceea
The day after tomorrow-poimâine
Against-împotrivă,contra Against the laws-împotriva legilor
A race against time-o cursă contra cronometru
To lean against a wall-a se sprijini de un perete
Along-de-a lungul Along a valley-de.a lungul unei văi
Along the sea shore-de-a lungul ţărmului
Among-între Among us-între noi(când este vorba de 3 sau mai multe persoane)
Among his friends-printre(între) prietenii lui
Among the most important reasons-printre cele m.imp.cauze(motive)
Around-împrejur A trip around the contry-o călătorie prin ţară
To sit around the table-a şedea în jurul mesei
I will come around ten-o să vin pe la zece (în jur de ora zece)
At –la At noon-la prânz
At day break-la revărsatul zorilor
At sunset-la apusul soarelui,la asfinţit
At rondom-la intâmplare
At work-la lucru
At the door-la uşă
At the beginning-la început
At the end-la sfârşit
At the same time-în acelaşi timp
At the age of-la vârsta de
At first-la început

15
 At last-la sfârşit,în cele din urmă
At full speed-la viteză maximă,cu toată viteza
At first sight-la prima vedere
At what time?-la ce oră?
At once-imediat
At least-cel puţin
At my disposal-la dispoziţia mea
Byfore-înainte Byfore my eyes-înaintea ochilor mei
Byfore one a‘clock-înainte de ora unu
To sail byfore the wind-a naviga cu vântul în spate
Behind(bihaind)-în spate Behind the clouds-în spatele norilor
To hide behind the door-a se ascunde în spatele uşii
Below(bilou)-sub To strike below the belt-a lovi sub centură
Below sea level-sub nivelul mării
Below the ground-sub pământ
Below the average-sub nivelul mediu
Beneath-sub,mai jos de Beneath one‘s dignity-sub demnitatea cuiva
Besides-în afară de He has two cars besides this-el are două maşini în afară de aceasta
Between-între, se foloseşte când este Between the two world wars-între cele două războaie mondiale
vorba de două elemente sau două An understanding between us-o înţelegere între noi
persoane
Beyond-dincolo de Beyond doubt(deaut)-fără îndoială
Beyond the sea-dincolo de mare
Beyond limits-peste limită
By-de,de către,prin To open by force-a deschide cu forţa
To travel by train-a călători cu trenul
To go by car-a merge cu maşina
Day by day-zi de zi
Step by step-pas cu pas
Drop by drop-strop cu strop
Piece by piece-bucată cu bucată
One by one-unul câte unul
Two by two-doi câte doi
To learn by heart-a învăţa pe de rost
To go by the post-office-a trece pe lângă poştă
By force of circunstances-prin forţa împrejurărilor
To sleep side by side-a dormi unul lângă altul
For-pentru Good for food-comestibil
To leave for school-a pleca la şcoală
To look for help-a căuta ajutor
To cry for help-a striga după ajutor
For a time-un timp,pentru un timp
To go for a walk-a merge la plimbare
To read for pleasure-a citi de plăcere
What is this good for?-la ce este bun ăsta?
For all the world-pentru nimic în lume
To have a taste for art-a avea gust artistic
For this reason-pentru(din) acest motiv
For the sake of peace-în numele păcii
Enough(inagh) for the present-suficient deocamdată

16
 I‘m sorry for you-îmi pare rău de tine(pentru tine)
From-din,de la From first to last-de la primul la ultimul
From heaven to earth-de la cer la pământ
From bad(bead) to worse-din ce în ce mai rău
From place to place-din când în când
From morning to night-de dimineaţa până seara
Light from the sun-lumină de la soare
A man free from care-un om liber de griji
A man from the country-un om de la ţară
To be far from home-a fi departe de casă
From theat point of view-din punctul acela de vedere
From my point of view-din punctul meu de vedere
To be released from prisom-a fi eliberat din închisoare
Seen from above-văzut de sus
Seen from below(bilou)-văzut de dedesubt
On my way from Piteşti to Bucharest-în drumul meu de la P.la B
To tell one thing from another-a deosebi un lucru de celălalt
In-în In the morning-dimineaţa
In the shade(şeid)-la umbră
In the end-la final
In the garden-în grădină
In heaven-în cer
In spring-primăvara
In summer-vara
In fall-toamna
In winter-iarna
To be in danger(deinger)-a fi în pericol
To lie(lai) in bed-a sta întins în pat
To live in the country-a sta la ţară
In our centuri(auăr senturi)-
In all seasons-în toate anotimpurile
In my youth-în tinereţea mea
In his memory-în memoria lui
Early in the morning-dimineaţa devreme
In the past-în trecut
In the future(fiuciăr)-în viitor
In come just in time-a veni la timp
To keep(kip)in mind(maind)-a ţine minte
Done in haste-făcut în grabă
To put in mind-a-şi pune în gând
To put in order-a pune în ordine
In general-în general
To work in vain-a munci în zadar
To be in pain-a fi îndurerat
To speak in public-a vorbi în public
To take in hand-a lua în mână
Into-în,spre To lead into error-a duce în eroare
To get into difficulties-a da de greutăţi
To fall into the river-a cădea în râu(lac)
To burst into tears-a izbucni în lacrimi

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 To get into trouble-a da de bucluc,belea,necaz
To pour walter into a glass-a turna apă în pahar
Inside-înăuntru Inside the room-înăuntrul camerei
His is inside-el e înăuntru
Near-lângă Near the sea shore-lângă ţărm
Near at hand-la îndemână,aproape
Near you-lângă tine
Of-de A crown of gold-o coroană de aur
A flock of sheep-o turmă de oi
Hard of hearing(hiring)-surd,tare de urechi
A book of proverbs-o carte de proverbe
The force of the wind-forţa vântului
A place of honour-în loc de onoare
A man of mark-un om însemnat(important)
A man of no importance-un om oarecare(fără importanţă)
To wear adress of silk-a purta o rochie de mătase
Love of a mother-iubire de mamă
Master of the house-stăpânul casei
A piece of paper-o bucată de hârtie
A friend of mine-un prieten de-al meu
The events of late-evenimentele din ultimul timp
In days of old-în zilele de mult apuse
Of course-bineânţeles,cu siguranţă,sigur că da
Off-departe de Keep off the grass-nu călcaţi pe iarbă
To be off duty-a fi liber,a nu fi la serviciu
To fall off the horse-a cădea de pe cal
On-pe To be on duty-a fi de serviciu
To sit on the grass-a sta pe iarbă
Some goods(gudz)on sale-nişte mărfuri de vănzare
Haus on fire-o casă în flăcări
To go on foot-a merge pe jos
On a beautiful day-într-o zi frumoasă
On such a day-într-o astfel de zi
On this occasion(ocheijen)-cu această ocazie
On certain conditions-cu anumite condiţii
To stand on tip toe-a sta în vârful picioarelor
To be on land-a fi pe uscat
On the whole-în ansamblu,în general,în mare
On an average-în medie
To be on holiday-a fi în vacanţă
To sit on a chair-a sta pe un scaun
To pay on demand-a plăti la cerere
To pay on the spot-a plăti pe loc
On the celing-pe tavan
On a desert island(ailănd)-pe o insulă pustie
On the point of-a fi pe punctul de a
Over-peste Over the rocks-peste stânci
To be head over heels in love-a fi îndrăgostit lulea
To stay somewhere(samuer) over night-a sta undeva peste noapte
To be famous all over the world-a fi celebru(cunoscut )în toată ţara

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 To cook over the fire-a găti la foc
To tremble all over-a tremura din toate mădularele,a tremura tot
Past Past his comprehension-peste puterea lui de a înţelege
To be past work-a nu mai putea munci,a nu mai putea să muncească
To be past danger(deinger)-a fi în afara pericolului
Have past one-unu şi jumătate
It is past five o‘clock-este trecut de ora cinci
Round-în jurul A round table-o masă rotundă
A round peg in a square hole-potrivit ca nuca în perete
Round the world-în jurul lumii
Since-de,de la Since four o‘clock-de la ora patru
I haven‘t seen him since-nu l-am mai văzut de atunci
Through-prin To go through thick and thin-a trece prin foc şi apă
Through the wood-prin pădure
To at through fear-a acţiona de frică
All through the night-toată noaptea,tot timpul nopţii
To go through life-a trece prin viaţă
Through whom?-prin cine Throughout this country-de-a lungul şi de-a latul acestei ţări
Throughout our holidays-pe tot parcursul vacanţei noastre,tot timpul
vacanţei noastre
Till-până,până la To be up lill late-a se culca târziu,a nu se culca devreme
Till death do us part-până ce moartea ne va despărţi
To-la,către To go to bed-a merge la culcare
To take to wife-a lua de soţie(nevastă)
From end to end-de la cap la cap
From hand to mouth-de la mână până la gură
To come to an end-a lua sfârşit
To finish-a termina,a se termina
To be wet to the skin-a fi ud până la piele
To count up to ten-a număra până la zece
From time to time-din când în când,din timp în timp
To dance to the musics-a dansa după muzică
I don‘t want to!-nu vreau
Under-sub Under lock and key-sub cheie,sub pază
Under the tree-sub copac
To swim under water-a înota sub apă
To be under arms-a fi sub arme
To be under a vow(veau)-a fi sub un jurământ,a fi legat prin jurământ
To be under sentence of death-a fi condamnat la moarte
Under what conditions?-în ce condiţii
Under these conditions-în aceste condiţii
In under ten minutes-în mai puţin de 10 minute
To be under age-a fi minor
To be under treatement-a fi sub îngrijire medicală a fi în tratament
Under my feet-sub tălpile(picioarele) mele
The ball rolled underneath a table-mingea s-a rostogolit sub o masă
Up-în susul,către The ups and downs of life-urcuşurile şi coborâşurile vieţii,geutăţile
vieţii
To run up the hill-a alerga pe deal în sus
To walk up a hill-a urca un deal

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 Wake up!-trezeşte-te,scoală-te
Until-până la,până în Until the end of life-până la sfârşitul vieţii
Upon- To refuse upon the principle-a refuza din principiu
Upon the top of the hill-în vârful dealului
Upon our word-pe cuvântul nostru
Within-în,înăuntrul,nu mai târziu de To keep within doors-a ţine în casă
Within the law-în limita legii
Within a week-în mai puţin de o săptămână
Within our room-în interiorul camerei noastre
Without-fără To be without help-a fi fără de ajutor
To come without delay-a veni fără întârzâiere
To escape without damage-a scăpa nevătămat
To come without fail-a veni sigur(negreşit)
To come without doubt-a veni fără îndoială
It goes withaut sayng(seing)-se înţelege de la sine
I will leave withaut him-o să plec fără el

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 Conjunctia

A. Dupa aspect
1. Simple: but, if, and.
2. Compuse: however, unless, otherwise.
3. De legatura: as…as, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or .
4. Locutiuni: as well as, as if (de parca), as though (de parca), for instance, that’s why, so long
as (atata timp cat).

