MORTUARY SERVICES

Structure
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Role and Functions
1.4 Planning Considerations
1.4.1 Location
1.4.2 Size
1.4.3 Number of Rooms and Layout
1 i4.4 Space Required
1.5 Physical Facilities
1.6 Equipment
1.7 Stafing
1.8 Policies and Procedures
1.9 Monitoring
1.10 Let Us Sum Up
1.11 Answers to Check Your Progress
1.12 Further Readings

1 . OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, you should be able to:
@ know the role and significance of mortuary services in a hospital;
@ understand the planning considerations of mortuary services;
@ learn about physical facilities required for a mortuary;
@ plan for the equipment needed in a mortuary;
@ describe the staffing pattern and responsibilities of medical staff and tecllnicians etc;
@ understand the policies and procedures involved in mortuary; and
@ develop a checklist for proper maintenance of a mortuary,

1.2 INTRODUCTION
This wit focuses mainly on mortuary services and facilities in a hospital. While studying the
support and utility services of a hospital the role and importance of mortuary services cannot
be under emphasised. The subject of disposal off the dead is hedged around by religious,
social, and cultural beliefs and practices. Whatever these may be, however, it is necessary to
provide within the hospital or its precincts, a place to which a dead body can be moved
quietly and discretely, in order that other patients are not upset. It is also necessary to see
that the body can later be removed from the hospital, for burial or cremation, by some exit
screened from the view of patients and others in the hospital. Therefore, facilities for safe
ci~stodyof dead bodies before and after postnlortem are to be provided accordingly.

1.3 ROLE AND FUNCTIONS

It is the duty of the hospital to provide mortuary facilities for the dead bodies. When death
.
occurs in Wards, the body is immediately shifted to mortuary until other formalities of the
hospital are completed.
Support and Utllity Services-I1 In a big teaching hospital, mortuary is used for the following purposes:
@ To keep the bodies of the patients dying in the hospital, until the relatives claim them and
arrange for their disposal.
I, To keep the unclaimed dead bodies until their disposal is arranged by the hospital
authorities. This is done by arranging either for their burial or cremation;
9 through hospital funds, or
ii) through religious and charitable organisations. Sometimes the dead bodies may be
handed over to Anatomy Department of Institutions requiring for teaching purposes.

To receive dead bodies requiring pathological postmortems pending final disposal.

@ To receive dead bodies brought to the hospital for medico legal postmortem and store in
the mortuary pending further disposal.
0 The mortuary wing of a teaching hospital is also utilised for demonstration of autopsies
to medical students.
The responsibility cf hospital to preserve the bodies, until handing over to relatives needs to
be stressed. Thus, a need for a proper cold storage is important. The added responsibility of
hospital authorities is to see that no mix up occurs and the particular body is handed over to
its right511 heirlrelativesfor the last rites. In Govt. hospital, medico legal cases are admitted
and in the event of death of such cases, the bodies are handed over to the police personnel
for postrnortem.if required and bodies are never directly handed over to relatives.

1.4 PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

Let us examine in brief the location, layout and physical facilities of the mortuary services.

1.4.1 Location
The mortuary should be located in a separate building near the pathology laboratoiy on the
ground floor, easily accessible from the wards, emergency depaihnent and operation theatres.
It should be located in one wing of the hospital preferably away from the general traffic routes
used by the public. It must have a separate entrance and exit for relatives and for heirs I
heiress.

1.4.2 Size
According to John R. McGibony, for a hospital of 50-100 beds, mortuary refrigerator should
have a capacity to hold two bodies. For a 200 bedded hospital, at least three body capacity
should be provided. Teaching and research hospitals require larger capacity refrigerators
according to their need.

