I~PYMA EYrENI~OY

XPYLOYN METAAAION AKAf1HMIAL A9HNON

EKnAIAEYTIKO KEIMENO A.A.I.E.N.

VnOVprEIOV EMnOPIKHI NAYTII\IAI

neonoroa IJJPYMATOE

o Euy~vlo~ EUYEVI61K 16puT/'K Kal XOPfJYO~ TOU trl6pupaTO~ EUYEVI60u» rrpoEI6E evtuplrara «at UXfJpaTIUE TfJ pa(Jla rrErrol(JfJufJ OTt avavsato ttapavovra v,a TfJV rrpo060 TOU ~(JVOU~ (Ja aTTOTEltouUE fJ aona KaTapTIUfJ TWV TEXVIKWV pa~ UE UUV- 6uaupo rrpo~ TfJV fJ(J,Kt1 TOU~ aywyt1.

Tnv rrErrol(JfJut1 TOU aUTt1 TfJ PET~TPEtpE UE vevvata rrpaffJ EUEpYEula~, orav KltfJP060TfJUE UEpaO'TO rrouo vta TfJ UUO'TaUfJ 16pupaTo~ ttou (Ja E/xE W~ UKorro va uuppaltEI O'TfJV TEXVIKt1 EKrral6EUUfJ TWV V~WV TfJ~ EMa6a~.

ME TO B.lJlaraypa TfJ~ 10fJ~ (/JEppouaplou 1956, UUVEUTt1(JfJ TO '/6pupa EUYEvI60u Kal Karo TfJV Em(Jupla TOU 6Ia(J~TfJ TOU av~ltaPE TfJ 610lKfJUfJ fJ a6EIt¢t1 TOU Kupla Map. Ilpou. Arro TfJ O'TIYPt1 EKElvfJ aPXIO'av rrpaypaTorroloupEVOI 01 axotto! ttou opapaTIO'(JfJKE ° Euy~vlo~ EUYEVI6fJ~ Kal O'uyXpovw~ fJ EKrrltt1pwO'fJ pla~ atto T/~ paO'IKoTEPE~ avaYKE~ TOU E(JVIKOU pa~ plou.

KaTa TfJV KltlpaKwO'fJ TWV oxombv TOU, TO '/6pupa rrpoTafE TfJV ~K600'fJ TEXVIKWV PIPIt/WV TO0'O vta Itoyou~ (JEWPfJTIKOU~ 00'0 «at rrpaKTIKoU~.lJlamO'TW(JfJKE ttaavuaTI OTI anorese! rrpWTapXIKt1 avaYKfJ ° E¢06IaO'po~ TWV pa(JfJTwV PE O'EIP~~ arro PIpit/a, ra ottoki (Ja ~(JErav op(Ja (JEp~ltla O'TfJv TTal6Ela TOU~ Kal (Ja anoresoooav UUVXpovw~ rroltuTlpl] PIPIt,O(Jt1KI] v,a Ka8E TEXVlKO.

EI6IKOTEpa, QUOV a¢opa UTa EKTTal6EUTIKa plpltla TWV pa81]TWV TWV IJfJPoulwv Ixoltwv EprroplKou NaUTIKou, TO '/6pupa av~ltaPE TfJV ~K600't1 TOU~ O'E rr/tt1PfJ tau O'TEvt1 ouvepvaoia PE TfJ IJIEU(JUVO'fJ NauTIKt1~ EKTTaI6EUO'EW~ TOU Yttoupvelou EprropIKt1~ Naunskn; urro TfJV ettotrreki TOU ottotou uttavovrat 01 Ixolt~~ aUT~~.

H aVa8EUI] UTO '/6pupa ~YIVE ue TfJV on' apl(J. 6128815031, TfJ~ 9fJ~ AuvouO'TOU 1966, attooaon TOU Yttoupvetou EprropIKt1~ NauTllt/a~, onere tau O'UYKPOTt1- (JfJKE «at fJ EmTporrt1 EK60UEWV.

Kuplo~ O'KoTT6~ TtiJv ~K660'EWV atJTtiJv Elval t) TTapoxfJ rrp6~ TOU~ pa(JfJre~ TtiJv vauTIKwv oxoltwv AiJIEN «at NauTIKwv I\UKElwv TtiJv (rvaYKalwv ~KTTaI6EUTIKWV KElptVWV, ro dTTOia (rVTIO'TOIXOOV rrp6~ ro pa(JfJpaTa rrou 6,6aO'KoVTaI O'T/~ Ixoltt~ aUTt~.

'Err/O'fJ~ ~1tfJ¢(JfJ rrp6vola, cijO'TE ro plpltla atJro va Elval YEVlK6TEpa xpfJO'lpa v,a c5"ltou~ TOU~ (rflwpaTIKou~ TOO 'EprroplKoO NaUTIKoO, rrou (rO'KOOV 1j6fJ T6 ~TT6YYEltpa «at ~fEltluUoVTaI O'TfJv IEpapxla TOO Klta60u TOU~, xwp/~ atJT6 va O'fJpalVEI c5"TI ~rrtpXEral PETaPOItfJ O'TfJ uT6(JPfJ TOO rrEplExoptvou TOU~.

01 auyypof/JEIl; KOI '7 EmTpOm1 EK66aEwv TOU I6pupOTOl; KOTE/loAov KoBE ttpoarrOBEIO, durre TO /l1/lAlo va ElvOI Emar'7POVlKWl; OPTIO oMo KOI ttpooapuoopeva aru; OVOYKEl; KOI TIl; 6UVOT6T'7TEl; TWV pOB'7TWV. [t' OUT6 KOI TO /l1/lAlo OUTO EXOUV YPOf/JEI oe orrA!'J yAwaaa KOI ovoAoy'7 rrp0l; T'7 aroBp'7 rnl; EKTTGI6EUaEwl; Y'O T'7V ottoki rrpoopl(ETGI KoBE aElpo TWV /l1/lAlWV.

'ETal rrpoaf/JEpoVTol oro EUpU KOIV6 TWV KoB'7Y'7TWV, TWV pOB'7TWV T'7l; VOUTIK!'Jl; ua« EKrrOI6EuaEWl; KOI 6AoUl; TOUl; Of/WPOTIKOUl; TOU E.N. 01 EK66aEIl; TOU 16pupoT0l;, TWV ottokav '7 aup/loA!'J atnv ttpavuaronotnon TOU oronoo TOU EUYEVlou EuYEvI60u EArrl(ETOI va ElvOI pEyoA'7.

I!'JPEPO TO '/6pupo EUYEVI60u PE pEyoA'7 Euxoplar'7a'7 rrpoxwpEf, oe ouvepvaota ttavra ue TO YEN, am auyypof/J!'J KOI EK60a'7 /l1/lAlwv Y'O TO NouTIKO IIUKEIO KOI ALJIEN, ue /loa'7 rrOVToTE TO OVOAUTIKO rrpoYPOPPOTO TOU onoupvetou.

EniTPonH EKAOIEON IAPVMATOI EvrENIAOV

AU~av6po!; I. nanna!;. Ou. Ka9rWIlTrle; EMn. npoeopoe;.

Xpua6CJTOII0!; CII. Kapouvf611!;' 6mA. MIlX. - HA. EMn. ErrfTr~Oe; 6rOIKIlTrle; a.T.E .. AVTlrrpoeopoe;. M1xa"A r. Ayyd6nouAo!;. TaKTIKoe; Ka9IlVIlTrle; EMn. T. 6101KIlTrle; 6EH.

KwvCJTavTlvo!; TaaVT"Aa!;. nAofapxoe; A.I .. 61eu9. Nour, Exrr, Y.E.N.

Iu~i3ouAoe; errf TWV eKMaewv TOU IOpU~OTOe; KwvaT. A. Mav64111!;. Ka9IlVIlTrle; <!>IAoao<l>IK~e; IxoA~e; nav/~iou A9llvwv.

rpa~~OTeUe; Tile; ETTITpOrr~e;. AI1110a9~vl1!; n. MEyapfTI1!;.

E161K6~ ETTlarll~OvIK6t; IL'J~j3ouAo~ Via TO j31j3Aio Aeploarp6j3IAol 0 K. ITollpoc; rKI6KO!;. uTTovaL'Japxo~ (M) n.N.

IaPTMA EyrENlaOY BIBAI08HKH TOY NAYTIKO Y

AEPIO~TPOBIAOI

~TAMATIOY r. KAOYaA IIAOTAPXH (M) II.N.

~IIIA. NAmHrOY - MHXANOAOrOY MHXANIKOY M.LT.

A8HNA 2003

neosoroz

To PIPMo auTO am:u9uVETaI KaT' apxl/V UTOU~ cmou6aUTi~ TWV A vwTipwv LJfJpoulwv IxoAwv EPTTOPIKOU NauTIKou Kal TfJ paufJ VIa TfJ uuvvpar/Jq TOU aTTOTiAEuE TO avaAuTIK6 "p6vpappa TOU Y.E.N.

H KEluo6o~» TWV aEploUTpoPfAwv UTfJ NauTIKq MfJxavoAovla Kal EI61K6TEpa UTfJV "p6wufJ TWV "Aolwv etvtn uXETIKa "p6Uf/>aTfJ Kal aUTq Elval fJ pau1K6TEPfJ, 1- UW~, artta TTOU fJ UXETIKq PlpAlovpar/Jla elva) TTTWXq.

Ta TEAEuTala 6pw~ xp6vla 0 vauTIK6~ aEploUTp6PIAo~ anueuaae retota E{EAI{fJ an avaTTTu{fJ, TTOU TOU EmTpETTOUV UTI~ ~plou6TEPE~ "EPITTTWUE/~ va uuvavwvl(ETal Emf{la TOU~ aVTlrraAou~ TOU, TOV aTpoUTp6PIAo Kal Kuplw~ TfJ Diesel, UE "oAM~ 6E ~PITTTWUE/~ va a"OTEAEI TOV a61af/JIAovIKfJTO Kuplapxo TWV evxarooraoeur« "POWUEW~

0, 6Iar/Jalv6pEvE~ uqpEpa "POOTTTIKE~ elva, 6TI fJ XPfJulpoTTOlfJufJ TWV vauTIKwv aEploUTpOPIAwv 9a aU{fJ9EI pEMoVTIKa «a) UUVErrW~ fJ ErraVVEApaTIKq Kyvwplpla» TWV PfJxaVIKWv TWV "Aolwv PE TO E16o~ aUT6 TWV PfJxavwv 9a KaTaUTEI attapatrnTfJ. H EmTuxla aUTq~ TfJ~ yvwplpla~ aTTOTEAEI Kal TO UKOrr6 uuvvpar/Jq~ TOU rrap6vTO~ p,pAlou.

KaTaP/o.q9fJKE "poomi9Ela WUTE TO "EPIEX6PEVO va aVTaTTOJqJlvETaI UT/~ avavKE~ TWV cmou6a07liJv. E~/6q 6pw~, 6"w~ ehtaue, fJ UXETIKq PE TOU~ aEpIOUTpOPIAou~ PlpAloypar/Jla Elval TTTWXq, YI' auTO UUP"EPIEMr/J9fJouv, Kuplw~ urr6 popr/Jq mvaKWv, (]'TOIXEla Kal "AfJPor/JopIE~, "OU av Kal v,a Ka(}apa EKrraI6EUTIKOU~ UKO"OU~ 6EV elva) anapotmra EVTOUTO/~ IKavoTTOlOUv TO urOXo va rrapapElvEI TO KElpEVO W~ poq9fJPa Kal Kara TfJV ErraVYEApaTlKq TOU~ ura6lo6popla. (/JuulKa ra E"' "Aiov aura UTolXEla 6EV "PE~I va 6,6auKoVTal.

r,a Ka9E Urr66EI{fJ ur/JaApaTO~ q audr/JEla~ q VEVIK6TEpa avaYKfJ~ PEATlWUEW~ TOU PIPMou 0 uuyypar/JEa~ EuxaplOTEI EK TWV "POTEpWV.

EuxapIUTIE~ EKf/Jpa(oVTal Kal a"6 TfJ (}EUT} aUTq (]'TOV EI61K6 EmUTfJPOVIK6 IuppouAo VIa TO rrap6v PIPAlo YTTOvauapxo MfJxavIK6 ITaupo rKI6Ka VIa T/~ uTT06EI{E/~ «a! rrapalvEuE/~ TOU Ka9w~ Kal (]'TO Tpqpa EK66uEWV TOU 16pupaTO~ EUVEVI60u "OU KaTEpaAE E"'TTOVE~ "poomi9EIE~ vta TfJV apTl6TEPfJ Epr/JaVlUfJ TOU PlpAlou.

o uuvvpaf/JEa~

KEct>AI\AIO npOTO

o AEPIOITPOBIAOI OI 0EPMIKH MHXANH IE NAYTIKEI ErKATAITAIEII

1.1 rEVIK6.

METa TO aEUTEpO naYK60'1.I10 n6AEI.IO 0 aEploO'Tp613lAoe,; O'IlI.lEfwO'E TETOla E~eAI~" WO'TE va I.ITTOPEI va O'uvaywvlO'SEI Til l.I"xav~ Diesel KCI TOUe,; aTl.loO'Tpol3lAoue,; we,; Klv"T~pla l.I11xaV~ O'E TToMee,; Ecpapl.loyee,; vauTIKwv EYKaTaO'TaO'Ewv TTOU TTEpIAal.ll3ovouv O'UO'T~l.IaTa TTPOWO'EWe,; Kal J30l1SI1TIKO l.I1lxaV~l.IaTa.

H ETTlO'TIlI.IOVIK~ epEuva Kalil TTp606oe,; orouc TOI.IEIe,; Tile,; aEpo6uvaI.lIK~e,;, Tile,; I.IETC660'EWe,; SEPI.I6TIlTae,; Kal Tile,; I.IETaMoupyfae,; ETTETPE\j.IE Til O'UVEX~ KCI I.IE Taxu puSI.I6 I3EATfwO'Il TOU l3aSl.lou aTToMO'EWe,; TOU aEplOO'Tpol3fAou, WO'TE 11 EYKCTOO'TaO'~ TOU O'E TTAofa va I.ITTOPEf OIKOV0I.IIKO va aVTaYWVIO'SEf TIe,; l.I1lxavee,; Diesel Kal TOUe,; aTl.loO'Tpol3fAoue,;. Av 0" aUT6 TTPOO'TESOUV Kal ro TTpaKTIKo TTAEOVEKT~l.IaTa TOU nePIOO'Tpol3fAou, 611Aa6~ 0 aUTOl.laTI0'1.I6e,; Tile,; AEIToupyfae,; Kal 11 TaxuTaTIl ETTlO'KEU~ TOU I.IE aVTIKaTOO'TaO'Il, yfVETCI T6TE cpavEp6 Yla TTOIO Myo 0 aEp100'Tp6131Aoe,; xcrcKTO O'UVEXwe,; e6acpoe,; O'E vaUTIKee,; EYKCTaO'TOO'EIe,;.

EKT6e,; 61.1we,; aTT6 60'a avacpepSIlKav TTapaTTOvw, rn xuprorepc TTAEOVEKT~l.IaTa TOU aEplOO'Tpol3fAou Efval 11 aTTMTIlTa Tile,; KaTaO'KEU~e,; Kal TO I.I1Kp6 l3opoe,; vm KOSE aTT061661.1EVO Irrrro 100XUOe,;. alEUKplvf~ETal 6TI aTTMTI1Ta E6w EVVOOUI.IE TI1V eMEI\j.II1 TToMwv 130l1SIlTIKWV l.I1lxaVIlI.I0TWV ~ TTEPlcpEpElaKwv EYKaTaO'ToO'Ewv Kal TI1V xcroO'KEU~ O'E I.Ila Kupla l.Iova6a I.IIKPOU 6YKOU Kal l3apoue,; TTOU I.ITTOPEI EUKoha va aVTIKaTaO'TaSEI.

1.2 EmAoYil TI"J~ EYKaTaOTaaEw~ npowaEw~ TOU nAofou.

H ETTlAoy~ Tile,; EYKaTaO'TOO'EWe,; TTPOWO'EWe,; Ev6e,; TTAolou TTEplAal.l13ovEI l3aO'lKa TOV KaSopI0'1.I6 TOU Ef60ue,; Tile,; KlvIlT~plae,; l.I1lxav~e,;, TOU O'UO'Tf)l.IaToe,; I.IETa66aEwe,; KIV~O'EWe,;, TWV l3ol1SI1TIKwv l.I11xaVI1I.10TwV Kal TOU TTPowSIlT~pa (ehIKa) I.IE ro TTapEhK61.1EVO TOU. 0EWPl1TIKO KCI TTpaKTIKO Elval TToMol 01 6uvaTof auv6uaO'I.I01 TWV 61acp6pwv O'TOIXEfwv Tile,; EYKaTaO'TOO'EWe,; TTPOWO'EWe,; I.IETa~U TWV orrokav I.ITTOPEI va yfVEI 11 ETTlhoy~. ITO O'X~l.Ia 1.2a TTapouO'IC~~OVTCI 61aypal.ll.laTIKO oplO'l.IevEe,; 6uvaTee,; ETTlhoyee,; Yla I.Ila TUTTlK~ EYKaTaaraall TTpowaEwe,; EI.ITTOPIKOU TTAofou.

MEpIKee,; YEVIKee,; TTapaTIlP~O'EIe,; O'TO O'X~l.Ia 1.2a:

a) Ie aUYXPovEe,; EYKaTaO'TOaEIe,; TTPOWO'EWe,;, 1.16vo I3pa6UO'TpocpEe,; l.I1lxavee,; Die.sel O'uv6eoVTai aTT' EuSElae,; I.IE TOV EAIKOcp6po o~ova, EVW vm rc Aomo E1611 rroxuarp6cpwv KIVIlTIlplwv l.I1lxavwv Efval avaYKaio KOTTOIO O'uO'TIll.la I.IETaMO'Ewe,; Kal .I.IEIWO'EWe,; Tile,; Klvf)aEWe,;, O'Uv~Swe,; I.IE 060VTWTOUe,; TPOXOUe,;.

2

AtIl001polhAOI IlE avaOtpOopEa.

M1]xavi~ Nt~~EA IlEOOOtpOOPE~ xal taXUOtpOOPE~ IlE avaOtpOopEa.

Luvliuao IlO!; utuootpo~iAOU xrn aEPIOOtpo~iAOU.

Luvl'iuaollo~ N t ~ ~E A xal aEpIOO tPO~iAWV.

AvaOtPE'P0IlE.Vl) 1]AEXtPIX1] ltPOW01].

AtIlOOtPO~IAOI 1l1] avaotPEopOIlEVOI.

AEPIOOtPOl3lAOI Ill! avaOtPEopoIlEVOI.

AVaOtpEopOIlEVl! l)AEXtPIX~ ltpOWOl) IlE 1l1lXavlxO IlElwt~pa.

Ml)xaVE~ Nt~~EA IlEOO OtpOo,pE!; xal taXUOtpOOPE~ Ill) avaOtpEopoIlEVE~.

IX. 1.2a.

EVC,v,cKTIKec; emAovec; VIC Tr)V eVKCTQCHaar) npowaewc; ev6c; rrxolou.

13) H I1AEKTPIK~ np6wal1 (IJE auvEx~e;'~ EvaMaaa6IJEVO pEUlJa) nap' 6AO nou napouala~EI oplalJ(:va aoJ3apa nAEOVEKT~lJaTa. 61Jwe; cuvcvrerci OAo~va Kal anavI6TEpa aE V~Ee; KaTaaKEu~e;.

y) H onapafTI1TI1 avaaTp04>~ Tile; Klv~aEwe; TOU nAofou (avan66Ial1) EnlTuyxavETal EfTE IJE aVTlaTP04>~ Tile; 4>opae; nEplaTPo4>~e; Tile; KIVI1T~plae; IJl1xav~e; Irreplrrru» 0'11 IJl1xav~e; Diesel) ~ IJE 161af:rEPI1 lJova6a (aTlJ0aTp6J3IAOe;) ~ IJE aVE~apTI1TO avaaTpo4>~a. ITIe; EYKaTOaTaaEIe; aEplOaTpoJ3fAwv XPl1allJOnOIEfTal auv~9we; Yla TO aKon6 aUT6 ~AIKa IJETaJ3AI1TOu J3f1lJaTOc;, 11 errore, IJE KaTaMI1AI1 IJETaKfvl1al1 TWV rrrepuvlurv Tile; aE ax~al1 npoe; TI1V nMlJvl1. IJETaJ3aMEI Til 4>opa Tile; waEwe; Kal TI1V Kfvl1al1 TOU nAofou EVW 0 a~ovae; aTP~4>EI npoe; TI1V f61a 6lEu9uval1.

1.2.1 01 Kupl6npol rrap6yovn, yHl Til" En/Aoy" Til' EYKtmltn6lTEIIJ, npownllJ,.

H axe6faal1 IJlae; EI(KaTaaTaaEWe; npowaEwe; anOTEAEf Til auaxhlal1 Ev6e; IJEyaAOU apI9IJou IJl1xavl1IJaTWV Kal auaKEUwv KaTO Tholo Tp6no. WaTE va 6I1IJIOUPYEfTal ~va sviclc AEITOUPYIK6 aUvoAo. EKT6e; 611Aa6~ an6 TI1V EnlAOY~, nEplAaIJpaVEiI TI1V npoaaPIJoy~ Ko9E IJl1xaV~IJaTOe; IJE 6Aa rn un6Aoma, WaTE TEAIKa 11 EYKaTocreon va ~XEI Enl9uIJI1T6 J3a9IJ6 an066aEwe;, a04>aM AEIToupyfa Kal an06EKT6 K6- oroc,

3

ApXIKa emAeyeTal TO ef6oe; Tile; KUplae; ~Ilxavfle; npowoeWe; an6 TOUe; ouvllSeOTepOUe; ofl~epa TUnOUe; ~Ilxavwv Diesel, aT~oOTpO~fAoue;, nUPllvlKfl np6woll fl ouv6uao~6 TWV avwTepw. Me TIlV emAoyfl TOU ef6oue; Tile; Kuplae; ~Ilxavfle; avaKUrrrouv noMa epwTfl~aTa. ME pIKa an6 aUTa erval:

ea efva! 11 ~Ilxavf) Diesel ~paMOTpo<l>1l f) ~e06OTpo<l>ll; afXPovll fl TETpaXPOVIl; Me fl xwpfe; unepn,l,flpwoll;

01 Ae~IlTee; Sa exouv <l>UOIKf) KUKAO<l>opfa aepa (eAKuo~6l fl ~e~lao~evll; Tl rrococro enavaKuKAo<l>opfae; Sa exouv;

01 aeploOTp6~IAol Sa efval anAou KuKAOU AelToupyfae; fl ~e avaKTlloll Sep~6- TIlTae;;

Efval <l>avep6 6T1 01 napayoVTee; nou npenel va All<l>Souv urr' 64J1l KaTa Til oxe- 6faoll Tile; eYKaTaOTaoeWe; npowoewe; ev6e; nAofou efval noMof. 01 napayoVTec; aurol ouxva efval aMIlAoouYKpou6~evol Kal KaSopftouv TeAIKa TO anoTeAeo~a Tile; oxe6laoewe; nou OXe66v rrevrc anoTeAef eva oUYKepao~6 an6 evaMaKTIKee; Kal aVTITISe~evee; an64Jele;. 01 anou6a16TEpol an6 TOUC; napayoVTEe; aUTOUe; e(val:

a) Allomuria.

o napayoVTae; aUT6e; exel npooM~el 161afTEPll oll~aofa np6a<l>OTa, Kal Myw Tile; XPllol~onolou~evllC; oUVXPOvlle; TexvoAoyfae; Kal Tile; TaoeWe; nou unapxel yla eMTTwoll TOU npoowmKou ~Ilxavfle;. 'ETol ~e Til ~oflSela Tile; OTaTIOTIKfle; Kal TWV mSavoTflTWV e~ETateTal AefTTo~epWe; 11 a~lomOTfa KaSe ~llxaVfl~aTOe;, KaSWe; Kal TOU ouv6Aou Tile; eYKaTaOTaoeWe;.

P) Euxlp~la uU"TIIP"U~CII~.

IUVTf)Plloll evvoouus T600 TIlV npoAllfTTlKf) 600 Kal Til 610pSWTIKfl. Ka! 01 Mo ~op<l>ee; oUVTIlPfloewe; ouoXETitoVTal ~e TOV aplS~6 Kal rnv e~el6fKeuoll TOU npoouirnxcu KaSWe; xm ~e rnv crrcrrouuevn 61apKeia aKlvllofae; TOU nAofou.

y) KaTQAaIlPa.,6I1EVo~ XciJpo~.

Enel6fJ 0 xwpoe; nou KaTaAa~~avEI 11 eYKaTaOTaoll npowoewe; efval oe ~apoe; Tile; ~eTO<I>opIKfle; IKav6TIlTae; TOU nAofou, emSu~IlT6 elvcn va eAaXIOTonOlefTal. 'Erot, avaAoya ~e TO ef60e; Tile; eYKaTaarooewe; npowoewe; npOKUfTTOUV Kal 6la<l>opeTIKee; analTfJoele; xwpOU. ITa oxfJ~aTa 1.2~ ewe; 1.2e, napouolatoVTal ovrmpooWneUTIKEe; eYKaTaOTaoele; npowoewe; aT~OOTpo~(Awv, ~pa6UOTp6<1>Wv ~Ilxavwv Diesel, nUPllvIKf)e; npowoewe; Kal aeploOTpo~fAwv e~noplKwv nAofwv. Kal ro Teooepa ef61l efval Tile; aUTf)e; mn06uva~ewe;. XapaKTIlPIOTIKf) efval 11 eYKaTaOTaoll ~e aeplooTpo~fAoue;, 11 onofa exel Til ~IKp6Tepll anafTlloll oe xwpo (OX. 1.2el.

6J B6po~ ~YKQTal1T6u.CII~.

To J3apoe; Tile; eYKaTaOTaoeWe; npowoewe; eAanwvel Kal aUT6 Til ~ETa<l>opIKf) IKav6TIlTa TOU nAofou Kal yl' aUT6 npenel va 61aTIlpefTai oe xa~IlM enfne6a. ITO oxfJ~a 1.2OT napouolatoVTal OUYKplTIKa rn ~apll TWV 61a<l>6pwv el6wv ~Ilxavwv oe Af~npee; ava fnno 10XUOe;, ~e fJ xwpie; TO Kauol~O aVTfOTOlxa. npEnel va OIl~EIWSel 6TI 11 reon OTIl oUYXpoVIl TexvoAoyfa elval va eAOTTwgef TO ~6poc; TWV ~Ilxa-

4

~

o D ~ 7 I §5~ J

57!.. 6" ------.< KatoljJ1J

KatoljJ1)

EX. 1.211.

EYKaT6OTaO'Il aTIJOOTpol3iAOU.

1) I\EI3IlTaC;. 2) ITp613IAoc; u4JIlMe; TTlEO'EWC;. 3) ITp613IAoe; xalJllMc; lTleaEwc;. 4) MElwT~pac;. 5) alalJEplO'lJa EAEyXOU. 6) ITpoI3IAOYEw~Tpla. 7) IUVEPYEio IJllxav~e;. 8) ATIJOYEw~Tpla. 9) AlTOOTaKT~pac;. 10) Kuplo 4JuYEio. 11) Kupla aVTAla KuKAocllopiac;. 12) ClOTIK6e; Tpll3eae;. 13) AVEIJIOT~pac; I3El3laalJeVile; KuKAoclloplac;. 14) np09EPlJaVT~pac; aepa. 15) KalTVo66xoC;. 16) 9EPlJo6oXEio. 17) aE~IJEV~ Aa-

610u.

15

f---------101·-0 tr ------~+-I TOI1~ 'Ka~' uljJos;

EX. 1.2y.

EYKaT60Taall I3pa6iJOTpocllllC; NT~~EA.

1) Kupla IJllxav~. 2) ClOTIK6C; Tpll3eac;. 3) Kov0'6Aa KEVTPIKOU EAEVXOU. 4) KuploC; lTiVaKac; EAEVXOU. 5) ITpoI3IAOYEwfiTpla. 6) NTIl~EAOYEwfiTpla. 7) BOIl9IlTIK6C; Aej3IlTae;. 8) AVTMa lTETpEAalou. 9) KuplOC; aEpOaUIJTTlEOTflc;. 10) np09EPlJaVTftpae; lTETpEAalou. 11) <P16AEe; aepa EKKlv~aEwc;. 12) AlTOOTaKTflpac;. 13) 4JuYEio Aa6lou. 14) AEPOO'UIJTTlEOTftC;. 15) l\el3llTac; KauO'aEpiwv. 16) IlyaOTflpae; E~ayw-

yftC;·

[ill@] ~l 9

DLJ
~
'0
oJ:,
r--
~ !§
o:::J [ill
o=J ~ «o
75:0·
Kc:t"'[oljll} 5

@] [ill @] I 14

I ' 57~6'-' ---..J

KcrroljJll

IX. 1.26.

EYKOTcaraoll TTuPllvIK~C; TTPOWOEWC;.

1) nUPIlVIK~ aT~oYEw~Tpla. 2) ITp6j3I'\oC; KUPIOU cjluoIlT~pa. 3) BOlleIlTIK6C; cjluoIlT~pac;. 4) ITp6j3I'\oC; UIIIIl'\~C; TTleOEwc;. 5) ITp6j3I'\oC; xa~Il'\~C; TTleOEwc;. 6) MEIWT~paC;. 7) ITpoj3I'\OYEw~Tpla. 8) KuploC; t'ivaKac; E,\eyxou. 9) IUVEPYEio ~Ilxav~c;. 1 0) AEpOOU~TTlEar~c;. 1 1) 4>IC'\EC; aepa. 12) Kovo6'\a E,\evxou. 13) ATTOaraKT~pac;. 14) AT~OYEvv~Tpla. 15) ATTopuKTOTTOIIlT~C;. 16) ~E~a~Ev~ o~ewv. 17) Iuarll~a IIIU~EWC;. 18) ~E~~EV~ KaTaKaeioEWC; E'\aiou. 19) Kuplo IIIUYEio. 20) Kupla aVTJ.ia KuKAocjlopiac;.

21) CarIK6c; Tplj3eac;. 22) eEp~oc5oXEio. 23) ~E~a~Ev~ E'\aiou.

IX. 1.2 •.

EYKaTcaraoll aEploarpoj3l,\ou.

1) Kupla ~Ilxav~. 2) Iuarll~a Eloaywy~c; aepa. 3) IuarlllJa EEaywy~c; aepa. 4) IU~TTlEar~c;. 5) AEPIOarp6j3I'\oC;. 6) MElwT~pac;. 7) ~E~~EV~ E'\alou. 8) ITpoj3I'\OYEvv~Tpla. 9) KuploC; TTivaKac; E,\evxou. 10) Kupla Kovo6'\a EJ.EVXOU. 11) CarIK6c; Tplj3eac;. 12) BOlleIlTIK6C; '\eI3IlTac;. 13) ATToaraKT~pac;.

14) NTIl~E"OYEwflTpla. 15) l\ej3llroc; KauoaEplwv. 16) TpOcjlo66TIloll aT~ou.

6

VWV. 'Errn CTpOPIAOI VEWTEPIlC; KaraaKEur'ic; Eivol IJEXPI Kal 40% EAacppoTEpOI ano naAoIOTEPOUC; Tile; ({lIac; mno6uvCtIJEWC;,

ISO
~60 4.0
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~40 ~ 3,5
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1r40
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'1:1
III 20
14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 Iltltoouval!1'I EYKataotcioEUI~ ItPOWOEUI~ ( at: Xl~l(i6E~ (ltItOUC;;)

ht1t06U~ll £yxa!aot6.0E.U1~ rrpoWoEUlC;; (OE XlAui6£~ UtrtouC;;)

IX,1.2m.

«EIOIK6» KOI onMuTo J36poc; TWV OIOq>OPWV eYKoToarooEwv TTPOWOEWC;.

1,0 r-fl~lV6JOI!L)l.q 1l1lxoJ~
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on
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07 / I I
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0,4 -:::- -_
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// L:Nt1'l~E~01'l~O«P~~ ItpOUlO1'I
Q3 L "'-Nt1'l~E~ 1\.1£ IlEIUltllPD
Q2 Bpa6votP~1l v"t.'o/-A I o

2 .4

6

8

10

12 14

16 18 20 22

Inn06uvOllll l.'YllalaOt6.0(1JJ~ npOWOEUlC;; (DE XIMa&~ LnnOUC;;)

Ix. 12t.

Ixeol] EI6IK~C; KOTova'\WOEWC; Kal ITTTTo6UVOIJEWC;.

7

~) EI60r Kal KaTaIl6Aw.II Kauulpou.

ETTelo~ TO aTTalTOUIJEVO Yla Til hEITouPyia Tile; EYKaTacrraC1EWe; TTpOWC1eWe; KaUC1IIJO KaTahaIJliaVEI 6YKO Kal aTTOTEhElliapoe; (Kal rn OUO C1E liapoe; Tile; IJETaCl>opIK~e; I Kav6TIlTae;) 11 xalJllM EIOIK~ KaTava,l,wC11l (~apOe; KOUC1IIJOU ova TTopay6IJEVO ·wplalo ITTTTO) OTTOTEhEI C1lllJaVTIK6 TTOpaYOvTa ETTlhoy~e; Tile; EYKaTacrraC1Ewe; TTPOWC1EWe;. H C1l'lIJaC1la TOU ncpevovrn aUTOU au~aVEI A6yw Tile; C1UVExWe; aU~OV6IJEVIle; TIIJ~e; TWV KaUC1llJwv. ITO C1X~lJa 1.2~ TTapOUC1la~eTal C1UYKPITIK~ EIK6va TWV 010Cl>6- pwv IJllxaVWV TTpOWC1EWe;.

tIT) Exiull Klipla, PlIXall"r Kal /loll911T1KtiJlI PlIXallIIPfrrwll.