B. Dupa functie
1. De coordonare
a) “and” - care leaga - propozitii intre ele
- parti de vorbire de acelasi fel
Ex: I go and stay there for a week
b) “as well as”
Ex: I work in a school as well as at home.
c) “neither…nor”
Ex: I am neither in the kitchen nor in the bathroom.
d) “not only…but also…”
Ex: I am not only intelligent but also pretty.
e) “as well”
Ex: He is calm and good as well.
f) “either…or”
Ex: They are either brother and sister or husband and wife.
g) “furthermore” (cu atat mai mult)
Ex: I speak English, furthermore I wood like to visit England.
h) conjunctii adversative: but, while, whereas (pe cata vreme, tinand seama de) –
contrasteaza cu propozitia principala.
Ex: I am tall but fat.
I am talking while you are righting.
k) conjunctii disjunctive: or, else, or else (ori, cu alte cuvinte), otherwise (altfel).
Ex: Would you prefer coffee or tea?
Please put your coat else you get whet.
Learn your lesson otherwise you fail.
i) conjunctiile concluzive: consequently, on that account, so, then, that is why (iata de
ce), therefore (de aceea).
Ex: I haven’t slept therefore/that is why I am tired.
j) conjunctii explicative: for example, for instance, namely, that is to say.
Ex: Only one friend of mine left Romania, namely Ela.
I like do a lot of thinks for instance/example reading, dancing, …

2. De subordonare – acelea care introduc o propozitie secundara. Unele dintre ele sunt
specializate pe anumite tipuri de propozitii.
Ex: pt. concesive: through, although (desi)
pt. conditionale: if
pt. comparative: as if (de parca), as though
pt. predicative sau pt. subiective, completive directe, attributive

Subordonate predicative – introduse prin:

a) “what” - Ex: The question is what I must read.

21
 b) “who” - Ex: The question is who is he.
c) “where” - Ex: The question is were I go.
d) “when” - Ex: The question is when I can come.
e…) whatever, whoever, that, why –

Subordonate subiective – introduse prin:

a) “that” - Ex: It is necessary that you should understand this rule.
b) “what” Ex: It doesn’t matter what you believe.
c) “who” Ex: It hasn’t be decided who is the leader of the team.
d) which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, how, why, where, if, whether.

Subordonate completive directe (cele cu forma de complement): if, that, whether,

whatever, whoever, wherever, why, whichever.
Ex: She sad that she was tired.
I don’t know if you leave Romania.
I don’t know whoever want’s my dog.
I do whatever you want me to do.
I may take whatever book you want.

Subordonate indirecte – introduse prin: to whom, to what, to anyone, whoever.

Ex: I may give the flowers to whom you want.
You interpret whatever she says.

Subordonate prepozitionale – introduse prin: who, whom, whoever, whichever, how daca
sunt precedate de o prepoziitie.
Ex: You depend on what I say.
You must approved of whatever she says.

Subordonate atributive – introduse prin: whose, which, whom, were, why, when, that.
Ex: This is the woman who loves me.
This is the man whose wife is pretty.
This is the boy whom I greeted.

Subordonate adverbiale – introduse prin: as, like, much as, how, in the manner, as if, as
though, just.
Ex: No one speaks like you do.
They acted much as I told them. (respectand majoritatea celor spuse de
mine)

Subordonate conditionale – introduse prin: if, on condition that, only if.

Ex: I shall come soon if/on condition that I find my passport.

22
 Adverbul

Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, când, cât de frecvent
sau în ce măsura are loc o actiune.

Functia adverbelor
Astfel, adverbele determina în general verbe:
Ex.: The bus moved slowly. (cum?)
I am going home tomorrow. (când?)
Adverbele pot determina:
adjective: You look absolutely fabulous!
adverbe: She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly.
propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.

In general adverbul este terminat in “ly”, dar nu tot ce are “ly” este adverb. De regula se
formeaza din adjectiv + “ly”.

Modificari ortografice:
1. daca adjectivul se termina in “e”, acesta se pastreaza “ely”
Ex: nice – nicely
Exceptii: due – duly (datorat)
true – truly
whole – wholly
2. daca adjectivul se termina in “le”, se transforma “e” in “y”/ “ly”
Ex: capable – capably
3. daca adjectivul se termina in “ll”, se adauga doar “lly”
Ex: full – fully
4. daca adjectivul se termina in “ic”, se adauga “ally”
Ex: automatic – automatically
5. daca adjectivul se termina in “y”, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de
consoana, se transforma in “i” si se adauga “ily”
Ex: pretty – prettily
gay – gaily
Exceptii: shy – shyly
wry – wryly
coy – coyly (sfios)
6. adjectivul “good” face adverbul “well”
NOTA: ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly
Ex: usually = usual + ly
bitterly = bitter + ly
awfully = awful + ly

Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)
1. bright = brightly
2. sound = soundly
3. fair = fairly
4. tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)
5. dear = dearly

23
6. dead = deadly
7. cheap = cheaply
Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.
NOTA: forma in “ly” se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv
Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu “he is dead tired”).
Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati
comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)
Ex: She bought it cheap.
dar
We traveled cheaply.

Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite

clean = complet
cleanly = intr-o maniera curata

clear = exact
clearly = intr-o maniera clara

close = apropiat
closely = indeaproape

deep = adanc
deeply = profund

direct = direct
directly = imediat

due = spre (la busola) Ex: They went due South.

duly = punctual

easy = usor Ex: Take it easy!

easily = intr-o maniera lejera

free = gratis
freely = pe sleau, deschis

full = complet
fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa

hard = greu
hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc

high = sus
highly = foarte

just = tocmai
justly = asa cum se cuvine

late = tarziu
lately = in ultima vreme

24
 large = extins
largely = pe scara larga

most = majoritatea
mostly = cu precadere

near = langa
nearly = aproape ca

pretty = foarte
prettily = intr-o maniera draguta

right = exact
rightly = cu precizie, clar

sharp = fix
sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa

short = brusc
shortly = imediat

Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles

fast solo
far straight
early next
alike little
alone outside
past

NOTA: daca adjectivul se termina in “ly”, el devine adverb prin contructia

in a + adj + manner

Ex: He is a friendly person.

adj
He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.
adv
coward = las (substantiv)
cowardly = las (adjectiv)
in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)

Gradele de comparatie - se construiesc astfel:

daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se

fac cu “er” si “est”)
Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast
daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung
(cu “more” si “the most”)

25
 Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most
quickly of all / very quickly

Comparatia regulata
well – better – the best
badly – worse – the worst
much – more – the most
far – farther – the farthest
– further – the furthest
near – nearer – the next
little – less – the least
late – later – the last

Clasificarea adverbelor
1. Adverbe de mod
2. Adverbe de loc si directie
3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa
4. Adverbe de probabilitate
5. Adverbe de grad

Adverbe de mod
Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie
dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.
fairly – foarte, dar nu extraordinary. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul
la gradul pozitiv.
Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.
quite – este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere
favorabila.
Ex: This car is quite cheap.
NOTA : cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie,
“quite” capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.
Ex: Your dress is quite unique.
rather – se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este =
foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Poate fi
precedat si urmat de articolul “a”
Ex: This car is rather expensive.
Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.
This is rather a difficult exercise.
pretty – foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)
Ex: I’m pretty tired.
very – Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau
superlativ)
Ex: I do my very best.
He is very much faster than I am.
much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul
Ex: He is much faster than I am.
by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul
Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.

26
 too – se cupleaza cu pozitivul
Ex: He is too fast.
enough – se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el
Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.
so – se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv
- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv
Ex: It is so difficult.
I have so many friends / so much money.
There is so little time left.
such – urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de “a”
- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl
Ex: He is such a man.
They are such interesting persons.

Adverbe de loc si directie

Ne arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau
complementul sau.
Ex:
Dupa verb:
     I looked everywhere.
     John looked ...away, up, down, around...
     I'm going ...home, out, back...
Dupa complement:
     They built a house nearby.
     She took the child outside.
A. Here / there. Cu verbe de miscare, here exprima ideea de înspre/ cu / împreuna cu
vorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participarea vorbitorului:
Ex.: Come here (= spre mine)
     It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi)
     Put it there (= departe de mine)
     It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi)
Expresii cu here/ there: down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under
there, up here, up there.
B. Adverbele de loc terminate în -wards - exprima ideea de miscare într-o anumita
directie:
Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards,
eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.
     Cats don't usually walk backwards.
     The ship sailed westwards.
De retinut! Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfel încât va fi întotdeauna urmat
de un substantiv sau pronume:
Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me.
C. Adverbe care exprima atât locul cât si directia: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill,
downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.

Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa

Arata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii.
Când: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
Durata, pentru cât timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
Cât de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

27
 De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfârsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la începutul ei:
Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday.
Later the boy understood the story.

Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:

Ex.: She stayed in the house all day.
My mother lived in France for a year.

Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fata

verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have, may, must):
  I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal)
 You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must)
I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului
principal forgotten)
Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la
sfarsitul prepozitiei:
This magazine is published monthly.
He visits his mother once a week.
Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly,
sometimes, usually.
De retinut! Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative.
     Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.
     They haven't met him yet.
Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sau
interogative.
     I am still hungry.
     Do you still work for the BBC?
Adverbe de timp usuale:
ago – se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent
Ex: I saw her one hour ago.
NOTA! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before
Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.
for – arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii.
Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.
Ex: I haven’t met her for two years.
NOTA! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut
Ex: I was a student for two years (I’m no longer a student).
NOTA! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)
ATENTIE! nu se pune “for” dupa verbele:
to last
to take
to wait
to spend
to stay
Ex: I’ve been waiting ten minutes, (si nu I’ve been waiting for ten minutes).
It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).
since – arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific
prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.
Ex: I haven’t met her since Monday.

28
Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitate
Acestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il
relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps,
possibly, really. Se aseaza in propozitie intre verbul auxiliar si verbul principal.
Ex.: He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza în debutul frazei:
Ex.: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
De retinut! Surely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este
convins de adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surely you've got a
bicycle?

Adverbe de grad
Aceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb, adjectiv sau
adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina, fie
in fata verbului principal:
Ex.: The water was extremely cold.
     He was just leaving.
  She has almost finished.
Enough, very, too
Enough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupa adjectiv sau
adverb:
Is your coffee hot enough? (adjectiv)
He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)
Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fata adjectivului sau adverbului:
This coffee is too hot. (adjective)
He works too hard. (adverb)
Very intareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora:
The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv)
He worked very quickly. (adverb)
De retinut! Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very: Very exprima un fapt: He
speaks very quickly. Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me to
understand).
Alte adverbe asemanatoare lui very: extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite,
fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.

Locutiuni adverbiale
subst + after + subst
day after day
year after year
month after month
during – urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care
presupune actiuni paralele. During poate fi inlocuit cu “in” daca se refera la perioade de
timp
Ex: during my life = in my life
from … to – poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune
cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii
Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)
I get up at 8 o’clock and work till 10 o’clock.
NOTA! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from … to in loc de “to”

29
 Adjectivul (the adjective)

Forma adjectivului
Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu îsi schimba forma în functie de gen sau numar.
Ex.: A hot potato, some hot potatoes.
Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosi very, really:
Ex.: A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.

Pozitia adjectivului
De obicei adjectivul se aseaza în fata substantivului determinat:
Ex.: A good movie.
Dupa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, to
keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:
Ex.: The movie is good.
   You seem upset.
This cheese tastes different.
Dupa substantiv în expresii fixe:
Ex.: the Princess Royal, the President elect, the court martial

Câteva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor (=unfortunate) stau numai în fata
substantivului determinat:
Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting.
That poor woman was living in a garage.
Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive,
alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry
Ex.: He's asleep.
I'm alone.
Unele adjective îsi schimba sensul în functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectivele
involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate în fata substantivului sau
dupa acesta.
Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people who have
something to do with the matter)
They had an involved discussion on the matter. (detailed, complex)
I am a concerned mother. (worried, anxious)
The list of the students present is outside, on the door. (students who were
there)
The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. (current)

Functiile adjectivului
Adjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. Pot exprima:
Sentimente sau calitati:
Ex.: They make an original couple.
She is a single mother.
Nationalitatea sau originea:
Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother is Argentinean and his father is Canadian.
I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas.
Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:
Ex.: The table is long.
The steel tray was a gift.
 Vârsta:
Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one.
He is still very young, almost a boy.