1.4.3 Number of Rooms and Layout

Covered access or portico: A covered access or portico for vehicles should be provided at the
entrance, which leads to mortuary complex as a protection in wet weather, and as a screen
from adjoining areas. The exit to a subsidiary road nearby car parking place is also desirable.
Autopsy room or postmortem room: The autopsy room should be constructed with spacious
windows of frosted glass, adequate water supply, fluorescent lighting built in cupboards and
fans. Autopsy room should provide accommodation for:
0 Autopsy table of stainless steel
@ Sink with running water
e Built in cupboards for keeping instruments and equipment
0 Room should have a water impervious floors sloping to a drain
Tiled walls so that whole room can be easily washed down
@ Junction between walls and floors should be suitably covered,
Good natural ventilation by windows at high level is essential. Impermeable and easily Mortuary Services
washable floor and wall surfaces should be provided.
Body store: Room where the bodies can be kept should be close to postnlortcm room. It can
be combined with the autopsy room. If resources pemlit, refrigerated body storage is
essential. In addition, there should be a provision of a deep freezer with capacity of two
bodies for decomposed bodies and where tlie body is to be kept for a longer period. The
most practical arrangement is to provide chambers averaging about 6 St.- 8 ft. high in which
six bodies may be stored in two sets of three tiers. Cabinet doors should open through 180
degrees to allow the attendant to approach either side of the trolley. Depending upon the
layout, a depth of 5.4 m. for the body store is usually satisfactory. A body on a loose tray or
stretcher may require the space of about 3111' in the cold chamber.
Trolley bay: A bay is required for two mortuary trolleys.
Office cum pathologists room: Where the doctor and police call sit and fulfil prerequisite
formalities and where reports can be written. It may also be used fordiscussiolls with
members of clinical staff,
Changing room: There should be separate lockers for personal clotlies and for postr~lortem
room gowns, aprons and boots.
.Lavatory: Two toilets one for the staff and other for the relations of the deceased, wash
basin and a shower are needed. Space required is 80 sq. ft.
Stores: Three small stores may be required.

i) Clean store: This is for clean gowns, aprons, rubber gloves, gumboots, towels etc.
Linen items like sllrouds, drapes, towels and other linen iren~scan be stored here. It
should be adjacent to the doctor's roo111 and outside poshnorteln room.
ii) Irtstriitnetzts and equipment store: Tliis should open directly into the post inortcm
room. In this area all the instruments, equipment and reserve stock inst~umcnts,electric
reciprocating saw, portable trolley mounted spot light ctc. are kept.
iii) Chemical store: Where chcnlical solutiolis for preserving tlie viscera and speciliien jars
and packing material are kept.
Relatives waiting area: It may be in the form of verandahs-should be pleasantly 2nd
soberly furnished and decorated so that last impression tlie relatives receive of the
deceased is one of quite dignity in death. This area can also be used as a prayer area where
relatives and friends of all rcligious denominations may like to offer prayer. A spacious hall
well ventilated to accomilwdate about 50 persons at times will scrve the purpose. Size call be
of 20 m2.
Room for mortuary technician and attendant:An area of 10 m2 shall he requircd for the staff
who is on duty, to arrange viewing and to assist in autopsy. Room should be readily
accessible fiom the visitor's waiting room.

1.4.4 Space Required

Space requirement varies fiom hospital to hospital depending upon the workload, level of
care it provides and jurisdiction of medical autopsies. For a district liospital with 200 - 300
beds, it is expected to undertake 300 autopsies per yew. As a general guideline, committee
on plan project(COPP)has reconunended an area of 6-8 sq. It. per bed.
Check Your Progress 1

1) List the purposes of mortuary in a big te aching hospital.

2) List the three types of stores which are required in a mortuary.

Support and Utlilty Sewlces-11 3) Describe the space requirement for a mortuary.

1.§ P ~ Y S I C A LFACILITIES
Floors: The floors should be hard and durable. It should be of material, which can be easily
cleaned and moisture resistant.
Walls: The walls of mortuary should be ofpermanent, durable collsrruction and there sllould
be scope for future expaiisioil in view of increase in workload. Finish of the walls must be
impermeable and washable.
Ceilings: The ceilings should be made of materials that are easily cleaned. The height of
ceilings should not be less than 10 feet in principal rooms where height of most ancillary
rooms need not exceed 8 ft. The junctions between the walls and floors should be suitably
covered.
Doors: Sliding or double doors of adequate width should be provided between the principal
rooms to allow easy passage to trolleys, portable X-ray etc, in the postnlortenl room.
Windows: Natural day lighting by windows should be provided wherever possible and it is
preferable for windows of principal rooms to be on the northern side. Windows generally
should have opaque glass and opening side should be fitted with external fly proof screens.
Windowsills should not be placed below height of 5 ft, froill floor.
Corridors: Should be wide enough to allow passage of trolleys. Widtb should not be less
than 8 ft.
Lighting: Either tungsten or fluorescent lighting may be used. In the postmortem room,
special lighting should be provided to ensure adequate illumiilatioll of postinortern tables and
dissecting benches. Fluorescent lightii~gfittings have an advantage in that they can be
arranged ceiltrally above and parallel to the axis of the table but care nwst be taken to ensure
that the lighting is satisfactory for colour identification. Mori,:over, the light fittings should be
so designed to avoid glare, easy to clean and maintain, Switches in wet areas such as
postmortem rooms and body store where walls and floors are hosed down should be of the
hose proof type. Special consideration shoulci be give11 to lightiilg in viewing rooms.
Sufficient hose proof 15 amp socket outlets illoullted on the walls at a height of 5 ft, are
desirable in damp areas such as PM room and body store.
Illumination: Recommended level of illumination for various rooins of moiaiaiy are:

Rooms Average Lumen/ Sq. Ft.