Ta 1i01l91lTlKa IJllxaV~lJaTa TWV TTholwv Elval C1uv~9we; EITE aTlJoKlvllTa EITE IlhEKTpoKlvllTa. 'ETC11 Eav 11 Kupla TTp6WC11l crmrrel aT1J6, lJ~pOe; TOU OTIJOU aUTOU EUKOha 0laTI9EToi yla rnv KIVIlC11l TWV 1i01l91lTIKWV IJIlXOVlllJaTWV, EVW ornv TTEpITTTWC11l TWV TTholwv TTOU KlvOUVTal IJE IJIlXOV~ Diesel Kal aEplocrrpolilhou~ 0 oTTaITOUIJEVO~ aT1J6e; TTapaYEToI aTT6 ~EXWPlcrr6 h~IiIlTO, 0 orrotoc hEITOUPYEI C1uv~9we; IJE TO xcuC1aepla TWV Kuplwv IJllxavWv.

() fJullaT6Tllra ~/PIUptiJlI.

'Orcv 11 Kupla IJllxav~ IJTTOPEI va aVTlcrrp~CI>EI Til Cl>opa TTEPlcrrpoCl>~~ Tile;, 6TTWe; 11 Diesel Kal 01 IlhEKTPIKOI KIVIlT~PE~, OEV xpEla~ETal ~Exwplcrr6e; ovacrrpOCl>~ae;. AVTigeTo, crrle; TTepITTTwC1EIe; aTlJocrrpoliihwv KOI aEplocrrpolilhwv XPIlC1liJOTTOleITol eiTE ~EXwplcrr6e; crrp61ilhoe; EITE avocrrpoCl>~a~ EITE ~hlKa IJETalihllTou 13~lJaTOe;. Av TO TThoio Elval avaYKIl va ~XEI ouvaT6TIlTO Tax~wv XEIPIC1IJWV (TT.X. TO PUIJOUhKa), ru TTapaTTavw haIJliavOVTOI UTT' 64J1l TTPOKEIIJ~VOU vo ETTlAEYEI TO Eloo~ TIl~ EYKOTacrraC1EW~ TTpOWC1EW~.

II) AnalTOupEIIO "pouwmK6.

Ta olaCl>opa dOll IJIlXaVWV xpEla~oVTol YIO TO XEIPIC11J6 Kal Til C1UVT~PIlC1~ TOUe; 0laCl>opETIK6 apl91J6 TTpOaWTTlKou. 'ETal EYKoTocrraaEI~ nMpw~ aUTOlJaTOnOIIlIJ~VEe;, 6TTWC; 01 aEplocrrp6~lhOl, aTTOITOuV IJIKp6TEPO opl91J6 TTpoC1wnIKou. To TTAEOVEKTlllJa 61JwC; aUT6 OVTlcrr091J1~ETOI an6 TIlV ovaYKIl u4JIlM~ E~EIOIKEUC1EWe;, TIlV orrolc C1uv~9we; aTTolTEITOI vo ~XEI TO oAIyapl91J0 TTP0C1WTTlK6.

9) K6t1TOr.

'OTTWC; ElvOI Cl>ualK6 ovaAoya IJE TO Eloo~ TIl~ EYKOTocrraaEwc; TO K6crroc; oyop6~ OIOCl>~PEI C1IlIJOVTIKa. AUT6 Cl>aIVETOI C1TO aX~lJo 1.211 YIO rc olaCl>opo ElolllJllXOVWV TTOU XPIlC1IIJOTTOIOUVTOI auv~9we;.

11 nEplOplUpol 6IaT1tNPEIIII' Imro6u1l6pEWr.

To OlaCl>Opo Eloll TWV OIOTI9EIJ~VWV IJIlXOVWV OEV KOAUTTTOUV nMpw~ 6AI'l TI'lV TTEPIOX~ ITTTTOOUValJEwv nou onolTouVTOI YIO EYKoTacrroal'l EnOvW aE nAolo. To TTp6- IihlllJo OCl>opa Kuplwe; TIe; IJI'lXOV~~ Diesel Koi TOU~ aEplocrrpol3iAou~ Kal noM Aly6TEpo TI~ EYKOTacrraaEIe; aTIJOu. ria napaoEIYlJa, IJ~XPI a~IJEpa OEV ~XEI avaCl>Ep9Ei IJllxaV~ Diesel EYKaTacrrl'llJ~VI'l Enavw aE nhoio IJE ITTTTOOuValJ1'l IJEyaMTEPI'l an6 50.000 HP. n' aUT6 anaIT~aEI~ yla IJEyaMTEpE~ ,"nooUVaIJEI~ aVTIIJETWni~oVTal

8
3,5
3,0
2,5
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00"1. pO ".
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)~~f."V
,. 1.0 14

18

22

26

30

34

38

42

IX. 1.2'1.

LXET1K6 K6OTO<; ruiv ol0<l16pwv eYKoToOTcaewv rrpawCJeUJ<;.

O'uvrl8w~ lJe TI'I XPI'IO'llJonofl'lO'I'I OTIJOO'Tpo~iAWV. 01 61acpopOI TunOI IJIlXOVWV Diesel KOI Kuplw~ 01 oepl00'Tp6j3IAol KUKAOCPOpouv 01'0 elJTT6pl0 O'e Ko80pIO'IJEVe~ rrrrroouvalJel<;, n.x· Irm06uvalJel~ 25.000 HP, 30.000 HP. 01 TuX6v onOlToujJeve~ EvtmllJeO'E~ Irm06uvalJEI~ KOAUmOVTOI IJE TI'IV ovopa IJIlXOVrl~ IJEyoMTEPIl~ Irm06uvalJEw~ on6 60'0 XPEla~ETOI.

1.3 TI Erval 0 aEplomp6p1AoS. IuvomlKI'J nEplypa4l1'J.

H eTujJoAoVIKrl OV(z}..UO'I1 TI'I~ AE~ew~ oepI00'Tp6j3IAo~ IJO~ 0611Vef KOT' OPXrl O1'OV opI0'1J6 TOU OTpol3fAou W~ «Ev6e; TPOXOU nou onoppocpa KIVIlTIKrl eVEPvelo on6 EVO PEUOT6». 0 vevlK6~ oUT6~ opI0'1J61) KoMmel IJla OMKAIlPI'I neplOXrl on6 TOU~ rtpuirovovouc oVEIJ6IJUAoue; IJEXPI TOUI) unepO'uVXpovouI) OTIJO - cepro - O'TPOl3fAOU~. 0 KUPl6TEPOl) «OVTOvWVIOTrle;» TOU O'TPOl3fAOU VIO TIlV nopaVWVrl WCPEAIIJOU IJIlXOVIKOU EPVOU Eivol Il eIJ13oAocp6pol) IJIlXOVrl EO'wTeplKrll) KouO'eWI). To alJEOa rrAeoveKTrllJOTO TWV OTpol3lAwv evoVTI TWV MEK elval 11 O'ulJnOVrl~ KOTOO'KEUrl TOU~ KOI TO 6TI 1'1 neplOTpocplKrllJOpcpr; TI'II) 10000UOe; E~660u TOUe; ElvOI OI·U§O'WI) XPI1O'llJonolrlO'llJ1l VIO TI'IV Kfvl'lO'I'l IJIOe; OVTAlOS, VEWrlTplal), eAIKOe; KAn. To O'UlJnaYEI) Tile; KaTaO'KeUrle; O$eiAETOI OTIl «OUVEXrl» POrl TOU PEUOTOU lJeO'o OTI'I IJI1Xovl'l, O'E oVTI8EO'il npOI) Tie; ETTITOxuvO'eu; Kal ETTlj3p06uvO'EII) TOU OVTIOTOIXOU «IJEO'OU» (oePOI) KOI rrpolcvro KOUO'EWe;) OTIe; MEK KaTO TIl) 6UlCPOPEI) <I>O.O'EIe; TOU KUKAOU. 01 ovoVKoiec; OUTee; ETTITOXUVO'EII) KOI ETII~p06uVO'EIC; TOU jJEO'OU nopaKOAou90UVTOI KOI an6 oVTiOTOlxec; IJETol3oM.C; TIl~ TOXUTI1TOI) TWV EIJ~6AWV, l3aA13f6wv 6IWOTr;pWV KOI AOITTWV 01'01- XElWV Till) KOTOOKEUrle;·

1\6vw aKpll3w~ aUTrl~ TI1I) OIJOArll) OUVEXElae; Till) POrll) KOI TI'IC; neplOTpOCPfJS, TO j3aPOI) ova Irmo nopoy6lJEVIlC; 10000UOe; eivol noM IJIKp6TEPO OTOUC; OTpoj3IAouC; on6 6,TI OTIC; IJIlXOVec; Diesel. AUTrl 61JwC; 11 crxeO'Il l3apwv, on06UVOIJWVETOI opKETa, ov

9

11 eYKaTcCToOIl npotiJoew~ e~eTa08Ei We; OUVOAO YIOT!:

a) riO Til f.lETCOOOIl Tile; KIV~OEWe; an6 TO CTp6131AO CTIlV EAIKO nrmrrefnn OTTWool'lnoTE f.lEIWTl'lpO~.

13) riO vo nopox8Ei TO Epyo~6lJevo peuCT6 CTOV OTf.lOCTp613IAo. Ol")AOOI'I 0 OTf.l6~ crrcrrsfrm ~exwpICT~ EYKoT6CTooll AEI3I'1TWV Tl")~ onoiae; onwoo"'nOTE 0 6YKO~ KO- 8tiJ~ KOI TO 136poe; EivOI noM IJEyaMTEpa on6 6,TI Tl")e; KlvIlTI'IPlae; f.lIlXOV"'e;.

o aeploCTp613lAoe; anoTeAei rnv o n6VTIl a I'] CTO np6l3Mwo, Kal oUT6 YloTI ouvou6~el TO nAEovEKTI'lf.lOTO T600 TOU CTpol3fAOU (OUlJnoy"'~ KOTaOKeu .... onoq,uyl'I noAIV6poJ,lOUVTWV TJ,lllf.lCTWV) 600 KOI Tile; f.lIlXovl'le; Diesel (Kauoll eVT6e; Tile; IJIlXovl'le;). 01 Kupl6TepEe; f.lovc6ec; f.lIOe; EYKoToCTooeWe; oeploCTpol3fAwv elver:

aJ 0 aupnl~UT"~.

Elval EiTe q,uyoKeVTpIK6e; EiTe a~ovIKI'I~ pol'!e; Kal rrafpvEI KivllOIl orrc CTp6131Ao 0 onolcc ouvoeeTal f.le aUT6v lJe eva 6~ovo. rUf.lTTlE~EI TOV aTIJOoq,alplK6 csoo oe nle- 01'] 5 ewe; 20 OTf.lOOq,OlpWV.

pJ 0 86Atl#Jo~ Kauaew~.

r aUT6v rrpcvpcrorrorelrm 11 Kauoll TOU xouoluou lJe TOV oEpa nou napeXEI 0 au f.lTTlECTI'le;. 0 Myo~ csoc npoe; KOUOIf.lO eivOI ouvl'I8we; f.leyoAUTEpOe; TOU 60 (KOTO J36poe;) KOI TO rrpotovro Tile; KOUOEWe; EivOi f.liyf.lO 8epJ,lou oepo U"'IlAI'!~ TTleOEW f.lE u6poyovov9poKee;. To Kouoaepla OUTO, nou eivOi U"'IlAI'le; TTle OE we;, exouv 8epf.lOKpooia f.lETO~U 1 500 EW~ 20000F Kal EKTovtiJvOVTDI lJeoo oe np0¢luoIO, wCTE f.lEpOe; Tile; Evepyeloe; TOUC; VO IJETOTpeneTOI oe KIVIlTIKI'I Evepyelo. ME oUT6 TOV tporro nap6YETai peUf.la KouoaEpiwv U4JIlMe; TaXUT'lTOe; TO orrolo rtpccxpouei novw CTa mepuYlo TOU CTpol3iAOU.

yJ 0 UTp6fJIAo~.

Elval TO TIJ"'IJO Tl")C; 9EpfJ1KI'le; IJIlXOV!'lC; 6nou nop6yeTai TO Wq,eAIf.lO IJIlxavIK6 epyo. ruvn8wc; os VOUTIKe~ eYKOTaCTOOEIe; anOTeAefTOI on6 QUO Tf.I"'IJOTO OTpol3fAWV

IX. 1.3a.

AEploO'Tp6131"o~ TTpO~ TOTTo8hIlOIl.

10

OE OElp6. a npWTOC; on6 OUTOUC; XPI1011J0nOlEiTOI OnOKAEIOTIK6 ylo va KIVEI TO OUIJmEOTI') IJE TOV onere OUV6~ETOI IJE KOIV6 a~ovo. aVOJ,la~ETOI DTp6/l1Aor u"IJA4r miaE"ldr I') arp6pIAoroE"plor611ou. a 6EUTEpOe; O'Tp6~IA.oe;, 0 onotoc rmlpvei Klvl1ol1 on6 TO KouooeplO E~OYWYf1e;Tou OTpo~IAou Yll, ElvOI 0 OTp6~IAoe; nou neplaTpeq,EI TOV EAIKOq,6po a~ovo KOI oVOJ,l6~eTOI KOI fl'rp6plAor xopIJA4r m'aeld{.

To ouvoAo oUJ,lmeO'Tft-eoMlJou KouoeWe; KOI OTpo~fA.ou yn oVOlJa~eTOI KOI QE"plOrdllO{ YleTl OnOKAEIOTIK6e; oKon6e; TOU eivol 11 nopoywyft Kouooeplwv 1ft oepiwv) KOI 11 J,leow OUTWV J,leT66ool1 KlvftoEwe; OTO OTp6~IAo IOXUOe;.

rTO OXfllJOTO 1.30 KOI 1.3~ q,olveTol npoy~oTIKft elK6vo eYKoTeOTl1lJeVOU nMpoue; OEPIOOTpO~rAou rrmv KOI J,lere TI1V unoouoxeueefc TOU.

a 1610e; oEploarp6(3IAoe; OTO oxl'iJ,lO 1.3y q,olvETOI OE TOJ,lft. EVW aTO oxftlJO 1.36 nopou0I6~OVTOI Mo TO TIJl'iIJOT6 TOU.

IX. 1.3p.

AEPIOOTp6~IAo~ !JETO Tr)V EYKaToOTaar).

OXElO!; £!;aywvil!; lla\Jaa£p~v

IX·1.3y.

TOIl~ aEplOl1Tpol3iAou.

II

OTtla~Lo l:J,1~lJ,a O'\J IJ,Tt I£crnj

. ~\

A)Uvl'f'Co l:Jt~J,1a (J\J IJ. Ttl r; CJ1:11

IX. 1.36.

To xuprorepo T~~~OTa TaU oeplocrrpoI31l1ou.

1.4 KaTaral1'J Kal Er61'J aEplOUTpoPfAwv.

H KOTtho~fl TWV oeploarpol3iAwv yfveTCI CJuv~9w,> l.Ie 130CJfl TOV KUKAO Tfl'> AEIToupyfo,> TOU,>. To ouxv6Tepo crrevnauevo ei6fl oeploarpol3lAwv $OfVOVTOI oro oxfll.lo 1.40.

a) AEploarp613'Aoc; onAou KUKAWI.I0TOC;.

(3) Aeploarp6lMoc; l.Ie OVOKTflCJIl 8epIJ6TflTOC;.

y) Aeploarp613lAo,> lJe OVOKTIlOIl 8ep1.l6TflTOC; KOI ova8eplJovofl.

0) Aeploarp613lAo,> I.IE OVOKTflOIl 8epIJ6TIlTOC; KOI evOIOI.IEOll 4JU~Il.

e) Aeploarp613lAoc; I.IE ovo8epl.I0vofl. ovaKTIloll gep1.I6TflTO,> KOI eV610l.lEOll 4JU~fl. '01 oepioarp6131Aoi unopouv eniOIle; va KOTOTOX90UV ovaAoyo l.Ie Til oxeoloori

TOUe; KOI OUYKEKpllJEVa aVOAOYO l..Ie TO OV 11 OPXIKri TOU,> OXEoioOll eYlve Yla ceporropIKr; ~ 13101.lllXOVIKri XP~Ofl. 01 VOUTIKol aepioarp6131Aoi «(QeponopIK~C;, npoeAeuoewe;» crnv npaYIJaTIK6TflTC onoTeAOuv npOOOPI.l0yf! KIVflT~PWV oeponMvwv oe vaUTIKEC; eYKOToarOoele;. H npOooPI.l0yf! OUTr; l3aolKa OUVIOTOTCI OTIlV npoo9f!KIl TOU arpoplAoU IOXUOe; yla rnv anopp6$Il0fl Tile; KIVIlTIKf!e; eVEPyeloe; TWV xcuccepfwv Kal OTIlV npoaroofa TWV UAIKWV an6 TIC; Olol3pwoele; Myw 9aMoOiou nepi- 130MoVToe;. To KupI6Tepo XOPOKTIlPIOTIK6 TWV oeploOTpoPfAWV Til'> KOTflyopfoC; auTfle; eivol .,eAo$pI6 KOTOOKeu~ TOUC;. 'ETol 0 TunOe; LM 2500 Tile; General Electric <uyf<e 1 OUVOAIKO 34.000 Ibs (1 5 nepfnou rovou C;), 6.,AOOri 1,5 Ibs ova Inno nopoy6I.1EV'le; IOxUOe;. ITO OXOI..IO 1.413 $OiveTOI oe TOl..lri EVOe; oMoe; oeploarp613lAoe; oeponoplKrie; npoeAeuoEWe; renou Turbo Power - Marine Systems (United Aircraft)

12

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IX. 1.4jl.

a aEpIOo"Tp6J3ll1o~ FT4C.

FT4,.TOU onolou 11 nopoy6IJevIl 10000Ue; KOI TO Papoe; eivOi TOU f610U neplnou lJeye- 90ue; 6nwe; TOU LM 2500.

01 oepl001'p613IAOI «13101J'1XOVIK~e; npoeAeuoewe;» KOI oxel!lIaoewe; EXOUV XPIlOIlJonol'1gel Kuplwe; 01''1 PlolJl1xovio XI1IJIKWV rroolovruiv KOI nETpeAolwv. l!.loKplvovTal ylO TI1V IO'}{UP~ KOI ~OPIC~ KOTOOKeu~ TOUe;. XOPOKTI1PI01'IK6 6eiYIJo TETOIOU oeploOTpo~iAOU $OiVETOI 01'0 O'}{~IJO lAy. EivOl KOTooKeu~e; General Electric, TunOe; MS 5000, 10000UOe; 20.000 H P KOI ~apoue; 300.000 Ibs, 611Ao6~ 1 5 Ibs ova inno IOXUOe;. ~TOI 6EKonMoi0 on6 TOUe; oeplooTpo!3i'\oue; oeponopIKf)e; xpf)oewe;.

IX. 1.4y.

a (]EPIOOTp6J3ll1o~ MS 500 28.

'011.01 01 oepl001'p6~IAOI nou XP'10'11J0nolf!9I1KOv IJEXPI O'~IJEPO O'E VOUTIKEe; eYKOTOO1'aO'EIe; npOEPXOVTOI on6 npOOOPlJoyee; nou 60KIIJOO1''1KOV IJE ETiiTUXio oe OMEe; xp~O'ele;. AVaAOYO IJE TIe; eI6IKEe; onOIT~OEIe; TI1e; VOUTIKf!e; EYKOTOO1'OO'EWe; on6 TIe; IJI1XOVEe; T'1e;, 61l1J10UPYOUVTOI KPIT~PIO we; npoe; rnv KOTOMnMTI1TO , .. 1I0e; IJnxov~c;.

14

npoKeq.JevoUOUT~ VO XPIloII..IOnOlllBel oe n1l010 KOI W'> npo,> Til OUVOT6TIlTO emAoy~c:; lJeTa~U TWV OIO¢l6pwv IJIlXOVWV nou o IOTIBeVTo I OTO elJn6p.10.

01 «anQlT~aEIC:;» AOln6v TOU nAo[ou an6 IJla IJIlXOV~ OIOKp[VOVTOI OTIC; Tpel'> OKOAouBec; KOTrwoplec;:

AnoITr'iaE.n:; ¢lOpTfou.

~ AnoITr'iaeu; nep.ll3oMoVTOC;. ~ AnOI.Tr'iaelC; xpr'iaewc;.

KoBe IJIO ana TI'>KOTl'lVOpiec; OUTE,> E~ETO~ETOI auvomlKo napaKoTw.

1.4. 1 A mtl"'nl~tfJopTlofl.

To eoprto Til'> IJI'lXOV(l'> npowoEwC; Ev6,> nAolou elvor ouvr'iBwc; 1..110 {AIKO nou auvOtHOI I..IE oUTr'i lJe TOV EAIKOIfl6poo~ova. H onaiTl'lol'llO"XUOC; TOU ¢lOPTfou EK611- AwVETOI W'> onoiTqal'] pon~C;o"E OpIO"J.lEVec; OTpolflec; .. 01 XopO.KTl']pIOTIKec; KOl..lmJAec; 6I']AoO~ O"TpEmIKr'i'> POTTl'lC; - oplBJ.loU OTpO¢lwv TI']C; IJIlXovr'iC; KOI Til'> {AIKOC; npenEI va eXouv KOIV6 O"IlI..lElo AeIToupyio,>, 6nw,> lfloivETOI OTO oxr'iI..lO 1.40.

.s:

I:: o n,

pl. I .. 1_ _I ~
....L f-- ·011:1'1 1I.~"1'It1'lPLO~ 1l1'l)(O."1'I
r--....... <, /1
......... /
[1'I1l((O 100PPOI1:ia.~
/ ......... i'
/
/ ,
l.,.(
./ -POI1:~ IfIOPtlOU
I I '1 I.X. 1.46.

XOpaKTr")pIOTIK~S KOlll1UJU;',. AEITOupyfas·

EK npWTIlC; Ol[JEWC; ¢loIVETa' OMvaTO Mo T6ao OlalflopET.IKOpeTaEu TOuC; OUOTr'i.IJOTO, 0 oeploarp613lAoC; KOI 11 EAtKO, va napaYOUVKOI va onoppolflouv OVTIOTOIXO TrJV fOlo OTpemlKr'l pon~ OTOV 1610 opIBIJ6 OTPOlflwv, OTOV bev euurrtrrrouv KCrv 01 nEploxee;OTpO$WV AEITOUpyfolO TOUC;. AUT6 OJ.lWe; emTUVXOVETaI IJE TI1l3or'lBelo I..JEIWTr'iPO OTpO$WV, 0 onoloe; 9EwPE1Toi e.~oprqlJo TOU oeploOTpol3lAou. Me aUTO TOV Tp6no npOKumouvxopOICTIlPIOTIKE.C; AelTOupyleC; lJe KOIVO al1.I..IE[o ioopponlcg, Irqv npo~111'] ponr'i TI11OI..1I1Xavr'ic; eivol apKeT61..J.eyoA'l, WOTe va enlTuyx6veToi 11 emTOXUVCJq TaU $opTlou lJeXpr T'lC; neproxt'ic; IJ{YIOTIle; IOXUOlO,

01 XOPOKTI1PIOTIKec; KOIJTluAeC; AelToupyioC;rwv ae.ploOTpol3lAwv IKovonOIOUV TIIO mo n6vw OTlOIT~O"ellO TWV eAfKwv oe 6A'1 TI1V Tleploxt'i AelToupylac; TOUC;, nepIA0J.l!3avo~evwv KOI TWV I..JET0f30TIKWV KaTOOT6oe·wv EKKlvr'iaewIO,KpoTr'ioEwIO,avoOTpo-

15

<I>~<; TIl<; <l>op6<; KIV~aEW<; TOU nAoiou, EnlTaXUVaEW<; KAn.

'AMIl crrotrnon TOU <l>opTiou, 11 onoia I xavorroretrtn nA~pw<; an6 TOU<; aEpIOaTpo!3iAou<;, Eival 11 TaXEia EKKivllall Tile; npowaT~pla<; EVKaTaaT6aEw<;. Evw rooo 01 aT~oaTp6!3IAol 6ao Kal 01 ~Ilxavee; Diesel XPEI6~oVTal apKETee; WPE<; np09Ep~6vaEWe; npiv EVEPvonollleOUV nMpwe;, 01 aEpIOaTp6!3IAol, Mvw Tile; EAa<l>p6e; xcrcaKEU~e; TOU<;, 6EV cmnrouv Ka~16 np0gep~avall TWV ~ETaMIKWV T~Il~6TWV TOU<; Kal urropouv va an06waouv TIlV nMpll IOXU TOU<; aE ~EPIK6 AEm6. To xapaKTIlPIaTIK6 aUT6 anoTEAEi ao!3ap6TaTo nAEoVeKTIl~a Via Til XPllal~onoillall TWV ceproaTpo!3iAwv aE nAoia nou crrcrrouv TaXEfa EKKivllall, 6nw<; elvm n.x. rn noAE~IK6. H TOxuTaTIl aMav~ TOU <l>opTiou aE nEpInTWaEI<; XElpla~wv (np6aw - Kp6TEI - av6- n06a) IKavonolEiTal nA~pw<; an6 TOU<; aEpIOaTpo!3iAou<;. AUT6 O<l>EiAETal orn ~IKP~ a6p6vEIa TWV Klvou~evwv T~Il~6Twv TOU<; Kal aTll ~IKP~ an09IlKEU~eVIl EvepVEI6 TOU<;, aE aVTi9Eall rrpoc TI<; ~Ilxavee; Diesel, nou exouv ~EV6AIl a6p6vEIa Klvou~evwv T~Il~6TWV Kal npoe; TOU<; aT~oaTpo!3iAou<; nou exouv ~EV6AIl an09llKEu~eVIl EvepVEla TOU aT~ou aTO Ae!3IlTO Kal aTl<; awAllvwaEI<;.

TEAoe; Kalil crrctrnon aVTlaTpo<l>~<; TIl<; <l>op6<; Tile; waEWe; TIl<; eAIKa<; EnlTUVX6VETal aTOUe; aEpIOaTpo!3iAou<; xwpi<; ~EXWPlaT6 cvccrpocsc. ~E xp~all EMKWV ~ETa!3AIlTou !3~~aTo<; (Controllable Pitch Propellers ~ CPP).

, .4.2 A,",l1IfuE/~ ",pl/l6AJ.OllTO~

ME TOV 6po «anaIT~aEI<; nEpl!36MoVTO<;» EWOOU~E reco TIe; anaIT~aEI<; nou TO nEpl!36Mov «unOXPEWVEI» Til ~Ilxav~ va rxcvorroret 6ao Kal TI<; EninTWaEI<; an6 Til AEITOUPvia TIl<; ~Ilxav~<; aTO nEpl!36Mov. 'Erm exo~E:

a) Yypaula BaA6aulou ",pl/l6AJ.OllTO~.

'EXEI w<; aUVEnEla rnv Evan69Eall aMTwv, rc onoia, EKT6<; an6 Til 61l~loupvia 6la!3pwTIKoU nEpl!36MoVToe; aE noM6 T~~~aTa TIl<; ~Ilxav~e; <l>p6~ouv auvxp6vw<; Kal TI<; 61660ue; TOU aepa (nTEpUVla, npo<l>uala, avwvof), ~E anoTeAEa~a Til ~Eiwall TIl<; Inn06uv6~EWe;. To np6!3AIl~a Eival O~UTEPO aTOUC; aEpIOaTpo!3iAou<;, aE aUVKplall npoe; TIC; oME<; 9EP~IKEC; ~Ilxavee;, A6vw TWV ~EvoAwv noaoT~TUlv oEpo nou orrcrrsl 11 AEIToupyia TOU<;. ITIlV npo~ll, 11 cnotrnon TIl<; anO<l>uy~<; Evan0geaEw<; aMTwv ~ KOI TIl<; ~ElwaEw<; TWV EninTWaEWV Tile; EnlTUYX6vETOI ~E KaToMIlAIl 61a~6p<l>wall TWV aywywv npoaaywV~e; aepa Kal ~E xp~all UAIKWV av9EKTIKWV ern 616!3pwall ern T~~~aTa EKEiva nou 6exoVTai TIlV 6~Eall Eni6paall TOU 6la!3pwTIKoU nEplj36MoVTO<;.

/I) Eluo6o~ 8aA6umou npod aro Itaduillo.

Av Kal 11 ~6Auvall TOU Kauai~ou Eival aVEnl9u~IlTIl aE 6AE<; TI<; ~Ilxave<;, 01 csploaTp6!3IAol Eival 161aiTEpa Euna9Efe;, Mvw Tile; aUVEXOUe; EKgeaEW<; TWV 9EP~WV T~Il~6TWV TOU<; oro npoi'6VTa Tile; KaUaEW<;. Yn6pXQuv VI' aUT6 ~U~Il~eVE<; 'lnaIT~aEIe; Ka9ap6TIlTae; TOU Kauai~ou, 11 onoia E~aa<l>aM~ETal ~E <l>iATpa, 611l9IlT~PE<; KAn.

y) Mn660uq Itpa6aUllwII Ital 8opd/lIAJII.

01 aEplOaTp6!3IAol nou XPllal~onolouVTal aE vauTlde; EYKaTaaTaaEI<; 6exoVTai

16

TIe;; eVTOVee;; KaTanOV~aele;; nou e~aaKei TO 8aMaal0 neplJ3aMov O"Ta nAoia, 10laiTepa ae neplTITllJaele;; 8aAaaaoTapax~e;;. 01 KaTanovl'laele;; aUTee;; eivQl anoTeAea~a TWV emTaxuvaewv TOU aKa$OUe;; nou noMee;; $opee;; $8avouv Trw TI~1'l Tile;; ernrnxuvaewe;; Tile;; J3apuTIlTae;; (1 9 = 9,81 rn/sec'). MeTa~u TWV 0lai»6pwv nllYwv 011- ~Ioupyiae;; Kpaoaa~wv Kal 80puJ3wv, 10laiTePIle;; all~aaiae;; eival 01 o$eIM~evee;; O"TIlV eAIKa, 01 orrolec, eiTe ~eaw TOU eAIKO$6pou a~ova eiTe ~eaw TOU aKa$Ouc;;, ~eTaoioovTal O"TOUe;; aeploO"TpoJ3iAoue;;. na TIlV ano$uy~ oua~evwv smrmcceuiv 0"T1e;; ~Ilxavee;;, 0 Tp6noe;; eopaaewe;; Kal 11 O"TI'lPI~1'l TOUe;; O"TO aKa$Oe;; anoTeAei aVTIKeiuevo 10lafTeplle;; ~eAETIle;;.

6) Em'TT1iJu~/r an6 Til A~/TOupyla TlAJlI a~ploO'TpoPIAlAJlI UTO ~plp6AAOII.

Me TIlV Mo Kal aoJ3ap6Tepll onucolc rrou anooioeTal O"TIlV ano$uy~ purrovaewe;; TOU neplJ3aMoVToc;;, opla~evol napayoVTee;;, rrou O"TO np6a$aTO napeA86v oev Aa~J3avoVTav urr' Olj.l 11 , orroxrouv 10iaiTepll J3apuTIlTa. 'Erm, an6 nAeupae;; punavaewe;; TOU neplJ3aMoVToe;;, 0 aepI00"Tp6J3IAoe;; ~eloveKTei ae aUYKplall ~e TIe;; aAAee;; ~Ilxavee;;, YlaTf OIl~loupyef aU~Il~eVIl «punavall 80puJ3ou» Kal «8ep~IK~ ounovail». H «punavall 80puJ3ou», nou evoxAei Kupiwe;; TOUe;; emJ3aivoVTee;; O"TO nAoio, o$efAeTal Kupfwe;; 0"T1e;; ~eyaAee;; rrooornrsc Kal TaxuTIlTee;; TWV Kauaaepfwv Kal aVTI~eTwnf~eTal ~e Til J301'l8ela ~ovwaewv. H «8ep~IKI'l punaVall» o$efAeTal O"TIlV nrroJ3aMo~evll 8ep~6TIlTa npoe;; TIlV aTlJ6a$Qlpa an6 ro Kauaaepla Kal an6 TO vep6 lj.Iu~ewe;;. El0IK6Tepa 11 anoJ3aM6lJevll 8ePIJ6TIlTa an6 rc Kauaaepla OlllJlOupyei npoa8ETOUe;; KIVOUVOUe;; nupKa"iae;; O"TO neplJ3aMov, YlaTi lJa~i lJe rn xnuonspm nrroJ3aMOVTal Kal amv8~pee;;.