Dimensiuni, marime si masuri:

Ex.: "Gone with the Wind" is a very long film.
That boy is too tall.
Culoarea:
Ex.: I have a red jacket to go with my new white skirt.
Materie / material:
Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt.
It was a silver tray, not a steel tray.
Forma:
Ex.: A rectangular envelope.
A round table.
Judecati, pareri sau opinii:
Ex.: Grammar is fascinating.
     The show was entertaining.

Ordinea adjectivelor
Atunci când se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv,
ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine
este: Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material
Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming
Size small, huge, tiny
Age/Temperature old, hot, young, little
Shape round, square, rectangular
Colour red, blonde, black
Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese
Material plastic, wooden, silver
Ex: a green round plastic bucket
an elegant little French clock
a small round wooden table

Gradele de comparatie
1. pozitiv = adjectivul nu se schimba
2. comparative:
a. de inferioritate
b. de egalitate
c. de superioritate
3. superlative:
a. relative
b. absolut

Comparativ de inferioritate
adj scurte (mono si bisilabice) se formeaza din: not so/not as + adj + as
 Ex: This room is not so big as the bedroom.
This room is not as big as the bedroom.
adj lungi se formeaza: less + adj + than
Ex: The chair is less comfortable than the bed.

Comparativ de egalitate
Atat pt adj scurte cat si pt lungi: as + adj + as.
Ex: The bed is as good as the chair.
Ideea de egalitate mai poate fi sugerata si prin constructia: the same + subst + as
NOTA! as si nu like !!!
Ex: This room is the same size as the other one.

Schimbare de valoare gramaticala

Adjectiv Substantiv
big, small size (masura)
long, short length (lungime)
broad, narrow breadth (largime pt ceva concret)
wide, narrow width (largime pt ceva abstract)
high, low height (inaltime)
deep, shallow depth (adancime)
heavy, light weight (greutate)
strong, weak strength (putere)……..etc.

Constructii cu comparativul de egalitate:

as brave as a lion
as blind as a bat
as black as coal
as busy as a bee
as cool as a cucumber
as clear as daylight
as dry as a bone
as easy as ABC
as fresh as a daisy
as hairy as a gorilla
as mad as a hatter (palarier)
as poor as a church-mouse
as silent as a grave
as wise as Solomon
as soft as silk
as smooth as grass
as gentle as a lamb…….etc.

Comparativul de superioritate
adj scurte: adj + er + than. Modificari ortografice:
daca adj se termina in “e”, se adauga doar “r” Ex: nice – nicer
daca adj se termina in “y” precedat de consoana, se transforma “y” in “ier” Ex: pretty
– prettier
Exceptii: shy – shyer
sly – slyer
wry – wryer (stramb)
 daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala Ex: big
– bigger
pt adj lungi: more + adj + than
Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie.
Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate de “to” si nu de “than”
Ex: He is superior to me.

Superlativul relativ
adj scurte: the + adj +est
Ex: large – the largest
silly – the silliest
adj lungi: the most+ adj
Ex: This is the most expensive thing.
ATENTIE! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile “of” sau “in”
Ex: He is the best of all/the best in my group.
ATENTIE! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implica
superlativul: the + comparativ
Ex: Between you and me, I am the older.

Superlativul absolut
very + adj
very poate fi inlocuit cu: extremely
exceptionally
tremendously
awfully

ATENTIE! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own,
complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, maximum, minimum). Altele au sufixe si prefixe:
extra – large
over – crowded
super – fine
ultra – short
priceless

Comparatia neregulata
good – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
ill – worse – the worst
many – more – the most
much – more – the most
little – less – the least
near – nearer – the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul)
far – farther – the farthest (in spatiu)
far – further – the furthest (in timp)
late – later – the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2). Dintre 2, primul este “the
former”, nu “the first”.
up – upper – the upmost
in – inner – the inmost
 out – outer – the outmost
fore – former – the foremost
old – older – the oldest
old – elder – the eldest (doar atributiv, pt membrii aceleiasi familii)
Ex: My elder brother is older than me. (fratele meu mai mare)

Constructii adjectivale
1) cu mult mai = much/ a lot + comparativ
Ex: It is much warmer today / a lot warmer today
2) de departe cel mai = by far + superlativ
Ex: This is by far the hottest day of the year.
3) din ce in ce mai = comp + and + comp
Ex: It is warmer and warmer
ATENTIE! pt adj lungi se repeta doar “more”
Ex: It is more and more interesting.
4) cu cat mai,… cu atat mai… (the + comparativ …the + comparativ)
ATENTIE! Expresia e obligatoriu sa se repete identic si verbul “to be” lipseste:
Ex: The more, the better (cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine)
ATENTIE! Mai multe adjective care determina acelasi substantiv se despart prin
virgula. Daca nu apare virgula intre ele atunci cel care nu este urmat de virgula este
adverb.
ATENTIE! Ordinea adjectivelor care determina un substantiv va tine cont de cele
subiective (primele expuse) si de cele obiective (imediat langa substantiv).
ATENTIE! Un adjectiv poate sa determine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu “to be”
sau orice alt verb de perceptie care poate fi inlocuit cu “to be”.
Ex: I am intelligent
He looks happy sau He is happy.

Adjectivul demonstrativ
anuleza articolul substantivului
invariabil ca forma (M/F)
se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care il determina
daca nu determina un substantiv devine pronume demonstrativ
Ex: “this” – aceasta, acesta (singular apropiere)
“these” – acestea, acestia (plural apropiere)
ambele merg cu “here”.
“that” – acela, aceea (singular departare)
“those” – acelea, aceia (plural departare)
ambele merg cu “there”.
NOTA! Indepartarea in spatiu presupune si indepartarea in timp. Deci “that” si
“those” se vor cupla cu trecutul.
Ex: This book is good. (this = adjectiv, book = substantiv)
This is a good book. (this = pronume)

Adjectivul posesiv
invariabil ca forma si numar
anuleaza articolul substantivului
se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care-l determina
forme: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
Ex: My book.
Adjectivul interogativ
pozitie initiala in propozitie
invariabil ca forma
anuleaza articolul
determina un substantiv
forme: what, which, whose, how much, how many.

Diferenta: what./which
Which presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat.
Ex: Which boy is your best friend?
What nu presupune selectie.
Ex: What days of the week do you know?

Diferenta how much / how many

How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile.
Ex: How much money do you want?
How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile.
Ex: How many books do you want?

Adjectivul relativ
pozitie mediana
introduce o propozitie secundara
invariabil
determina un substantiv anulandu-i articolul
forme:
whatever (fara selectie),
whichever (selectie din numar limitat),
whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).
Ex: You may take 1/ whatever books you want 2/.

Adjectivul nehotarat
SOME (unii, niste, vreo, cativa) - Utilizare:
1. In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: I have some money / friends.
2. In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie.
Ex: Would you like some coffee?
3. In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv.
Ex: Mother, can you give me some money?
4. In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera la “some”.
Ex: Why are there so many people in some (so many) restaurants?
5. In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ.
Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate.
6. Cand poate fi inlocuitorul lui “certain”.
Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best.

ANY - este inlocuitorul lui “some” in:

1. Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi.
Ex: Is there any milk left?
2. In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice.
Ex: Any book is good for you.
3. In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul: hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cu
greu, deloc).
Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc)
4. In propozitia care contine “if”. (if = incertitudine)
Ex: If you find any books, buy them.
5. In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala: maybe, perhaps.
Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town.
6. In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat.
Ex: I haven’t any friends here.

NO - Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ.

Ex: I have no friends here.

EVERY (fara particularizare)

Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi)

EACH – (cu particularizare)

Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)

EITHER – (fiecare din doi)

NEITHER – (nici unul din doi)

ATENTIE! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil la
singular iar acordul cu verbul se face la singular.

Expresii cu every si each

Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate)
Every bit/inch = fiecare bucatica
Every right = tot dreptul
Every now and than = din cand in cand
Every other day = alternativ
Every so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand.

SUCH (astfel) - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.

Ex: I have such friends/information.

SUCH A - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.

Ex: This is such a man of honor.

ALL - Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.

Ex: All books/information must be used.

WHOLE - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.

Ex: I like the whole book.
NOTA! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi si “whole” si “all”
Ex: I’m home all the morning/ the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai
puternic)

THE OTHER - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural.

Ex: The other child/children can swim.
 Expresia “The other day” = some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul.
Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile)

OTHER + Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural.

Ex: Give me other examples.
+ Daca e precedat de “no” poate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular.
Ex: No other man is as good as you are.

ANOTHER + substantiv la singular (different, in addition)

Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul (diferit)?

BOTH + substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi)

Ex: I like both kids -> acordul in plural
Both are intelligent.

SEVERAL (mai multi intr-un numar nedefinit) + substantiv numarabil la plural.

Ex: We spent several days there.

MOST (majoritatea) + substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.

Ex: Most books/information can be read easily.

ENOUGH
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie
mobila.
Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy.
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el.
Ex: He is man enough to understand me.
 Numeralul

1. Numeralul cardinal - arata numarul, cantitatea

Numeralul zero
1) zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii
Ex: It’s ten degrees above zero.
2) love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love)
3) nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal
4) naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar
5) oh = zero pentru numere de telefon
De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincte
De la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu + “teen”), la care accentul cade pe sufix si “i”-ul este
lung.
De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal + “ty”), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba.
Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are “u”!)
Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima
Ex: 42 = forty-two
One hundred = 100 - Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantiv
cand:
a) este urmat de “of”:
Ex: hundreds of pages
b) nu determina alt substantiv:
Ex: hundreds are here
Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitia “and” la englezi si fara la americani.
Ex: 210 = two hundred and ten
One thousand = 1,000 - Aceleasi reguli ca la suta.
One million = 1,000,000 - Fara “s” la TOEFL, dar este corect si cu “s” (2 millions) in
engleza.
One billion = 1,000,000,000 - Americanii zic milliard.

Utilizarea numeralului cardinal:

1) pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbul “to be”)
2) pentru calcule matematice:
Addition (to add = a aduna)
2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five
(acordul se face in sg si in pl)
Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea)
5 – 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two
(acordul se face doar in sg)
Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti)
2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six
(acordul se face in sg si in pl)
Division (to divide = a imparti)
6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two
(acordul se face doar in sg)
“reminder” = rest
Root = radical - cube root = radical de ordinul 3
- square root = radical de ordinul 2
 Power = putere
More than = >
Less than = <
Equal to = egal
Unequal to = diferit de
Parallel to = paralel
Perpendicular to = perpendicular
Angle = unghi
Right angle = unghi drept
Straight angle = unghi de 180 grade
Circle angle = unghi de 360 grade

Even = par
Odd = impar

3) pentru exprimarea unitatii monetare:

coin = moneda
bill/note = bancnota
nickel = 5 centi
dime = 10 centi
quarter of a dollar = 25 centi
half of a dollar = 50 centi

4) pentru unitati de masura – la timpul potrivit (cand primim I20) !!!

5) pentru exprimarea anilor: se citesc cifrele 2 cate 2, iar anii formati din mai putin de 4 cifre se
citesc ca un numeral.

NOTA! zero nu se citeste in cadrul acestor 4 cifre ale anilor

Ex: 1907 = nineteen seven
- era noastra (e.n.) = a.d. (ante domini) sau in the year of Lord
- inaintea erei noastre = b.c. (before Christ)

6) pentru exprimarea numerelor zecimale (“decimal fractions”), intregul se citeste ca atare,

punct in loc de virgula, iar partea zecimala cifra cu cifra
Ex: 20.03 = twenty point naught three
NOTA! daca intregul este <1, nu se citeste
Ex: 0.1 = point one

7) pentru exprimarea varstei (cu verbul “to be”)

Ex: I’m twenty (years old) / I’m twenty years of age.
sau
I’m aged twenty.
Aproximarea varstei se face cu: almost, about (around), over, under
Ex: I’m in my twenties (am douazeci si)
I’m mid-twenty (25 ani)

8) pentru exprimarea numerelor de telefon

to dial = a forma un numar
figure = cifra
 slot = orificiu pentru ban
booth = cabina telefonica
receiver = receptor
long-distance call = convorbire la distanta
call collector = convorbire cu taxa inversa
operator = centralista
extension = interior
to be through = a avea legatura
to hang on = a ramane pe fir
to hang up = a inchide
Numerele de telefon se citesc cifra cu cifra cu exceptia cifrei repetate daca este la inceputul
sau la sfarsitul numarului. Regula nu se aplica pentru zero.
Ex: 223700 – double two, 3, 7, oh, oh

9) pentru exprimarea orei:

- formal
- informal
Ex: What’s the time?
What time is it?
What’s the time by your watch?
My watch is fast = ceasul meu e inainte
My watch is slow = ceasul meu e in urma
My watch is wrong = ceasul meu nu merge bine
My watch is broken = ceasul meu e stricat
face = cadran
belt = curelusa
hand = limba de ceas (minutes hand, seconds hand)

Pentru ora exacta:

a) It’s seven o’clock sharp PM/AM
b) 00.00 = midnight
12.00 = midday
c) It’s half past … (e si jumate)
d) It’s a quarter past/to … (e si un sfert/ fara un sfert)
e) It’s ten minutes past/to (e si/fara zece)

Ora oficiala: 08:00 = oh eight hundred hours

23:24 = twenty three twenty four

Numerale speciale:
couple = 2 (pt oameni si pt timp); couple of minutes = 2 minute
pair = 2 pereche (pt imbracaminte, incaltaminte, unelte cu structuri paralele)
Ex: a pair of shoes
yoke = team = 2 pentru animale
Ex: a yoke of cattle = 2 vite
a team of oxen = 2 boi
brace = 2 pentru vanat
Ex: I have brace duck (am 2 rate salbatice)
score = 20
half a score = 10
 dozen = 12
gross = 144 (12 duzini)

2. Numeralul ordinal
Se formeaza din: the + numeral cardinal + th
Exceptii: the first (primul)
the second (al doilea)
the third (al treilea)
+
toate celelalte numerale compuse care contin una din aceste exceptii
(21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, … 101, 102, 1001, 1002, etc)

Prescurtari: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, …21st, 22nd, etc.

NOTA! “th” se aplica doar ultimei cifre !

Modificari ortografice:
five – the fifth
eight – the eighth
nine – the ninth
twelve – the twelfth
twenty – the twentieth (+ toate cele terminate in “ty”)

Utilizarea numeralului ordinal:

1) exprimarea datei (in 2 forme)
a) luna/zi/an
b) zi/luna/an

2) exprimarea ordinii intr-o insiruire

Ex: Henry the eighth
the first floor
the second World War

3) pentru numeralul fractionar (common fraction/vulgar fraction)

numerator = numaratorul (cardinal)
denominator = numitorul (ordinal)
Ex: 1/3 = one third

NOTA! daca numaratorul > 1, numitorul va fi in plural

Ex: 2/3 = two thirds

Intregul = the whole

Fractia pe 100 = per cent
Procentaj = percentage

Numeralul distributiv - Arata distributia lucrurilor:

One by one = unul cate unul
Two at a time = 2 odata
By twos / in twos = cate 2
Numeralul adverbial - Arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune:
once = o data
twice = de 2 ori
3 times
4 times, etc.
NOTA! nu exista “twice more”, ci “twice as much as” = de 2 ori mai mult

Numeralul multiplicativ - Arata de cate ori creste o cantitate:

double = twofold = indoit (de 2 ori)
tenfold = inzecit
 Pronumele
Functia pronumelui
Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu aracterizeaza
nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau
actiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.
Ex.: John did all the work.
He did all the work.
Who did all the work?
Forma pronumelui
Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de:
Numar: singular - this; plural – these
Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ – her
Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - it
Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one).
Clasificarea pronumelor
1. Personale
2. Reflexive
3. Nehotarate
4. Demonstrative
5. Relative
6. De întarire
7. Interogative
8. Reciproce
Pronumele personale
  Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Acuzativ
I mine (to) me me
you yours (to) you you
Singular he his (to) him him
she hers (to) her her
it its (to) it it
we ours (to) us us
Plural you yours (to) you you
they theirs (to) them them

ATENTIE! I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula. Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vine
de la it is sau it has!

Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee

You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre
oameni in general.
Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain.
They say she's very clever.
It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:
It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau
in contructii pasive)
Ex.: It's 7 o'clock.
 It was spring.
   Is it Monday?
   How hot it is!
   How far is it to the station?
It demostrativ
Ex.: Who is it? It's the postman.
  It's the children.

Pronumele reflexive
Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si
complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.
Forme: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.
   he fell off the ladder and injured herself.

Pronumele nehotarate
Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate:
anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything.
No poate forma impreuna cu -body sau -one pronumele: nobody, no-one.
NOTA! Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate
anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vedere
gramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.
Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most,
all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.
De retinut! Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: Few will be chosen; fewer will finish, Little is expected.

Pronumele demonstrativ
Pronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, such pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw)
I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)
Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)
This si these sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe cand that si those
sugereaza ideea de departare.
Ex.: These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious.  Those (pancakes that
I had yesterday morning) were even better.
This (book in my hand) is well written; that (book that I'm pointing to, over there, on
the table) is trash.
Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva:
Ex.: Are you going to wear these? (They are awful. I do not like them at all.)
   Can you belive I would have bought that?

Pronumele relative
Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat in
contextul aterior (antecedent) si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica sau da mai
multe detalii despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat.
Pronumele relative sunt : who, whoever, which, that.
 Ex.: The student who studies hardest usually does the best.
Alegerea corecta dintre which si that se inscrie printre cele mai frecvente nelamuriri ale
studentilor la limba engleza. In general, which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au
natura de paranteze, explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba
intelesul frazei. Din acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin which sunt in general intre virgule.
Din contra propozitiile introduse de that sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se
vor pune intre virgule.
Who si formele sale se refera la persoane, which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face
referire la ambele.
Ex.: The man who hijacked the plane wanted to get to Cuba
 The couple who live next door have the radio on all night.
 The team that won the championship received a great reception.
 This is the program which won the prize.
 We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell.

Pronumele de intarire
Insoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. Ca forma sunt identice cu
pronumele reflexive: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I myself don't know the answer.
Mary did all this herself.
Mary herself did all this.
Expresii: by myself = singur, de unul singur Ex.: I worked by myself.

Pronumele interogativ
Pronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.
Forme: who? what? which? whose? (to) whom?
Ex.: Who said that?  
Whose are those books?
   I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater.
   What happened?
   What's the weather like?

Pronumele reciproce
Forme: each other si one another. Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre
fiinte, idei, lucruri.
Ex.: If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas,
we can say that they gave each other books.
  My mother and I give each other a hard time.
 They borrowed each other's ideas.
De retinut! Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire la
mai mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte.
Ex.: The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.
Hockey players hit one another quite frequently.

Pronumele “IT” – functii:

1. Pronume personal, persoana a treia sg.,gen neutru – folosit pentru obiecte şi noţiuni
abstracte, nepersonificate, animale nepersonificate şi cărora nu li se cunosc sexul sau sunt
luate în sens generic.
Ex: Here is a book. It is very interesting.
 How ould is your baby? It is five months ould.

2. Pronume personal-folosit pentru a indica:

a. Timpul după calendar sau ceas : It is six o‘clock on the 4th of February.
b. Scurgerea timpului: It is getting lake –se face târziu
c. Starea atmosferică: It is getting dark –se întunericeşte; It‘s rather cloudy –mai
degrabă e înorat
d. Fenomene meteorologice şi naturale: It is raining cats and dogs –plouă cu
găleata(torenţial); It thunders –tună; It lightens –fulgeră; It is ten degrees above
zero –sunt +10º
f. Distanţele: It‘snearly ten kilometres to Albota-sunt aproape 10 km până la Albota.
g. Starea lucrurilor în general: It‘s ok sau it‘s all right!

3. Pronume demonstrativ (echivalent cu That sau Which rsferindu-se la ceva văzut sau
menţionat înainte)
Ex : He expressed his sympathies –şi-a prezentat condoleanţele
It was nice of him (to do that) –drăguţ din partea lui (să facă asta)
4. Pronume introductiv
a. Introductiv anticipativ - are rolul de a introduce propoyiţia printr-un subiect formal
deoarece subiectul real este deplasat după numele predicativ pentru a-l scoate în evidenţă.
Ex: It‘s nice to see /seeing such a garden –este o plăcere să vezi o asmenea
grădină.
Subiectul real se poate exprima prin:
Infinitivul lung –‘to see‘
Construcţii gerumviale
O propoziţie subiectivă,de obicei introdusă prin conjuncţia That.
b. Introductiv de întărire sau subliniere având rolul de a sublinia foarte puternic sau de a
scoate în evidenţă oricare parte a propoziţiei cu excepţia predicatului.
Ex: It‘s Peter who/that solved all the problems.- Peter este cel care a rezolvat
toate problemele.

5. Pronume nesemnificativ –folosit ca, complement direct formal mai ales al unor verbe
intranzitive. Acest tip de pronume apare frecvent în engleza vorbită.
Ex: Shall we cab it to the station ? –Să luăm taxiul până la staţie.
No,I‘ would rather foot it. –Nu,prefer să merg pe jos.
 Verbul (the verb)

A. Verbele auxiliare (to be, to do, to have)

Sunt verbe deosebit de puternice
Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut
Intra in alcatuirea altor timpuri verbale:
to be la toate formele de continuu
to have la toate timpurile perfecte
Nu-si pot forma participiul nedefinit (forma in “ing”) cu exceptia situatiei cand verbul “to
have” pierde sensul de a avea, a poseda si intra in alcatuirea alocutiunilor verbale (to have a
bath, to have a shower, to have a rest, to have talk, to have a walk, to have lunch).
Isi fac singure interogativul prin inversarea cu subiectul
Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei “not”
Isi fac singure intrebarea disjunctiva si raspunsul scurt
Ex: He has a car. Hasn’t he? Yes, he has.
Trecutul verbelor auxiliareŞ
Pt. to be – was la pers I si a II-a singular, were pt. toate celelalte
Pt. to have – had

VERBUL BE
BE – WAS – BEEN
Utilizare:
1. pentru construirea timpurilor continue si a formei pasive:
The old man is taking an afternoon nap.
The bridge was destroyed by the earthquake.
2. pentru a exprima existenta, starea fizica sau mentala sau alte informatii despre o persoana
sau un lucru:
Dr. Johnson is a dentist. He is calm and patient.
3. pentru a exprima varsta:
The baby is two months old. How old are you?
4. BE TO + INFINITIV: pentru a da ordine/instructiuni sau pentru a comunica un plan:
You are to finish your homework before dinner. (= You must finish…)
The chairman is to give his annual speech tomorrow. (= He plans to give…)
5. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV: pentru a indica viitorul imediat:
Meg is about to leave. (= Meg is on the point of leaving.)
6. THERE + BE + SUBSTANTIV: pentru a indica existenta unei fiinte sau a unui lucru:
There are two pieces of cake left in the fridge.
There is a person outside the door.