1.4.3 AnalTllu~/r Xplfu~lAJr.

rvwpfaalJe ~Oll TOUe;; Kupl6Tepoue;; ncpcvovrec rrou AalJJ3avoVTal urr' 6lj.11l 0"T1l axeoioall Kal TIlV emhoyl'l TOU efooue;; TWV ~llxaVIl~ClTWV ~IOe;; eYKaTaO"TOaeWe;; npowaewe;;. 01 napoyovTee;; ourol crrorexouv enfalle;; Kal TIe;; analTl'laele;; Tile;; evxorcO"ToaeWe;; ana TIe;; ~llxavEe;;. ElolK6Tepa, npOKellJEVOU Yla aeploO"TpoJ3fAoue;; rrou XPIlO"I~OnOIOuVTal we;; Kuplee;; IJllxaVee;; ae nAoia, unopxouv 01 aK6Aou8ee;; anaIT~aele;;:

a) EAa)(lO'TonollluII p6pour Kal 6yKOU.

laxuouv 6aa ava$epOVTal O"TIlV napoypa$o 1.2.1.

P) AU/IIP~IIII aNTllla n~pY~/ar·

H cxrlvc evepyelae;; Yla oeOOlJeVIl rrocerrrrc lJeTa$ep6lJevou KauailJou e~apTaTal an6 TIlV elolK~ KaTavaAwall Tile;; ~Ilxav~e;;. Enelo~ 0 Kupl6TepOe;; napoYOVTae;; Tile;; eIOIK~e;; KaTavaAwaewe;; eival 0 J3a81J6e;; ano06aewe;;, eival $avep6 6TI aU~llall Tile;; aKTfvae;; evepyelae;; lJe TIe;; napanavw npoun08eaele;; ouveneverci aU~Il~eVO J3a81J6 ano06aewe;;.

y) A IITan6KpluII U~ 616tfJop~r KaTaIIOp~r TOU tfJOpTiou.

Me TOV 6po KaTavo~1'l TOU eoprtou (load profile) evvoouue Til XPOVIKI'l OlopKela KaTo TIlV onoia 11 IJllxavl'l AelToupyei ae ola$opa rrococre Tile;; OVOlJaO"TIKI'le;; Tile;; laxUoe;;. H KaTavo~1'l TOU eoortou ola$epel alllJaVTIKa, avaAoya lJe TOV rurro Kal Til

17

XPIlOll.IOTTOirlO'll TOU TTAOiou. 'ETol, TT.X. EVa 6e~alJev6TTAOl0 (tanker) Tile; ypal.ll.l~e; nepolK6e; K6ATTOe; - LlUTIK~ EupwTlIl AelToupyei Til I.Illxav~ TOU ouvexwe; oe I.IEYIOTIl IOXU errl apKeTEe; .eI3601.166ee;, evw Eva TTOAel.llK6 TTAOio AelToupyei TIe; I.IllxaVEe; TOU OUv~Swe; oe I.I1Kp6Tepa TTOOOOTa Tile; OVOlJaOTIK~e; IOXUOe; Ka! yla I.I1Kp6Tepa XPOVIKa 6IaOT~l.IaTa, evw ouYXp6vwe; l.IeTa(3aMel TaXUTIlTa xm ouveTTWe; Kal IOXU nope . TTOAU ouxva.

01 aepioOTp6131Aoi eiva! IJllxavEe; KaTaMIlAee; yla 6Aee; TIe; KaTaV0I.IEe; TWV ct>oprfuiv, evw ouYXp6vwe; TTapOUOIa~ouv Til l.IeyaAIle; Olll.laoiae; 6uvaT6TIlTa Tile; TaXUTaTile; evaMay~e; TOU ct>opTiou TOUe;.

6J Allomma.

H l.IaKpa xm eTTlTUx~e; TTpouTTllpeoia TWV aeploOTpol3iAwv, Kupiwe; oe ceporropiK~ XP~OIl, Exel EI.ITTpaKTa aTT06ei~el TIlV aU~IlIJEVIl a~loTTlOTia TOUe; we; J..IIlXavwv. ea TTpETTel I3El3ala va Olll.lelwSei 6TI yla TIlV e~aywy~ OUI.ITTepaOIJOTwV we; TTpOe; Til OUI.ITTeplct>opa TOUe; we; vaUTIKWV IJllxaVwV, crmrrelrm n oUYKEVTPWOIl 6e60IJEVWV aTT6 TToMa TTAoia Kal eTTi TToMa ETIl, TTpaYl.la TTOU 6ev Exel aK61J1l OAOKAIlPwSei.

EJ Eu)(V6Tf/Ta O'uVTf/P40'EfJJ~.

01 aTTaIT~oele; xp~oewe; KaSopi~ouv av 01 avaYKec; OUVTIlP~oewc; ev6e; oeproOTpol3iAOU I.ITTOPOUV va IKavoTTolllSOUV eUKoAa ~ 6XI. Av TT.X. Yla Myoue; OUVTIlP~oewe; crrcrrsfrm Il KpaTIlOIl Tile; IJllxaV~e; errl 6iwpo ava 100 wpee; AeIToupyiae;, auTO elva! ect>IKT6 Kal aTT06eKTo yla eva aepioOTp6131Ao eYKaTeOTlll.IEVO oe aepOTTAaVO, evw TTpaKTIKa slvrn a6UvaTo Yla aepioOTp6131Ao TTAOiou TTOU Ta~16euel ouvexwe; Yla l.IeplKee; XIAI66ee; l.IiAla.

I:TOV TOI.IEa aUT6 Exel yfvel ool3ap~ TTpoonaSela TTpOOaPlJoy~e; TWV crrorrnoeuiv OUVTIlP~OEWC; TWV aEploOTpo(3iAwv aEpoTTOpIK~e; npoEAEuoewc;, WOTE va IJIlV analTOUV lJeyaAIlC; OUxv6TIlTae; OUVT~PIlOIl, YlaTf uovov ETol IJTTOPOUV va XPllollJonolllSouv OTa TTAoia.

1.5 nAora KIVOUJlEVa JlE aEpocrrpoprAou~.

o aeploOTp613lAoe; exel XPIlOll.IOTTOlllSei we; I.Illxav~ TTpOWOEWe; (aMa Ka! Yla 130IlSIlTIKee; Xp~OEIe;) oe TToMa ef61l TTAOiwv. ATTo IJIKPOU I.IEyESOUe; rrxoto avaljJUX~C; l.IePIKWV eKoToVT66wv iTTTTWV l.IeXPll.leyaAa TTAoia ITTTT06uval.lewe; 50.000 HP ava a~ova.

0pl0I.IEVec; aTT6 TIC; EYKaTaarnOEIC; TTpOWOEWe; EXOUV l.IaMov TTElpafJaTIKO xapaKT~pa, Yla Til 61aTTiOTwoll TWV 6uvaToT~TwV Kal aTTa!T~oEWV TWV aeploOTpol3iAwv ornv TTpa~ll, evw aMee; exouv eTTlAEyef I.IETa ana eTTlTUX~ aVTaywvlofJ6 TOUC; npoc; aMa ei61l eYKaTaOTaoewv. Ta TTAofa nou avact>epOVTal OTIC; TTapaKaTw napaypact>OUC;, av Kal crrorexouv I.I1Kp6 IJOVO trococre aUTwv nou xrvouvrm O~fJepa lJe aePIOOTPOl3iAOUC;, efval xapaKTIlPIOTIKa napa6eiYIJaTa xp~oewc; aeploOTpol3fAwv oe vaUTIKEC; EYKaTaOTaoelC;.

1.5.1 EJlTtOPIK6 "Aola.

I:TO OX~fJa 1.5a ct>afVETal TO TTAOio «Admiral Callaghan» TUTTOU Roll-on-Roll-off.

18

IX. 1.50.

To nAoio Ro-Ro «Admiral Gallahan»,

IX. 1.6p.

nAoro TIl~ C1Elp6~ «Iron Monarchll.

'EXel IJ~KOC; 700 n661a, 0410PTO eKT6maIJa 7000 revouc Kal TOxuTflTa 26 K61Jf3wv. ¢epel 6Uo o~ovet;. 0 Ka8Evac; an6 TOUC; onolouc KlveiTal an6 Eva aeploarp6f3IAo LM 2500. 01 oeploarp6f3IAoi TOU aVTIKaraar08flKav lJe KalvouPYIOUC; uarepa an6 30.000 wpec; AeIToupylac;. Me aeploarpof3IAouc; eniaflC; KlvouVTal T~aaepa a6eA$0 nAola TflC; aelpOC; Euroliner, KaTaaKEU~C; It,UT. replJaviac;. 'Exouv IJ~KOC; 800 n661a KOI TaxuTIlTa 27 K61Jf3wv. ElvOi 6InMAIKa, !-Ie Eva aEploarp6f3IAo ae KoBE o~ova laxuoc; 30.000 H P.

19

ITO aX~lJa 1.5~ <l>aivETal eva nAoio Tile; aElpae; Iron Monarch KaTaaKEU~e; AuaTpaMae;. 'EXEI IJ~KOe; 180 m Kal TaxuTIlTa navw an6 20 K61J~oue;. Cl>epEI IJla eAIKa KIVOUIJEVIl an6 eva aEp10aTp6~IAO auvExOUe; mn06uValJEWe; 19.000 HP. 'EXEI rrpurrorurro aUaTlllJa E~avwv~e; KauaaEpiwv anOTEAOUIJEVO an6 Mo K.A.66oue;, Via E~01Kov61J1lall xwpou aTO lJeao TOU aKa<l>OUe;.

To aUaTlllJa aUT6 <l>aiVETaI OVOAUTIK6TEpa ornv EVKapala TOIJ~ TOU nAofou (ax. 1.5V).

LUOllllJ.a c--t1-:"J-t+-+1-- £~ aywy~s; xa\loCl£plWV

IJ:=~-+t-- LUOt1l1.la e:~aywvi1~ xavoae:plwv

IX. 1.5y.

EYKapalc TOIl~ TOU n}..oiou «Iron Monarch».

'Evae; aMoe; xapaKTIlPlaTlK6e; TunOe; dval Ta tankers Tile; Chevron Oil Company. 'Exouv evav a~ova 12.500 HP. H Kupla IJllxaV~ Eival aEpIOaTp6~IAOe; rerrou MS 3002 nou KIVEi VEw~Tpla EvaMoaa6IJEvou pEUlJaTOe;. T6ao 0 aEpIOaTp6~IAOe; 6ao Kalil vEwl'lTpla ~piaKOVTal aTO KUPIO KOTaaTpWlJa, EVW 0 KlvllTfJpae; npowaEWe; Efval KaTw an6 aUTa (ax. 1.56).

, .B.2 MIKP6 "Ao/a.

01 aEp10aTp6~IAOI exouv XPllalIJOnOl1l9Ei EnlTUxWe; we; IJllxaVee; npowaEWe; IJIKPWV nAoiwv Kupiwe; 6nou nrmrrouvrm aU~lllJeVEC; Enl66aEIe; TOXUTIlTOe;. ITo aX~lJa 1.5E <l>oiVETOI evoe; TETOIOe; TunOe; nAoiou EVW aTO aX~lJa 1.5aT <I>afvETal 11 EVKOTacreon npowaEWe; aE AEnTOlJepEIEe;. TEAOe;, TO axl'llJa 1.5~ napouala~EI 6loYPolJlJaTIKa TIlV EVKaTaaTOall npowaEwc; Ev6C; nElpOIJOTIKOU IJIKPOU nAoiou.

, .B.3 noA~JlIK6 "Ao/a.

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H TOpTTIMaKaTo~ «AO"Tpon~)).

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24

IX. 1.56.

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01 gepIJIKOi KUKAOI, ~ aKpll3eOTepa 11 aVaAUa~ TOUe.;, eivOi 11 e<t>aPIJOV~ TOU npwTOU xm TOU 6eUTepOU gepIJ06uvaIJIKOU v61J0u OTO gepIJ06uvaIJIK6 lJeao (TeAeIO aeplO, npaVIJaTIK6 aeplO, vep6, aMo peucro), TO orrolo lJe aelpa 61epvaalwv evaAMaael Til gePIJIK~ lJe IJllxaVIK~ evepvela. 01 gepIJIKOi KUKAOI, av Kal crrorexouv avTIKeilJeVO 161aiTepou lJa9~lJaTOe.; Tile.; 0ePIJ06uvaIJIK~e.;, e~ETa~oVTal OTO Ke<t>aAalo aUT6 6nwe.; e<t>aPIJ6~OVTal OTOUe.; aeploOTpol3iAOUe.;, 6nou 61lAa6~ TO gepIJ06uval.llK6 lJeao slvrn aepae.; Kal xcuoueorc. METa an6 l.Iia aelpa 61epvaalwv 0 aepae.; enovepxeTal OTIe.; apXIKee.; TOU auv9~Kee.;, errore a<t>ou unOAOVla90uv TO rrcpcvouevo epvo Kalil npoa61Ml.leVil gePI.l6TIlTa, I3piaKol.le TO l3a91.16 gepI.IIK~e.; anoMaewe.; TOU KUKAOU Kal TIlV crrorrouuevn rrooornrc TOU KUKAO<t>OPOUVTOe.; gepl.l06uval.llKOU l.Ieaou Via TIlV napavwv~ oplal.levlle.; laxuoe.;. H avaAuall Aom6v TWV gepI.IIKwV KUKAWV l.Iae.; napexel 600 «eV6eIKTIKee.;» Tll.lee.;:

a) TIlV e161K~ KaTavaAwall, 61lAa6~ TIlV nocorrrro TOU xcuofuou rrou crtcrrsfrm Via va napaxgei laxue.; ev6e.; wplaiou Irrrrou.

13) TIlV orrorrouuevn rrooomrc TOU uscou, 61lAa6~ n6aoe.; aepae.; nrrorrelrm Via va napaxgei laxue.; ev6e.; uiprctou Irrrrou,

H e161K~ KaTavaAwall eivOi crrcpctrnrn Via TOV unOAOVlal.l6 TOU K6OTOUe.; TOU xcuoluou Kal Tile.; rrocornrcc rrou rrperrei va lJeTa<t>epel eva nAoio evw 11 rrocornrc TOU aepa crrorrehm Via Til axe6iaall TWV OXETWV npoaavwv~e.; aepa Kal e~avwv~e.; Kauaaepiwv.

'Onwe.; npoava<t>ep9IlKe, 01 TllJee.; eival eV6e1KTIKee.; VlaTi 01 aKpll3efe.; Tll.lee.; eival KaTe] TI 6Ia<t>opeTIKee.; crro aUTee.; rrou 6ivel 11 gePlJ06uval.llK~ avaAuall TWV KUKAWV.

Evw 61lAa6~ 11 gePlJ06uvalJlK~ avaAuall gewpef cvnorperrrec aMaVee.; KaTaOTaaewe.; TOU l.Ieaou, 01 npaVl.laTIKee.; aMavee.; KaTaOTaaewe.; 6ev efval TeAefwe.; aVTIcroerrrsc. AUT~ elvm Kal 11 l3aOlK~ 6la<t>opa l.IeTa~U «16eaTWV» Kal <mpaVl.laTIKWV» gepIJIKWV KUKAWV. ITOUe.; npaVlJaTiKoue.; 61lAa6~ KUKAOUe.; Aal.ll3avoVTal urr' 64111 01 avan6<t>euKTee.; anwAelee.; rrou aUl.Il3afvouv aTO ouumecrri, 9aAal.l0 KaUaewe.; Kal OTpol3iAOUe.;. EfvOI ct>avep6 6TI 01 rrpcvpcrrso! KUKAOI 6ivouv rno aAIl91va anOTeAEopere an6 6,TI 01 gewPIlTIKoi, 01 TeAeUTaiOl 61.1we.; srnrperrouv TaXUTepll e~avwv~ anOTeAeal.laTWV, 61eUKoMvouv TOV napal.leTpIK6 eAevxo 6lact>6pwv l.IeTal3AIlTwv KOI anOTeAOUV I.Ifa rrpdrrn npoaeYYlall Tile.; npaVl.laTIK~e.; KaTaOTaaewe.;.

° axe6IaOT~e.; I.Ilae.; eVKaTaOTaaewe.; npowaewe.; ~ 0 aUVTIlPIlT~e.; - ernoxeuoornc Tile.; auv~9we.; 6ev xpela~eTal va Kavel avaMaele.; TWV gepI.IIKWV KUKAWV AelTouPviae.; TWV aeploOTpol3iAwv, VlaTf 6Aee.; 01 rmpcuerpot AelTouPvfae.; TOUe.; eival npoKa90plal.levee.; an6 TOV KaTaaKeuaOT~ TOUe.;. ° aKon6e.; TOU Kect>aAafou ourou sfvm va vfvel

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2.1 naplilJETpO'i AEITOUpyfo'i QEPIOorpoj3fAwv.

o rno yvwmoe; TponOe; napOVWVrle; jJl1XOVIKOO epvou on6 EVa 8eppaiV0l-1EVO peucro sfvcn JJE TnV EKTOVWOr; TOU ana eva Eninei50 U4JT]AOTepWv meoEwv KOI 8EPjJOKpaOlWV DE Eva cMo XalJT]AOTepwv. ria va emTeux8el OIJWe; aUTO ae eva csprompol3lAo, onOITeiTOI n npoo60aT] xouotuou, TO orroto OX' 1-10VO au~6vEI TI1V EVEP- • ". VEla TOU EPVO~OIJEVOU JJEOOU, aM6 aVTloro8jJr~EI Kal TIe; ovonoqJeUKTEe; anWAEIEe; OKTlvol3oAiac;, OIOqJUVWV, TITWoeWe; rneoeuiv KAn. rUVXpovwe; elvOl em8UjJilTO 11 KOTOv6AwOll TOU Kouo-Ipou va llopojJeVEI q eAaXlmq anapoltqTq. ria TO OKano aUTO

01 XPfl01 1l0llOIOlJIJeVOI OUlJl1IemEe; Kal arp6131Aoi npEnel va exouv lJevoAo l3a81lo ano6oaEwe;. 01 l3a8IJoi onoMoewe;. TWV XPI1011J·OTlOIO!JpEVWV OrlllEpa I-JIlxavruJoTWV I3pioKovrol vupw oro 90%, 6nwe; qJOiVETO.1 atO O-XrlPO 2.10 nou nopouolo(el

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rTO aXrllJa 2.113 qJalvETol 0 13091Joe; ono66aewt,;Tou8epIJIKOU KUKAOU OVOIKTOU KuKAt.Uporoc; oeploOTpo(3fAou oe ouveornon IJE TOUt,; l306lJoue; orr066aewc; TOU mpol3iAou KOI TOU OUjJl1IEOTrl. 'ETa', YIO 13091.10 orrb66aewt,; orpol3iAou nr = 0,9 KOI aUjJl1IeOTr; nc = 0,8 0 8epjJlKot,; (3a8p6e; on066qewe; TaU K.UKAOU eival nTH = 0,2., EVW, OTOV 01 oVTimolxol 1308IJoi on066cTeliJ~ dTpb~iAou KOI aUlJl1IeOTrl vlvouv nT = nc = 0,95, 0 l3a81J6c; arroMaewc; TaU KUKAOU ylVETOI nTH = 0.4 6qA061'], 6mAoal6~ETal. An6 TO nap66e1VjJo aura qJOiVETO! nw~ vro jJlKpee; !3eATlwaelC; TWV

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KTI1 8EpjJOTIlTae; We; TO KUPIO ljJuYEio TWV EYKaTaOTaOEWV aTjJOU EiTE jJE E~aywy~ TWV xcuccepfurv OTI1V aTjJOOC!>OIpa Kal OUVEX~ aVTIKaTaOTOO~ TOUe; jJE veo aepa ouv811KWV nEpl[3aMoVTOe;. rTI1V npurrn rreplrrruion (EvaAAOKTI1e;) eXOjJE TO AEYOjJEVO «KAEIOTO KUKAO» AEIToupyioe;, EVW OTI1 OEUTEPIl TOV «aVOIKTO KUKAO», 0 onoloc Kal XPI101jJonolEiTal anOKAEIOTIKa 0' OAEe; Tie; OUYXPOVEe; EYKaTaOTOOEIe;. ~laypajJjJaTIKO, 01 OUO KUKAOI C!>aiVOVTal OTO oX~jJa 2.2[3. 0 KAEIOTOe; KUKAOe; Eival anapaiTI1TO va XPI101jJonolEiTal uovo orcv 11 nl1Y~ 8EPjJOVOEWe; elvrn nUPIlVIKOe; cvnopcOT~pae;, OnaTE vro Myoue; anoC!>uy~e; jJOMVOEWe; TOU nEpl[3oMovToe; jJE paolEvEpyO UAIKO, EnavaKuKAoC!>OPEi OUVEXWe; TO iOlo jJeoov OE KAEIOTO KUKAWjJa. Be[301a, 0 TponOe; npoo660EWe; 8EpjJOTIlTae; ~ ljJU~EWe; OTOV KUKAO OEV eXEI KajJlO errlrmoon OTI1V avaAUO~ TOU.

Elvcn YVWOTO OTI E~ OPIOjJOU [3a8jJoe; anOOOOEWe; EVOe; 8EPjJIKOU KUKAOU OVOjJO~ETal 0 Myoe; TOU wC!>eAljJOU epyou npoe; TI1V npoOOIVOjJEVIl 8EpjJOTIlTa.

AeYOVTOe; wC!>eAljJO ~ Ka8apo epyo EVVOOUjJE Til olaC!>opo TWV noccvouevcov epywv KaTO TIe; C!>OOEIe; Tile; EKTOVWOEWe; (3-4) KOI oUjJTIleOEWe; (1-2), EnElo~ OTI1 jJEV C!>001l (3-4) rrcpcverm epyo anoAajJ[3avojJEvo (wC!>eAljJo) ana TO 8EpjJoouvajJIKO jJeoov, EVW OTI1 C!>aOIl (1-2) rrpoo Slverm epyo OTO 8EpjJoouvajJIKo jJeoo TO orroio orrorexel [3e[3ala anwAEla.

Tooo TO epyo 000 Kalil 8EpjJOTilTa unoAoyi~oVTal we; olaC!>opee; Ev8aAniae; rrou eXEI 11 jJovooa [3opoue; TOU 8EpjJoouvajJIKOU jJeoou jJETO~U TWV aKpaiwv Ol1jJEiwv Tile; Ka8E C!>OOEWe;, OI1AaO~ OE BTU (British Thermal Unit) avo 'AljJnpa Ilb) cspo ~ 8EpjJioa (Calorie) ava XIAloypajJjJo (kg) cspc. 'ETOI eXOjJE TIe; oxeOEIe;:

Wn = (h3 - h4) - (h2 - h1) OA = h3- h2

KOI

(2.1 )

Wn n=--

0A h3 - h2

onou: h = Ev8aAnia OE BTU!lb (~ eal/kg),

Wn = Ka8apo ~ wC!>eAljJO epyo OE BTU/lb (cal/kq),

0A = npOOOI66jJEVIl 8EpjJOTilTa OE BTU/lb (eal/kg) «n n = [3a8jJoe; an0660EWe;.

H nOOOTIlTa TOU analTOUjJEVOU cepe OE AijJnpEe; jJo~ae; vro TI1V napaywy~ EVOe; uiptolou innou OiVETOI ana Til OxeOI1:

2544

2544

Ib/HP.hr

(2.2)

o apl8jJoe; 2544 elvcn 0 OUVTEAEOT~e; uercrporrrp; BTU OE wplaioue; Irrrrouc. 'Av elvcn YVWOT~ 11 8EpjJaVTIK~ IKaVOTIlTa TOU XPI101jJonoloujJEVOU xouofuou OF ' TOTE jJE ouvouoouo TWV ovurrepu, oxeOEWV rrcoxurrrei 11 analTOUjJEVIl nOOOTIlTa xouoijJOU Yla TI1V napaywy~ EVOe; uiprclou irrrrou ~ aMlwe; «EI6IK~ KaTavOAWOrp) ana Til OXeOI1:

(2.3)

32

~eXOjJaOTe OTIl ouvexela OTI TO 8epjJOOUVajJIKO jJeoov TaU aeploOTpoj3iAOU, 011- Aao~ a aTjJoo$alpIKOe; aepae;, oUjJTTepl$epETaJ we; TeAelO aeplo* aTTO Til oxeoll:

OTTOU: h = ev8aATTia,

Cp = eIOIK~ 8epjJoTIlTa UTTO OTa8ep~ rrleon xm T = aTTOAUTI1 8epjJOKpaoia.

AVTIKa8IOTwvme; TIe; TljJee; Tile; ev8aATTiae; OTIl oxeoll (2.1 ) KaTaMyojJe OTIlV eK«I>paoll TaU j3a8jJou aTTo06oewe; oe OUVOPTIlOIl jJe TIe; 8epjJOKpaofee;, 6IlAao~:

(T3 - T4) - (T2 - T,) (T3 - T2)

n=

(2.4)

o j3a8jJoe; aTTo06oewe; urropel va eK$pao8ei eTTiOIle; os cuvoprnor; iJe TO Myo msceuiv R OTTOU:

XPIlOliJOTT01WVTae; Til oxeoll 8epjJoKpaoiae; - TTleoewe; cs jJla IOeVTpOTTlK~ aMay~, 6IlAao~:

T avoAoyo R (k-1 )/k

KaJ Til oxeoll 8epjJoKpaoiae; - TTleoewe; oe aMay~ KaTaOTooeWe; UTTO OTa8ep~ rrle- 011, oIlAao~:

T avaAoyo V

OTTOU: R = Aoyoe; TTleoewv,

k = Myoe; elolKwv 8epjJoT~TWV Cp/Cv,

Cp = elolK~ 8epjJoTIlTa uTT6 OTa8ep~ rrleon, C, = elolK~ 8epjJoTIlTa UTTO OTa8epo OYKO,

U = elolKOe; OYKOe; oe KUj3IKO TToola avo AijJTTpa (ft3/lb) Kal T = aTT6AuTIl Bepuoxpcolo.

AVTIKa8IOTwVTae; OTIl oXeoll (2.4) 6Aee; TIe; 8epjJoKpaoiee; oe ouvcornon Tile; T 2 exojJe:

*

nepa an6 TIlV napa60Xrl TougePll06uvalliKou Ileoou we; TeAelou aepiou. ylvoVTal KOI lleplKee; 6,1,.Aee; napa60xee;. 6nwc; n.x. 6TI 6ev uflliOTarol mwoll TIleoewc; OTIC; fll6oelC; (2-3) KOI (4-1). 6TI ~ KIVIlTIKrl evepyela eival IlIKPrl oUYKplv61leVll np6c; rnv ev9aAnia. 6TI 01 o>'Aayec; Koro0T6oewc; eivOi cvncrperrrsc Khn.

33

KOI

n = 1 _ R(1-k)/k

(2.5)

'0"0 TO TTOPOTTOVW laxuouv 6TOV TTp6KEITOI YIO IOEaT6 KUKAO "EITouPyfac;. 6TTOU 01 IJEToJ3o"ec; KaTaaTOaeWC; (EKT6C; TWV oMwv TTapaooxwv TTOU TTpoava<l>epSIlKOV) SEwpOUVTal aVTlaTpETTTec; Kal laEVTpOTTlKec;. OTT6TE 01 IJIlXOVIKof J3aSlJof aTTo06aEWC; roco TOU aUIJTTlEaTtl 6ao Kal TOU aTpoJ3f"ou Efval 100%. ITIlV TTpaYIJaTlK6TIlTa 6- IJWC;. Myw TWV avaTTo<l>EUKTWV TPIJ3WV TOU PEUaTOU. 01 IJETaJ3oAEC; KaTaaTOaeWC; oev Efval aVTlaTpETTTec; Kal 01 IJllxavlKof J3aSlJof aTTo06aEwc; TOU aUIJTTlEaTtl Kal TOU aTpoJ3f"ou Efval IJIKp6Tepol. 01 TTpaYlJaTIKOf aTT"of KUKAOI "EITouPyfac; TWV aEpIOaTpoJ3f"wv <l>afVOVTal aTO aXtllJa 2.2y aE oloypalJlJa (T - S) Kat (P - V) 6TTOU 101aiTEpa onueuovovrcr 11 aTT6KAIall TWV <l>oaewv aUIJTTleaeWC; Kal EKTovwaEwc; aTT6 rnv KaTaK6pu<I>ll. eVoel~1l 6TI 01 q,oaEIC; aUTec; oev slvm rna laeVTpOTTlKec; xm ovnorpeTTTec;.

Oc; TTpoYlJaTIK6c; J3aSIJ6c; aTTo06aEwc; TOU ouumeorn Opf~ETat 0 MyoC; TOU nrmrTOUlJeVOu Yla 10EaTtl aOlaJ3aTIKtl (roevroomxn) ouunleon TOU oepa epyou TTpOC; TO TTpOYlJaTIKO aTTalTOUlJeVO epyo aTT6 TO ouurnecrn (vro TOV fOIO Myo aUIJTTleaEWC; R). OIl"aOtl: .

laeVTpOTTlK6 epyo aUIJTTleaTtl TTpaYIJaTIK6 epyo aUIJTTlEaTtl

KaTo avo"oyo Tp6TTO Opr~olJe wc; TTpaYIJaTIK6 J3aS1J6 aTTo06aEwc; TOU aTpoJ3f"ou TO Myo TOU TTpaYlJaTiKO aTTo"alJJ3av6IJEVOU epyou TTPOC; TO TTapay6IJEVO KaTO TIlV 10eOTtl aOlaJ3oTIKtl EKT6vwall (Yla TOV fOIO Myo EKTOVWaewc; R). OIl"aOtl:

TTpaYIJaTIK6 epyo aTpoJ3f"ou

nT = ------------

laeVTpOTTlK6 epyo aTpoJ3f"ou

ITOV TTpaYIJaTIK6 KUKAO 11 TTapEx6IJeVIl SePIJ6TIlTa efval:

QA = h3 - h2'

KOI eTTOlJeVWC; 0 SEpIJIK6C; J3aSIJ6c; OTTo06aEwc; TOU TTpaYIJOTIKOU KUK"OU of vsre I aTT6 Til axeall:

nrH =

(h3 - h4') - (h2' - hI) h3 - h2'

(2.6)

2.2.' ~/a",op~~ p~Tafu 16~aTOu Kal "paypaTlltOu ~AoU KUKAOU A~/TOupyla~ a~plouTpoPIAlAJv.

ATT6 Til axeall (2.5) J3"eTTOIJE 6TI 0 J3aSIJ6C; aTTo06aewc; Ev6C; 10EaTou aTT"ou KUKAOU AEIToupyfac; E~apToTal 1J6vo aTT6 TO J3aS1J6 aUIJTTleaEWC; R. OEOOlJeVOu 6TI 11 TIIJtl TOU k = 1.4 TTapaIJeVEI amSeptl Yla rn Te"ela aeplo.

npOKellJeVOU vro TTpaYlJaTIKouc; KUKAOUC;. 0 J3aSIJ6c; aTT066aewc; TOUC; E~apToTal

aTT6 TOUC; TTapaKoTw TTapoyoVTEC;: 1\6yo aUIJTTleaEWC; R.

Ba81J6 aTT066aEwc; TOU aTpoJ3f"ou nT' 0EPIJOKpaafa Ela600u KauaaEpfwv T 3' BaSIJ6 aTT066aewc; TOU aUIJTTlEaTtl nC'

34

8epPOKpadfa el0'660u TOU aepa C1T0 crUIJTlleC1Ti'J (8ePIJOKpacria nepl136MovTOe; 'r.),

To crxl']lJaTa 2.1 Y Kal 2.105 napoucrl6(ouv Til oxeO'Il lJeTa~U l3a8IJwv anob60'Ewe; TOU KUK),O'U Kal 8eplJO'Kpacriae; T3 Kal TI'] O'XEO'q eI611(i'Je; KaTava),WO'Ewe; KOI TOU ),6- you O'UIJTIlEcrewe; R Av6.\oVo eivOi Kal TO O'xl'lIJa 2.26 rrou napouola(el TO 8epPIK6 l3a8jJ6 ono66O'ew<; TOll onhou KUKhou OEp.IOC1TpOalhwv 0'1£ O'uvapHIO'Il IJE TO 1308- 1J6 OUlJllIEO'ewe; A. = PiPl EVWO'UVXPovw<; JJETOl3ohAETOI nOpOIJETp.IKO n 8eP1J0- KpaO'ia Ta' To YEVIKO: O'uIJnep60'1J0TO nou rrpoxurrrouv an6 ro OXi'JIJOTO elval:

a) 0 1308JJ6e; ano66O'ewc; TOU KUKAOU OU~6VEIIJE UWn),6TEpec; 8eplJOKpocriec; 1£1- O'ooou aTO C1Tp613lho T3•

I3l 013081Joc; ono66O'ewc; TOU KUK),OU Via 6e6oIJEVn 8ePIJOKpaO'io T3 rmlpvst Til IJEYIO'T1l TlIJI'] TOU Via opl.OiJevn TllJtl (optimum) TOU Mvou O'UlJnleO'Ewc; A..