VERBUL DO
DO – DID – DONE
Utilizare: DO se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.
A. DO ca verb auxiliar:
1. pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului simplu so trecutului simplu:
The kitten doesn’t play with strangers.
Did they go to the opera yesterday?
2. pentru a evita repetarea aceluiasi verb sau aceleiasi expresii:
My company made a profit last year but IBM did not.
Mary typed that letter very badly. She certainly did!
 3. pentru a sublinia un afirmativ sau imperativ:
Do eat your vegetables!
You’re wrong: I did pay you!

B. DO ca verb propriu-zis – are sensul general de a duce la bun sfarsit, a realiza, a executa, a
administra, a pune in practica:
Students should do the exercises at the end of each unit.
He always does the job well.
The office clerk did the transaction yesterday.

NOTA: A nu se confunda DO cu MAKE! Verbul MAKE are sensul general de a crea, a

produce, a construi, a cauza, a face sa fie sau a prepara. Comparati:
to do someone a favour to make a friend
to do one’s best to make the bed
to do good to make money
to do the dishes to make a rule
to do the shopping to make a mistake
to do one’s homework to make a mess
to do a crossword puzzle to make a living
to do one’s duty to make fun of someone
to do well/badly to make oneself at home

VERBUL HAVE
HAVE – HAD – HAD
Utilizare: HAVE se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.
A. HAVE ca verb auxiliar:
1. pentru a forma alte timpuri:
Present perfect: I have worked.
Past perfect: I had worked.
Future perfect: I will have worked.
Past conditional: I would have worked.
2. HAD BETTER + INFINITIV fara TO (short INFINITIVE):
They had better study hard from the first day of school. (It would be a good idea
if they studied hard from…)
You’d better go home. (It would be a good idea if you went home.)
3. I WON’T HAVE + COMPLEMENT + -ING:
I won’t have that dog sleeping on my bed! (I won’t permit that dog to sleep on my
bed!)

B. HAVE ca verb propriu-zis:

1. posesia:
Anne always has a cold.
Anne doesn’t always have a cold.
Does Anne always have a cold?
Cand HAVE este urmat de GOT, se intareste sensul posesiv.
Debbie’s got a lovely voice.
Have you got a computer?

2. a manca, a bea sau a organiza:

 The twins usually have dinner early.
My aunt Mary doesn’t have coffee often.
Our neighbours had a cocktail party last week.
3. HAVE + COMPLEMENT + PAST PARTICIPLE:
Mrs. Riley had her house painted. (Mrs. Riley got someone to paint her house.)
My best friend has his hair trimmed every Friday. (My best friend has someone to
cut his hair every Friday.)

B. Verbele modale
Verbe puternice
Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut
Nu au infinitiv lung (adica cu to in fata)
Ex: I can (fara to) go
Nu permit dupa ele verbe la infinitiv lung
Nu apar niciodata singure, cu exceptia raspunsului scurt
Nu pot avea forma in “ing”
Nu isi pot forma toate timpurile
Au inlocuitori
Isi fac interogativul prin inversare cu subiectul
Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei “not”
Isi fac singure intrebarea disjuncta si raspunsul scurt

CAN
Utilizare:
1. pentru a cere, a acorda sau a refuza permisiunea, similar cu may, dar mai putin formal:
You can drive at seventeen in the UK.
Can I borrow your pen, please? I’ve left mine at home.
You cannot go hunting out of season.
NOTA: forme alternative: You are permitted / are allowed to / may drive ar
seventeen in the UK.
ATENTIE: la negativ, could si might au sensuri diferite.
Ex: Ken could not be building the house by himself. (It is impossible, it is too
much work.)
Ken might not be building thehouse by himself. (He is building the house
himself, he probably has help.)

2. pentru a face referire la probabilitate, posibilitate sau imposibilitate in prezent, in trecut

sau la conditional:
Look, there’s plenty of snow, we can go skiing today.
Let’s try his office, he could be there.
Bill cannot drive for a few weeks, he’s broken his leg.

3. pentru a face referire la abilitate sau indemanare in prezent, in trecut sau la conditional:
She is a great secretary; she can type ninety words a minute.
Can you speak English?
Tim is hopeless. He can’t even fry and egg.
If he studied harder, he could pass the exam.

NOTA: pentru alte timpuri, se foloseste be able to:

 She will be able to / has been able to type 100 words a minute.

4. could + INFINITIV perfect, pentru a se referi la o actiune care nu a avut loc:

You could have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
I could have driven you to the airport, but I didn’t have my car.
 cand nu stim daca actiunea s-a petrecut sau nu:
Have you seen my umbrella? Dad could have taken it.

NOTA: forme alternative:

You might have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
You would probably have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.

Inlocuitori: to be able to, to be capable to

MAY
Utilizare:
1. cu referire la evenimente sau actiuni posibile sau probabile in prezent, adesea cu sens de
viitor. Might poate fi folosit pentru a sublinia o foarte redusa posibilitate:
There’s a black cloud above us. It may rain.
Alice may get angry if you tell her.
If you try hard enough, you might convince him to come.
 si cu forma continua:
Call me after eight I may be working hard late tonight.
Alex says he might be going on holiday without his parents this year.
NOTA: formele alternative sunt:
Maybe it wil rain. It is likely to rain.
Maybe Alice will get angry if you tell her. Alice is likely to get angry if you tell her.

2. pentru a cere, a oferi sau a refuza permisiunea politicos:

May I open the window? It is very hot in this office.
You may go in to see the doctor now.
You may not smoke in my car.
NOTA: forme alternative:
Am I allowed to open the window?
You are not permitted to smoke in my car.
Can I open the window? (can poate fi si el folosit, dar este considerat mai putin politicos)

3. cu well pentru a indica o foarte mare probabilitate:

I think it may well rain today, look at those black clouds.
The Government may well decide to raise the price of gas again.
NOTA: forme alternative:
I think it is very likely to rain today.
The Government is very likely to deicde to raise the price of gas.
ATENTIE: may / might as well are alt sens:
There is nothing interesting on TV this evening, I may / might as well have an early night.
(= Din moment ce nu este nimic interesant la TV, e mai bine sa ma duc devreme la
culcare.)

4. cu o constructie perfecta pentru a face referire la o presupunere in trecut:

Bill isn’t at his office, he may have gone home early.
 Brian might not have been killed by Sally.

5. cu o constructie perfecta pentru a face referire la ceva care s-ar fi putut petrece in trecut,
dar nu s-a petrecut; se poate folosi numai might:
You might have burnt your hand while taking that hot tray out of the oven (but
you didn’t).
A lot of people, who might have been saved, died when the Titanic sank.

6. Exprimarea unei interdictii

Ex: People may not bring dogs into the hotel.
7. Exprimarea unei urari
Ex: May all your dreams come true.
8. Dupa verbele “to hope” si “to trust”
Ex: I hope you may find tickets for the cinema.
9. La forma negativa are doar forma “may not” (nu exista forma contrasa mayn’t)
10. La trecut are forma may have+participiu trecut si “might” – mai ales pt conditional.
11. Inlocuitori: “to be allowed to”, “to be permitted to”

MUST
1. = trebuie, arata obligativitatea
Ex: I must go now.
2. Arata o deductie logica
Ex: As she left at four she must be at home now.
3. Negativ: mustn’t (nu trebuie), needn’t (nu este necesar).
4. Trecut: must + have + participiu trecut si had to.
5. Inlocuitori: to have to, to be obliged to, to be compelled to (toate = a fi obligat)
6. Diferenta dintre must si have to.
Must => arata obligativitatea din punctul meu de vedere;
Have to => arata obligativitatea impusa de altii.
Ex: I must go now.
I have to wear uniform.

NEED
1. Are 2 valori: (a) verb lexical, (b) verb modal.
(a) Verb lexical - este un verb regulat
Ex: I need a new car. Do I need a new car?
(b) Verb modal – se foloseste numai in propozitii interogative si negative.
Ex: Need she get up early?
She needn’t go there.
Atentie! Totusi “need” se poate intalni si in afirmative ca modal – propozitii in care
exista de regula never, hardly, barely, scarcely
Ex: He hardly need mention his name.

2. Exista 2 constructii cu “need” considerate arhaice.

a) Must needs
Ex: I must needs see your teacher.

b) Needs must – sugereaza ideea de sarcasm

Ex: She needs must bring me now when I have …

OUGHT TO
1. Arata obligativitatea morala de a-si face datoria
Ex: I ought to go (nu are acelasi nuanta cu “must”)
2. Daca e urmat de have si verb la participiul trecut exprima o datorie care s-a indeplinit
Ex: You ought to have waited till 2 o’clock.
3. Nu are forma de sine statatoare de trecut. Se formeaza: ought + have + participiu trecut + to
Ex: Ought have invited to join the party.
4. Negativ: “oughtn’t”

SHOULD - Este mai moale ca ought to

1. Arata o datorie ca recomandare, e cel mai slab din cele care = trebuie
Ex: You should read this book.
2. Pt exprimarea supozitiei
Ex: For his age he should be taller.
3. Folosit daca e precedat de verbe ca: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advice
Ex: I suggest that you should learn English.
4. Folosit cand este precedat de o constructie impersonala: it is important/ necessary/ natural/
better
Ex: It is important that you should understand.
5. Folosit dupa constructii ca: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest (ca sa nu).
Ex: I got up early for fear that/ lest/ so that I should arrive in time.
6. Dupa verbe de stari emotionale: to feel sorry for, to be delighted, to be annoyed (uimit).
Ex: I feel sorry that he should go back. Imi pare rau ca trebuie sa se intoarca.
7. Dupa expresiile: don’t know why, can’t think why, see no reason why
Ex: I don’t know why you should ask me that.

WOULD
1. Folosit pt. o cerere politicoasa
Ex: Would you give me your tel. number?
2. Urmat de like ca sa aiba inteles mai politicos
Ex: I would like to meet you.
3. Poate fi urmat de “rather” sau “sooner” pentru a exprima preferinta
Ex: I would rather sleep than go for a walk.
4. Pt. a exprima un obicei, actiune repetata in trecut
Ex: I would meet you whenever I crossed the road.
5. Pt a exprima probabilitatea
Ex: The man would be his neighbor.