3

EvtponlU

4'

IX. 22y ..

npaVllcrTIK6~ aJT"6~ K(iK"a~ "EITOUpV·lp~ a.EploUTpaI3IAwv.

rTO crx.l']paTa 2.113 xm 2.2e napoucrlc(ETO.1 11 oxeoll IJETO~U TaU 9EPI-UKOU 1308-

. IJO'U ano66oEwC; TOU anhou KUKAou eYKOTaOTacrewc; aEplOaTpol3ihou KOI TaU PIlXOVIKOU l3a9pou ano66oEwC; TOU C1Tpol3ihou xm TaU OUlJllIEO'TI'j. H OIOKEKOPIJEVIl ypOJ,JiJi'J TOU O'Xi'JIJOTOC; 2.2e O¢lop6 loearl'j AelToupyic crrpol3ihou Kal ouurnaorn. 'Onwc; ¢IofvETo.1 on6 TIC; homec; KOlJnuhEC; TOU OXi'JJJOTOC;,. ylO TIIJf] IJIlXOVIKOU .13091J00 ono66O'Ewc; unapxEI uro I3EhTIC1T1l TlIJr'J TaU Myou O'Uf,.IllIEO'EWS R nou IJEVIC1TOnOlei TO 8EpiJIK6 I3c9IJO ano66O'Ewc; TOUKOKAou.

rEAoe;, OTO O'XtlIJa 2.2C1T ¢IaivETal.1l pETal30Atl TaU gepPIKOU l3a81J00 ano66oEwc; TOU K.OKAOU lJe ncooueroo Til 8EPIJOKPOO'fo EI0'660u oepe aTO oUJ,JfTlEC1T{l (Tll f] gepIJOKpaoia nepI136MoVTOC; .. naparqpoulJE 6TI OTOV e),aTTwveTO.1 11 8epIJoKpooia T\:

ol Au~6vel 0 8ep1J1K6c; 1308p6c; ono66oewc; ..

I3l To lJeY1OTo TOU 8EPIJIKOU 13081J0u ono66aEwc; napoucrl6~eTal ae uWIlMTePIl TIPI'] TOU A6voll aupmecrewc;.

Y) 0 8ep1J1K6c; 13081-16c; on066crewc; OIOTllpei lJeYI.aTq TIPI'] OE eupUTEPIl neploxf)

~

IJETol3oAI'jc; TaU 13081J00 oUJJflI.eoewc;.

VI

a

-,8 16

o ~ tl

Ul 12

'0

t

tl

cD. 8 .:5'

~

::1.

fr 4 CD

35

.0 28

~

::;, 24 o

....

I ' '. (.\,0000\)1
~I o.~~~o' =
~"~ ~O
V 1600
l-llTu 0,80
TJ =6()O~1;:.:/" 1400
~ V -- r---
Ll. ~
ffL v <, 200
;.v. - ........... r-,
IA V <, ...... c:::-:...
r " ~OOO
-,
1\
\ 15 20

... F 0 ,

3

4

5 6 7 8 9 10

2

MYO!: rn co ctov P2/ P, IX. 226.

Errf6poor") TI1S 6Ep~oKpaoio~ EI()"o6ou Klluaoeplwv aTO (!Tpo~llIo T3 Enovw (!TO 6e.PIlIKo ~a91l6 aTTo66o~w~ TOU KUMOU.

'0

:; 40 ;.I

w

VI 36 o

...

.~ 32

w

'3 28

w o

'.g 44

o ~

tl 20 .?f

~ \6

<D.

VI
·0 '2
;.I
:1
Q.
<.oJ 8
CD
...
F 4
0 48

I I B I 3 ' _.... .... _ ....
2
t--- t60
c T ,,-' V
1"-, li= GO"F 4 0;; k5 v
'T3='500"F ~~~ ....-
j o.;:j
~~6;/V ,,- ---
- --
t// y 90
",Q)' L._
I iVL_/ _ -as - -
~
r-i~v V
r- a
-c-,'I_L_ V V~ 80 -
~.I ..L L
ri1 V/ V
I. --- -
IJ IV 7<.5 r-- r---
~V <, r-,
1'70- " 44

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

lIoyo~ Ttl(O£WV P2i P,

IX, 22E .

.Ext 011 ~ae~wv ano6ocrEwS OU~TTleOT~, OTpo~rll.ou Kill eEp~IKOU ~oe~OU ano66crEws TOU KUKII.OU.

36

'OTTW<'; ¢lOivETOI on6 TIC; KO~nUAE<';, f) ~ETOj3oM TOU 8EpIJIKOU j3a8lJou OTTo66- O'EW<'; f;:IVOI TToM ~Ey6A", ov6Aoya IJE TI<,; 8ePIJOKpOO'IOKE<'; O'Uv8f)KE<'; TTEPIj36MoVTO<'; KOI EUVOEfTOI 1610iTEPO KOTa Tf) AEITOUpyio O'E I.jJUXpa KhflJOTO f) KOTa rn 61aPKEI0 Tile; XEllJeplvf)<,; TTEpl66ou.

28
'0 ,«I -
~ 'ill P p-
"" 24
~ (.~ ~ 0
_r--'
... O"~ ......-
'§ 20 0: /' c:
~ §/"/ V - ._
"" ~ V/ V
',8 16 I---- '.."
0 % r> .... I~ r-......
8 , If/' I <,
'~ 12 l I 1~4
tI
Cll. '/
.~ 8
;:: ,
::I.
a- Tl =15QOF I
<D 4
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10
A6yot lUtaeWY ~/pi IX. 202m.

Erriopaal'l Tile; eeplJO'Kpaaiac; rrEplj36MoVToC; aTO eEPIJIK6 j3aell6 arroMaEwc; TOU KUKAOU.

2.2.2 EuaKEu~~ ava'mf"f.tI~ thpll6rl1Tt1~ (tIlffIy6Wllnfpeg.

o 8ep1J1K6 .. j3081-16 .. OTTo66O'EUl<'; TOU onAOU KuKhou OEPIOaTpoj3iAWV j3EATIlllVeTOI 6TCV a~IOTTOII'18ef Il EIJTTeplex61-1EVI") aTO e(epx6~EvO KouO'oeplo Evepyelo ~e Til l3of)8elo O'UO'Keuf)<,; OVOKTf)O'EUle;; 8epIJ6TIlTO<';. 'OTTUl<'; (j)OfVETOI aTO axf)~o 2.2~ f) . eep~oKpoO'io TWV KouO'oeplwv KOTa TnV e~oywyf) TOUe;; (O'I1I-1EIo 4') efvOI ~EyoMTE-

3

.g .g
0
0 tj
t:I 4'
a. Q.
;>( ;>(
0 0
:::1. ::I.
Q. Q.
"" '"
<D 2 CD EV1:P01tlQ

EV1:po1t ta

IX. 202~.

KUKAm; liE avaKTl'loJ') eeplI6TIlTao;.

37

PIl an6 Til 9EPIJOKpaafa TOU aepa IJETO TO ouurnecrri (alllJEfo 2') Kal EnOlJeVWe; EIval 6uvaT~ 11 IJET660all 9EPIJ6TIlTae; an6 TO peuoro Tile; U"'IlA6TEPIle; 9EPIJOKpaaiae; npoe; TO pEUaT6 Tile; xa IJIlA6TE Pile;· H IJETo60all vfVETal IJE TIlV npoa9~KIl Ev6e; EvaMoKTIl 9EpIJ6TIlTae; ~ avaVEWIlT~pa aTO KUKAWlJa TOU aEplOaTpoj3fAOU, 6nwe; cpaiVETal aTO aX~lJa 2.211. 'Erm rn u"'IlMe; 9EPIJOKpaafae; Kauaaepla au~ovouv Til 9EPIJOKpaaia TOU Kaualv6vou aepa rrpiv ElaeA9EI aTO 90AaIJ0 KauaEWe; Kal aUVEnwe; cncrrslrm AIV6TEPI1 rrooerrrrc KauailJou Via va cp90ael 0 aepae; Til 9EPIJOKpaofo T3•

p

npo~ llaltvo6oxo ~ eEp~O t~~~a ~ 9Ep,JlCl'lUIUoqEpLa

6' V\I\/W 4' alto to Otpo~v.o

• AEpa, • ~ A£.pa,.

altOto OUf.lltlECTIJ IlluxPo tll"l~a n:po, to ~a>'a~o

AvaYEWI)"ti)pa,

IX. 2.211.

KUKAUlIIQ QEPIOUTPO!3iAOU liE QVQVEVV"T~PQ.

Eival cpavEp6 6TI an6 TIlV napouafa TOU avaVEwllT~pa 6EV EnIlPEo~ETal 0 aUIJnlEaT~e; ~ 0 aTp6j3lAoe; Kal auvEnWe; OUTE TO napav6IJEVO epvo, aMo EAaTTwvETal 11 npoa61v6IJEVIl 9EpIJ6TIlTa QA Kal, 6nwe; alJeaWe; auvOVETal an6 Til oxeall (2.1), au~ovEI 0 9Ep1J1K6e; j3a91J6e; ano66aEWe; TOU KUKAOU. npenEI 61Jwe; va allIJElw90uv Kal ro aK6Aou9a:

a) 0 avaVEwIlT~pae; nrmrrel npOaEKTIK~ aXE6faall Kal KaTaaKEu~, WaTE 11 nTWall nleaEWe; TOU aepa Ka9we; 61epXETai lJeaa an6 aUT6v va Efval IJIKp~. ~lacpopETIKO, Kaveva npaKTIK6 6cpEAOe; 6E npOKUnTEI.

13) H EVKaroaTaall TOU aEplOaTpoj3fAou IJE avaVEwllT~pa vfvETal nl6 auv9ETIl, aU~OVEI TO j3opoe; Kal 0 6VKOe; Tile; Kal urrcrrsl IJEvaMTEPIl aUVT~Pllall.

V) OUalaaTlK~ aU~llall TOU 9EpIJIKOU j3a91J0u an066aEWe; npOKUnTEI ercv 11 9EP- 1J0Kpaafa T4' Eival apKETo U"'IlA6TEPIl Tile; T2' TOU 9EpIJIKOU KUKAOU.

Ae; E~ETOaOIJE nwe; 61aIJOpcpWVOVTai 01 axeaEIe; nou 6fvouv TO 9EpIJIK6 j3a91J6 an066aewe; TOU KUKAOU IJE TIlV npoa9~KIl avayeWl1T~pa. ITI1V nepfnTwal1 TOU 16eaTou gepIJIKOu KUKAOU, 11 npoa6lv6lJevI1 geplJ6TI1Ta efvQI h3 - hx ~ C (T3 - Tx) KQI Enel6~ urrorlaevrci 16eaTee; auv9~KEe; hx = h4 ~ T x = T 4 11 oxeall (2.1) yfveTal:

h2-h1 T2-T1

I'lrH=1- =1-

h3 - h4 T3 - T4

(2.7)

38

LTrlV nepimwol1 TaU rrpOYIJOTIKOU 8epPIKOU KUKAOU AO 1-1 [36VETO I orr' 64Hl, EKTO<; cno TO 8epi-liKO [3oBI-IO ono06oew<; OTpo[3iAouKol crUl-imEOT~ KOla [3081-10<; erroreAeOIJOnKOTI1TO<; TaU ovcvevvnrnoc (effectiveness), 6IlAOO~ 0 Myo<; Tq<; npoypoTIKO I-IETOOI60l-Ie.vfj<; 8epI-IOTI1TO<; npo<; Tq OlOTI8EIJeVIl YIO I-I.ET6oooq. 0 [308po<; crrooooew<; slvm:

(Ts-Tx-) 2.2.3 Ev6IQP€O'q tp';/" (Intercooling).

"Orru»; ~6q rrpoovO¢!epBfjKe, TO epyo nou oonoVOTOI on6 TO OUIJTIlEOTf] YIC rrjv ou~qOIl TIl<; meCfew<; TOU oepo EIVOI OPVIlTIKO, ollAoof) ombAelo KOT Cfuvem.iJ<; ernQIWKUOI n EMTTWCf~. TOU. Touro BEWPIlTIKO unopel va ETTITEUx8ei. ov Il100eVTpoTTlKf] aU!-lniWIl (ct>aaq 1-2) oVTIKarocrro8el IJE loo8ePPIl ouurtleon (ct>oor] l-j).

LTo oxl'JlJO 2.28 $OiVETOI r] eniopoor] OUTf]<; Tr]<; OVTIKoToOTaoew<; aTO 8epi-liKO KUKAO TOU oepIOOTpo[3iAOU. LTO OU:lYPOI-I,PO TTlEOew<;-oYKOU (P-V) 11 eMTTwoll TOU epyou TOU oU).JTTleOT~ avnrtpooumeuerm ana Til oKloYPOlJl-IlOI-iEVIl eTTl$OVelO, evw TO «KoBopo)) (W$EAlj,JO) EPYO nEplKAEierOi ana TO oKpoia OllIJEio TWV 61O¢lOPWV ¢looewv, 6r]A06fJ (112341) YIC Tr]vlo68eplJrl KOI (1234) YIO TIlV laeVTpOnlKf] OAAOvn.

3

IX. 2.28.

eEPIlIK6~Kl' KAoc UEEv6uJIlEO"O !j)O~I1'

Ano TO OIOypOIJPO BEPI-lOKpama<;-eVTponio<; (T-5) 0I-lW<; OlarTlOTWVOIJE OTI TO rroco Tr]<; onOITOUj.JEVr]<; 8epPoTIlTO<; Ylo va ¢!86CfEI TO epyo~OIJEVO 8ep).JooUVOj.JIK6 IJEO"O 010 ollpeio 3 eivOi l-IeyaAUTEpo YIO TI1V nepimwoq Trl<; looBepl,Hl<; oMoy~<; (3-j) an' o.n TI1<; l.aeVTponIKf]<; (3-2),

AnoTeAeopo OUTOU Eival OTI q OU~l1all TaU Bepj,JIKOU [3oBIJOU ono66aEW<; nou rrposurrrs: on6 Tqv OU~llall TOU nopExopEVOU W$EAIPOU EPVOU aVTIOTa8!-1i~eTOI one TrlV EMnwoq TOU TEAEUTO.iOU Myw Tile; aVO:YKqe; lJeyoAUTepr]<; npOOOOOEWe; BeplJoTIlTa<;,

o ouv6uoal-loe;loo8eplJfle; OUIJTTlEOew<; KOI Torro8eTfJoEws auyxpovw<; KO.I ovayevvr]Tf]po, E~oo¢loAi~el OTI IlIJ.eyoAUTEPI1 npoooooll 8epj.JorqTOC; 80 npoEABel ana TO OIO¢!EUyOVTa OTIlV OTJ..Ioo¢lOlpa KouaaEplo Kal OXIIJE npooBETIl KOUOIyovOUAIl,

39

onOTE TEAIKO rrpoxurrret aU~lllJeVOe; 8EpIJIKOe; r3a81J0e; crrooooeux. Myw IJEyaAUTEpOU wcpeAIIJOU epyou.

EnElo~ 11 npaKTIKf! EcpaplJoyf! Tile; 1008EPIJIle; OUlJnleOEWe; slvoi OUOKOAIl, cvri aUTf!e; EcpaPIJO~ETOI OUlJniEOIl TOU cepe OE nEpIOOOTEpEe; r3a8IJiOEe; IJE EVOIOIJEOIl ljJU~Il, olOolKaoia 11 onoia IJOIO~EI TOOO mo noAU IJE TIlV 1008EPIJil cuurrlecn. 000 au~ovEI 0 ap181J0e; TWV r3a8IJiowv. ho oxf!lJa 2.21 oulvero: OXIlIJOTIKf! OIOTO~1l EyKOTaOToOEWe; aEpIOOTp0r3iAou ovoucrou KUKAWIJOTOe; IJE EVOIOIJEOIl 4Ju~1l Kal avavevvnrnpc.

[~ayw01

IX. 2.21.

KUKAwlJo OEPIOOTPO!3fAou IJE OVOVEVVIlT~PO KOi EV<')lOIJEGIl l(Ju~ll.

E~ETO~OVTOe; OE oloypalJlJa Ev8aAniae;-8EPlJoKpaoiae; (T-S) rnv rrponvoupsvn EYKaTOOTaoll, eXOIJE TO OX~lJa 2.210. XPIlOlIJOnOlwvTae; TOUC; OUIJr3oAIOIJOUC; TOU oxf!lJaTOe; 2.21a naipVOIJE:

'Epvo KaTOvaAIOKOIJEVO ana TO OUlJnlEOT~ We = (ha,- h.) + (h2' _ hb)

To epyo TOU OUlJnlEOTf! E~apToTal KOI ana TIlV anOTEAEOIJOTIKOTIlTO (effectiveness) TOU EvaMoKTIl EVOIOIJEOIle; 4JU~EWe;.

'Epvo napaYOIJEVO ana TO oTp6r3IAO:

WT = h3 _ h4'

QA = h3 _ hs

Kal cuvsrrus; 0 8e.pIJIKOe; r3a81J0e; anOOOOEWe; Tile; EYKOTaOTOOEWe; EivOI:

h3 _ h5

An6 TO rmporrovui IJnOpOUIJE va OUlJnEpOVOIJE OTI:

a) ME rnv EVOIOIJEOIl 4Ju~1l (intercooling) EAaTTWVOIJE TO KOTavaAIOKOIJEVO an6

40

400
t!
350 a.
~
:j_
300 ,<
·tI
>
250 tI
I..- :J
0 +'
200 III
e
'0 .9
t! ~
~ ,<
t!
0 <Q
:j_
a. ,.
'" w
(I)
50 Ev t po rt iu

IX. 2.210.

Elep1l1K6c; I(lJKJ.OC; oVOveWI'lT~pa IlE av6KTI'lol'l 9EPIl6TI'lTOC; KOI EvoullleOn IVU~Il·

TO OU~nlEOTn EPYO Kal aU~6VO~E TO Ka9ap6 (W4>e}.l~o) epyo KOI T'lV napoy6~evll ano TOV KUt<A.O IOXU.

131 0 gep~IK6c; l3a9~6c; ano60oewc; TOU KUMOU noM Alyo au~avel ~e Til xpnmponolnon uovo ev616~eOIlC; 4-n:'~ewc;, evw oVTigeTo ou~avel orWOVTIKa, ornv 11 sv- 616~eo'l I.IIU~'l xp'lat~onoleiTOI oe ouv6uoo~6 IJE TOV OVOYEVVIlTI'Jpa.

2.2.4 A lIa(Hppavaq (RshsstingJ.

KOTO ovoAoyo rporro rrpoc 600 ceopouv T'lV eACrTTW0'l TOU epyou TOU ouurneOTr1 6mv 'l ou~nlEoll elval lo6geplJ'l, KOI TO nopoy6IJevo on6 TO OTp6131AO epyo OU~ovel enrOIlC;, orcv Il eKT6vWOll TOU gepIJo6uvOI.IIKOU lJeoou on6 IOeVTpOnlKn yiveTOI 1(j"6gep~'l. H npOKTIKrl npooEVVIOIl 106aEp~"C; eKTOVWoewc; ETTlTUVXOVeTCI ~e T'lV EKT6vwo'l OE nEploo6Tepec; l309~16ec; KOI avogep~ovoEWC; TWV oepiwv un6 OTo9EPr1 nleo'l UOTepo on6 Koge l3a9~16a I.IEXPI TIlC; IJEYIOT'lC; eTTITpen6I.1ev'lC; gep~OKpOOrOC; elo66ou OTO OTp6131AO. H ovogep~ovoll enlTUYXOVETOI oe 90AOfJO Kouoewc; nou rmps IJ l3oMeTol ~eTO~U TWV l309~r6wv, 6nwc; qlOrveTOI OTO OXr1fJO 2.2113 OTIlV nepfmwol"] 611369fJloC; EKTOVWoewc;.

ITo OXr'UJa 2.21Y noplOTOveTOI 0 gep1J1K6e; KUMOe; oeploOTpol3iAOU lJe ovo8epuovon oe 61oypaIJIJO TTleoewc;-6YKOU (P-VI KOI eV80Aniae;-eVTpOnrOC; IT -S). To 8eplJo6uvaIJIK6 lJeoov EKTovwveTol OT'lV npwTIl l3a9~160 TOU OTpol3fAou (<booll 3-c'), ~ova8eplJo!vETOI lJeXPI Tile; IJEYIOTIlC; eTTITpen6IJEV'le; 8eplJOKpOoioe; OTOV ova8ep- 1..I0VTnpO un6 OTo8epn nteon (<baOI"] c' -d') KOI exrovioverm eK VEOU OT'l 6EUTep'l l3a81..1!6a (<baOIl d-4'). T600 TO nopoy6IJevo urro TOU OTpol3iAOU EPYO 600 KCI TO w4>eAII.l0 epyo, au~ovouv 6nwe; 4>oIVETOI on6 T'l oKlaol.lEvll enlCpavElo (c' d4'xc'). napa T'lV aU~1l01l TOU wq,EAI~OU epyou, 0 8ep1..I1K6e; l3091J6e; onoMaewe; TOU KU-

napo,xlJ xouoq.lOlJ

41

r----- Ka\lOatplD

LP 'E~of:lo!:. ~oxU~

L'tpO~lAO&

xn.

IX·2.2·IJ·

KUK!\Wi.Ja aEpIOIJTPO~!"ou i.JE ava8epi.Jcvar).

~ o

.',S C

3

d

4

IX·2.2IY.

gepi.JIK6s KUK!\0S aepIOIJTPO~I!\OU i.JE avcgepi.Javar).

EvtpoTtia

K..\OU ou~6vel eMxuJTo ~ KOI KoB6AOU, YIOTI. eKT6c; on6 TO epyo ou~6vel KOI T] nopex6lJevT] BepIJ6TT]TO Myw TT]e; ovaBeplJcvO'ewc; (<I>cO'T] c-d'),

n poO'eKTIKrl BewPTlcrf] OIJWe; TOU KUKAOU cpovepWVEI 6TI TO KauO'oeplo, IJETC TT] 6EUTepf] l3oBIJf6a TOU OTpol3iAOU (onueto 4') exouv IJEyaMTep'l BeplJOKpOoio crro EKeivll T'lV onolo Bo eixav (cr'llJeio xl av 6ev un~pxe aVaBEPIJOVTrlPOe;. ruvenwe; cs KUKAO oeploOTpol3i"\wv fJe avaYEVvllTltpa KOI avafhppavrqpa T] BePIJIK~ on66ocrll au~cvEI cre O'UYKPlcrl1 I..IE 1610 KUKAO oMo !.IE ovoyeWT]TrlPO uevo,

D BEPIJIKOe; l3oBlJ6e; ono06crEwe; TOU KUKAOU lJe OvaBEplJoVTfJpo npoxurrm ov XPT]OIIJOnoll'lcrOIJE TOUe; O'UlJl3o"\lolJoue; TOU oxfJIJOTOe; 2.21Y We; e~I'Je;:

'Epvo rmpnvouevo OTIC; 060 l3oBJ.li6ec; TOU OTpol3iAOU:

WT = (h3 - he') + (hd - h4,) 'Epyo urtoppooouevo on6 TO crUI..ITTlEcrTI'l:

We = (hz' - h.)

42

3 G I
1500 ----------~--- 400
4' 350
I t:I
/4 300 0.
5' ~
/ 3-
1000 / -c
/ 250 -t:I
;;>
Lo... / tJ
0 ./
./ :J
.2 / 200 +'
0 ./ m
d
0. \/ ~t;!
x Y. 150
0 ./ 6 ~
::I. SOO ,./ -<
0. 8
w ..... /' 5
(p 100 ;;>
,/ - W
.....
I ./
..... 50
a 0 [vtponla

IX. 2 .. 21C~.

KUKAWjJO KOI 8EPIJIK6~ KljKAO~ O€P'OOTpo!lrAou jJE OVOKTIlCHl eEPIJ6TqTo~, Ev6uljJHJIl 4JU~q KOI avo6E oucvon.

npoa61voIJEVil 9EPIJOTilTa KOI rrrou; 660 9aMlJoue_; KauoEwe_; (nplv Kal Ev6u'lIJEco oro OTp6[3IAo):

43

QA = (h3 - h2') + (hd - he' ) 8EpJ,JIKOe;; 1308J,Joe;; onoMaEWe;; TOU KUKAOU:

[(h3 - he') + (hd - h4')] - (h2' - h.)

~TO ax~J,Jo 2.216 nopOUO'IO~ETOI 11 YEvlKOTEPIl rrepirrnoon EVOe;; KUKAWJ,JOTOe;; OEproorpofilxou IJE OV08EPIJOVT~PO. OVOYEvvIlT~PO KOI Ev6loJ,JEall ljJu~ll. 0 8EpJ,JIKOe;; 1308J,Joe;; on060aEWe;; TOU KUKAOU OUTOU EivOI:

(h3 - h5,) + (hd - he' ) 2.3 01 npaKTIK~C;; EcI»aPIJOV~C;; TlAJV 9EpIJIKWV KUKAlAJV.

'Onwe; ovmpep81lKE O'TIlV Elaoywy~ TOU KE<I>oAOfou. 0 OVTIKEIIJEVIKOe;; aKonOe; Tile; J,JEAeTIle;; TWV 8EPJ,JIKWV KUKAWV EivOI:

o UnOAOYlaJ,JOe;; TOU 1308J,Jou on060aEWe;;. - H eupson Tile;; EI6IK~e;; KOTOvoAWaEWe;;.

- 0 unOAOYlaJ,JOe;; Tile;; onoIToUJ,JEVIle;; rrooorrrrcc cepe.

E6w 80 E~EToa80uv aUVOTITIKO oon o<popouv TIlV rrocornrc oepo rrou crrcrrelTOI YIO nopox~ os eYKoTOO'TOall VOUTIKWV oeploaTpol3iAwv KOI 01 rporroi I3EATlwaewe;; TOU Myou TWV epywv. TEAOe;, uno 1J0P<l>~ aUlJnEpoaJ,JoTIKwV ncpcrnpncetov 80 E~ETOa8ei 11 npoKTIK~ errlrrruron TWV 610<popwv rpornov KOI J,JE866wv l3eATlwaEWe;; (ov08epJ,Jovall. Ev6loJ,JEall ljJU~1l KAn.) aE CAO TO oeplO.

2.3.1 AnalToup~VII nou6TIITa atpa ae ~YKaT6UTauII a~plouTpopi~wv.

nepo ana TO 8EPJ,JIKO 1308J,J0 onoMaEWe;;, 0 onoioe;; onOTEAEi J,JETPO Tile;; KOTOVOAwaEWe;; «cuoluou, oMIl nopOJ,JETpOe;; rrou AOJ,J130VETOI aol3opo un' OljJll EivOI 0 OYKOe;; KOI TO l3opoe;; Tile;; EYKOTOO'TOaEWe; npowaEWe;, TO onoio E~OPTWVTOI os J,JEYOAO rrococro ana TIlV cnorrouuevn npoe;; nopox~ rrocornrc oepo.

H rrocornro cspc 1n.A.) K080pi~ETOI aE J,JOV66Ee;; l3opoue;; (MJ,Jnpee;; ~ XIAIOYPOJ,J- 1J0) OVa wploio Inrro KOI, npOKellJeVOU YIO TO OYYAoao~wVIKO aUO'TIlJ,Jo lJovo6wv, EiVOl:

n.A.= ---Wr -We

2545

2545 AlJ,JnpEe;; oepo

WN uipmlo Irrrro

6nou: Wr = epyo O'TpOl3iAOU, We = epyo aUJ,JTIleO'T~,

WN = K080po w<l>eAIIJO epyo KOI

2545 = opI8J,JIlTIKOe;; auvTEAEaT~e;; uercrpormc BTU aE wploioue;; lrrrrouc,

H cncrrouuevn rrocornro oepo, EKTOe;; TOU OTi crrorexsl KPIT~PIO J,JEye80ue;; Tile;; EYKOTOO'TOaEWe;; npowaEWe;; eXEI Enialle;; KOI oMEe;; ETIlmWaEIe;;. 'ETO'I, 11 EAOTTwa~ Tile;; eXEI onOTeAEaJ,JO TIlV KOToaKEu~ O'TpOl3iAWV J,JIKpoTepwv 610O'TOaEWV, J,JE TIlO oJ,JoIOJ,JOP<P1l KOTOVOJ,J~ 8EPJ,JOKPOO'lWV. 01 orroiec J,JE Til aElpo TOUe;; exouv We;; erroreAeaJ,JO 61060XIKO J,JIKpOTepEe;; nopoJ,Jop<pwaEIe;; Myw OVOJ,JOIOJ,JOP<PIle;; 8epJ,Jovaewe;;,

44

IJIKp6Tepee; OnOIT~Oell;; OVTOX~e; TWV UAIKWV KOI IJEyaMTepll O~IOTllOTiO Tile; eYKOTOOTelOeWe;. H nocerrrrc oepo enrlPe6(eTOI Kupiwe; on6:

Til 8EPIJOKpooio elo66ou Kouooepiwv OTO OTp6f3,IAO (T3) Kal TO Myo TlIEOEWV R.

Til 8EPIJOKPOoio EI0660u aepa OTO OUIJT1IEOTft (T,).

TIlV unap~1l ft 6XI OV08EPlJelvCJew<;, EV6IelIJECJIl<'; 4lU~EW<';. Toue; f3,a8IJou<,; ano66aEwc; OUIJTlIEOTft Kal OTpof3,IAOU.

LTO oxfwa 2.3a <lXIiVETOI 11 CJXeCJIl noo6TIlTO<'; OEPO KOI 8EPIJOKpOaiae; elo66ou T3 Ko8wC; KOI TOU Myou CJUIJTlIeOEWC; R. KaT' apXfW IJE TIlV aU~1l01l Tile; 8EPIJOKpooioe; EICJ660u EAOTTWVETOI 11 n006TIlTa oepo (Yla rnv 1610 TIIJr'J TOU R). ria KoBE TIj.J tl BePIJOKpOaioe; T 3 un6pXEI evoe; evrl OTOIX0C; Myoe; au j.JTlIEOEWC; R, 0 orroloc avTIOTOIXEi CJE EMXIOTIl TllJft Tile; rrooorrrrcc csoc (minimum) Tile; KOIJTlUAIlC;, EVW otroreenrrore IJETOf3,oM TOU R (oU~llall I'l eMTTwoll) ou~6vel TrW noo6TIlTO TOU oepo. IIlIJEIWVeTOI e6w OTI 01 KOIJnUAE<,; TOU axl'llJaTo<,; ocpopouv EYKoTaOTcO'ele; nePIOOTPOf3,iAWV IJE aUYKeKpllJEVO f3a8j.J6 0Tl066O'Ewe; CJuj.JTlIeOTfJ KOI OTpof3ihOU KOBwe; Kal BEPIJOKPOOIO csoc T, Kal ouvenwe; yla 6lacpopeTIKE<'; TllJee; TWV noponOvw rtcpcusrprov I.lET0f36MoVTOI KOI 01 TIIJec; TOU R nou OVTIOTOIXOUV O'e EMXIOTIl TIIJft TIl<'; rtoocrrrrcc aEpa.

90

80
~ 70
.!:;
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s
a. 60
3
-0
>
0
.....
IJ 50
a.
1=
::L
.~
g_ 40
·W
tl
F
0
~ 30
·0
>
0
....
0
:.::
\' ..... _'" noOOou,~
OtPO!3LAO, of JOOF
\ /
t-,
\
,
~ 15~ /'
<, V
lie = 0.S5
lITu= 0,90
T, = 1'70 20 1

5 7 9

Aoyor; ltL£OtWC; P2/P,

Ix·2.3a.

LXEOIl IlETa~O KaTava),wot:w~ oepo 1(01 A6you me<1l:Wv.

3

11

H OU~IlCJIl Tile; 8epj.JOKpoO'io<,;TOU OEPO ElooywyfJe; OTO O'UIJTlIEOTfJ (T,) ou~6vel TO 6anav6IJevo ano oUT6v EPYO KOI O'UVETlwe.; EAorrWVEl TO wcpehllJO epyo TOU BEPIJIKOU KUKAOU. An6 TOV OPIOIJ6 6IJW<'; Tile.; noO'6TIlTOC; oepo, oUT6 O'UVEnoYETOI OU~IlO'ft TI']e.;. To OVWTEPW QmivoVTol OTO uxfJj.Jo 2.313.

o 10 I;!

.~

45

0 --
R /
V
0- 1 4
ne ::0.85
llTu =085 Y
0 13 1200F./
->
v-
0
30

460 480

500 520

9€PllO'llpaOLa €~oOOo'U O'UIlTtLCOt ~ 0 F

540

560 580

IX·2.3p.

!XeoTI llETO~U KaTovaAwcrEw<; oepo Kal 6eplJaKpacria<; aepa ElcraywYric;.

90

I
llx~0.75
llc =O,S5
11 lI-y;~0.90
U ,,,,"
, ~\ T, = 70 F
T) =1200F
0 B) /
~ /
k ~
0 1\ -
1i\~
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0
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0
eo

,9 7 s

Q.

:3

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t:!' g-

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Aa-yoe, rr~i:o(wv P2f~

A' ArrAae, aVOl)lto!: XUXAO!:

8: ArrAo!: cvorxtot; 'lltl)lAO!: ur avaycvvlJtilpa,

r : ArrAo!: avolXtO, XUXAO!: llc cvnvcvvnt Tjpa xaL cvlilallCOlJ <vu~lJ'

t:,: ArrAo!: avoL'llt6~ XU'KAO!: uc cvnvevvnt ~pa, (v6l111lCOll <v-0 ~ 'rl 1{Ql a va;n;Pllavoll ,

11

IX·2.3y.

!xecrl] KaTovoAwcrEW<; oepo KOI OUOKEUWV aVOKTl'lcrEW,> eepIJ6TI]Tac;,

46

H npoa8~KIl aTO onM KUKAWIJO oeploCITpo~iAOU aUaKeUWV OVOKT~aeWe; 8EPIJOTIlTOe; (OVOVEVVI1T~pEe;) evolOIJEallt;; ljJU~eWe;KOI OV08EPIJOVT~PWV Emop6 rrrnv OnOITOulJEVI1 rrooorrrm cspc. onwc; ¢>oiv€TOI aTO axfwo 2.3y. Evw 6IlAOO~ 11 ovoKTf']all 8ePIJOTIlTOC; eXEI We; onOTeAEalJO T'lV oU~llaf'] Tf']e; (Fl.A), OVTi8ETO 11 EVOIOIJEallljJU~'l KOI n avo8eplJovaf'] EAOTTWVOUV TIlV lfl.A). IOIOITEPO aE IJEYOAOUe; A6youe; meaEWe;. onOTE KOI 11 enlTuyxoVOIJEVIl EAOTTwaf'] TWV ¢>UalKWV OIOaToaeWV Tile; EYKOTOaTOaeWC; elvrn KOI cnucvnxtrrapn.

TEAOe;. f'] ~EATiwall TOU eourreprxoo tlo8IJOU oTTo66aEWe; roco TOU aTPO~iAOU ocro KOI TOU aUIJTTleaT~ ETTIOPOUV alllJOVTIKO rrrnv onOiTOUIJ€VIl rrooornro oepo, 6- nwe; ¢>OiVETOI KOI aTO aX~lJo 2.36, 6nou yiVETOI IPovepo TO YIOTi aTle; npoaIPaTf']e; KOTOaKEU~C; EYKOTOaTOaele; OEPIOaTpo~iAWV eXEI lJelW8Ei anlJOVTIKO TO IJEve80e; TOUC; nopoMnAo jJE TnV OU~f']all TOU ~o8lJoU ono66aewc; TOUC;.

100 ,
090
~ !\ ,e,
.!:;
.9
gao \
a.
3
'g 70
d \ T3 : 1200F -
...,.
...
a. ~
5.00
.~ \
...
0
g,sa
'\j r-,
F'
0
340
.g ..... r-,
d
d
~ 3°70 80 90 100 Bo.~j.10L o.Tt0600EW~ O\)IlTtLEOt~ l(.QJ. otpOjW.O\) ll1l tOl!; ()\CI1:0

Ix. 2.36.

Ixeal'] KOTOVaAwaElJJ~ oepa KOI j309iJoU ano66aEw~ OTpoj3iAou crUiJTTlEOTr;.

2.3.2 A6yo~ rwv ipywv.

Mia KoM oXEolOaIJeVIl EYKoTOaTOall OEplOaTPO~rAWV, EKT6e; TOU uljJ.Ilhau 8EPIJIKOU t3aBlJou anoo6aewe; KOI Tilt;; XOIJf']Afte; KOTOvohwaEWe; cape. EivOI enl8uIJilTO va EXEI U4JnM TIIJ~ Tau heyOIJEVOU «AOYOU TWV EPYWV», 0 anaioe; E~ oprouou slvm 0 Myoe; TOU Ko8opou (wIPeA1IJOU) epyou npoc; TO spvo TTOU nopOYETOI one TO KOUccepro nou €KTOVWVOVTOI aTO aTPOI3IAO, ollAo6fr

W A6yoe; TOU epyou (A. E.) = _n_ WT

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47

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ho KE<!>aAoIO OUT6 E~ETa~OVTOI TO 1300lKa OTOIXEio OPXWV AEITOUpvioe;, KOTOOKEU~e; KOI npOKTIKWV E<!>OPIJOVWV TWV OUlJnlEOTWV KOI TWV oTpo!3iAwv 1J10e; EVKOTOOTOOEWe;. AUT6 arwoiVEI 6TI OiVETOI elJ<!>OOIl OTO EiOIl TWV OTpo!3IAofJIlXOVWV (0 opoc nEplAolJ!3ovEI TOOO TOUe; OUlJnlEOTee; 000 KOI TOUe; OTpol3iAoue;), TO onoio ouv~8we; orrcvnlrvrm OTO rrxolc.

To KE<!>oAOIO nEplopi~ETOI OTIe; crmpotrnrec VVWOEI<; WOTE va fJTTOPEi KoMJTEPO va oVTIAIl<!>8Ei 0 ooXOAOUIJEVOe; Via rrpurrn <!>opo IJE TOUe; ceprocrrpofilxouc onouocOT~e; TO OVTIKEilJEVO TOU fJ08~IJOTOe;, OIlAoo~ TIe; E<!>OPIJOvee; TWV oeploOTpo!3iAwv.

AVTIKEilJEVO AOlTTov, onwe; 11 AEmOfJEpEIOK~ oXEoioOIl ~ 11 ovcxucn TWV OTPO!3IAOIJIlXOVWV ~Ect>EUVOUV OTTO TO oxorro TOU !31!3Aiou. AVTi8ETO E~ETO~OVTOI Kupiwe; TO XOPOKTIlPIOTIKa AEIToUPviae; TWV oTpo!3IAolJllxaVwV, 0IlAoor'] 01 oxeOEIe; nou OUVOEOUV OUO ~ KOI nEpIOOOTepEe; rrcpcuerpouc AEITOUpvioe; TOUe; (TT.X Til porm KOI TIe; crpooec),

3.2 ApXec; AEIToupyrac; TlIJV arpopIAo~l"Jxavwv.

H OTT6 KOIVOU Opaoll Ev6e; nEploTpE<!>6IJEVOU TPOXOU KOI 1J10e; «oeOIJIle;» KIVOUIJEVOU PEUOTOU urropouv va EnE~IlV~OOUV TIlV oPX~ AelToupvioe; T600 Ev6e; OUlJnlEOT~ 000 KOI EVOe; OTpol3iAou. ho OXr']tJ0 3.20 ct>OiVETOI 11 KOIV~ OpoOIl TOU TPOXOU KOI TOU PEUOTOU OTIlV onAouOTEPIl IOEOT~ IJOp<!>~ Tile;. :rE npOVIJOTIKee; KOTOOTOOEIe; !3e!3olo 11 «KOIV~ OPOOIl» TOU TPOXOU KOI TOU PEUOTOU OlllJlOuPYEiTol KOTO TTEPIOOOTEPO OUV8ETO rporro, 11 ovoAuOIl OIJWe; Tile; apxr']e; AEITouPviae; nou oKoAou8Ei oev ola<!>oponolEiTal K08oAou.

H cvcxuon !300i~ETOI OTIe; oKoAou8Ee; uno8eoEIe;:

o TpOXOe; rreprorpeoerc: IJE oT08EPr'] YWVIOK~ TOXUTIlTO.

H OeOlJ1l TOU PEUOTOU U<!>iOTOTOI IJETo!3oAr'] Tile; OPIJ~e; Tile; (nOOOTIlTO KIV~OEWe;) OOV anoTeAEOlJo Tile; KOIV~e; «OpaOEWe;» Tile; IJE TOV TpOXO.

An6 TO OEllTEPO 8EIJEAIWOll VOIJO TOU NEUTOVO (11 OUVOAIK~ porrn TWV E~WTEPIKWV OUVOIJEWV 100UTOI IJE Til IJETo!3oM ova 1J0VaOO XP6vou Tile; pon~e; Tile; rrooornTOe; KIV~OEWe;) KOI 8EWpWVTOe; IJOVO TIe; ponee; rrou rrpoxoxouv rreprorpoqin TWV TPOXWV, eXOIJE Til oxeoll:

56

orrou: Q = pon';,

m = nOaOTf')TO peUaTOU f') PO';,

r = OKTIVO KOI

Cu = eq>amOIJEVIK'; OUVlaTwaa Tf')e; TaXUTf')Tae; TOU PEUOTOU C.

EnEIO'; f') IJETal3ll3a~oIJEvf') EvepYEla ava 1J0v66a xpovou ana TO PEUOTO OTOV TPOXO (.; ana TOV TPOXO npoe; TO pEUOTO) ElVa! YIVOIJEVO Tf')e; aVWTepw pon';e; Q errl Til YWVIOK'; TaxuTIlTa nEpIOTpOq>';e; W, eXOIJE:

E = roW (r.Cu, - r2Cu2)

fl, EnElo,; 11 ypalJlJlK'; TOXuTIlTIlTa U ioourm IJE TO YIv6IJEVO Tile; YWVlaK';e; TaXtJTIlTae; W enl mv OKTIVa r, ollAaofl U = Wr, eXOIJE:

(3.1)

TaX\JTlJT<l p€:\JOTOU OTllV doo60

IX. 3.2.

Kotvr't 6pauI] peuC1TOU Kat TpOXOU.

H rno navw axeall eXEI YEVIKOTEPIl laxu xm KaAumEI TO auvoAo TWV OTpol3lAoIJllxaVWV, 11 AEITouPYla TWV orroluiv IKavonOIEI TIe; OUO npounoSeOEIe; rrou exouv TEeel, 61lA06fl aTOeepf) YWVIOKf) TOxuTIlTO KOI fJeTof30Af) Tile; OPfJf)e;. rTIl axeall (3.1) OlqKpIVOIJe TIe; aKoAouSee; neplmwaele;:

a) Av U,Cu, > U2CU2'

TOTe npoq>avwe; E > 0, ollAao.; epyo rrcpevero: ana TO peucro enavw OTOV TpoX6, rrpoxerrrn OUVEnWe; vm OTp6131Ao.

13) Av u.cu, < U2CU2'

elvm E < 0, OIlAoo.; epyo lJeTOOIOeTal OTO psuoro an6 TOV TPOXO, elVa! of')Aao.; 11 neplrmoon aVTAioe; .; aUIJmeOT'; .; aVEfJlaT';po .; q>uaIlT';po.

ria Myoue; yevlKOTEpOU TEXVIKOU Evolaq>epoVTOe; a~f~EI va ernonuevous TIe; olaq>opee; lJeTa~U TWV napanavw IJllxaVlllJaTWV (rreplrmoon E < 0).

AVTAla elvm TO WlxaVf')lJo nou au~aVEI TIlV evepyela EVOe; npaKTIKa couurrfeorou peuOTOU, OIlAao.; evoe; uvooc.

AV~pIUT"pa~ .; t/JuuqT"par (TeXVIKa 01 opo: elval OUVWVUIJOI) elva! TO IJllxaVlllJa rrou au~avel mv evepyela EVOe; aUIJITIeOT'; peuorou, ol1Aao.; EVOe; neplou, Ka! au~avel Tllv niEo,; TOU aMa 6XI ae rsroio l3aSIJ6 WOTE npaKTIKa va IJIl IJETa13aMeTal 11 nUKvoTIlTO TOU peuorou.

EUp"/~UT"~ elva! TO IJI'lxavllIJa TO orroio au~avel rooo allIJaVTIKa Tf')V rneon evoe; ceplou, wOTe va IJETo13aMeTal Kal f') nUKvonlTa TOU.

Av Ka! unapxouv af')lJaVTIKee; olaq>opee; lJeTa~U TWV rropcrrcvur olaq>opwv lJf')xavnucriov rrou ceopocv rn oxeofaol1, TI1V KaTaoKeufJ Kal Til AelToupYla, uncpxouv

57

KCI OpIOlJeVee; KOIVee; nOpOf,JETPOI ~ XOPOKTIlPIOTIKO AEITOUPyioe;. METo~u OUTlUV, TO aUVIlgeOTEpo XPIlOlf,JOTTOIOUIJEVO EivOI 11 axeall f,JeTO~U PO~~ KOI OU~fJOEWS TIl~ rnsaew~.

3.3 4»UYOKEVTPIKOf au ... nIEcrr!s.

<PUYOKEVTPIKOi OVOIJO~OVTOI 01 aUIJTTlEOTe~ (KOI YEVIKOTEPO Mo TO auvoct>fJ 1J1lXOV~f,JOTO) aTOU~ orrolouc TO PEUaTO onOXWpi~ETOI ana TO auvEpyo~6lJEVO TpoX6 KOTO OKTIVIKfJ olEu9uvall.

01 $UYOKEVTPIKOi aUIJTTlEaTe~ EivOi <yxETIKO onMe; KOTOOKEU~e; KOI W~ EK TOUTOU OUVOVTWVTOI aE IJIKPOTEPES IJIlXOvee; KOI eYKOTOaTOOEI~. 6nou 11 nOAunAOKoTIlTO TWV OUIJTTlEaTWV O~OVIKne; pon~ OEV OIKOIOAOYEiTOI.AnOTEAOUVTOI 1300lKO on6 eva OTPO$EfO (ax. 3.30), eva OIOXUTIl (diffuser) KOI eva auMEKTIl. To crpoeelo K!VEhOi

Ix·3ola.

rTpocPefo ¢lUYOKEVTPIKUIV ouprnerrnhv.

IJE Til l3on9EI0 O~OVO lJeOO ae KeAu$OS. ornv EIoooo TaU onoiou OlllJlOuPYEiTol 11 OVdPp6$llall TOU oepo KOTO TIlV O~OVIKfJ o1eu9uvOll (ax. 3.3(3). ME rnv nEPlaTPO$n ovOPPOct>OTOI oepo~ KOI f,Jeaw TWV TTTEPUYIOKWV OUAOKWV. KOTO rnv ewOlo TIl~ 0- KTivoe;, KOT09Ai13ETOI npo~ rnv nEplct>epEIO. EKE!, on6 TO OIOXUTIl Enll3poMvETOI 11 onoKTIl9E loa UqJ 11M OKTIVI KfJ TOXUTIlTO KO I IJETOTpenETOI 11 KIVIlTI KfJ Eve pye 10 ce evePYEIO TTlEaEW~. 0 KOT09AI130fJEVO~ oepo~ OUYKEVTPWVETOI aTO ouMeKTIl nou aKoAougei KOI OOIlYEhol OTO XWPO KO(jOEW~ ~ aE TUXOV unopxouao oMIl a09! !JIoa. rTO aXnlJO 3.3y $OiVETOI TUTTlKn OIOTO~1l oeploOTpo(3i}..ou IJE $UYOKEVTPIKO ouurneorn. EVW aTO OXnfJO 3.30 $OiVETOI AETTTOIJEpeaTEpO 0 $UYOKEVTPIKO~ aUIJTTlEaTfJ~ TOU rrponvouuevou aXnIJOTOe;.

rio TIlV oAoKAnPWOIl TIl~ OTolxelwoou~ ovoMoew~ 11 onoic KOTeAIl~e OTIl axeall (3.1) rrpocooooreooc elvcn 0 Tp6no~ Tile; OIOVUOIJOTIK~~ ovoMaEw~.

'ETOI, aTO OXnlJO 3.3e 01 Tox(jTIlTe~ TIl~ OEafJll~ TOU peuorou KOI TOU neprcrpe-

58

LlPOlllCio

OXE:lOl )lQla~~iljlE:w!; O\JllltlE:Ol1l

IX·3.3p.

rEVIK~ 6TTOlj.lrj !l>UYOKEVTPII(OU O'UI.mIEOT~.

IX. l.3y.

¢! U yo KE VTP I K6<; 0' U J.lTTI e OT~ <;.

$6IJEVOU OTpo$eiou naj:)lOTDVOVTal lJe etrine6a 6IaVUOlJaTa. Ta bUo Tpiywva aVTIOTOIXOUV OTIW KOTOOTaOI') el0660u Kal e~66ou TOU peUOTOU an6 TOV TpoX6. EI6IK6-. Tepa exolJe:

C = I') an6"UTI') TaXUTI1Ta TOU peuOTOU (npo~aM6IJeVIl OTO enfne60 TOU TPO-

XOU av 6ev elval ouvenine61l),

Cu = 11 e$anrOlJeVIKft OUVIOTwaa Tile; nPOI1YOUlJeVI')r;;,

U = 11 vpalJlJlKrl TaXUTIlTa TaU TpOXOO. loxuel U = W.r xm

W I') axeTIKr'l TaXUTI')Ta TOU peuOTOU lOr;; npor;; lOV TaoX6 -!fOU lOOOTOI lJe TO 61aVUOIJaTIK6 69pol0IJa U Kal C, 61')"a6ft W = U + C.

59

Ki:XulPo~ OTtlO~V ElO£PXOll£VOU aipa

'A~ovQl; OTPOlPElOU

OIil]Yl1TlXQ. TtlEpuYla ElOOliou

n£plOtpEIPO~£Va olilfYTlTlxa ItTEpUYla

IX. 3.36.

l\emOlJepElec; cl>UYOKEVTPIKOU CJUlJmEOT~,

IX·3.3E .

.6.IOVUCJIJOTO TOXUT~TWV OTPOI3I"OIJrIXOV~C;,

Me 1300'11 TO aVWTEpw, Ka9wt; Kal TO O'XlltJa 3.3e, 11 O'XEOI1 (3.1) rporronorefrm Wt; aKoAou9wt;:

a) 0 6pot; U,Cu, Beuipelrm atJeAI1TEOt;, YlaTI U2 > U, Kal CU2 > Cu, opa TO YIvouevo U,Cu, elval noM tJIKp6Tepo av O'uyi<plgef npot; TO U2CU2, !uYXp6vWt; TO np60'I1tJo TOU U2CU2 YlveTCI geTIK6.

13) An6 Til gewPl10'11 TOU axlltJaTOC; npoxurrrei 11 O'XEO'I1 Cu = U - WO'uvl3. y) H POll tJo~at; TOU peUaTOU eK4>p6~eTal onv POll 6YKOU an6 Til O'XEO'I1:

V = WInD Bl1tJl3)

60

orrou: V = po~ OYKOU,

D = 61C1IJETPO~ TOU TPOXOU KaJ

B = TO f3a80c; Tile.; OXIlIJOTI~OIJEVIlC; ana TO rrrspuvm TOU TPOXOU OUhOKOe.; (Ka8ETa npoe.; Til D).

6) A evepYElo OTIl 1J0VaOO TaU Xp6vou rrou OfVETOI ana Til oxeoll (3.1) rporrorroreircn OE Olo$opa meoEwv, av nOMOnAOOlaOOIJE KOI TO 600 lJeAIl TIl~ enl p/m, a-

nou P Elver Il nUKVOTIlTO TOU pEUOTOU. .

'ETa! KaMyolJE OTIl oxeOIl:

ri1U

~P=pU2 _

nDBE$f3

H oxeOIl OUT~ ouv6eel 'rrtv UljJWOIl meOEW~ ~p KOI Til PO~ lJa~oc,; TOU PEUOTOU m YIO oE6oIJeVIl TOXUTIlTO U KOI YEWlJeTpio TaU OTPO$E[OU (B, D, e$f3). ~IEUKPIVi~ETal on 11 ywvio 13 sivm iOIl npo~ Til ywvio nou OXIlIJOTi~ouv TO CKPO TWV rrrspuYlOOEWV TOU OTpO$eiOU KOI Tile; E$OmOlJeVIle; OTIlV nEpl<t>epEIO TOU (OX. 3.30) (YIO OKTlvIKee; nTepuylOoEIe.; eXOIJE 13 = 90°). An6 Til OXeoll (3.2) npOKumouv TO E~~e;:

a) YnapXEI ypOIJIJIK~ OxeOIlIJETa~U UljJlOOEWe; meoewe; (~P) KOI po~e; lJa~oe.; (rh), (3) EmTpenETol 0 npooOloplolJae; TWV anWAEtlOV meoEw~ (~P) nou OIlIJIOUPYOUVTOI KOTa Til olEAeuoll TaU PEUOTOU ona TOV TPOXa oov OUVOPTIlOIl Tile,; po~e.;.

Y) ETTITpenETal a npo061op101J6e; TWV onwAEllOv meoEWe; (~P) OE OUV6PTIlOll Tile.; po~e.;, aTOV uero f3aMETo I napOIJETplKa 11 TOXlmlm nEpIOTpO<t>~~ U.

Ie O,TI o<t>opa TIe.; onlOhEtEe; TTleoewe; (~P). OUTee; unOOlalpOUVTOI OE Mo Kupiwe; KOTllyopiee;. rTIlV rrpdrrq aV~KOUV 01 onlOhEIEC; nou elval 1J1l6ev OTOV OEV U$IOTOTal po~ KOI au~ovouv IJE OUT~ (ouv~8we; av6hoya IJE TO rerpnvurvo TIl~ pofl~). ITIl 6euTEPIl KOTllyopia aV~Kouv 01 anlOAEIEe.; nou unapxouv oVE~6pTIlTO ana TO noon TIl~ por,e; KOI 01 orrolec ouvfl9we; EAoXIOTonOlouVTal nAllolov Tile.; nEpIOX~e.; hEITOUpyioc,; TOU IJllxavrllJaTOC;. rTO OX~lJa 3.3OT <t>a[VOVTOI TO OUO eiOIl anwhellOv cre ouvopmall IJE Til PO~ Ka9lOe.; Kat TO 69polof,lO TOUe; nou OiVEI Til OUVohIK~ onwhEla oe auvdprnon IJE Til po~.

(3.2)

Po~

IX.3.3C1T.

Ei6" IlITW ..... EIWV.

61

AEYOVTOe, onwAera. TTlEOewe, (b.P)' !..IE TrW EVVOIa TTOU XPllor.IJOnoreiTar eow 0 0- poC;, evvoo U IJ e Til oracpopa eTTlMoewv Til e, npOYIJOTr Kr']e, IJ IlXOV rlC; OTT6 E Keivll TTOU 8eWPI1TIKO UTToAoVI~ETOI 6TI Ba ETTpene va Elxe. 'ETOI, 11 8ewPIlTIKr; olocpopa TTlEoewv (b.P) pnopel va nopouTOBel onv euBeio ypalJlJr;, evw 11 npaYlJaTIKrl onv KOj,JnuA., TTOU TTpoKumel OTTO TI1V euBeio lJe ocpoipEOIl Tile, OUVoAIKI'Je, KO.I-JITuAIlC; OTTUJAEIWV TOU UXr;IJOTOe, 3.3OT.

HAoc" 80 TTpenel vc ollj,Jelw8Ef 6TI:

0) H par; eival ovaJ\oYIl T"e, oxeTIKf]c; TOxuTllTac; W.

13) H olocpopa TTlEOEWV (b.P) IJ ETa l3a MeTa I 6TTWe, TO TETpayWvo Tile, oxeTIKr;C; TO.XUTI'lme, W.

V) rVWpi~OVTOC; Til XOPOKTIlPI.OTIKrl AEIToupyioC; (b.P) - por'] VIa OEOOIJEV.1'l TOXUTIlTa Ws , lJe1360ll T1'1 OUVO.I.JIKrl o 1..1 01 ornrc , I3piOKETOI 11 XOPOKTIlPIUTIKr1 AEITOUpyioe, nou OVTIUTOIxel oe OIO$OPETIKf] TOXUrl1TO W.F , onwe, cpoiveTOI UTO OXr1lJO 3.311. 01

l6€:a[~. 61~a fH(Oe:WV I:J P t ~.~

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i;l

Ix. 3.3t.

LXEOfj pori ~ Kal arn'-tI\Ela~ ITIEOEW~.

Po~

cs~p

Us

F o 3 "30- r:

Ix. 3.311.

nn'-tofj TlIEOEW~ VloaMov~ TQXUT!')TO~.

nMpe.r.c,; YPOJ,JJ,JEC; slvcn KOI.JITuAec,; rrou QVTIUTOIXOUV OE 010$OpeTlKEr:, TOXUTIlTEC; W IJE Myo 0,8 xnl 0,9 we, rrpoe, uic TOxuTIlTO ova$opac;, evw or orOKEKOIJIJEVec; (vpalJ!..Irl AA'A") elvor KQllnuAer:, OT08eprlr:, anoMoEwe,. 01 enrMoEIe, Ev6r:, cpuyoKEVTprKou OUIJTTlEUTr'] pnopouv va nopaOT080uv KOTO TToMoue, TPOTTOUe" rreprccorepo oraoeOOIlEVOe, oj.JwC; elvar OUTOe, TOU OXrlj.JOTOe, 3.38.

62

4~--~----~--~----~----~-·----~--------~--~·

'-" o

:>

~ 2r----+--~~--~~~~~~~~4+----+_--~

0.7

7

B

1

o

2

3

4

5

6

'Onw~ ¢lo.ive.TOI, 0'1 KOI.mulle~ TI1~ 6Ia¢lapa~ mEO'EW~ (ap) KOI Tau ~o8lJau O'na66- UEW~ elvm TIl~ 16to~ 1J0P¢l~~ 6nw~ aUTE~ nou E~ET60'811Kav npal1yoUIJEVW~ (O'X. 3.311), av KOI lJeTO~U TWV Ma O')(l1lJaTwV 3 .. 311 KOI 3.38 unapxauv OrHJOVTtd:~ 610- ¢lO'pE.~. KaT' oPX~v EXOUV XPl1ullJOnat·fl8ei 6ta¢lapeTIKE~ O'UVTEToVIJEve~, OVTi 6flAO- 6~ Tfl~. 6ta¢lopa~ ntEO'ElIlV lap) crrov 6~O'vo TWV TETOYIJEVWV EXEt TeBel a A6yo~ OlEoewv e~66ou - et066O'u KOI ovrl TI1<,; pon<,; XPI10tIJO'nO'Ieiroi 11 O'volJa~6lJevl1 nopalJeTpO~ pcn~ nou cpf~eTat an6 Tfl aXE all:

Ix. 3.36.

Xopo Icrlj P ion KE S KO ~ TTU ,I.E ~ ~uyo KE VTplK 0 U au IJTII EOT fl.

nop6lJeTpa~ pan~ (n.p.) =

BT'!· p

orrou: B = po~ ~apou~

p = rrtsen ela66au KOt

T =on6huTI"] BEPlJaKpOaio Ela66au,

TO' U'lIJOVT1K6TEPO O'Tolxeio TCU axl'llJoTo<,; 3.38 elvol q heyolJEvl1 O'PIOKI'I YPoIJIJn aO'Ta8cu~lacpponio~ (surge line). AUTr'] nOplO'TaVETOIIJE 610KEKOIJIJEVI"] YPOlJlJtl xm anaTEA.Ei TO' aplO'TEpO 6pIC TWV KalJnUAWV TaU axI'lIJOTc~. napl.O'TO: 6E TO' YEWIJETPIKO Tono TWV O'rllJEilllv Yla TO' orroie 0 Myo~ OIeaewv KOI 11 nOpCIJETPO~ pon~ 6EV aUIJ~I~a~OVTal IJETa~U TCU~ KOI 1'1 AEITOUpyio TOU IJI1XOVi')IJOTO~ Ko8rO'TOTOI oO'TaBI'}C;. 80pul3w611~ KOIIEAIKa EOIKlv6uvl1.

H OPIOKt1 OUTf] YPOIJIJt1 auv.,8w~K08cpl~ETQI ElJnElplKc ., nEI.pOIJOT1KC KOI nrtoTEAd arHJOVTIK6 O'TOIXE!C TWV 610YPOIJI.ICTWV AEITOupyfa.C; TWV O'TpO~IAO'IJIlXOvwV. ITO ax.nlJO 3.31 4lalvcVTOI 01 XOpOKTl']pIOTIKe~ AEITO'upyio~ Ev6~ cMau O'UjJntEO'Ttl OE C~OVEC; aUVTEToYjJEVWV hlya 610410PETIKOU~ on6EKEivO'uc; TOU rrpoqvouuevou oXr'lIJOTO~, lJeO'uvenel.a Til 610¢lOPETIKi') KAlall TWV K0l-mUAWv.

Av KOI I'l KOTOO'KEUt1 TOU 4lUYCKEVTPIKOU OUlJntEO'Ti') 6EV Elval 6uaxepfJc;, q ov6y-

ynOMNHMA U2 • TaxU1l)la O1po<DtiOU IJt Tto!ha /s.ec ---+-----+--hf-----cf--r-n----I A 1 ~ EIt\opQ:vcta (loOooU 01 P"'Ilt 10\1 at

t(lpo.y. iVlOq;

PI"nioTj C;\oo/iou cc PSi P2=n1<:Ol] XQ1a8-hi~w!; O( PSi TI =9qll,loxpaOla ((oo/iO\.l oR W : Bapo!; po~o;; LB/s.ec e =-A/i,al3anx~ aTto/iooll CTti lOt~

£xa10

63

2.0 --

0.10

0.20

0.45

0.25 - 0.30

0.35

0.40

napO.llnpoo;; PO~t;; W If; PI Al

EX·3;3!.

XapOKTr)pICTTIKE<"; KQ~nU"E~ "EITOllPvIQ~ aUI,ITTlEQTf].

KIl ~rnTE u~ewc; U4JIlAwv Mvwv rneaEWV ICO I I,JEV6Awv J30S IJ WV anoMaEWe; ICOS laTa nOAUnAoKIl Til axe6ioOl'l TOUe;. H noAunAoK6TIlTO Tile; axe6laaEWe; O¢'EiAETOI oro VEyov6C; 6T1 11 OUVOAIKrl Enl6001l KOI on66oall TaU aUI,JTIlEaTrl 6EV E.~OPTaTOIIJ6vo on6 Til j3EATlO"TonoiIlO"Il Tile; ano66aEwc; TWV Enl I,JEPOUC; TlJlllJlhwVTOU,o)J.6 KOI on6 TIlIJETa~tJ TWV 610$6pwv TjJJW6TWV aMIlAoenl6pooll. nepo on6 oUT6, 01 ou~qlJeVeC; ouv8~Kec; KOTo.novf]oEwC; TWVTIJIl1J6TWV TaU OUI.lTIl.EOTrl aUVIlVOpOUV Via TOV OKPIj3f] unOAOVIOIJ6TWV T6aEWV AEITOUPVloC;, nou o¢,EIAoVTOI T600 O"TIC; Ull-IIlMC; rrspl¢tEpelod.c; TOXUTIlTEC; (6vw TWV 2100 n06wv ova 6EUT.), 600 KOI O"TIC; u4JIlMC; 8epPoKpooiec;. ITO axf]jJo 3.310 nopoual6~oVTol 610VPOjJIJOTIKa 01 T6aEIC; OUTee; KOI, 6nwc; 610rnaTWVeTOI, nAllala~ouv To6pI0 aVToxf]C; EmIJIlKuVOEwe; TOO UAIKOO.

IUVKpITIK6 IJE TO OUIJTIl.EO"Tf] O~OVIKf]C; pof]c;, nou nepIvp6¢1ETOI nopOKCTW, a ¢luYOKEVTPIK6C; aUIJTIlEOTf]C; nopOUO"Ia~EI TO nopOKCTW nAEOVEKTf]POTO KOI pel.OVEKTf]fJOTO.

aJ nA€OVEK1I1para.

- AnAOUOTEp.1l Kol TIl6 OUlJnavf]C;KOTQaKEuf].

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- nopou0I6~EI EupUTEprl nEploxf] EUOT08ouc; rooooorrloc AEITOUpyloC;.

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- EivOi cp8I1VOTepOe;.

PJ ME/OVEKTqpara.

- 'Exel XOjJl1AOTEPO l309jJo onooooews.

- 'Exel oxeTIKCt jJeYOAUTepl1 OltljJeTpo crpooetoo.

- tJ.ev elvOi eUKoAI1 11 npooupuovn TOU oe noAMs !309jJfoee;.

- H rTOpOX1Kr; TOU IKOVOTIlTO (por; oepc) elvoi cxeTIKCt jJlKpoTepfl.

3.4 Iu ... nIEOTec;;, a~ovIKilc;; poilc;;.

rTOUt; oUjJTIleaTes O~OV1Kr;e; pons, onw,> cpavepwvel Kalil ovopcclo TOUe;, TO peuaTO KlvEiTal KOTO TOV O~OVO Tile; wlXovns crrnv nep1oxf) TOU xwpou nou KomhojJj3ovouv TO K1VllTtl rrrepuvro. ollAoori jJETO~U KIVIlTOU (rotor) KOI OKivIlToU (stator) jJepouc, rTO oxrijJo 3.40 CPOiVOVTOI TO noponavw TjJf)jJOTO TIlS jJllxovriS e~opjJoojJevo, EVW aTO oxr;jJo 3.413 CPOfVETOI eYKOTamooll oeplompol3iAou jJe ouurneorn O~OVIKr;e; paris KOI E~OPIJOalJevo TO KEAU$oe; TaU.

H OIOOpOjJr; Tfle; pori,> onoTeAeiTol ono opl9IJo l308IJiowv (11 l308IJioo crrorsxslTOlono ulo neplcpepeloKri oElpa KlvllTWV KOI TIlV oVTimolXIl oelp6 OKIVr;TWV mepu-

65

IX. 3.40.

IUlJmeC1T~C; a~ovIK~C; po~C;.

yiwv), Kclge I..Ila ana TIe; onolec au~avel 61a60XIKa TrJV nleo'1 TOU 6lepx0l..levou aepa. 'EKToe; ana TIe; l3a9I..1i6ee;, '1 6la6pol..l~ TWV aepfwv neplAal..ll3avel Kat T'1 61060 TOUe; l..Ieow 06'1YIlTlKWV aKlv~TwV mepuyfwv, Kupiwe; rrprv ana TIlV eio060 Kat l..IeTa T'1V e~060 ana TIe; l3a9I..1i6ee;. 0 apl9l..1oe; TWV l3a91..116wv auv~9we; elvOI l..IevaAlhepoe; ana e~1 (6) Kal I..IIKpOTepOe; an6 EIKOOI (20). npaVl..la nou e~apT6Tat ana TOV em9ul..IllTO Mvo meoewv R Kal TIlV aEp06uval..llK~ oxe6faoll TWV rrrepuvfurv.

o OUl..lmeOT~e; a~ovIK~e; po~e; elval l3aolKa I..IllxaVlll..la OTa9Ep~e; po~e; aVKOU, 6'1- Aa6~ 11 po~ e~apTaTat KUpIWe; ana Tie; OTpO<l>ee; xm elval ave~clpTIlTIl ana TOUe; AOInoue; napavoVTEe;, anwe; elvrn n.x. 0 Mvoe; meoewv.