USED TO
1. Arata un obicei trecut
Ex: I used to visit my grand parents when I was child.
2. A nu se confunda cu “to be used to” care cere dupa ea verbul in “ing”
Ex: I am used to getting up early. (sunt obisnuit cu sculatul de dimineata)

DARE
1. Are 2 valori: (a) modala; (b) lexicala.
(a) Valoarea modala – in propozitii negative si interogative.
 Ex: Dare you say this? (indraznesti sa spui asta)
I daren’t go there (nu indraznesc sa merg acolo)
(b) valoare ca verb lexical in propozitii afirmative fiind verb regulat.
Ex: I dare to ask you about my dog.
I dare say = I suppose
I dare say I will invite them to dinner.
I daresay = I accept
I daresay you are right again.

NOTA! Pt a exprima indignarea se foloseste expresia: “How dare you”

Ex: How dare you come so late?

C. Verbe lexicale
Modurile predicative (pot sa fie predicat in propozitie):
a) indicativ
b) conditional
c) subjonctiv
d) imperativ

(1) Modurile nepredicative:

a) infinitivul
b) participiul
c) gerund

MODUL INDICATIV
Are 3 timpuri: - prezent
- trecut
- viitor

Prezentul are 4 aspecte: - Simplu

- Continuu
- Perfect
- Perfect continuu

PREZENTUL SIMPLU
1. Desemneaza o actiune repetata ce devine o obisnuinta

2. Adverbe specifice: usually, often, always, every, never

Ex: Every day I go to my office.

3. Desemneaza un adevar universal valabil, o lege

Ex. Fish swim.

4. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de un program.

Ex: The train arrives tonight.

5. Pt actiuni pas cu pas (instructiuni de utilizare, indicatii regizorale, comentarii sportive)

6. In naratiune
Ex: The boy enters the room, takes the ball and goes out.

7. Pt actiuni care, desi se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, nu au durata (verbe nondurative): to

start, to end, to finish, to stop, to quite, to cancel, to kill, to die, to shoot.

8. Cu verbe de perceptie senzoriala: to see, to hear, to taste, to smell, to sound, to feel etc.

9. Cu verbe de perceptie mentala: to think, to realize, to remember, to forget, to remind, to

suppose.

10. Cu verbe de perceptie afectiva: to like, to enjoy, to hate, to dislike.

11. Se formeaza din subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt ; pentru pers III sg se adauga “s”

12. Modificari ortografice la persoana a III-a:

a) Daca verbul se termina in “s”, “ss”, “sh”, “ch”, “tch”, “x”, “z” sau “o” se adauga “es”
Ex: to go => goes
wash => washes

b) Daca verbul se termina in “y” precedat de consoana se transforma “y” in “i” si se adauga “es”.
Ex: cry => cries

13. Interogativul do/does + subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt

Ex: She cries a lot. Does she cry a lot?

13. Negativ subiect + don’t/doesn’t + verb la infinitiv scurt

Ex: She doesn’t cry.

PREZENTUL CONTINUU
1. Desemneaza o actiune ce se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii (in this very moment/now/right
now)
Ex: I am speaking now.

2. Se foloseste in descrieri
Ex: The sun is shinning.

3. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de subiect

Ex: I am leaving soon.

4. Pt. actiuni prezente paralele in desfasurare (when, while).

Ex: While I am talking he is sleeping.

5. Pentru actiuni care, desi nu se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, constituie o rupere de ritm.
Ex: Every day I get up at 7, but on Sunday I am getting up at 9.

6. Pt. actiuni repetate care ma enerveaza

Ex: She always eats fruits before soup. (constatare obisnuita)
dar
 She is always eating fruits before soup. (enervare)

7. Se formeaza din subiect + verbul to be + verb in “ing”. (se conjuga doar “to be”)

Verbul in “ing” = participiu prezent si are urmatoarele modificari ortografice.:

a) Daca verbul se termina in “e” acesta cade inaintea lui “ing”

Ex: to dance => dancing

b) Verbele terminate in “ie” transforma “ie” in “y”

Ex: to lie => lying

c) verbele terminate in consoana precedata de vocala moale dubleaza consoana finala

Ex: to sit => sitting

! Sufixul “ing” nu afecteaza “y” si “i” final al verbului

Ex: to play => playing
to ski => skiing

8. Interogativul - se formeaza prin inversarea auxiliarului cu subiectul

Ex: Am I sleeping?

9. Negativul - se formeaza prin adaugarea negatiei “not” la verbul “to be”

Ex: I am not drinking.

PREZENTUL PERFECT
1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, care fie tocmai s-a incheiat, fie ca se desfasoara intr-un timp
deschis, nedeterminat. Spre deosebire de trecut, care desemneaza tot o actiune trecuta, la prezent
perfect momentul incheierii actiunii nu trebuie sa fie cunoscut
Ex: I saw her yesterday. (stiu cand => trecut)
dar
I have seen her lately. (nu stiu cand => prezent perfect)

Ex: Did you see “Gone with the wind”? (nu mai poti sa-l vezi)
dar
Have you seen “American Pie”? (mai poti sa-l vezi)

! de multe ori la o intrebare in prezent perfect raspunsul vine in trecut daca precizez momentul
cand a avut loc actiunea
Ex: Have you met her?
Yes, I have. I met her an hour ago.
(raspunsul trebuie sa contina “have”-ul din intrebare, dar trebuie sa precizez momentul, si atunci
intra pe trecut).

Se formeaza din
have / has + verb III (participiu trecut)

Verbele se impart in: - regulate (a)

- neregulate (b)
(a) Verbele regulate
Au forma II si forma III identice, se formeaza cu sufixul “ed” adaugata la forma infinitivului
scurt

Modificari ortografice:

1) daca verbul se termina in “e”, adauga doar “d”

2) daca verbul se termina in “y” precedat de consoana, transforma y in i si adauga “ed”

Ex: cry – cried

3) daca verbul se termina in “l”, il dubleaza mereu

Ex: travel – travelled
cancel – cancelled

4) daca verbul se termina in “ic”, adauga “ked”

Ex: panic – panicked

5) daca verbul se termina in consoana precedata de vocala moale (vocala intre 2 consoane),
dubleaza consoana si adauga “ed”
Ex: to stop – stopped

(b) Verbele neregulate

Au forma II si forma III diferite.
Adverbele specifice prezentului perfect
Intre cele 2 verbe (auxiliar si verb) avem
- adverbe de frecventa definita: (often, seldom, ever, never, usually, sometimes)
- adverbe de frecventa indefinita: (just, recently, already)
Ex: I have just met her.

yet – se aseaza doar pe finalul propozitiei si numai in propozitii interogative si negative. In

interogative are sensul de “deja”:
Ex: Have you met her yet? (daca ar trebui transpusa in propozitie afirmativa, “yet” ar deveni
“already”) => I have already met her.

In negativa are sensul de “inca”:

Ex: I haven’t met her yet.

for – timp de (arata durata actiunii, fara a preciza momentul de inceput si de final). In propozitie
are pozitie aproape finala.
Ex: I haven’t met her for 2 years.

since – incepand din (arata momentul de inceput, fara a preciza durata sau momentul de final).
Pozitia este spre finalul propozitiei.
Ex: I haven’t met you since Monday.

! dupa “since” urmeaza intotdeauna trecut daca mai urmeaza o propozitie

Ex: I haven’t met her since I came. (este o actiune mai trecuta decat cea cu intalnirea)
Pe pozitia finala mai avem adv de timp deschis (lately, today, this year / month / week).

! prezentul perfect corespunde in romana trecutului (perfectul compus)

Ex: A nins = It has snowed (nu stiu cand)
dar
A nins acum o ora = It snowed an hour ago.

Interogativul – avand in constructie auxiliarul “to be”, se obtine prin inversia acestuia cu
subiectul
Ex: Has it snowed?

Negativul – prin adaugarea negatiei “not” la auxiliarul “have”

Ex: It hasn’t snowed.

PREZENT PERFECT CONTINUU

- corespunde in romana prezentului
Ex: Ninge de 2 zile. (ninge = prezent; de 2 zile = actiunea a inceput in trecut si continua pana in
prezent)

have / has + been + V-ing

- desemneaza o actiune trecuta care s-a desfasurat necontenit si care fie tocmai s-a incheiat, fie se
desfasoara intr-un timp nedeterminat
Ex: It has been snowing for 2 days.

! se foloseste doar cu verbe durative – care au o durata de actiune (nu poti sa spui ca moare de 2
ore)

! se foloseste cu verbe meteo

! are caracter subiectiv (nu pot spune despre altul ca doarme de 2 ore)

! cu: to work
to live
to study nu se poate folosi forma continua decat daca precizez anumite
conditii
Ex: NU ! – I have been working all my life. (verb existential = pleonasm)
DA – I have been working in this company all my life.
! daca precizez de cate ori s-a desfasurat o actiune, nu mai pot folosi forma continua, pentru ca
practic se fragmenteaza actiunea.
Ex: Citesc cartea asta de cand am venit (nu stiu de cate ori)
I have been reading this book since I came.
dar
Am citit cartea asta de 2 ori de cand am venit.
I have read this book twice since I came. (am inceput, am terminat, iar am inceput, etc.)

Adverbe specifice – sunt de continuitate (since si for)

Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul “have”

TRECUTUL
Timpul trecut are 4 forme: - simplu (I)
- continuu (II)
- perfect (III)
- perfect continuu (IV)

I. Trecutul simplu
Forma: verbul la forma II

1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, repetata, devenita obisnuinta (in romana corespunde cu

perfectul compus)
Ex: I used to visit my grandparents last year.

2) desemneaza o actiune la care momentul incheierii ei este bine precizat

Adverbe specifice – yesterday, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago, last year / month, the other
day, when, etc.
Ex: I visited them yesterday.

3) are valoare de prezent la trecerea de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta

Ex: She said, “I want to win”.
devine
She told me that she wanted to win.
(Virgula are valoare de 2 puncte inainte de cuvintele cuiva si nu exista linie de dialog, ci
ghilimelele de sus).

Interogativ – Did + (S) + V infinitiv scurt

Ex: Did you watch TV?

Negativ – (S) + didn’t + V infinitiv scurt

Ex: I didn’t watch TV.

II. Trecutul continuu

Corespunde imperfectului in romana (vorbeam, scriam, citeam)

Forma: was / were + V-ing

1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta ce se desfasoara intr-un anumit moment bine definit sau intr-un
moment trecut raportat momentului vorbirii (ieri pe vremea asta = this time yesterday)
Ex: I was writing this time yesterday / yesterday at 5 o’clock.

2) se foloseste in descrierile pe trecut

Ex: That day the wind was blowing hard.

! pentru naratiune se foloseste trecutul simplu.

Ex: The child got the ball and put it into the box.
3) desemneaza actiunile trecute paralele in desfasurare (cu “when” si “while”)
Ex: While I was talking, you came.

4) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, repetata, care ma enerva

Ex: He was always asking me to help him!

Interogativul si negativul – prin auxiliarul “to be”

Ex: Was I dancing when you came?

III. Trecutul perfect

Corespunde in romana cu mai mult ca perfectul (cantasem, vorbisem, citisem).

Forma: had + verb III

1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, incheiata inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute

Ex: O vazusem inainte sa plece = (inainte am vazut-o si dupa aceea a plecat)
I had seen her before she left.

2) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, incheiata inaintea unui moment trecut

Ex: O vazusem inainte de 1989.
I had seen her before 1989.

3) este specifica constructiilor cu hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, mai ales in inversie.
Ex: I had met her before she left.
cu inversie devine
Hardly had I met her when she left.