Mia OTolxelw61le; aVclAU0'1, 6nwe; 11 aVTfOTolXIl Via TOUe; <l>uvoKeVTpIKOUe; ouurneOTee;, enE~llvel TIe; KUpIOTEpee; nOIOTIKee; 6la<l>opee; l..IeTa~u TWV Mo el6wv ouurneOTWV. 'Erot, ~eKlvWVTOe; ana Til OXeoll (3.1) Kal I..IE Til 130~9Ela TOU OX~l..IaTOe; 3.4y, eX0l..le:

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(eneI6~ 11 C, elval KaTa TIlV a~ovIK~ 61eu9uvoll CUI = 0)

m PCA=T

xm, TeAIKcl, aVclAova l..Ie Til OXeOIl (3.2) eX0l..le: mU 6P=pU2_ --Ae<l>l3

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66

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Ix· 3AP.

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IX. 3Ay.

II.r6YPO>lllO TOXUT~TWV cuurnecrn O~OVIK~S po!')C;.

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ITO crX~lJa 3.46 TTOpoual6~eTal 11 KalJnUAI1 61acpop6e; ",ecrewv (AP) Via Eva crUIJnrecrT~ a~ovIK~e; po~e; Kal iJlae; iJ6vo TaXUTI1Tae; AeIToupyloC;. II1IJe1a nou xpel6~oVTOI oleuKp1vlcrl1 elvrn ro aK6Aou9a:

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68

v) H EVTOVa apvllTIK~ KAloll Till) KalJnUAll1) elvm cpavEp~.

6) 'Orcv 11 po~ Kalil UljJWOIl mEOEWI) elvm KaTo TI jJIKp6TEPEI) an6 TIl) OVOjJaOTIKEe; TljJEI) 1 00%, napou0I6~ETal aOTa9~1) «roopporrlo» OTIl AEITouPvia TOU OUjJTIlEOT~, jJE onorexeouc nn.iJOIl Tile; (~P) KOI jJIl6EVlojJ6 Till) PO~I). To CPOlv6jJEVO ooslAETOI OTOV KaAoujJEvO anoxwplojJ6 pO~1) (separation of flow)* KOI EivOI aVOAOVO Tile; anwAElal) OTllpi~EWe; (stall) nou UCPiOTOVTOI TO oeponMvo. H nEpIOX~ Till) aOTa90uI) aUT~1) roopporrlcc napOUOIo~ETal jJE 61aKEKOjJjJEVIl vpajJjJ~ OTO oX~jJa 3.46.

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a) 01 KajJnuAEI) jJETOl3oMI) Till) TIlEOEWe; (~P) OE OUVOPTIlOIl jJE TIlV TOXUTIlTa rropOUOIO~OUV nEplOOOTEPO on6TOjJIl KAioll on' O,TI OTIlV rreplrrruron TOU CPUVOKEVTPOU OUjJmEOT~.

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6) To OE~16 OPIO TWV KajJnuAwv TOU oX~jJaTOI) anoTEAEi 11 oploKIi KOjJnuAIl onoTOjJOU KpaoaojJou (shock limit). AUT., EivOI 0 VEWjJETPIK61) TOnOI) TWV OlljJEiwv jJEVIOTIle; EmTpEn6jJEVIle; pO~1) Via 6EoojJEVIl OVUljJWOIl mEOEWI) (~P) ~ 6EOOjJEVO Mvo OUjJTIlEOEWe; R. To CPOlv6jJEVO EivOI anOTEAEOjJO Tile; aOuvol..liae; au~tiOEwe; Tile; potie; KOI Tile; TouTOXPOVIle; 61ljJlouPViol) IOXUPWV KPOOOOjJwv, OTOV TO KIVOUI..IEVO PEUOT6 CP900EI TIlV TOXUTIlTa TOU Ilxou. BE13010, TO CPOlv6jJEVO aUT6 urropet va rrcpcrnpn- 9Ei KOI OE CPUVOKEVTPOUI) OUjJTIlEOTEc;. oAM 11 EI..ICPOVloll TOU EivOI TIlO ouvIl9EOTEPIl KOI nEplOOOTEPO aVEm9ujJIlTIl OTOUe; OUjJmEOTEI) a~OVIK"1) POIlI).

To ol6cpopa EiOIl OUjJTIlEOTWV a~ovIKtiC; pO';1) 6loxwpi~OVTOI ouv';9we; l..IeTO~U TOUI) ov6Aovo jJE TO rrooooro UljJWOEWI) Till) TIlEOEWI) (~P) rrou 611 1..1 IOU PVEiTOI OE K69E 1309jJi6a TOU KlvllTOU (rotor) KOI TOU oKiVIlTOU (stator) TI..I';jJOTOI).

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Ba91lf6EC; aUIlTTlEOTWV a~OVIKrlC; POrlc;.

Ba81116a tTUIIII~i"pIK"~ po"~

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71

ana TOV 6~ova) OTO KIVIlT6 Kal cxtvrrro T~~~a Tile; ~ae~i6ae; Kal VI' aUT6 ro Tpivwva TaXUT~TwV eival aOU~~ETpa.

8a81116a rup/JtiJ6ou, poll, (II0ttex).

I' aUT~. opi(ETal 6TI Il vwvlaK~ nooornm Tile; KIV~OEWe; (op~~e;) K6eE T~~~aTOe; TOU peuOTOU napa~Evel OTOeep~. To Ei60e; aUT6 Tile; po~e; exel We; anoTeAeo~a ~IKpOTepee; anwAEIEe; Kal U'lJIlMTepOUe; ~ae~Oue; ano66oewe;. Iuv~ewe; cnorrel ~EvaMTEPO aple~6 ~ae~i6wv an6 6.TI 01 6Mol TUnOI. MnopEi va eewPlleEi we; ~Ia e161- K~ rreplrrnoon aou~~eTPIle; po~e;.

ria OUVKPIOIl. Via va EmTeuXeei 6e60~evll TI~~ TOU Mvou ou~meoEWe;. analrouvnn 14.24 Kal 31 ~ae~i6Ee; Via TIlV rreplrrnoon OU~~ETPIK~<;' aou~~ETPIle; Kal Tup~w60ue; po~e; cvrlororgc. 01 oUVXPOVOI aEploOTp6~IAol KaTaoKEu6(oVTal Kam TETOIO rporro nou va ouv6u6(ouv TOV u'lJIlM ~ae~6 an066oEWe; TWV ~ae~i6wv Tup~w60ue; po~e; KOI ouvxp6vwe; va EmTuvx6vouv TIe; U'IJIlAee; m~oEIe; TWV ~ae~i- 6wv ou~~eTPIle; Kal aou~~eTPIle; po~e;.

IE o.n a~op6 Til OXE6iaoll. Eva an6 rc oo~ap6TEpa npo~M~aTa eival 11 onoeuV~ unep~opTwoeWe; TWV rrrepuvkov, Kal Kupiwe; TWV KIVIlTWV. KaeWe; Kal Il 6AIl oxe6iao~ TOUe;. WOTE va IKavonolouVTal 01 aK6AoueEe; aMIlAoouVKpou6~Evee; anaIT~oele;:

lllaT~Plloll Tile; ~op~~e; 6nwe; Eml36METal an6 TIlV aEp06uva~IK~ npoe; EniTEU~1l ~eVIOTIle; an066oEWe;.

Ano~uv~ u'IJIlAwv KaTanov~oEwV.

lluvaToTIlTa eUKoAIle; KaTaoKEU~e;.

ria Til OXE6iaoll Kal KaTaoKeu~ TWV ouVXp6vwv aEploOTpO~iAwv XPIlOI~Orroiouvrm KaT6MIlAa a~lonolll~eva Kal npcccpuoousvc ro ouurrepccucrc nou npOKUnTOUV an6 rnv ~pEuva Tile; aEpovaunllV1K~e; Kal TOU 6IaOT~~OTOe;. 'OAa rn rrrepuvrc n.x. ~Xouv aepOTo~ee; (TO~~ 90° npoe; TIlV KaTaK6pu~0) Tile; oelp6e; NASA ~ 6Mwv. av6AoVIle; Tunonol~oEw<;, ~ Via TIlV KaTaoKEu~ TOUe; eupurnm XPIlOI~OnOIOUVTal ~eTaMoKp6~aTa. Ta onoia npwTIl ~op6 Eixav XPllol~onollleei OTIlV KaTaoKEu~ aeponMvwv ~ 6IaOTIl~onAoiwv.

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'Onwe; KOI 01 ou~mEOTee; ETOI KOI 01 oTp6~IAol 610KpivOVTOI OE 6uo ~OOIKEe; KOTIlVopiEe;:

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72

AKTIVIK~~ po~~' AEITOUPYOUV j.lE Tl"IV 1010 Opxn, onw~ KOI 01 ¢lUYOKEVTPIKOI OUfJTTleOTE~ (oAllo KaT' OVTiO"TpO¢lO Tpono).

A~oVIK~~ por']~' EVTEAw~ OVCiAOYOI TWV 1010r;; ovoucofcc OUj.lTTleOTWV.

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H Xpr']O'l OTpol3fAwv aKTIIIIKti~ pof]~ EXEI nEpiopI08Ei of]j.lepo OTIr;; VOUTlKe~ EYKOTOOTOOEIr;;, j.lOVO OE 130'l8'lTlKE<; XP~OEI~ fJIKPI'JC; mnOOUVOj.lEW~. 01 OTpol3lAol OUrol Eivol KOTOOKEUOOTIKO ncpopmot npoc:; TOUe:; ¢lUYOKEVTpOUe:; OUj.lTTlEOTEc;. EVW TO KouooeplO EKTOVWVOVTOI KOT{x T'lV ewOIo T'lr;; OKTivo<; rrpoc TO j.leoo, rrpoc TO j.lepoe:; TOU 6~ova. ITO crxI'Jj.lO 3.50 ¢loivETOI 'l TOj.lf] OTpo131Aou OKTIVIKI'J~ pof]e:; IJE TOV OVTtOTOIXO ¢lUYOKEVTPO OUj.lTTlEOTf] TOU.

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IX. 3.50.

ITp613IAoc; a~ovIK~C; po~<; ~E TO CIluy6KEVTpO cuumecrn TOU.

01 OTPOl3lAol a{OIlIKq~ pof]c;, E~ETO~OIJEVOI orro K080po oXE610OTIKrl nAEUp{x, OIOKpfvOVTOI OE UfllllAq~ ell~pYEla~ paSp/6a KOI XaPIIAq, ElltpYEla~ paBII/6a. Ana OUTOUr;;, 01 rrpdrror o~lonolouv T'lV lIlOTI8ej.lEV'l EvepYElo TWV xuuoueplurv OE noM MYEe:; l308j.1foec:; ulIH1Ar'1C; 'roxuTIlTO~, j.lE onoTeAEoj.lO j.lEyoA'l 8Epj.lIKfJ rrrurcn ov{x 130- 8j.1ioo KOI XOj.l'lMTepe~ 8EPIJOKpoofEe:;.

01 oeuTEpol exouv neploooTepec; 13081J10E<; XOIJ'lMTEP'lC; TaXUT'lTOr;;, j.lIKpOTEP'lC; 8epj.lIKI'Jc; mwoewr;; ov{x 1308j.1160 KOI UIV'lAoTepWv 8epIJOKpOOlWV AEIToupyloC;.

IXETIKr'i lJe TO noponovw ElvOI KOI 'l XP'lOlI.JOnof'lo'l TOU opou T'lr;; «EIOIKf]r;; TOXUT'1T09> K08wC; KOI '1 ETTlAOyr']IJE l3oo'l OUTf) TOU l3eATIOTou (optimum) runou erpostAou YIO Ko8e XPr']OIl. H «EIOIKf] TOXUTIlTO» (specific speed) OTIl yevlKoTepll )JOP¢lr'i T'1<; OIVETOI ana T'1 oxeoll:

73

N rv:: __

v'sio

8= ----

onou: 8 = EIOIK~ TaXllTrlTC,

N = OTpocpee; avo "Erno,

V = po~ 6VKOU oepiwv (KU~IKC noolo ova oeuTepMerno ft3. sec-' ), H = OT~Ml OOla~oTIK~e; EKTovwcrEwe; cre n6010 KOI

e = ~o8fJoe; 0010130TIK~e; ono66crewe;.

1:TO crxlifJo 3.513 nopOUO'IO\OVTOI XOPOKTIlPIOTIKES KOfJnU"Ee; 1308fJoU orroeocrews, avcAova fJe TI1V EIOIK~ TOXUTI1TO 8 VIO TO OICCPOpO efol1 OTpol3iAWV.

'Eror, Via OeOOfJEVO npol3Al1fJO, EivOI YVWOTO TO olacpopo OTOIxeia an6 TO onoia E~OPT6:TOI fl EIOIK~ TOXUTI1TO. Ko8iOTOTOI Aornov OUVOTOe; 0 unOAOVlcr1J6e; Tfle; TIIJIie; Tile; errors. ono OUT~V, TO ErOOe; TOU OTpO~rAOU nou 80 enrAEYEi rrpoxurrret an6 TO OVWTEPW axfUJo. 'Av n.x. 8=1, T6Te 0 OTp6~IAOe; a~ovIKIie; polie; op6crewe; Mo ~o- 8IJiowv Curtis Exel TO IJEyoMTEpO ~o8fJo ano66crewe;, evw Via 8=5 crUVIOTOTOI 11 XPllcrllJOno[llafl OTpo~IAOU a~ovIK~e; pof]e; fJE ~a6lJo oVTlopacrewe; 0,5. 8IeUKplvi~eTal 6n 0 XPIlO'lIJOnOIOUfJEVOe; crov 6~ovae; TWV TeTaVfJEVWV ~06fJ6e; 6EPIJ00UVaIJIK~e; ono66crewe; Exel crxeTIK~ o~ia, VIOTI 0 l3a6fJoe; anoo6crewe; K6Be OTpol3rAou e~opT6- TOlono TO IOIOiTEPO xapaKTI1PIOTIK6 crxeol6crewe; KOI KOTocrKEulie; TOU .

100 •
80
Qj
r="
g 60
<0
'0
~
or="
><! 40
;:::
.i
d
.0
<I: 50% t---+1t---f=-..-.,b'-=.:: Agovl1t~ UV1iOpaoll" 0 ( OTpO f3 lAO!; 5pQo£w~ )

A"lC.llVIK~!; PO~!;

A~OVI"K~ UVT11lpaall 0

LlpO(3,XOI; IlIltAli!; o£tpQ!; Curtis

o._--~----~--~----~----~--~

o 2 3 4

5

6

IX·3.5p.

KOIJTTUAE<; oTTo66C1EW<; ov6Aoya IJE rnv EI6IK~ TOXUTr"lTO.

3.5.1 161aiTEpa xapaKTf/plUTIK6 UTpoPIAwv I/aUTIKWII EYKaToUT6aEwlI.

Av Kal un6pxouv nOAAEe; 0IJoI6TIlTEe; I..IETa~u arpol3'Awv KCI OTI.IOOTPOl3iAwv rooo an6 TI1V nAeup6 crxeol6crEwe; Kal KOTacrKeUrlS 6cro Kalona TI1V nAeup6 xapOKTI1pl-

74

OTIKWV AeITOUPVioe;;, UTTapxOUV eTTralle;; KOI amJOVTIKEe;; 610<l>opee;; KOI 16101Tep6TIlTee;; TOU Kage eiooue;;. YTTev9ufJi~eTOI 11 OVTIOloaTOM fJeTO~U OTpoj3iAOU, OeploOTpOj3rAOU KOI OTfJOOTPOj3iAOU TTOU opia91lKe OTO TTPOIlVOUfJevo.

'ETO"I, 0 OTp6j3IAOe;; TTOU XPIlO"lfJOTTolei KOUaOeplO aav gepfJoOUVOfJIK6 fJeao 610- <l>epel oTT6 TOV OTfJOOTp6j3IAO KUprWe;; OTO UAIK6 KOToaKeu~e;; TWV rrrepuvkov, OTOUe;; Tp6TTOUe;; KOI TO fJeaO OTTOVWv~e;; Tile;; cvorrruocouevnc 9EPfJ6TIlTOe;;, OTIe;; gepfJlKee;; KOTOTTOV~aEIe;; KOI OTIe;; TTPOKOAOUfJEVee;; OTT6 OUTee;; gepfJlKEe;; TTOPOfJOp<I>waele;; TWV OTolxeiwv Tile;; KOTOaKeU~e;;, OTO fJevoMTepo 0P19fJ6 KOI TO fJEve90e;; TWV rrrspuvhov KOI npoouofuiv OTT6 TO orrolo 61EPxeToi 11 TToM fJeVOMTepll TToa6TIlTo TOU gepfJo- 6UVOfJIKOU fJeaou, K09we;; KOI ae aMo allfJeio.

01 j300"lKee;; oTToIT~aele;; eivOi rrsptrrou KOlvee;;, 61lA06~ fJIKp6 j3apoe;; KOToaKeu~e;; KOI, 6ao eivol 6UVOT6, fJlKp6e;; 6VKOc;;, U4JIlMe;; j309fJ6e;; oTToMaewe;;, IKov6TIlTO AelTOUPVrOe;; ae U4JIlAee;; gepfJOKpoaiee;; VIO fJevaAO XPovlKa OIOaT~fJOTO, o~IOTTIaTio ern AelTouPvio KOI eUKoAIl aUVT~Pllall.

ATT6 TO fJeXPI aTIVfJ~e;; OTTOTeAEafJOTO TWV aTPOj3iAWV TTOU EXOUV XPIlalfJOTTOl1lgei ornv TTpa~1l roeo VIO VOUTIK~ 6ao KOI VIO oepOTToplK~ Kupiwe;; xp~all, EXEI KOT06elX9Ei 6TI 0 PU9fJIOTIK6e;; TTopaVOVTOe;; Tile;; aUVTIlP~aeWe;; KOI Tile;; eVEPVOU XPIlO"lfJOTTol~aeWe;; TWV oeploOTpoj3iAwv eivOi 11 61apKei0 ~w~e;; TWV rrrepuvluiv TWV aTpoj3iAWV, 11 orrolc e~opTaTol OTT6 TO eiooe;; TOU UAIKOU KOToaKEU~e;; TOUe;; KOI OTT6 Til gepuoxpoofo T3 ela660u TWV xououepkov aTO aTp6j3IAO (KOTa ovrlorpoon axe all).

o K090plafJ6e;; TOU UAIKOU KOTOaKeu~e;; TWV TTTepuviwv e~opT6Tol OTT6 TIe;; IOlofTepee;; OTTOIT~aele;; Kage TTpoj3MfJOTOe;; ae auv6uoafJ6 TTpOe;; TIe;; TTpoa<l>ep6fJevee;; 6uvoT6TIlTee;; TOU UAIKOU, o<l>OU AIl<l>90uv UTT64J1l Kupiwe;; 01 oK6Aougee;; IOI6TIlTee;; TOU:

ETTi6poall Tile;; gepfJOKpOaioe;; aTO opro fJIlXOVIK~C; 610ppo~e;;.

- EpTTuafJ6e;; (fJeToj3oA~ fJ6vlfJlle;; TTOPOfJOP<l>waewe;; ae auvapTllall fJe TO xp6- vo).

- Ixeall TWV opiwv 6Iappo~e;; KOI epouaewe;;.

AVTOX~ ae oTT6TOfJec; fJIlXOVIKee;; KOI 9EpfJIKEe;; KOToTTov~aele;; (shock). - AVTOX~ ae auv9~KEe;; 610j3PWTIKOU TTEpi j3aMoVToe;;.

- AVTOX~ ae Kp060afJouc;.

'OTTWe;; OVO<l>ep91lKE ~61l, fJE TIlV oU~llall Tile;; 9EPfJOKpoaioe;; ela600u TWV KOUaoepiwv T3 aTO OTp6j3IAO, eAoTTwveTol 11 olapKelo ~w~r; TWV rrrepuvlurv. E~ aMou aTO ~euTEpo Ke<l>aAOIo, rrspl gePfJIKWV KUKAWV, exel aTT06elxgei 6TI 0 eepfJlK6e;; j309fJ6e;; oTT066aewe;; TOUr; e~pTOTOI EVTOVO OTT6 Til gepfJOKpoaio T3 KOI ou~avel fJe OUT~V. rl' OUT6 Koi ouvrcrcrct 11 KOTa T6 6UVOT6v OU~llall Tile;; T3. H Kouall TWV XPllalfJOTTOloufJevwv u6poVoVOVepaKwv ae eVKOTOaTaaele;; oeploaTpoj3iAwv TTPOKOAei 61lfJlouPVio gePfJoKpaalwv 35000 - 4000°F, evw TO 610TleEfJeVO UAIKa KOTOaKeu~e;; 6ev ouvrorenn vo eKTigeVTOI auvexwe;; ae gepfJOKpoaiee;; TTOU ~eTTepvouv TOUe;; 1800°F.

riO fJeplK~ cvnuenlrmon TOU TTpoj3MfJOTOC; OUTOU, EVO fJevaAO rrocoorc TOU XPIlO"lfJOTTOlllfJEVOU oTT6 rnv eVKOTaaTOall OEPO 6laTreeTOI, 6TTWe;; 90 eTTe~IlVlleei OTO axeTIK6 fJe TOUe;; eoMfJoue; KouaeWe; Ke<l>aAolo, VIO vo 4Ju~el TO gepfJa TTpo'i6VTa Tile; KaUaeWe;.

IUfJTTepOafJOTIKO, Eva aTT6 rc fJevaAUTEpa TTpoj3MfJOTa ern XPllalfJOTTOil")al") TWV OEPIOaTpoj3iAWV eivol I") E~EupEall UAIKWV ~ KOI fJee66wv 4JU~eWr; TTOU eo Ko91- aTOUV 6UVOT~ Til XPllalfJoTToil")all U4JIlAOTepwv gepfJOKpOalwvT3 ela660u TWV KOU-

75

aOEpiwv OTO OTp613IA.0, WOTE va I31i'ATlw8Ei 0 13081-16C; on066oEwC; KOI 11 EIOIK~ IOXUe; TOU. H npo0116BEI0 TWV E.16IKWV OTPECPETOI np6e; TftV EUPEla E.nIOTIlJ,lovIKft ePEUVO yla rnv qJu~1l TWV rrrepuvuov TWV OTpol3lAwv. MeTO~U TWV 61Ocp6pwv rpomov WU~EWI) TTOU E~ETC]~OVTal ftKOI EcpoPIJ6~OVTOI. ft61l TTEPIAop136vOVTOI 11 .KOTOOKEuft xolAwv TTTEpl!i9Iwv, 11 E.TTI¢!OVEIOKft q.IIJ~1l TWV TTTEpUyiwv TTEplcpepEIOKO ft 11 TTOPElJl3oAr'j 1,j,IUKTIKOU l-IeOW nopwOOue; UAIKOU KOTOOKEufte; TWV rrrepuvfurv ... To OIlIJOVTIKOTEPO oUlJnEpOOllo ono TO IlEXPI TWpoonOTEAEo.IJOTO Tfle; epEuvae; OTOV TOl-lea aUT6 eiVOI OTi UTTOPXOUV aKOl-lfl eupuTOTO neplBwpla I3EAT.woEwe;. rTO OXftllo 3.5y nopoucne~OVTOI TO onOTEAEollOTO EPEUVWV nou EYIVOV OTTO Tfl NASA. rTO Opl.OTEp6 ¢!OiVErOI 11 enl;'j:i'EnOIJE:vrl OVlJl.j.lWOIl Tile; 9EpJ-lO Kpaaioe; T 3 oe 660 OIOCPOPETIKO UAI.KO KOTOoKEufte; IJE Tfll3oft8e.loq.IIJ~EWe; PE vep6 KOI OTO OE~16 nernrpsnouevn ovulpwa.q rile; gepPoKp·ooioe; T 3 YIO TO iolC UAIKO KOTOOKe une; TWV TTTE.puyiwv (KPOIJO S B 1 6) nou lIlUxerol ]..Ie oepo, aMo Yla OIO¢!OpETIKec; OepOTOlJee; TWV rrrsouvkov. Bel3a.lo, npenE! vO: A'opl3averol n6vro unolllq TO YEyovoe; on Illllu~q TWV TTTepuylwv KoBlcml noxunAoKoTepq Trw eYKaToOTooq TuN oeplCOTpol3fAwVKOI OTI OV oev ecpapIJ008Ei KaTOA'AqAa OE KoBE rteplrrnaon (oxeOIOOTI.KO KO.i. KoroaKEuoOTIKO) prropel va oOllyftOE.I aTO eVTeAwe; oVTi8ETO OTTO TO eTTlOIWK6J-lEVO onOTEAEoIJOTO .

•.

Kpaj.J.u 5-816

L... 3000

3400

KoiAa nn:pUylo

.02 .04 .0& .08 .10

8 &po!: IjI\1IlTl}(D1j liaOlJ 8cipo~ Q€:Plou

@

IOOO~--~--~--~--~--~-

o .02 .04

BQpo, \jMI.l!l(I)1j. ~OOlJ Sapo!: ClEpiOlJ

®

Ix. 3.5y.

HE~E/lI~1l TWV U/llKtUV TwvaEploOTpo~r/lwv.

'Evoe; oMoe;. TOJ-lEOe; rile; 0IE~oy6pEvqe; EpEuvae; EivOI lle~EToaq KOI r")oIlIJIOUPVio UAIKWV ulllqAou onustou rft~ewe;, onwe; nupl!JoXwv, KEPOI-II KUlV, TO ovolJo(6·lJevo cermal on6 TO ouv6uaol-l6 TWV J\E.~ewv Kepo!JIKo (ceramics) KOI IJEToMo (metal) ft UAIKWV noli 611 IJI.OUpyouvrol IlE ouv8EOq K6vewv. An6 TO napon6vw exel npoKulIlEI 6rl Kupiwe; rc UAIKO cerrnals KOI TO npoepx6IJEVO ana ouv8EoqK6vewv 80 ovu\pWVOUVOIlIJOVTIKO TIlV ETTITpen61-1EvIl 8EPIJOKpOoia OUVEXOUC; AEITOUPVIOC; TWV arpol3iAwv,evw ouyxp6vwe; nOPouolo(OUV TO nAeOVEKTlllJa 6TI 01 nprlnee; OAee; nou XPIlOIIJOno.oOVTOI VIO rnv KOTaoKeuf) TWV rrrepuvliov efva! cp8I1VEe; Kal eUKoAo 010- 8eOIIJEe;.

76

Av KOI TO SEIJO Tile; lJ.IU~eWe; TWV mepuyiwv slvrn iowe; TO OlllJOVTIKoTepo rtooJ3hllI..lO TWV OTpoJ3fhwv, unopxouv npoq>ovwe; KCI oMo, 6nwe; 11 nhf)pwe; ospoeuvoIJIKf) oxe6fooll TWV mepuyfwv, 0 neploplOI..IOe; TWV onwhelwv, 0 neploplOIJOe; TWV 61l1J10UPYOUIJEVWV Tooewv helToupyfoe; os on06eKTo ylo rnv o~lomOTfo KCI Til 610pKOIO ~wf)e; TOU IJIlXovf)IJOTOe; enfne60 KAn.

'Erm, 11 n,\f)PIle; oep06UVOIJIKf) crxe6iooll TWV mepuyiwv* elVCI onOAuTo ovoyxofc ylO 610Tf)P1l01l UlJ.IllAOU J3oSIJOU onoMoewe; KOI Kupfwe; OTIlV rreplrrnuon J3oSIJf6wv «UlJ.Ill,\f)e; eVEpyeIOe;» nou ouverrevovrm ToxuTIlTee; SepIJ06UVOIJIKOU IJEOOU OUVIlSEOTOTO unepIlXIlTIKEe;.

To OuvllSEOTepo ef61l onwAelwv, TWV onoiwv em61wKeToi 11 eAoXIOTonoflloll lJe

KOToMIlAIl oxe6iooll, elVCI:

AnwAelee; TplJ3f)e; lJeTa~u TOU SepIJ06UVOIJIKOU IJEOOU KOI TWV emq>ovelwv 6leAeuoeWe; TOU.

AnwAelee; Myw onOxwplOIJOU Tile; pof)e; f) Myw 61l1J10upyfoe; oMwv cepoeuVOIJIKWV q>C1VOIJEVWV, onwe; OTPOJ3IAIOIJOI. OVOIJI~1l YPOIJIJWV VIlIJOTIKf)e; pof)e; KAn.

AnWAelee; Myw 610PPOWV, Kupfwe; OTO onuetc orsvcvcrnruc rrpoouokov, KeAUq>1l KAn.

AnWAelee; Myw UlJ.IllAWV TOXUTf)TWV TOU SepIJ06UVOIJIKOU IJEOOU. AnWAelee; Myw OVOIJOIOlJopq>foe; Tf)e; 610TISElJeVIle; eVEpyeloe; oe neplmwoele; lJeyoAIle; nepfooeloe; OEPO f) OVOIJOloIJOpq>lle; KouoeWe;.

TEAOc;. 01 TOOele; AelToupyfoe; unoAoyi~OVTOI ylO TIe; OKOAouSee; ouvSf)Kee; Ael-

roupvlc«

TOXUTIlTO nou OVTIOToIxei OTO 110% Tile; IJEYIOTIle; emrperrouevnc, lJe ouyxpovee; ouvSf)Kee; SeplJoKpoofoe; 11 orroio OVTIOToIxef oe n,\f)pee; q>opTio. Oepuoxpoofc AelToupyfoe; lJeyoAUTepll KOTO 1 5% 601le; OVTIOToIxef oe nAf)PIl q>apTo KOI oUYXPovll IJEYIOTIl ToxuTIlTO.

Enel6f) 01 Tooele; AelToupyfoe; npEnel onw06f)noTe vo 610TIlPOUVTCI IJIKp6Tepee; nrro EVO ernrpsrropevo OPIO nou npo0610pi~eTol ana TO 610TISEIJeVO UAIKO KOTOoKeuf)e; KCI TO oUVTeAeOTf) ooq>oAeioc;. emJ30MeTCI 11 npOOeKTlKr; oxe6fooll TOU OTpoJ3iAOU, WOTe 01 Tooele; AelToupyioe; vo nOpOIJEVOUV OTO XOlJllh6Tepo 6UVOTO enfne60.

3.5.2 ETOIXElw6qr av6Auuq TWII tTTPOfJ/AWII.

H OVOAuoll nou OKoAouSei oq>opo Kupiwe; TOUe; OTpoJ3iAoue; o~ovIKf)e; pof)e; nou efvCI KOI 0 oxe6ov OnOKAelOTIKO OnOVTwlJeVOe; TunOe; oe VOUTIKEe; eYKoToOTooele; oeploOTpoJ3fAWV.

H OVOAUOIl Sewpel, ylO Myoue; onAouOTeuoewc;. OTI TO SePIJ06UVOIJIKO IJEOO OKoAouSef nAfJpwe; KOI OnOKAelOTIKO T1l6106pOIJf) nou KoSopi~eTOI on6 TO rrrepuvro TOU OTpoJ3iAOU. Qe; oq>eTIlPio ylO TIlV OVOAUOIl So XPIlOlIJOnOlllSef 11 0XEoll (3.1) nou J3pfJKOlJe npollyoUIJEVWe; KOI TO oxf)IJO 3.56.

To 610vuoIJ0 C, noplOTovel Til 6EOIJIl ev6e; peuOTOU onwe; e~EpxeTCI on6 IJIl euq>ClvolJeVO rrpoouoro. H 6EOIJIl npooxpouet OTO rrrepuvm (6U0 on6 TO orrolo q>oiVOVTOI OTO oxf)lJo) TOU neplOTpeq>6lJevou TPOXOU lJe ypOIJIJIKf) TOXUTIlTO U, 01'0 IJE-

* EmcrrUlOivETOI OTI IJE TOV OPO mEpUYIO EWOOUIJE TOcrO TO KIVIlTcl oco KOi TO o KivIlTO.

77

IX. 3.56.

1l16YPOllIJO TQXUT~TWV mpol3fAou.

00 UlPOe; TOU rrrepuvtou. H E4>omO~EVIKfI (opl~6vrlo C7T0 oxfl~o) aUVIC7TWOO Tile; C, ElvOI 11 CU, Koi 11 UXHIKq TOXUTIlTO TOU PEUC7TOU We; TTpOe; TOV KIVOU~EVO TpoX6 EivOI W,. To OvriC7TOIXo ~Eye91l ornv E~OOO TWV rrrepuvlurv q>OivovroI oro K6TW ~EpOe; TOU aX~~OTOe; IJE TO OEiKTIl 2.

'OTTWe; rrpoxurrrei on6 TO OX~~O 3.50, 10XUOUV 01 0XEOEIe;: 2

C~ = C2 - Cu

~ =W2_ (U -CU)2 6TTOU CA = 11 O~OVIK~ OUVIC7TWOO Tile; C.

Enelofl. 6nwe; eivOI q>ovep6, on6 TO ouvouoo~6 TWV TTOPOTTOVW OXeOEWV ICYXUEI Kat Il aXEOIl:

uCu = '/2[C2 + U2 - W2j

T6TE ~E OVTIKOTOarOall KOI C7TO 600 lJepl1 Tile; uxeuewe; (3.11. rrpoxurrrer TeAIK6:

E = m [(q - q) + (W1 - ww

(3.4)

ITIl axeall OUTrl TTOPOTIlPOU~E 6TI:

oj 0 6poe; (C~ - ql TTaplC7TovEI TIlV EvoMoyl'l KIVIlTIKr'te; EVepYEIOe; Tile; OeOIJI1e; TOU peucrrou I'l evaMoyfl KIVIlTIKfle; evepyelOe; 'A6yw «op6aEWe;».

13) 0 6poe; (W§ - W~) nOplC7TOVel TrlV evaMayfl KIVIlTIK~e; evepYEIOe; 'A6yw Tile.; OIl~IOUPYOU~EVIle; OVTIOpOOEWe;. 11 orroic npoKumel on6 TIlV OU~llall Tile; aXETIK~e; TOXUTI1TOe; TOU PEUC7TOU Ko9we.; OUT6 OlepxeTOI OTTO TOV TpoX6. 'Av 0 6poe; oUT6e; laoUTOI IJE IJIlOev. OIl'Aoon W2 = W,. T6Te 0 arp613lAoe; OVOIJO~ETOI C7Tp6j3I'Aoe; 6paUEW', evw, OV W2 *' W, T6Te ~IAOJ.lE Via urpdp,Ao av,,6pauEW, (Kanolou nocoC7TOU ovo.'Aoyo IJE Til aUJ.llJeTOXn TOU C7TIlV 6'A1l EvoMoV~ EvepyeIOe;). To aX~lJo 3.50 ocpopo Tf')V TTEpfmwall IJIl0EVIKne; oVTlopoaewe;.

yl H oXeall (3.4) TTEpl'AolJj36vEI KOI 6po (U ~ - U~), 0 onofoe; 100UTOI IJE 1J1l6ev

TTpOKellJeVOU Via o~ovlKfI po~. .

AVE~OPTIlTO on6 TIlV UTTOP~1l 1J6vo op60ewe; fI KOI aVTIOpOaewc;. TO J30C71K6 epyo TOU C7Tpol3i'Aou eivol 11 nAfjPIle;, KOTO TO· 6uvm;6. onopp64>llall Tf')e; KlvIlTIKI'le; evepvEIOe; Il orrolc o IOTi9 ETa I C7T0 TTpOOTTimov peuC7TO. Eivat 61Jwe; 4>OVEp6 OTT6 TO onl.IaVTIK6 lJeye90e; TWV OIOVUalJaTWV C2 KOI W2• 6TI OPKET6 TToaOC7T6 Tile; OIOTI9EI.IE- - Vile; OTT6 TO PEUC7T6 KIVIlTIKne; Evepveroe; UTTOPXEI KOI ~ET6 Til ore'Aeuari TOU OTT6 TOV TpoX6, xwpie; va onoppoq>1lgei oTT6 oUT6v. Av oev un6pXEI C7T1l OUVEXEIO I.lla En6I.1Evll!3a8l.1ioa 600u va o~lonoleiTal Il evepYEla rrou OEV EXEI aooppo$f')gei. 11 evepYEla

78

aUT~ x6veTal. Eno~evwe; anoTe'\ei anw'\ela 11 onoia ~elwvel TO l3a9~6 an066aewe;

TOU OTpoI31'\ou. .

o axe6IaOT~e; auvenwe; TOU OTpol3i,\ou e~ETo~el rpcrrouc e'\aXIOTonOI~aewe; Tile; evepyelae; rrou ~evel ava~lonoiIlTIl, ~ XPllal~onOlwVTae; TO C')(~~a 3.56, rrpoonceet va KaTaOT~ael TO 610vua~a C2 6ao TO 6uvaT6 ~IKp6Tepo. Iuva41~e; rrpo; ro napan6vw eivCl 11 XPllal~onoillall TOU 6pou «a~lonoillall» 6nou an6 TOV oprouo, laxuel:

U(Cu, - Cu2)

«e»=

'/2 C~

IIl~elwveTCI 6TI 0 apI9~IlT~e; TOU 6pou eival TO 6e~16 ~e'\oe; Tile; axeaewe; (3.1), evw 0 rrcpovouccrrtc eivCl 11 KIVIlTIK~ evepvela Tile; rrpoorrhrrouocc OTOV TpoX6 6ea~lle; TOU peuorou. H 4lualK~ all~aaia TOU 6pou «E» ei4P1 TO nooocro Tile; 61aT1ge~evlle; OTO gep~06uva~IK6 ~eaov KIVIlTIK~e; evepvelae;, TO onoio a~lonoleiTal KaTO Til 6Ie'\eua~ TOU an6 TOV TpoX6 TOU aTpol3i,\ou.

EivCl eno~evwe; enl9u~IlT6 11 TI~~ TOU «e» va eivCl KaTo TO 6UVCT6 ~eVIOTIl Kal aUTO e~apTOTCI an6 Til l3ehTlOTIl TI~~ TOU Mvou Tile; TaxuTIlTae; TOU TPOXOU U rrpoc TIlV TCxuTIlTa Tile; 6ea~lle; TOU peuOTOU C,.

ria Til auv~91l OTIe; npaKTIKee; e41ap~ovee; rreplrrnuon nou 13, = 132 Kal ana gewpnon TOU ax~~aTOe; 3.56, rtpoxerrrouv 01 axeaele;:

Cu, = C, auva xm CU2 = - (C, auva - 2U), errore. aVTIKa9IOTwVTae; OTOV OPIa~o Tile; a~lonol~aewe; e nolovoue:

4U U

E=-- [auva- --'J

C, C,

H axeall (3.5) rrcprcrnverm vpa41IKo OTO ax~~a 3.5e an6 TO onoio rtooxurrret OTI 11 ~eVIOTI1 TI~1l TOU «E» au~l3afvel Via TI~1l U/C, = 112 auva Kal elval max e = auv2a. H 161a TI~~ ~eVIOTou I3piaKeTal ~e anM napavwVlall Tile; axeaewe; (3.5).

ITO ax~~a 3.5e XPllal~onoll'l9IlKe Via Til vpaq,IKfl napoOTaall TI~fl Tile; vwviae; a = 24°, errore npoxurrre: TI~fl ~eVIOTIl e = 0,46. H auvfl91le; TI~fl Tile; vwvfae; a elVOl KaTo TI ~IKpoTepll Kal auvenwe; TO auva ~ 1,0, opa 0 Mvoe; TaxuTIlTwV U/C, ~ 0,5.

ITIlV rreplrrruicn unop~ewe; rroooorou aVTl6poaewe; OTO OTp6131'\0 (W, *' W2), 11 vevlK~ 16ea napa~evel 11 i6la, OV Kal TO Te'\IK6 anOTe'\ea~a eival KonWe; no'\un'\oK6- rspo. ria TIlV el61Kfl rrephrnoon nou TO rtococre aVTl6poaewe; eival 50%, 61l'\a6flll ~Ia~ KlvllTIKfl evepvela EvaMoaaETCI oro aTa9EpO Kal lloMIl ~Iafl ern KlvllTO rrrspUVla, enEl6~ C~ = W~ - W~ 11 a~lonoillall e naipvEI Til ~oP41~:

(3.5)

U U

E=-- (2auva---)

C, C,

Via rnv orrolo maximum E = auv2a Via U/C, = auva.

An6 TIlV napanovw avo'\uall npOKumEI TO l3aalKfle; all~aaiae; ouurrepcouc nou aq,opo Til '\elTouPvia TWV OTpol3f,\wv, 61l'\a6~ Via rroro Mvo 0 OTp6131'\0e; (6ao Kal 0 aT~OOTp6131'\0e;) '\EITOUPVOUv ~E ~EVO'\O ap19~6 OTP041WV.

'Onwe; an06eix91lKE OTO KE410'\aI0 TWV 9EP~IKWV KuKhwv, Via ~EVO'\O KaTO TO 6uvaTo 9EP~IK6 l3a9~6 ano66aEWe;, npenEI va unoPXEI alllJaVTIK~ 6la41opo rns-

79

-r
v <,
V I "
i I\.
/ I \
J I \
i
V i \
\ 0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

/\oyor. taxut~twv U I C1 IX. 3 .•.

Lxecrll a~lonol~crew~ «e» Kal Myou TaxuT~TwV.

OEWV Kal SEPfJOKpaOIWV TOU SEpfJOOUvafJlKOU fJEOOU nprv Kal fJETO TO O'Tp6~lhO,

. OllhCO~ 11 ola¢lopa EvSChmwv (ha - hoi) va elvci fJEYIO'TIl· MEYOhll TlfJ~ 6fJwS TIlS OIO¢lOpos Ev8ahmwv ouvEnoYETcl IJEy6hll TIIJ~ TIlS TaxuTIlTas C, TIlS OEOfJllS TOU SE PIJOO uvou I KOUIJEOOU [C1 av6hoyos TOU (hs - h4)O,5], 11 onola sfvcn TIlS TO~EWC;; XIhl60wv noowv avo oEuTEp6hEmo. EnElo~ 61Jwe; 11 IJEYIO'T1l TIIJ~ Tile; a~10nol~OEWC;; E oUIJj3alvEI Yla U!C, ~ 0,5, npenEI Kal 11 ypalJlJlK~ TCXUTIlTC U TOU TPOXOU va EivOI IJEYOhll, npoYjJa nou 011 lJalVE I EirE jJEYOhll 010IJETPO EITE fJEYOhll TaXUTIlTa rrepiO'TPO¢l~C;;. LlEOOIJEVOU 6T! Il fJEYOhll OIOjJETpOe; TPOXOU OUVEnOYETal aU~IlIJEVO 6YKO, ~opoe; Kal K6O'T0e; KaTQOKEU~S, npoxurrre: TO OUjJnEpCOIJC 6TI «11 nEplO'TpO$IK~ roXUTIlTa TWV O'TPOj3ihWV npEnEI va elval onwO'o~nore IJEyOAIl». ME Tlll3o~SEla noxhWV OUVEXOfJEVWV ~aSlJrOWV 11 OlaTISEIJEVIl EVEPYEla (ha - hoi) Elval 6uvaT6 va a~lonolllSeJ TlJllfJOTIKO, on6TE EnlTUVXOVOVTal I KavOnOlllTiKES TIIJES TOU lI.6you U!e, XWpfSTIlV OVOYKI1 npoo¢luy~e; OE IOlaiTEpa U4JIlAEe; TaxuTIlTEe; nEplO'TpO$rlC; nou Sa XPEI6~oVTav nv XPllolj.JonoldTav O'Tp613IAOe; IJlaC; 1J6vo j3aSlJfoae;. IUVIlSeO'TCTa, O'TllV npo~l1, Kal npOKEllJEVOU Yla npOWO'T~plec; IJl1xaVEC;, lJovoj3681J10e; KaTOOKEua~ETal 0 O'Tp6f3IAOC; U4JI1Af)c; mEOEWC; nou Klvei TO OUfJntEO'Trl, EVW 0 O'Tp6f3IAOC; 10XUOe;, 6nou anOAalJf36vETCI KOI TO W¢lEAIIJO EPYO, KaTaOKEu6~ETOI nOAU~OSIJIOS.

0pIOlJeVEe; fJllxaVee;, Enlol1e; vto TOUe; O'Tpol3iAoue; 10XUOe;, XPI101fJonolOuv PUSfJl~6IJEVa npo¢luO'Ia IJE aVTIKelIJEVIK6 oKon6 Til I3EATlwO'Il Tile; ono66oEWe; O'TQ IJEPIKO ¢lopTia, orcv Il Eml3poouvOIl TOU O'TPO~IAOU (fJIKp6TEPO U) anofJaKpUVEI TO lI.6yo U!C, an6 Til ~EArIO'T1l TIIJr'J O'XEOIOO'EWe;. 'ETC'I fJE pU8fJI0'1l TWV npo$uO'iwv fJETaj36METOI Kal 11 TlfJll Kal 11 olEu9uvOll Tile; C, (TCxuTIlTa Tile; OEOIJIlS TOU 9EPfJOOUVafJlKOU fJeoou), wO'Te va ncpafJEVEI 0 lI.6yoe; U!C, KOVTO 0'T11 I3EATlO'TIl TIPI') TOU ..

o paBlI6( allonoltftTEt4I( E eival npo¢!Cvwe; naVTOTE fJlKp6repoc;; an6 Til lJov06a, YlaTI 11 TEAEUTaia l3a81J16a, ave~pTI1Ta an6 TOV TuX6v fJEYOAO apI9fJ6 TOUS, npenel onw06~nOTe va eXEI KonOla TlfJr'J TIlS TcxuTIlTae; E~6oou C2•

o fJaBlI6( ano66tTEw( Elval onW00r'JnoTE Karo TI IJIKp6TEpOe; an6 TO f3c8fJ6 a~lonolr')oEwC;, YleT! EKT6c; an6 TI1V EvePYEla nou 6ev a~lonolErTOI KaTo TI') 6IEAEUO''l TOU gePfJOOUVQIJIKOU IJEO'OU an6 TOV TpoX6 Kal TI')V e~066 TOU fJE TaxuTr]TO C2 unapxouv Kal aMee; alTiee; uno~a9fJfO'EWe; Tr]S EVEPYElae;, 01 onolec 1'161') E~eTo0'91lxav, 6nwe; Tplj3Eie;, olapPOEe; KAn. 01 np608ETEC; aUTEe; anwAEIEe; Elval OUYKPITIKO

80

IJIKpec; KOI I") CJUYXPOVIl E~E"IKTIK~ TOOq OXE(1I00EWI; KOI KaTOCJKEU~C; TWV OTpol3i~ Awv EXEI KOTOp8wOEI TqV EAoxlOTOnoil")CJn TOUC;.

EupMpaupaTlK6 pnopouPE IIa ttoUPE 611:

To 130alKoTEpO npol3"I")IJO Via rqv EniTEU~1l u'+'IlAou 13081J0(, onoooOEWC;KOTlJ TI') 0XEoiool") KOI610TnPIlO·ti TOU KOTO Tq AEITOUPVio TOU OTpol3iAou EivQI I") ono<t>uyl'] jJETOl3oAf]C; TOU Myou U/C, on6 rnv nEploxf} Tile; l3eATlOTqc; TljJf]e; TOU.

An6 TO nopon6vw npoKumEI 6TI, EKT6e; on6 TO Mvo TOXUTf(Twv U/C" 0 13081JoC; ono66oEwC; e~apToTo.1 KOI orro oMee; nOpOlJeTpOUC;, on6 TIC; onoiec; KupiwC; XPIlOlIJOnOlEiTal 0 AEyojJevoC; Mvoe; TlteOEWV (KpOUOEWC; - crTaTIKtic;) ri. Mvor;, (I - S) onwc; ovocpeperol crTqV OyyAlKri I3Ij3AlovP041io. AleuKplvi(ETOI OTI q niECJI") KPOUOEWc;, 6- nwc; xpr,OIjJonoleiTol E6w 0 oooc, eiVOI ioq IJE TI'} OTOTfKf( nieoq OU~OVOIJEVIl Koro TO jJOVOPETPl,KO Ul.jJOC; nou OVTIOTOIXei OTIlV onoAUTIl TOXUTIlTO JJE TrW orrolc TO 8EPp06UVOjJ.IKO jJeCJo eYKOToAeinEI Til 1309 1-1 i60.

!TO oxtilJO 3.5m 4l0fvoVTOI XOpaKTI1PIOTIKec; KopnuAEC; 1308jJou ono660EWe; 130- 8pi6wv OTpol3fAwv O~OVIKf(C; pone; VIO OIO¢'OPI1 TllJti TOU Myou TOXUTtiTWV U/C, KOI TOU Myou TlIeOEWV I ~ S. m.po on6 TO avwTEpw, 11 !-IEVIOTIl, npOKTlKt'iC; orwoaim; Yla TO OXEOIOOTf} Tile; EYKOTaarOOEwe; npOWOEWC;, xapaKTI1PI.C1T.IKf] AEITOUpyioC; TqC; jJ·f'JXOvne; EivOi 11 o'Xeoq !-IETO~U ponne; KOI OTP041WV. YnEv8ujJi~OVTOC; OT! Il EVEPvetO nou pEToI3I136(ero.lono TO peuaro npOe; TO arp6131Ao laOUTOI jJE TO YIVOIJEVO TrlC; ponnc; srrl TOV opl91-16OTpo41Wv TaU crTpol3iAou, eXOjJE on6 Til 0XE0I1 (3.5) Kal o¢'ou oiolpeO"OI1E KOI TO Mo jJeAq Tr:JC; 610 TOU OPI8IJOU OTPO<t>WV u:

8m C,

U (ouvo--- ) C,

(3.6)

oncu Eq = e/n eivOi Eloplupou o KoAoulJevoe; l3a.8poe; a~lonolr'lCJeWe; ponnc;. 90