Adv specifice – after, before, hardly, barely, scarcely, just, already, by the time, for, since
Ex: I had just invited her to dinner when you arrived.

Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul “had”

IV. Trecut perfect continuu

Forma: had + been + V-ing

Desemneaza o actiune trecuta desfasurata necontenit si incheiata inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute
sau al unui moment trecut
Ex: I had been waiting for you 2 hours before you came.

Adverbe specifice – for, since, after si before

! nu se foloseste decat cu verbe durative, are caracter subiectiv doar cand actiunea are o
specificatie de genul
Ex: I had been living in this house for 5 years before we moved.

! daca precizez de cate ori s-a desfasurat o actiune, nu se mai poate folosi forma continua

Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul “had”

VIITORUL
Viitorul simplu
Forma: shall (I sg, pl) / will + V infinitiv scurt (in SUA – will la toate persoanele)
Prescurtare: ‘ll
Ex: You’ll be home soon.

1) desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura intr-un moment bine definit

Adverbe specifice – tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next …, the following …

2) desemneaza o actiune viitoare desfasurata in mod repetat, devenita obisnuinta

Adverbe specifice – always, usually, often
Ex: I shall always think of you.

! daca in propozitia principala am viitor, in secundara nu pot avea decat prezent. Acest prezent
poate sa fie:

a) simplu – daca depinde de un program

Ex: I shall come when the train arrives.

b) continuu – daca depinde de subiect

Ex: I shall come when I am finding the ticket.

c) prezent perfect – cand actiunea este anterioara momentului viitor

Ex: I shall come when I have saved enough money.

! propozitiile secundara introduse prin temporale (when, while, before, after, as soon as, till,
until, etc.) si if, nu pot sa contina viitor si contin prezent.

Interogativul – prin inversia auxiliarului shall / will

Ex: Will you take this car?

Negativul – shall + not = shan’t

will + not = won’t

Viitorul continuu
Forma: shall / will + be + V-ing

1) desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului

vorbirii sau intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului precizat (tomorrow this time / tomorrow
between 3 and 5).

2) actiuni viitoare in desfasurare (paralele) – when, while

Ex: While I’m watching TV you will be sleeping.

! atentie, nu pot avea viitor in ambele (when si while nu permit viitor)

Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul viitor “shall / will”

Viitorul de intentie
Forma: to be going to + V infinitiv scurt
(se conjuga doar verbul “to be”)

1) desemneaza intentia (am de gand sa, intentionez sa), o actiune viitoare ce urmeaza sa aiba loc
intr-un moment viitor apropiat
Ex: I think it’s going to rain.

! nu se poate folosi cu verbul “to go” si “to come”, ci cu “to leave” si “to return”

Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul “to be”

Viitorul apropiat
Desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura datorita unei porunci, ordin, rugaminte, sau
intr-un moment imediat urmator.

Are 2 forme: a) to be to + V infinitiv scurt (folosit pt ordine, comenzi)

Ex: You are to read the book before midnight.
b) to be about to + V infinitiv scurt (= a fi pe punctul de a)
Ex: He is about to cry.

Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul “to be”

Viitorul in trecut
Forma: should / would + V infinitiv scurt

Este un timp sintetic care nu poate sa apara in propozitia principala, ci in secundara atunci cand
in propozitia principala am un verb la timpul trecut si vreau sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara acelui
moment trecut.
Ex: I-am spus ca ma voi duce la film.
(trecut) viitor (in rom)

I told her that I should go to the movie.

! daca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in propozitia secundara are durata, voi folosi forma
continua => should / would + be + V-ing
Ex: I told him that I should be waiting for him.

Celelalte forme de viitor in trecut (viitor de intentie in trecut / viitor apropiat in trecut) apar cand
am un verb la trecut in principala, iar in secundara trebuie sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara. In
acest caz verbul “to be” apare la trecut.
Ex: I-am spus ca am de gand sa cumpar masina.
I told him that I was going to buy the car.

Viitorul perfect
Forma: shall / will + have + verb III
Este o actiune viitoare desfasurata intr-un moment viitor anterior inceput.
Ex: Pana la sfarsitul anului voi fi invatat toate verbele. (incep sa invat mai de mult si pana la
momentul viitor de reper, actiunea va fi terminata).
I shall have learned all the verbs by the end of the year.

! daca exista actiune cu desfasurare necontenita, folosesc o forma continua

shall / will + have + been + V-ing
Ex: Te voi fi asteptat 2 ore pana la sfarsitul zilei.
I shall have been waiting for you 2 hours by the end of the day.

Viitorul perfect si viitorul perfect continuu nu se folosesc decat in vorbire (nu le intalnim in
TOEFL decat la listening !!!)
Interogativul si negativul – cu auxiliarul

CONDITIONALUL
Are 3 forme: 1) viitor (conditie reala, posibil de realizat in viitor)

In principala – conditional viitor (shall / will + V inf scurt)

In secundara – prezent simplu (daca depinde de un program)
Ex: I shall come if the plane lands on time.
– prezent continuu (daca actiunea depinde de mine)
Ex: I shall come if I am desiring this.
– prezent perfect (daca actiunea este anterioara)
Ex: I shall come if I have done my homework.

Acest conditional corespunde regulii de la viitor (viitor in principala – prezent in secundara),

diferenta constand in faptul ca am conjunctia “if”.

2) prezent (actiune ireala, dar posibil de realizat in prezent sau viitor)

In principala – conditional prezent (should / would + V inf scurt)

In secundara – subjonctiv trecut / trecut simplu
(diferenta subj – trecut este ca “to be” are la subj. forma identica were)
Ex: As veni daca as avea timp.
I should come if I had time.

Daca as fi in locul tau as citi cartea.

If I were you I should read the book.

3) trecut (actiune ireala si imposibil de realizat, tine de un moment trecut)

In principala – conditional perfect (should / would + have + V III)

In secundara – subjonctiv trecut perfect / trecut perfect
Ex: M-as fi dus acolo daca as fi stiut adresa.
I should have gone there if I had known the address.
! “if” poate fi omis pentru cazurile 2 si 3. Omisiunea se face prin aducerea propozitiei secundare
in fata si inversia subiectului cu predicatul.

Pentru conditionalul 2:
I should go there if I had time.
devine
Had I time should I go there.

Pentru conditionalul 3:
I should have gone there if I had known the address.
devine
Had I known the address I should have gone there.

! daca in conditionalul 2 nu am un verb auxiliar sau modal care sa poata face inversia cu
subiectul, ma voi folosi de “should”.
Ex: I should go there if I knew the address.
devine
Should I know the address, I should go there.
! (este singura data cand avem 2 de “should”)

If poate fi inlocuit prin alte expresii ca:

unless
but for
in case
so long as
providing that
provided that
supposing that
suppose that

unless (=daca nu) - se foloseste pt propozitii negative

Ex: I shouldn’t go there if I didn’t know the address.
I shouldn’t go there unless I knew the address.

but for – se foloseste atunci cand in propozitia secundara am verbul “to be” cu valoare de
predicat verbal la sensul negativ (il y a). But for nu se poate folosi decat pentru conditionalul 2 si
3.
Ex condit. 2: I should go for a walk if it weren’t for the rain.
pred verbal neg
But for the rain, I should go for a walk.

Ex condit. 3: I should have invited them if it hadn’t been their choice.

pred verbal neg
But for their chioce, I should have invited them.

in case – se foloseste numai cu conditional viitor

Ex: I shall return if I find the ticket.
In case I find the ticket I shall return.

so / as long as – se foloseste cand sugerez ideea de restrictionare

Ex: I shall give you the book if you take care of it.
So /as long as you take care of the book, I shall give it to you.
providing that / provided that – tot pentru restrictie

supposing that / suppose that – (presupunand ca)

SUBJONCTIVUL
Subjonctivul are 2 forme: - sintetic (1) a) prezent
b) trecut (simplu si perfect)
- analitic (2)

1.a) Subjonctivul sintetic prezent

Identic ca forma cu infinitivul scurt; foarte folosit in engleza americana

1) se foloseste in urari
Ex: May all your dreams come true.
Long live the Queen.

2) la injuraturi
Ex: Damn you!
Curse this rain!
God bless you!

3) in propozitii secundare introduse prin “that” daca in principala am o dorinta, o obligatie, o

necesitate:
to suggest
to recommend
to order
to demand
to urge
Ex: I urged that she sit down.

4) in propozitii care contin urmatoare;e expresii impersonale:

it is necessary
it is essential
it is important
Ex: It is impossible that he arrive in time.

1.b) Subjonctivul sintetic trecut

Simplu
Este forma a II-a a verbului, numai ca verbul “to be” are mereu forma “were”.
Utilizare:
1) in propozitiile conditionalului 2
Ex: I should take it if I were you.

2) dupa verbul “wish”

Ex: I wish you were here.
3) dupa constructiile
it’s time
it’s high time
as if
as though
even if
even though
would rather
would sooner
suppose that
Ex: It’s time you went there.
I would rather didn’t go there.
I talk as if I didn’t know you.

Perfect
Identic ca forma cu trecutul perfect (had + verb III)

Utilizare:
1) in conditionalul 3
Ex: You would have invited them if you had found enough space.

2) dupa verbul “wish” atunci cand actiunea este trecuta si regretata (sensul propozitiei trebuie se
fie negativ)
Ex: I wish I hadn’t said that.

2. Subjonctivul analitic
Se formeaza dintr-un verb modal (should / would / might / could) + V infinitiv scurt. El a luat
oarecum locul subjonctivului sintetic prezent; este intalnit atat in propozitia principala, cat si in
cea secundara.

Forma shall + V infinitiv scurt

- se foloseste in principala cu sensul de “vrei?”
Ex: Shall I help you? (sa te ajut?)

- se foloseste in secundara cu sensul de “trebuie”

Ex: I have decided that they shall help her.

Forma should + V infinitiv scurt

- se foloseste in principala cu sensul de “daca e necesar”
Ex: Why should you come so early?

- se foloseste in secundara dupa:

a) expresiile impersonale:
it is important
it is necessary
it is essential
Ex: It is necessary that you should understand the problem.
b) in propozitiile care contin constructiile:
for fear that (de teama ca)
lest (ca sa nu)
in case
Ex: I got up early lest I should miss the train.
c) cu urmatoarele verbe:
to demand
to command
to suggest
to recommend
to request
to insist
Ex: I insisted that you should learn this lesson.
d) atunci cand sunt introduse de:
although
whatever
though
Ex: Whatever she should say don’t interrupt her.

Forma may / might + V infinitiv scurt

1) se foloseste cand se exprima o urare
Ex: May your dreams come true!
2) in subjonctive introduse prin:
it is likely
it is probable
it is possible
Ex: It is possible that they might invite us to dinner.

3) in propozitii introduse prin:

so that
that
in order that
Ex: I put the perfume in front of you so that you might smell it.

Forma would + V infinitiv scurt

- se foloseste dupa “wish”
Ex: I wish you would call on you. (to call on = a vizita)

Forma could + V infinitiv scurt

- se foloseste pentru a exprima o certitudine
Ex: We studied a lot so that we could pass TOEFL.

PASSIVE VOICE (DIATEZA PASIVA)

- in diateza activa, subiectul face actiunea
- in diateza pasiva, actiunea facuta de subiect se repercuteaza asupra acestuia

Subiectul din diateza activa devine complement de agent, iar CD din diateza activa devine
subiect in pasiva.
Ex: 1) I write the letter.
S CD

2) The letter is written by me.