B9

_-r-3.0
~r-:.:: -2.0
~~~--- -;-;. ~:~
~ _ t-- t-- 1.8
~ V .flOyot TtlEOEWV ( ~EWt-
A IJtamlllt)
~~ V I
~ II' ./ ,
~ r:-/ /'
2. ~/.:
~ 21: '1:// //
I.~
2_ . It
1 3_0
1 ·0

~. sa

~

o ..

B7

3' a6

'" ·0

'0 10

~ 85

e WI

·0

6 84

tI m

83

0_40

0.42

0.44

0.46

0.48

0.50

flciVIJ~ laX1Jtll!WV U I C I

Ix. 3.5OT.

I:xecr!"]SaeIJOU aTTo66crEW~ KCI l16you TCXUT~TWV.

8]

100
0 eo
0
2
x
CI 60
a.
....
,.<
'0
<0 40
0
~
u
0
'F 20
~
0
a... t"- ...... ......
........ ......r......:. i"-- .......
i"-- ....... <, r-, r-,
"
......... ....... r....... <, "
"
, ........ ... ...
.......
...... 2

3

4

5

r tPOO{lc<; avo 1..(I'[tO x 1000

IX. 3.5t·

KalJmJAE~ TaX(lTI'lTa~ KQI OTPEffiIKriC; porr';c;,

Av 11 TOXUTI1TO C, OIOTI1peiToI am8eprl, TOTe onw<,; rrpoxurrre: On6'TI1V ovwTepw axeal1, 11 porrn slvtn YPOIJIJIKf) ouvcomon Tq<,; nep'41epeloKrl<,; TOXUTI1TO<,; U, O!lAOOrl TOU opI81J0u O'Tp041wv,

Av U/C, = 1/2 ouvo, O!lAOOr'J q l3eATIO'Tq TllJf], T6Te:

4nr auva

C,

Av U/C, = 0, OI1AOOf] oev neplO'Tpe41eTOI 0 O'TpaI3IAO<';, TOTe: 8m cuvo

C,

Ana m; ouo TeheuTOie<,; axeael<'; nooxurrre: 6T1, YIO O'Ta8ePrl nopox" TOU BeplJo- 6UVaIJIKOU lJeaou aTO O'Tp6131Ao, 11 pon" ae 1J110eVIKO oplBlJo OTP041wv Elvo, 0'"..\6- 0'10 TI1<,; pom;<,; nou aVTIOTOlxei OTI<,; OTpOq,E<'; TOU IJEYIO'TOU 13081J0u o~lOnOIr1aewe; . nou auvrlBwe; eivOI KOI 01 OTpo¢lee; AelTouPyior:; TOU O'Tpol31Aou.

01 XOPOKTI1PIO'TIKE<'; AEIToupyioe; ponr'je; - OPl81-.IOU aTPOq,wv TOU loeoTOu O'Tpol3lAOU opaaewr:; 1J10r:; 130BlJi6o<,; elvcn auvenwe; eu8eio YPOlJlJrl lJe OPVI1TIKr'j KAia." evw 01 XOPOKTIlPIO'TIKEr:; helTOupyio<,; TWV npOYIJOTlKWV O'TPOl3iAWV npoaevyi~ouv napa noM npor:; TIe; loeOTEr:;, orrw<,; 4l0lveTOI aTO aXr1IJO 3,5~,

KE<I>A/\AIO TETAPTO 0AAAMOI KAYIEOI

4.1 Apxie; Tile; Ko6oEWe; KOI 8EIoIEAlw6Ele; OxiOEIe;.

To <l>OIv6lJevo Tile; KOUOeWe; OTOUe; oeploOTpoJ3lhoue;, e~eTo~6IJevo KOTO onM rpono, urropel vo SewPIlSel onv IJIO oelpo on6 XIlIJIKEe; OVTIOpOOele; uepovovcv- 9paKWV KOI OTIJOOq,OIPIKOU oEpo, 01 onolee; EXouv We; anoTEheolJo xm Til OIlIJIOUPvia eniolle; noM U4Jllhwv SepIJOKpOOIWV.

Ie 6hee; 0XE;66v TIe; eYKaTOOTooele; vaUTIKWv aeploOTpoJ3ihwv, 11 IJIlXOV~ XPIlOIuorroiel we; KaUOIIJO uypoue; uopoyovovSpaKee;*. ITIlV npaYIJOTIK6TIlTO np6KeiTOI Yla lJiVIJa 0laq,6pwv elowv uopoyovavSpOKWV, TO onolo urropel va SewPIlSei XIlIJIKa 100OUVOIJO lJe TO OWOEKOVIO (C'2H28)' YIOTr EXOUV TIlV rOlo ovahoylo OVSPOKO xm uepovovou.

To rrooo TOU OTIJOOq,OIPIKOU oEpo rrou orrcrretrct vrc TIlV nMpll Kauoll ev6e; xcuoluou e~apr6Tal an6 TO n600 0~uy6vo xpelo~eTOI Kal KaSopi~eTOI an6 TIe; aK6- hougee; anhEe; XIlIJIKEe; OVTlopooele;:

C + O2 ..... CO2 H2 + '/202 ..... H20

01 oXEoele; aUTEe; oeixvouv 6TI Eva ypaIJIJ01J6pl0 0~uy6vou (ypalJlJ01J6plo ~ mole elvm TO lJoplaK6 J3opoe; TOU OTolxeiou oe 1J0VOoee; J3opoue;) crrorrsl Yla Tllv nh~PIl KauOIl TOU Eva ypaIJIJ01J6pl0 ovSpaKa Kal aUTO nopcvouv Eva ypaIJIJ01J6pl0 olo~eloiou TOU avSpaKo. Enialle; IJla6 ypaIJIJ01J6plo 0~uy6vou xpelo~eTal Yla TIlV nMpll Kauall TOU Eva ypaIJIJ01J6plo uopoy6vou' Kal rc Olio lJa~r napoyouv Eva ypa1J1J01J6- pro vspou.

AVTIKaSIOTwVTae; rn aTOlJlKo ~ IJOPIOKO J30PIl TWV 0laq,6pwv XIlIJIKWV OTolxerWv KOI evwaewv OTIe; napanovw aVTlopoaele; KaToh~yolJe OTO anoTEhealJa 6TI analTOUVTal 3,48 1J0vaoee; J3opoue; o~uy6vou ylO TIlV nMpll Kauall IJlae; 1J0vaooe; J3opoue; uOPoyoVovSpoKa owoEKaVrOU (C'2H28)' Enelo~ 11 nepiEKTIK6TIlTa TOU aTIJOoq,oIPIKOU aEpa ae 0~uy6vo KaTO J3opoe; elval 23% KOI TO OWOEKOVIO erval XIlIJIKO 10oOlivouo npoe; rn auv~Swe; XPIlOlIJOnOiOulJeva KaUOIlJa TWV aeploOTpoJ3rhwv, rrpoxunTEI TO npOKTIK~e; alllJOarOe; ouurrepccuo 6TI:

* H Koual'! ceplou, ~epIKr; r; O"\IKr;. KOI TO c»OIv6~evo boil-off eo E~ETOaeOUV CJTO KEc»6..\OIO VIC TO KOUO'I~O.

83

ria rnv nMpll Kauall IJlae; lJovo6ae; j36poue; xoucluou (n.x. 1 kg ~ 1 MTpO) xpel6- ~oVTal 15,13 aVTiO'Tolxee; 1J0vacSee; j3opoue; aTlJoaCllalplKou aepa.

'AMoe; alllJaVTIK6e; napOVOVTae; Tile; Kauaewe; eival Il 8ePlJaVTIK~ IKav6TIlTa TOU xouofuou, 61lAa6~ TO rroco Tile; 8eplJ6TIlTae; nou an06i6eTai KaT6 rnv Kauall TOU·. H 8ePlJaVTIK~ IKav6TIlTa Via Moue; TOUe; runouc TWV KauailJwv nou XPIlO'lIJOnorouvrm ae aeploO'Tpoj3iAoue; KUlJaiveTal O'Ta aUTO nepinou enine6a.

noM alllJaVTIK~ napOlJeTpOe; eival Il lJeVIO'T1l 8ePIJOKpaaia nou cvcrrruooerm KaTo TIlV Kauall TOU KauaflJOu, 61lAa6~ KaTO Til XIlIJIK~ evwall curou lJeT6 TOU o~uvovou, H 8epIJOKpaafa aUT~ unoAovi~eTal lJe noM rxovorromnxn npoaeVVlall Via TIlV nepimwa~ lJae;, lJe Til j30~8ela TOU rrpurrou 8epIJ06uvaIJIKOu v61J0u KCI OPIalJevee; anAOUO'TeUTIKee; un08eaele;.

o npwTOe; 8eplJ06uvalJlK6e; v61J0e; eCllaPIJ0~6IJevoe; O'TIlV rreplrrruron Tile; Kauaewe; exel Til 1J0PCll~:

Q + HR = Hp

6nou: Q = Il 8ePlJaVTIK~ IKav6TIlTa TOU xouofuou,

HR = Il ev8aAnia TWV evwaewv Tile; aVTI6p6aewe;, 61lAa6~ aepa Kal xcuoluou Kal

Hp = Il ev8aAnia TWV npo'i6VTWV Tile; aVTl6p6aewe;, 61lAa6~ TWV xcuocepkov,

Av 0'T1l auvexela 8ewp~aolJe TOV aepa Kal rc Kauaaepla onv TeAela aePla, onv 8ePIJOKpaaia avaCllop6e; Til 8epIJoKpaaia neplj36MoVToe; 77°F, xm TIlV eVWall xcuoluou - aepa onv XllIJIK6 op8~ ~ O'TOlxelOlJeTplK~ (6nwe; aMlwe; OVOIJ6~ETCI), TOTe 01 noa6TIlTee; Tile; aVWTepW axeaewe; elval aVTfO'Tolxa:

Q = 18970 (Il KaTwTepll 8ePlJaVTIK~ IKav6TIlTa),

HR = 0 (6ex8~KalJe onv 8epIJOKpaaia avaCllop6e; Til 8epIJoKpaaia rreprj36MoVTOe;),

Hp = m.Cp ~T = (16,13) (0,25) (~T),

onere (~T) ~ 4660°F, 61lAaM rn rrpolovru Tile; Kauaewe; exouv lJevaMTepll 8epuoxoootc KaT6 (~T) Tile; 8eplJOKpaaiae; avaCllop6e;. Eival CIlavep6 6TI Il 8epIJOKpaaia aUT~ slvrn 161aiTepa u4JIlM KCI O'TIlV np6~1l 6ev un6pxouv UAIK6 rn onoia unopouv va TIlV aVTe~ouv xwpie; npoj3MlJaTa. EnolJevwe; npenel va eAaTTw8ei. ria TO aKon6 aUT6, KaTO rnv Kauall XPllallJOnoleiTCI rrooornru aepa noM lJevaMTepll an6 6,TI Ka8opi~eTal an6 Til XIlIJIK~ aVTi6paall, 61lAa6~ nepkroero aepa we; rrpoc Til O'TOIxelOlJeTplK~ rrooornrn. Av n.x. XPllalIJOnOl1l8ei TpmA6ala rrocornrc Tile; ororxerolJeTpIK~e; ~ nepiaaela aepa 200%, T6Te 8a eivCl Hp = (3 m) . (Cp) • (~T), errore rrpoxurrret (~T) ~ 1760°F, 61lAa6~ 8epIJoKpaaia npaKTIK6 an06eKT~. H eni nAeov aUT~ rrooornrn TOU aepa, Il orrolc oV01J6~eTal KCI "EpkTUEIa, auv~8we; napexeTal lJeT6 TIlV Kauall, VI' aUT6 xm oVOIJ6~eTCI 6EUTf!PEUWV alpa,.

HAoc;, 8a npEnel va allIJelw8ei 6TI crnv np6~Il, A6vw O'TIVlJlaiae; aTeAoue; Kauaewe;, 61l1JIOUPVOuVTai apKeT6 KCT6Aoma an6 ro onoia rreprocorepo avem8uIJIlTa eival TO lJovo~ei610 TOU 6v8paKa Kal TO 610~ei610 TOU 8eiou enel6~ uoxovouv TO rrs-

* H gepIloVTIKii IKov6TIlTO 610KpiveTOI ae avwn:PI/ KOI KaniJr~PI/ 6TOV 01 u6poVovov9pOKet; nou KOIVOVTOI nepuEXouV u6poV6vo. To u6poV6vo oUT6 61l1l10uPvef vep6 (u6pOT1l6), TO orrolo, ov ouurruxvurgel, on0616el enmhEov nooornrc gepIl6TIlTOt;. Av TO enmMov oUT6 noa6 gep1l6TIlTOt; hOIll3oveToI un6lj11l, T6Te IllhOlle VIO ovwnpll geplloVTIKf) IKov6TIlTO, 610q,opeTIKo, 90 IllhOlle VIO KOTwTepll. rio TO 6w6eKovIO, 01 oVTfaTolxet; TlIlEt; .eIVOI 20140 KOI 18970 BTU ovo Mllnpo.

84

pll3aMov. KOI l3el301o TTpOKEI~eVOU YIO TTAOfo TTOU TO~16EUEI ornv OVOIKT~ 9aAOOOO TO OIKOAOYIKO TTpol3AIl~o TTOU 61l~IOUPYEiTOI EivOi OO~~OVTO. I1EV OUJ,l130iVEI O~We; TO i610 KOTa Til AEITOUpyio TWV J,lIlXOVWV OE KAEIOT6 AIJ,lOVI ~ OE EYKOTOOTOOEIe; ~IlpOe; TTOU XPIlOlJ,lOTTOIOUV OEPIOOTPOl3fAOUe;.

4.2 eulallO' KauaEw~.

o opoe; «OEPIOOTpOI3IAOI». OTTWe; XPIlOIJ,lOTTOIEiTOI YIO va UTT061lAWOEI TIC; 9EPJ,lIKee; J,lllxovee;* TTOU OTTOTEAOUV TO OVTIKEiJ,lEVO TOU I3ll3Aiou OUTOU. 90 ~TOV TTAllpeOTEpoe; OTIlV TTpoYJ,lOTIKOTIlTO. ov TOV OVTIK091OTOUOOJ,lE J,lE TOVOPO «OEPIOOTPOI3IAOI KouoeWe;». KOTO ovaAoyo Tp6TTO TTpOe; TIe; J,lIlXOvee; EOWTEpIK~e; KOUOEWe;. 0 OEPIOOTpol3lAoe; eivOi 1300iKa J,lIO J,lIlXOV~ EOWTEpIK~e; KOUOEWe;. o410u 11 KOUOIl TTOU rrcpexel rnv EvepYElo OTO 9EPJ,llKO KUKAO TTPOYJ,lOTOTTOIEfTOI J,leoo OTIl J,lIlXov~. OE cvrlgeoll J,lE TIC; EYKOTOOTOOEIe; OTfJOOTPOl3iAWV. 6TTOU rroovporonorehm OTOV EKTOe; Tile; fJIlXOV~e; AeI3IlTO.

YTTOPxel OJ,lWe; 61041opo KOI J,lETO~U ~Iae; OUfJl3oTIK~e; MEK (TTETpEAOIOfJllxaV~e; ~ I3EV~IVOfJllxav~e;) KOI TOU aeploOTpol3iAou OE O.TI 0410PO TIlV KOUOIl KOI OUYKeKplfJevo. evw 11 KOUOIl OTIe; MEK yivETm OE OpIOJ,leVEe; 4looEIe; TOU 9EpfJIKOU KUKAOU KOI elvm 6laKom6fJevll. O"TOUe; aEploOTpol3iAoue; eival auvEX~e;.

To eK TTpWTI'le; 6ljJEWe; TTAEOVeKTllfJo OUTO Tile; aUVEXOUe; KouaEWe; TTOPOUOIO~EI opKeTO TTpo13MJ,laTO O"TIlV TTpOKTIK~ E41apJ,loy~ TOU. EI61KOTEPO 0 J,lIKpOe; 6loTlgepEvoe; OYKOe; TOU aeploOTpol3iAOU crrcrrel WO"TE 11 Kauall va yivETOI aE rrepropiouevo xwpo fJe aepo TTleOEWe; KOTO TToM pEyoMTEPIle; aTT6 TIlV aTfJOa41alpIK~. fJE TOXUTIlTee; aepa TTOU TToMee; 4l0pee; ~ETTEPVOUV ro 1 50 m/sec xm TTEpiooelo oepo oU~llfJeVIl·

I:TO aX~fJa 4.20 4laivETai 610YPOPPOTIKO evae; XOPOKTIlPIO"TIK6e; 90AOpOe; Kauoewe; ~e Til XPIlOlfJOTTOIOUPEVIl TEXVIKrl TTMpoue; avapf~ewe; oepo KOI xcucluou fJe- 00 OTO PIKPO 61aTlgefJEVO xwpo. 'OTTWe; 4laivETal. 0 KaUO"T~pae; I3piaKETal O"TIlV KOpU<j)rl TOU 90Mpou. evw 0 aepae; Yla TIlV Kouall eloepXETol KOI OTTO TIlV TTEPIOXrl KOVTa OTOV KOUOT~pO oTT6 9upi6ee;. oMo KOI TTEPI<j)EpEloKa OTO peoo TOU 90AOPOU KouoeWe;. KOTa rsroro Tp6TTO TTOU va ETTlTuyxoveTol 10XUpOe; OTpo131AIOfJ6e; KOI TTArlPile; ova~I~11 TOU oepo pE TO EYXE6fJEVO KOUOI~O. EfvOI ETTOfJeVWe; <j)ovep6 OTI OTOUe; 90Mpoue; KouaEWe; TWV aEploOTpol3fAwv 11 TTapay6pEvIl 9EPfJ6TI1TO ova povo60 610TIgefJevou OYKOU EivOI TToM uljJl1Arl. rl' oUT6. TOOO 11 ETTiTEU~11 IKavOTTOll1TIKOU l309pou KOUOEWe; 000 Kal 11 "'U~1l TWV 90Mpwv KauaeWe; elvm ool3opa TTpol3MpoTO. TO orrolo l3el3olO exouv aVTlpeTWTTlagei. pe TI1V TTopo60 TOU Xp6vou Kal e~eAIKTIKa ~E ETTlTUxia KOTO 610<j)6poue; TpOTTOUe;.

H axe6ioal1 TWV 9aMfJwv KauoEWe; Eival auv~9we; aTToTeAEopa I3EATlwaEWe; KaTTolou TTPOIlVOUfJevOu 9aMfJou TTOU aTT06Eix91lKE ETTITUX~e; O"TI1V TTpa~l1. ae ouv- 6uoofJO ~e TIe; veWTEpEe; ETTlTEU~ele; Tile; e41oppoopeVI1e; TExVIK~e;. ATTOTEAei 611A06rl rrpoiov efJTTElpioe;. TEXVIK~e; Kal eTTlOTrlfJl1e;. ria TO A6yo aUT6 uTTapxouv TToMo Ei611 90~opwv. ovoAoya PE TOV KaTaOKeUOOTrl TOUe;. Ta orrolo 6la41epouv Ol1fJOVTIKO fJE-

• Ynev9u~i~ETQI 11 c'illlKPIUIl ~eTO~u aeplocrTpo!3ihwv (TO UUVOhO Tile,; ~Ilxav~e,;) Kal crTpo!3ihWV (TO T~~uc Tile,; IJllxav~e,; nou nap6YEI w!I>ehllJO epyo),

85

OJOC!; !tPlLTU:UlvrO!; 'aipa

oni!; 1)C\J'H:PE.UoVTO!; a£pa

IX. 4.20. ea~olloc; KOUcrEWC;.

TO~U TOUC;. revlK6, MOl 01 96hoIJ01 Kouoewc; 610KprVOVTOI oe Mo lJey6hec; KOTrtyOpiec;:

a) Ie OUTOUC; rrou eivOi oXeTlK6 crroucspucuevot on6 TO OUIJTIleOTI'! KOI TO OTp6- J3lho KOI crrorexouv ~exwplOTft lJov660 KOI

(3) oe OUTOUC; nou lJo~i lJe TO OTp6J31ho KOI TO OUIJTIleOTn onorexouv IJIO eVloio KOTooKeuft·

ITO oxftlJO 4.213 napou0I6~OVTOI Mo XOPOKTrtPIOTIKOi 96hoIJ01 Kauoewc; PEPO"wpll/ou TUnoU (6nwc; OVOIJ6~OVTOI). TrtC; npWTrtC; KOTrtyopioC; 01 96AOfJOI errorehOUVTOI ana eva «60xeio TIleoewc;» enev6uIJevo eowTEpIK6 ue eva fJ rtepiotrorepc XITWVIO YIO rrpocrootc on6 TIC; u4Jrthec; geplJOKpOoiec; KOI TO rrpolovm TrtC; Kouoewc;. noMec; cpopec; lJeOO OTO i610 «60xeio meoewc;» J3piOKOVTOI noMoi IJIKp6Tepoi 96- hOfJol Kouoewc; 61oTeToYIJeVOI KOTO rsroro rpono wOTe va e~oocpah[~eTol ouvexl')c; KOI 01J0161J0p$rt pol'! xnuonepuov npoc; TO OTp6J3lho.

ITrt 6euTeprt lJey6hrt KOTl'lVOpio TWV 90A6IJWV Kouoewc;, rrou evowlJOTWlJeVOI ue TO OTp6J31ho KOI TO oUIJTIleOTft orrorexouv IJO~[ evrotc KOTooKeuft, OVf)KOUV TO neoiooorapc ei61l 90h6IJwV nou XPllOlIJOnOlouVTol oe ouYXpovOUC; VOUTIKOUC; cspioOTpoJ3ihouC;. H T60rt TWV ouYXp6vwv KOTooKeuoOTWv exel 6ei~el Oocpft nporlunon npoc; TOUC; svrclouc 9aMlJouc;. H KaTrtyopia aUTf) urropel va gewprtgei 6TI exel rplo J3oOlK6 ei6rt 9aMlJwv, ftTOI:

a) noManhoi ~exwplOToi 90haIJ01 1J0PCPI'!c; owMvo.

(3) EVlaioc; 96A01J0C; fJOpcpftc; neplcpepelaKOu 6aKTuAiou.

y) 96haIJ01 Kouoewc; rrou eival ouv6uaolJ6c; TWV avwTepw (a) Kal (13).

4.2. 1 noAAa"Ao! {EXWpIUTO! 96Aapol POpt/)lf, uwAIIl/a.

01 96AaIJ01 OUToi, rrou MyoVTal KOI 96haIJ01 1J0PCPf)c; 60xeiou (can type). cpoivovTal ern J300lKft TOUC; 1J0pcpft OTO oxftlJO 4.2y.

'ETOI, 0 aepoc;, lJeT6 TO OUIJTIleoTI'j, 06rtyefTOi oe aTOIJIKOUC; (16IaiTepouc;) 9aMIJOUC; Kauoewc; un6 1J0pcpft KUAlv6poeICSwv 60xeiwv I'j OWAI'jVWV 61aTaYIJeVwv OTrtV e~wTepIKf) neplcpepelo TrtC; IJrtxovf)C;. K6ge 96Aa1J0C; Kauoewc; exel 1610iTepo KOUOTft-

86

87

IX·4.2y.

e6hO~O'> KOUUEW,> ~OPCl>~,> 60XE[ou.

LuOtlJlla E~v6aTWa&W!;

lIiXTVO XOUC111l0V

IX. 4.26.

IU<TTrwo KOUUEW,> TlOMOTlhWV eoM~wv.

pa oro KeVTpo TOU 9aM~ou. H 6'\11 ()lOTa~Il TUN 161atTepwv 9aM~wv eTTOvw ern ~IlxavfJ <l>alveTal oro oxfJ~a 4.26.

o (<TTpWTeUWv aepae;», ~ETO TO ouurnecrn, cvojnvvuerm ~e TO KaUOI~O Kal auvrnpel TIlv Kauoll, evw 0 «6eUTepeuwv aepae;» cvcurvvuerm ~e rn TTpoi6VTa Tile; KauoeWe;, rn apalwvel Kal KaTej3o~EI Til gep~OKpaola TOUe;. Ta Kauoaepla aUTO 06EUOUV TTpOe; TO errp6j3I'\o. Ta TT'\eoVeKTfJ~aTa TOU 9aM~ou KauoeWe; ourou TOU TUTTOU slvor:

a) A.6yw Tile; ~IKpfJe; TOU 6lo~eTpou 6EV aTTOtTelTat ao~apfJ ev{oxuoll Tile; KaTaoKEufJe; (werrE 11 60~IKfJ TOU aVToxfJ va elvcn IKavOTTolllTIKfJ), ~e ouverrero va exel ~IKp6 j3opoe;.

13) H ouvrnpnon elval eUKoMTepIl, VlaT! 11 e~op~ooll ev6e; 9aM~ou 6ev TTPOU-

88

n09hel lJev6AIll) eKTOOeWI) e~oPlJ6oell) OTO Aomo TIJ~I-IOTO Till) IJIlXOvl'je;.

To lJeIOVeKT~IJOTO oVTiOTOIXO elvcn:

c) /\6vw Tile; IJIKpl'j1) Ol01J4hpOU TUN owAl'jvwv, VIO TIlV e~oo<l>aAloll TOU OnoITOUlJeVOU XWpOU KOUOeWe;, ou~ovel TO I-li'tKOe; TOUe;, ue onoTeAeolJo VO OU~aVETol KOI TO IJI'jKOI) oA6KAilPIll) Tile; 1-1 11 XOVr'! e;.

[3} TuX6v KOKI'j AelTOUPvio ev6e; KOUOTl'jpO OlllJlOuPvei OU~IlIJEVIl rornxn unep8ep- 1J0VOIl·

rTO oxf)IJO 4.2e <l>oiveTOi OIOVPOIJI-IOTIKO 11 pol'j TWV 8epIJOOUVOIJIKWV peuOTWV (OEpO, npoi'6VTWV Kouoewc;), K09w,) KOI 11 AelTOUPvio TWV KouOTf)pwV os IJIlXovl'j nou XPIlOlIJOnOiei 90MlJoue; rurrou owAtivo.

IX·4.2E.

H poi'] o~po KCI KOUOOEpiwv OTO 801101-10 KOUOEW<;.

4.2.2 E"'Oiol 86Aapol KaUtT~Wt; popt/Jqt; "~Plt/JEPEIOKOU 6oKTuAfou.

O. 86Ao!J01 TOU eiooue; OUTOU crrcrexouvrci on6 eva OOKTuAIOeIOr1 xwpo nou neplf36Mel Til IJI1Xovl'j, 6nw') <l>oiveTOI OTO OXtlJ,Jo 4.2OT.

4.2.3 fJ6Aapoi KOUtTEWt; uu,,6uaupou (csnsnnuls, type).

An6 TO ouveuoouo TWV npOIlVOUIJEVWV rurnov 90MIJwV npoxurrre: eva veo eiooe; 6nwe; OUTO TOU oXI'jJ,JOTO,) 4.2~.

'Onwe; cpaiverol, oUT6') crrorexetrci ana IOlahepoue; KUAlvopoeloeie; 8oA6lJoue; Tono8ETlllJeVOUe; os enacpl'j J,JeTO~u TOUI) lJeoo oe KOIV6 oOKTuAloelOEe; KEAu41ol). Ko- 8e KUAlvbpoelol'je; 96A0J,J0,) Exel eva OIJOKeVTPO owMvo, 0 onoioe; errrrpsrtet au~rlOll Tile; OVOl-llvvu6l-1eVIl') rrocornrcc xcuciuou oepo, xwpie; uneplloAIKI'j OU~1l01l TWV OloOTooewv TOU 80A6lJou. 01 96AOI-I01 OUVOeOVTOI l..IeTO~u TOUI) lJe KOIVOUI) owMvee; - ovwvoue;. lJeow TWV onoiwv IJETooioerol 11 4lMvo on6 86AOIJ0 oe 86AoJ,lO I-IETO TIlV apXIKI'j EVOUOf'J. KOTa TOV rpono OUT6 XPIlOlIJOnOIOUVTOI OUVOAIK6 Evae; r1 Mo aTIlv9llplOTE,) (J,lnou~i) Via 6Ao TO SCAOIJO. EnrOll'), J,lE KOTcMIlAf'J oxeoiool1 emTuyxovETOI o~lonoillol1 TWV nAeoVeKTlllJClTWV TWV npOl1yoUIJEVWV elowv TWV 80- A6J,1WV KOI ouYXp6vw,) nepiOpIOIJ61) TWV ouolJevwv srnrrnececov TWV l-IeIOVeKTI'U.Jo-

89

0511Yllm<.Q TttCPUYlO ClIJIJTtlCat~ Y. n

np0<jlVCllO !jJcxaolJOV

I:UCltll1l0 xc}..U<jlOIJ(;

IX·4.2crr.

06'\olJo<; KoucreW<; lJoP¢lr1<; nepl¢lepelOKoU 60KTU,\fOU.

90

OIU:,

Iie:U1E:pe:UOV10~ ocpa

nTe:pUYIQ • OlpO~IAIO!lOU

npWle:UWV a(PQ~

IX.4.2t.

9c}.c!loC; Kcuaewc; auV6UCa!lEVOU TUITOU.

TWV TOUe;. 'ETa!. EmTuyxavo~E ~EyaAI1 EUXePEIO aUVTI1p~aEWe; KOI EmaKEU~e;. ~IKp6TEPO ~~KOe; eoM~ou. KOAUTEPI1 ova~I~I1 Kouaf~ou - oepo. 0~016~oPc:t>I1 KOTOVO~~ eEp~OKpOa!OKWV KOI KOTOaKEUOaTlKWV TaaEWv.

4.2.4 611Aapol KatiuElIJr allatTTpEt/)6pEVllr potlr.

01 eaAo~ol OUTOr onOTEAOUV IOIOfTEPO ErOOe; EvaW~OTw~evwv eoM~wv KOI. 6- nwe; c:t>OVEPWVEI TO 6vo~a TOUe;. OVTlaTpec:t>ETOI 11 po~ TOU Koualy6vou oepo KOTa Til OIOOPO~~ TOU. 'ETa! 0 oepoe;. KOToeAll36~Evoe; on6 TO ouurneorn aE EaWTEpIK6 Olo~nEp~ awMvo. c:t>eaVEI aTO aMo aKpo TOU eoM~ou. 6nou 0 KOUaT~pOe; EVWVETal ~E TO KOUOI~O KOI TO ncpcvouevc Kouaoeplo OOEUOUV rrpoc TO ~epoe; Tile; sro- 600u TOU oepo. on6TE. ~E EIOIK6 0XET6. OVTlaTpec:t>ETOI 11 po~ TOUe; KOI KOTEUeUVOVTal rrpoc TO aTp6(3IAo. nopouala~ouv QUO nAEovEKT~~OTO: rrpdrrov npoaoroouv noa6 eEp~6TI1TOe; aTOV rrpurrsuovrc oepo KOI OEUTEPOV 11 onoITOU~EVI1 ol6To~I1 ere-

91

660u TOU aepa Kal e~66ou TUlV Kauoaepiwv 61euKoMvei TI')V rrpooopuovn TOU 9a. AalJou C1TI')V Un6AOml') IJl')xav~. Iav lJelOVEKTl')lJC TOUe; prropel va gewpl')gei I') 01')lJaVTIK~ mwol') meoewe; TOU aepa - xcuoueokuv A6yw IJ~KOUe; 6Ia6polJ~e; xm aVTIC1TpOcp~e; TI')e; po~e;.

An' 6Aa rc napancvw ouuneoctvoue 6TI I') 61a61Kaoia TI')e; KauoEWe; C1TOUe; cePloC1Tpoj3iAoue; (lJe uypc KaUC1IlJa) lJolc~el rreprocorepo lJe TI')V KauOI') rrcpopofcov xcuofuusv oe EC1Tia Ae13I')Ta. IToue; aEploC1Tpol3iAoue; l3el3ala 0 Kauoly6voe; aepae; elval un6 lJeyaMTEpl') meon Kal exel urroeret U4JIlAOTepl') np0geplJavoll. Ouolw6EIe; enlolle; eiva! 01 6lacpopee;, A6yw noM IJIKp6TEPOU 61aTIgeIJEvou xwpou Kal noM ueyaMTEpl')e; nEpiooelae; aepa e~ alTiae; TI')e; onofae; ou6enOTE napouolc~eTal np6l3AI')uo eVTovou xcrrvloucroc TI')e; IJllxav~e;, aMc np613AI')IJa C1Tagep6TI')Tae; TI')e; cpA6yae;. Ie OxeolllJe TIe; M EK, I') ouvex~e; Kal IJIl 61aKOm6IJevI') KaUOI') slvm nAeoveKTIK~. H rrlson 61Jwe; TOU cspc elvm IJIKp6Tepl') Kal 11 np0gePlJavo~ TOU 6ev exel cp9coel C1T0 onuelo aUToavacpAe~eWe; TOU eyxe6IJevou xcuofuou, t1I')Aa6~, TO KaUOllJO vro va avacpAeyei «6avei~eTa!» cpA6ya an6 rc rroonvoupevc an6 aUT6 C1Tayovi6Ia. 'Erot, I') cpA6ya ouvmpetrm lJe lJeTc6001l an6 C1Tayovf6lo oe C1Tayovf6lo KCI I') 6IaT~PIlOI') Tile; C1Tagep6TIlTae; anOTeAei cvnxeluevo ev6IacpepOVTOe;. ITO OX~lJa 4.211 napouolc~eTal 61aypaIJIJaTIKc evae; TumK6e; 9CAa1J0e; KauoeWe; Kal 01 apxee; AEIToupyiae; TOU C1T1l YEVIK~ IJOPCP~ TOUe;, EVW 11 rno AemOIJEpElaK~ oxe6iao~ TOUe; avaMETal alJeOWe; napaKcTw.

lV()lQ~l~pa~ llQ\JOl~01J

LlPO~lAlO~~ Qt:pa

Eloolio~ aipa

IX. 4.21).

Aerroupvln ecM~ou KcuaeUJ<;.

4.3 napill'ETpOI Kal CJT6xoi axE61i1aELIJ~ 9aAilI'ou KaUaELIJ~.

Av KCI, 6nwe; npoavacpep91')Ke, I') oxe6iaol') Ev6e; 9aMIJou KauoeWe; elvm Kupiwe; anOTeAeOlJa ElJnElpiae; Kal emTuxwv nElpalJaTIKwV 60KIIJWV TOU KaTaoKeuaC1T~ TOU, uncpxouv 61Jwe; napClJeTpOl, 01 onoiee; exouv yivEI ano6eKTEe; Kal cnorsxouv TI') I3col') TI')e; oxe6lcoewe; TWV 9aMlJwv. ITllv npc~I'), 01 napclJETpOI aUTee; eKcppc~OVTCI rrooonxd onv nEplox~ TIIJWV emTuXOUe; AelToupyiae; TWV 9aMIJwv KauoeWe;.

H orroueciorecn iowe; an6 TIe; napalJETpOUe; aUTEe; slvm 11 eVT6e; TOU 9aMIJou an06eoIJeu6IJeVIl gepIJ6TIlTa an6 Til XIlIJIK~ cvrtepcon «cuotuou Kal aepa. H 9EP- 1J6TI')Ta aUT~ EKcppc~ETal ouv~9we; un6 IJOpCp~ 9EPIJIK~e; po~e; C1TlllJovc6a TOU xp6-

92

YOU, c5IlAac5~ (vro TO ayyAoaa~wVIK6 aUOTIl~a) BTU av6 wpa Kal TeTpaywvIK6 TT6c51 eTTlcJ>6velal) Kal 11 TUTTlKI'\ ap18~IlTlKI'\ TI~I'\ Till) efvOl Till) T6~ewl) TWV 100.000 BTU/h.ft2.

H TI~~ Tile; 8ep~IKI'\e; pO~e; au~6vel ~e TO ~eye80e; TOU 8aM~ou KaUaeWe; Kal Til Aa~TTp6TIlTa Tile; TTapay6~evlle; cJ>Myae;. H Aa~TTp6TIlTa Tile; cJ>Myae; e~apT6TOI KUpfwe; aTT6 TO eic5oe; TOU XPllal~OTTOlou~evou xouofuou xm eivOi ~IKp6Tepll yla !3apea aTToOT6y~aTa TTETpeAafou aTT6 6,TI yla eAacJ>PUTEpa. ria TO Myo aUTO, OTOUe; ~ey6- Aoue; ~e~ovw~evOue; 8aM~oue; KauaeWe; Tile; npwTIle; KaTllyopiae;, TTOU XPllal~oTTOIOUV !3apea eic51l Kauaf~wv acJ>ou rn TTp08ep~6vouv, 11 8ep~IKf) PO~ elvcn ~IKp6- rspn aTT6 6,TI ae 8aM~oue; ~IKp6TEPOU ~Eye80ue;.

To ic5lo ao!3apl'\ ~E TIlV eVT6e; TOU 8aM~ou aTToc5ea~eu6~evll 8ep~6TIlTa efvOl KOI 11 op81'\ av6~1~1l TOU xnuofuou ~E TOV aepa c5ec5o~evou 6MwOTe OTI 11 8ep~6TIlro aTT6 aUTI'\ Kupiwe; e~apT6Tal.

01 rreprcoorepot 86Aa~01 KauaeWe; axec516~oVTal eTa I WOTe ~Ia TToaoTIlTO TOU TTpwTEuoVTa aepa va ava~lvvuETal ~e TO Kaual~O OTIlV nEploxf) eyxuaewl) TOU, TTOU ovo~6~eTOI V\6yw TOU axl'\~aT6e; TOU) 66Ao," TaU 6aA6pou. ITllv TTEPIOX~ TOU 86Aou TO Kaual~O KaiYETal ~E TOV UTT6 U4IIlM OTpo!3IAla~6 aepa aE OTOlxelo~eTplKI'\ rreplTTOU avaAoyfa* Kal eTal 11 8Ep~oKpaaia ~ETTEpv6 TOUe; 4000°F. 0 uTTOhOITTOe; aepae;, o c5euTepEuwv, XPllal~oTTolEiTal ~epIKWe; yla TIlV 4Iu~1l TOU xwpou KauaeWe; Kal KUpfwl) yla rnv apafwall TWV TTpo"i6VTWV Tile; KauaeWe;, WOTe 11 eEp~OKpaaia TWV xnuaaepiwv TTOU cJ>86vouv OTO OTp6!3IAo va ~Ilv unep!3aivEI rnv yla Myoue; aVToxl'\e; Tile; uAIle; ~eYIOTIl ETTlTpeTT6~EVIl 8Ep~OKpaaia T3. 0 KaTO~Epla~6e; aUT61) TOU aepa ~eaa OTO 86Aa~o KaUaEWI) cJ>aiveTal OTO axl'\~a 4.211, EVW OTO ax~~a 4.3a cJ>afveTal 0 OTpo!3IAla~6e; Kal 11 c5po~oMYllal'\ TOU.

[Loollo!; OtPO~LALOIJ.O\'

Ix·4.3a.

o oepOt; EVT6t; TOU 6oMIJou KOUcrEWt;.

01 TI~ee; TTOU unopel va TT6pEI 0 Myoe; xcuofuou - aepa e~apT6Tal 0XI uovo orro TOV 1c5lafTEpo KUKAO TOU aeploOTpo!3fAou, aM6 xm aTT6 TIe; auv8l'\Kee; AelToupyiae; TOU (TO eoprlo. auv8l'\Kee; nepl!36MoVToe; KAn.), Ku~aiveTal c5E ~eaa ae superuru 6- pia Tile; T6~ewe; 0,005 + 0,020. IuvEnWe; 11 IKavoTTol"TIK~ Kauall e~aacJ>aAi~ETal ~e rnv rcopporrlo, ae 6Aee; TIe; auv8~KEe; AEIToupyiac;. TOU csoc TTOU XPllal~oTToleiTOI:

- ria TIlV npwToyevf) av6~1~1l ~e TO eyxe6~evo Kaual~o.

- na TIlV 4IU~1l TOU xwpou TOU 8aM~ou.

- na TIlV apafwall TWV TTpo"i6VTWV Till) KauaEWe;.

• ITOIXEIOIJETPIK~: D.TI uncvooeuouv 01 XTUJIKet; OVTIOp6crEIt;. xwplt; OI1AOO~ rreolcceio oepo.

93

IXETlk6 ElvOI TO 8eIJ0 enrOlle; Tile; OT08ep6TIlToe; Tile; <l>Mvoe; (flame stability), ollA06fl 11 oJvexr'le; oloTf)PIloll <l>Mvoe; OTo8epf]e; AOlJnp6rl1TOe; KOI xwpie; OIOKUlJaVoele;. To 013r'l011J0 fJ 11 OOTo8EI0 Tile; <l>Mvoe; urropel vo O<l>EiAETOI eire OE 6ru.uoupVOUIJEVO PEUIJO oepo (n.x. 0f3 f] 'IE I TO Kepi on6 TO ovolVlJa nopa8upou e~oITioe; TOU orrolou nopobuPETOI 11 $A6vo TOU npoe; TO e~w), EiTE OE unepj3oAIKf] n006TI1TO nopex6IJEVOU nl WTEUOVTOe; oepa oe OXeOll rrooc TO kOTO TI1 OTIVlJrl EKe!VI1 evxe6IJevo KOUOIIJO (OTI IJl0io mwx6 IJIVlJa). ITO oxf]IJO 4.313 $alvETol xopaKTIlPIOTIKf] KOlJnuAI1 OT09Ep6T TOe; TI1e; $A6vae; OE O~OVEe; por'le; oepo KOI Myou KouoilJou-oepo.

'Onwe; $0 ETOI, Via '10 ()lOTI1PI19EI 11 <l>A6vo, npenel 01 oUVTeTOVIJEVEe; va ne$TOUV lJeoo 11'1 nEpiKAEI6IJEVI1 on6 TIlV KOlJnUAI1 neploxf], evw, e~w on6 OUTf], 11 $Mva of3f]ve . To <l>0Iv6IJEVO ouv6eeToi olJeoo IJE TIe; XPIlOIIJOnOIOUIJEVee; UI.jJIlAee; TOxuTIlTee; TO oepo lJeoo OTO 80AOIJ0 Kouoewc;. 01 onolEe; KUlJolvOVTOI an6 jJEPIKO Ewe; KOI 610K6Vl0 IJETpa 0'10 oeuTep6AEnTO, KOI nepmAEKETOI Mvw TWV UI.jJIlAWv TIIJWV TaxuTt'lTwv OUTWV.

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IX. 4.311.

KallTTuAIl CJTOeep6TIlTae Tile ¢>Mvao;.

reVIKO TO $UOIKO $01v61JEVa nou AalJl3ovouv xwpa OTOUe; 80MlJoue; KOUOEWe; eivol on6 TO rno OUV8ETO oep06UVOIJIKa, XIlIJIKO KOI IJET0660ewe; gepIJ6TI1TOe; $01- V6IJEVO. 0 f3081J6e; on0660ewe; TI1e; KOUoeWe;, 611A06t'l 11 npaVlJaTIKO onooeolJEu6- IJEVI1 geplJlKf] evepvelo npOe; Til SEWPl1Tlka 6UVOTr'l Via on06eolJeuol1, eivol noM IJEyoAoe; KOI AolJf3ovETOI O"uvt'lSwe; IJEYOAUTEpOe; TOU 0,97. IIlIJOVTIK6Tepo elvOi lowe; TO vevov6e; 6TI 11 TllJrl TOU 13081J0u on066oewe; BEwpefTol npaKT1KO O"ToBeprl' KOI OVE~OPTI1TI1 TWV OUVSI1KWV AelToupvloe; KOI oUVTIlPrlO"EWe; TOU 80MlJou.

METa TI1V e~EToO"I1 TWV 1300lKwv nopolJErpWV O"XEOIOO"EWe; TWV 80MlJwv, urroPOUIJE VOOUVOI.jJ100IJe TIe; OnOITrlO"EIe; - nepo an6 TI1 1300lKO npwToPXIKf], vo Kolel PI1A06r'l OE601JevI1 noo6TIlTO KouollJoU - nou O$EIAEI va rxovorrore! evoe; O"UYXPOvoe; 96Ao1J0e; KOUOEWe;. 01 onaITf]oele; aUTee; elval:

1) IKavonOlllTIKrl anooEOlJeuO"I1 XI1IJIKrl<; - 8EPIJIKf]e; evepvelae; IJE TIlV KallO"I1 u6povovav8poKwV lJeoa OE neplOplOIJEVO xwpo.

94

2) ITa8ep6TI1Ta AelTouPvfae,; ae eupeia neploxf) TOU Mvou aepa - xcuctuou Kal TaxuTI1TCe,; TOU aepa.

3) EMXlaTl1 mwal1 meaewe,; aepa Kal Kauaaepiwv.

4) EAevx6IJevI1 KaTaVOIJf) 8eplJOKpaaiae,; TWV xouonepluiv KaTO TI1V eiao66 TOUe,;

aTO aTp6lMo. .

5) Bpaxu IJf)KOe,; 4>Mvae,;, waTe va IJI1V e~epxeTal an6 TO 80AaIJ0 rrcpcoupouevn an6 TO peulJa aepa - Kauaaepfwv.

6) Ka8apf) Kaual1, xwpfe,; 611Aa6f) 6111J10uPvfa xcrrvou f) e~aV8paKWIJOTwV ae 6-

Aee,; TIe,; auv8f)Kee,; AeITouPvfae,;.

7) Taxefa Kal eUKOAI1 evaual1 Via a~16maTI1 eKKfvl1al1.

8) AU~l1lJeVI1 aVToxf) UAIKWV KaTaaKeuf)e,;, xwpfe,; eKTeTalJeVI1 aUVTf)Pl1al1.

EivCI 4>avep6 6TI oplalJevee,; an6 TIe,; napanovw anaITf)aele,; - aT6xoue,; Tile,; axeoloaewe,; eival lJeTa~u TOUe,; aVTI4>aTlKee,;. H ano4>uvf) n.x. 0l1lJlouPviae,; xorrvou Kal 11 aTa8ep6TI1Ta AeITOUPVrae,; Via 6AOUe,; TOUe,; Mvoue,; aepa - xcucluou f) I1IJIKpr; mwal1 meaewe,; Kal TO IJIKp6 IJf)KOe,; 4>Mvae,; 6ev urrooouv va IKaVOnOl1180uv rcuroxoovc. 'ETaI, 01 eni lJepoue,; aMI1AOauVKpou6IJevoi aT6xoi cnorexouv aelpo npol3AI1IJOTWV nou TO Ka8eva 1J6vo TOU aM6. Kal we,; ouvoxo, noM rrepioocrepo, eivCI ouaKoAo va emAu80uv.

4.4 KaTaaKEuaC7TIKi~ AEmollipEIE~ TWV 8aA611Wv KauaEw~.

Av Kal 11 apxf) AelTouPviae,; TWV 8aMIJwv 4>afveTCI anAf), 11 axe6iaal1 Kalil xcrcaKeuf) TOUe,; 6uaxepaiveTai A6vw TWV nOIKfAwV auv811KwV AelTouPviae,; TOUe,;, 01 KUpl6Tepee,; an6 TIe,; orrolec eival:

1) Y4JI1M 8epIJoKpaafa 4>Mvae,; OVW TWV 1800°C f) 3500°F.

2) MevoAee,; 8eplJOKpaalaKee,; 6Ia4>opee,; Kal 6111J10uPvfa 8ePIJIKWV rcoecov.

3) 0eplJoKpaaiec,; AelTouPviae,; lJeTaMIKwv em4>avelwv nou 4>80vouv TOUe,; 1 OOO°C r; 1 800°F.

4) Ml1xaVIKEe,; KaTanoVr;aele,; an6 6leveipouaee,; 6uvolJele,; TaAoVTwaewv 6Ia4>6- pWV aUXVOTr;TWV Kal nMToue,;. 01 oleveipouaee,; aUTee,; 6uvolJele,; o4>eiAOVTal rooo ae Ko8apwe,; IJl1xaVIKO 4>Olv6lJevo 6ao Kal ae oep06uvalJlKo, Mvw Tile,; pof)e,; aepa Kal xououephov.

5) MI1XOVIKee,; KOTanoVr;aele,; XITwviou KOI KeAU4>WV Mvw 6Ia4>opae,; meaewv.

6) MI1XOVIKee,; KOTanovf)aele,; o4>eIMlJevee,; ae 6104>opeTIKoue,; aUVTeAeOTee,; 8eplJlKf)e,; 6IaaToMe,;·

AnOTeAealJO 6Awv ounev TWV auv811Kwv epvaaiae,; eival 01 neplaa6Tepec,; on6 TIe,; cvcnooeuxro napouala~6IJevee,; I3Ml3ee,; UAIKOU TWV ola4>6pwv aUaTl1lJOTWV TOU 8aMIJou Kauaewe,;, 01 onoiee,; eK6l1AwvoVTal, KaTo lJevoAo rrooooro. lJe eva., neprotrorepouc an6 TOUe,; aK6Aou80ue,; rporrouc

a) EIJ4>OVlal1 PWVlJWV Kupiwe,; KOVTO ae onee,; f) aauvexelec,; Tile,; KaTaaKeuf)e,;. 13) EIJ4>OVlal1 61aKEvwv KOVTO OTIc,; KOlvec,; neploxee,; (evwaele,;) 6la4>opeTIKwv OTOI-

xeiwv Tile,; KaToaKeuf)e,;.

V) AOToxia UAIKOU Mvw TomKf)c,; unePl3oaewc,; TOU opiou aVToxf)c,;. 6) 11l1lJlouPvia 1J0viIJwV nopalJoP4>waewv.

e) EIJ4>oVlal1 TomKwv unep8eplJ6.vaewv lJe aUVXPovl1 13M 13 11 TOU UAIKOU. or] 1llo13pwall Mvw U4JIlAWV 8ePIJOKpaalwv.

Ta 4>opTia rrou, Mvw 6Ia4>opOc,; meaewv, exouv rcon aUv8Ai4Jewc,; TWV XITwviwv