S C agent
Diateza pasiva presupune un verb “to be”, iar verbul de baza va fi la forma:
V III + by + C agent

! o propozitie care are atat CD cat si CI are 2 forme de pasiv, fiecare complement devenind pe
rand subiect
Ex: I give him my book.
CI CD
devine
The book is given to him by me.
S
He is given the book by me.
S
Aspectul si timpul predicatului din activa se mentin in pasiva.
! complementul de agent poate sa lipseasca daca este un pronume
Ex: I read the book.
The book is read (by me). – poate sa lipseasca

! daca subiectul este impersonal (somebody / someone), el poate de asemenea sa lipseasca

DIATEZA ACTIVA DIATEZA PASIVA

1) I eat an egg. An egg is eaten.

2) I am eating an egg.
3) I have eaten an egg.
4) I have been eating an egg.
5) I ate an egg.
6) I was eating an egg.
7) I had eaten an egg.
8) I had been eating an egg.
9) I shall eat an egg.
10) I’m going to eat an egg.
11) I am to eat an egg.
12) I’m about to eat an egg.
13) … I should eat an egg.
14) I shall have eaten an egg. An egg will have been eaten.
An egg is being eaten.
An egg has been eaten.
-
An egg was eaten.
An egg was being eaten.
An egg had been eaten.
-
An egg will be eaten.
An egg is going to be eaten.
An egg is to be eaten.
An egg is about to be eaten.
… an egg would be eaten.

! atentie la prepozitiile care se aseaza la final (vor rezulta 2 prepozitii una dupa alta)
Ex: They sent for the doctor.
The doctor was sent for by them.

Everybody laughed at him.

He was laughed at by everybody.

! anumite verbe (to eat, to feel, to wear, to wash, to sell, to read, to perform) nu pot avea forma
pasiva cand vrei sa spui ca sunt de foarte buna calitate / se vand singure / se poarta singure, etc.
Ex: These books sold quickly. (si nu have been sold)
The shoes wore comfortably. (si nu have been worn)
! verbul “to grow” nu poate avea sens de diateza pasiva pentru ca este de la sine

CORESPONDENTA TIMPURILOR
1) daca in principala avem prezent, in secundara putem avea orice
Ex: I know she is / will be / was here.

2) daca in principala avem viitor, in secundara avem prezent

a) simplu – daca depinde de un program
b) continuu – daca depinde de subiect
c) perfect – daca a inceput intr-un moment anterior

3) daca in principala avem trecut, in secundara avem 3 raporturi:

a) simultaneitate (actiuni paralele) => in secundara avem trecut
Ex: While I was dancing, he took my hand.
b) anterioritate => in secundara avem past perfect
Ex: I told him I had met her before.
c) posterioritate => in secundara avem future in the past
Ex: I told him I should go there.
! pt adevaruri universal valabile nu se respecta regula cu trecutul
Ex: He told me that the sun rises from East.

Verbe neregulate - Lista verbelor

Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere
to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui
to arise arose arisen a se ridica
to awake awoke awoke a se trezi
to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a icepe
to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea
to bend bent bent a idoi
to beseech besought besought a implora
to bear bore born a se naste
to bet bet bet a paria
to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
to can could been able to a putea, a fi posibil
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a despica
to cling clung clung a se lipi
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tara
to cut cut cut a taia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig dug dug a sapa
to do did done a face
to draw drew drawn a desena
to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a conduce masina
to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a gasi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
to foretell foretold foretold a prezice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
a renunta la,
to forgo forwent forgone
a da uitarii
forsake forsook forsaken a parasi
to freeze froze frozen a igheta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grind ground ground a macina
to grow grew grown a creste
to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a tine
to hurt hurt hurt a rani
to keep kept kept a pastra
to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia
to knit knit knit a tricota
to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
to lay laid laid a aseza
to lead led led a conduce
to lean leant leant a se sprijini de
to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata
to leave left left a lasa, a parasi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat
to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a italni
to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere
to mislead misled misled a induce i eroare
to mistake mistook mistaken a itelege gresit
to outdo outdid outdone a itrece
to overcome overcame overcome a ivinge
to overdo overdid overdone a face exces
to pay paid paid a plati
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe
to ride rode ridden a calari
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cauta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a fixa, a regla
to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase
a scutura,
to shake shook shaken
a clatina
to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri
to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)
to shine shone shone a straluci
a icalta,
to shoe shod shod
a potcovi
to shoot shot shot a împusca
to show showed shown a arata
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange
to shut shut shut a ichide
to sing sang sung a canta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a sta (pe scaun)
to slay slew slain a ucide
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azvarli
a crapa,
to slit slit slit
a despica
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
to sow sowed sown a semana
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
a accelera,
to speed sped sped
a goni
to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera
a petrece,
to spend spent spent
a cheltui
to spill spilt spilt a varsa
a toarce,
to spin spun spun
a se roti
to spit spat spat a scuipa
to split split split a despica
to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica
to spread spread spread a itinde
to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni
to stand stood stodd a sta i picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a ifige, a se lipi
to sting stung stung a itepa
to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat
to strike struck struck a lovi
a isira,
to string strung strung
a icorda
to strive strove striven a se stradui
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a matura
to swim swam swum a inota
to swing swung swung a se legana
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a ivata, a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gandi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci
to tread trod trodden a calca
to underlie underlay underlain a sustine
to understand understood understood a itelge
to upset upset upset a supara
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weave wove woven a tese
to wet wet wet a uda
to win won won a castiga
to wind wound wound a se rasuci
a frange,
to wring wrung wrung
a smulge
to write wrote written a scrie

VERBE CU PREPOZIŢII
To accuse of-a acuza de
To agree with-a fi de acord cu
To agree on-a fi de acord asupra
To apologize for-a.şi cere iertare pentru
To approve of something-a aproba ceva
To arrive at-a ajunge la
To ask for something-a cere ceva
To be accustomed to something-a fi familiar cu ceva
To be acquainted with-a cunoaşte,a fi obişnuit cu
To be afreid of something-a se teme de ceva
To be afreid of somebody-a se teme de cineva
To be angry with somebody-a fi supărat pe cineva
To be anxious about something-a fi îngrijorat de ceva
To be astonished at-a fi uimit(uluit) de
To be aware of – a-şi da seama de,a fi conştient de
To be characteristic of-a fi caracteristic pentru
To be close to-a fi aproape de,a fi alături de
To be confident of-a fi încrezător în
To be crauy about-a fi nebun după
To be cruel to-a fi crud cu,a fi rău faţă de,a fi crud faţă de
To be dependent on / upon-a fi dependent de
To be deprived(dipraiv) of-a fi lipsit de,a fi deposedat de
To be different(difrent)from-a fi diferit de
To be fond of-a fi legat de
To be good at-a fi bun la,a se pricepe la
To be good(kind)to-a fi amabil cu
To be grateful to-a fi recunoscător faţă de
To be indignant at-a fi indignat de
To be of opinia on that-a fi de părere că
To be bent on /upon-a fi hotărât să
To be on the move-a fi în mişcare
To be impressed by-a fi impresionat de
To be independent of-a fi independent de
To be indifferent to-a fi indiferent faţă de
To be intent on-a fi absolvit de
To be interested in-a fi interesat de
Tu be jealous of-a fi gelos pe
To be patient with-a fi răbdător cu
To be polite to-a fi politicos(civilizat)cu
To be preoccupied by-a fi preocupat de
To be proud of-a fi mândru(ă) de
To be satisfied with-a fi mulţumit cu(de)
To be sated with-a fi sătul(dezgustat)de
To be seized with-a fi prins de
To be similar to-a fi asmănător cu
To be sorry for-a-I părea rău pentru,a-şi cere scuze
To be superior to-a fi superior
To be surprised at-a fi surprins de
To be typical of-a fi caracteristic pentru
To beg for-a cerşi,a implora
To begin by-a începe prin
To belong to-a aparţine
To beware of-a se feri de,a se păzi
To boast of-a se lăuda cu,a se făli cu
To borrow from-a împrumuta de la
To call for-a cere,a necesita
To call on somebody-a vizita pe cineva
To call at a place-a trece printr-un loc
To care for-a ţine la,a-I plăcea
To compare with(to)-a compara cu
To complain of-a se plânge(văita)de
To conceal from-a se ascunde de
To congratulate on-a felicita pentru
To contribute to-a contribui la
To count /rely on upon-a se bizui /baza pe
To cure of-a vindeca de
To deal with-a se ocupa de (cu)
To defend from-a apăra de
To depend on(upond)-a depinde de
To die of-a muri de
To differ from-a diferi de
To do withaut-a face fără,a se lipsi de
To doubt of –a se îndoi de
To embark on –a participa la,a o porni într-o direcţie
To escape from-a scăpa de
To feedon-a hrăni cu
To fill with-a umple cu
To forgivefor-a ierta pentru
To glanceat-a arunca o privire la
To go to-a merge la,a se duce la
To go in for-a se prezenta la
To hope for-a spera la
To indulge in-a se deda la,a se complace în,a îndemna să
To insist on-a insista asupra
To interfere in –a interveni(amesteca) în
To intrudeon-a deranja,atulbura
To knock at-a bate la
To laugh at-a râde de
To laughwith joy-a râde de bucurie
To leavefor-a pleca la
To lend to somebody-a da împrumut cuiva
To live on-a trăi din,a trăi cu
To long for-a tânji după
To look at-a privi la
To look after-a avea grijă de,a îngriji de
To look for-a căuta
To look into-a examina
To look like-a semăna cu
To look on-a considera
To look to-a se îngriji de
To meet with-a întâmpina
To mistake for-a confunda cu,a lua drept
To move from………to………-a se muta din……….la……….
To object to-a obiecta asupra(împotriva)
To part with-a se despărţi de
To participate in-a participa la
To pass for-a trece drept
To peep at-a privi pe furiş la
To pine for-a tânji după
To play at-a se juca de-a
To prevent from-a împiedica să,a opri să
To profit by something-a profita de ceva
To protect from-a proteja de,a apăra de
To provide with-a înzestra cu
To pull at-a trage la
To put in practice-a pune în practică
To recover from – a-şi reveni după,a se face bine după
To refer to-a se referi la
To refrain from-a se abţine de la
To remind somebody of something-a aminti cuiva de ceva
To resort to somebody-a se adresa cuiva,a apela la cineva
To retire from-a se retrage din
To reproach somebody of something-a reproşa cuiva ceva
To rush at something-a se repezi la ceva
To see to-a se îngriji de,a se ocupa de
To send for-a trimite după
To separate from-a separa de
To smell of-a mirosi a
To stand for – a reprezenta,a lua apărarea
To stare at-a se uita fix la,a privi fix la
To start for-a porni către(spre)
To substract from-a scădea din
To succeed in in-a reuşi să
To supply with-a aproviziona cu
To take into account-a lua în seamă
To take into consideration-a lua în consideraţie
To taste of-a avea gust de
To tell from-a deosebi de
To think about(of)-a se gândi la
To transform(change) into-a transforma(schimba)în
To threaten with-a ameninţa cu
To translate from…into…-a traduce din ………în………
To wait for somebody-a aştepta pe cineva
To worry about – a-şi face griji în privinţa