Postmo~temroom 25
Postmortem tables and benches 150
PathologistlForensicspecialist room 15
Body store 10
Staff change roomlwaiting rooms, 7-10
trolley bay, stores, corridors etc.
Value of Illumination is taken at 3 ft. above floor level.

Heating and ventilation: Heating requirements can be met by conventional heat raciiators /
convectors which can be mounted on walls but special preca~ltioilto be taken that pipes
carrying wires should be well concealed with easy access for maintenance. The recommended
temperature for heating purpose required in various areas of the mortuary is 50 OF - 65 OF.
Natural ventilatioi~by fly screened windows and fresh air inlet grills should be adequate
except in postmortem rooms where mechanical exhaust system is necessary. The fans should
be o f the variable speed type designed to produce upto 10 air changes per hour. Care must be
taken to ensure that the air discharged from the mortuary does not reach adjacent areas,
buildings. As a further safeguard, the rooms in the mortuary should not be in direct
communication wit! a lift shaft or any service ducts, which have openings on other floors. If
possible, deodorizing equipment may be provided in the postmortem room.
 Hot and cold water supply: Al~allgelllelltshould be made to provide hot and cold water Mortuary Servlces
supply to mortuary. Postmortem tables should be fitted with individual water hoses. All taps
in the working area should be elbow-operated type.
Drinking water facility: There should be provision of drinking water in.themortuary
complex itself,
Comn~unication:As the mortuary functions under overall co-administrative control of
Forensic expert, con~municationis always required between the department and mortuary,
hospital administration and mortuary as well as police and other public agencies. There
should be provision of both internal as well as external telephone line.
Air-conditioning: In view of financial conswaints, a district hospital may not afford air-
conditioning of the mortuary. A systeill that does not recirculate air is recommended.
Fire alarms and fire fighting equipment: Fire alarm system shouldbe installed. Fire fiihting
equipment should be provided and fire exit routes to be clearly identified and earmarked with
red paint and well illuminated.
Refrigeration: The temperature of cold roo111is to be maintained between 5.5 OC to 6.5 OC,
thermostat control.wil1be required for each cold chamber. Facilities to be provided to enable
the chambers not in use to be switched off,

1.6 EQUIPMENT
Cold Chamber (refrigerator) to preserve the dead bodies and the temperature to be
maintained between 2% to 5'C.
Postmortem table (autopsy table): The tables are of porcelain, fire clay or stainless steel.
Stainless steel is favoured. Up to 400 beds require two tables, each additional 200 beds
another table. A two-tabled roomneeds about 40 sq, m. About 15 sq.rn, of space will be
needed for each additional table.
Doctor's room should have a writing table, chair, telephone, file cabinet, wol.kmanYslockers
for staff working in the mortuary,
1
I
Sterilizer: A small sterilizer for instiument sterilization.
I
I Glass cupboard to keep instruments.
1 X-ray machine: 30 MA poitable X-ray machine wit11 dark room.
Thin layer chromatogr~phykit
Gas liquid chromatography
High pressure liquid chromatography
Spectrophotometer
Fume chamber
Weighing machine
Stainless steel bowl and meat cuttlng saw
I

Two large sinks with hot and cold water should be adjacefit to the workplace-one for clean
, and other for unclean work. A flushing service and wash basin are needed.
Check Your Progress 2
1) What are the recogn$ed level of illurnillation for various rooms ofa mortuary?
f

2) List the important equipment required in a mortuaiy.

Support and Utlility Services-I1 17
e
STAFFING

The staffing depends on the size of the hospital and the complexity of its operations.
Mortuary services are to be carried out round the clock.
As a general rule two pathologists or forensic experts for 150 autopsies/postmorteins.
Additional one doctor for every 100 postmortems.
There is a need for five morgue attendants who can be posted round the clock. They should
be at least matriculates who can read and write in English and local language. This is
important to ensure that wrong bodies are not delivered and to differentiate between MLC
and non-MLC bodies.
There should be at least two mortuary technicians in each mortuary. At least three workers for
cleaning andmaintaining the mortuary.
There should be X-ray technicians to take X-rays in case of medico-legal cases, To maintain
records, R record assistai~tmay be posted.

8.8 POLICIES
-- AND PROCEDUmS
Medico-legal postmortems should be done only during day time before sun set. Natura1,light
and ample time iu essential for apostrnortem to arrive at consensus.
Non medico-legal autopsies can be done at any time.
Protocol of Medico-legalBodies Packing
In a hospital when a death of a medico-legal case takes place it has to be informed to the
concerned police station and the dead body has to be properly packed and sent to mortuaiy
for storage. In cases vrl~erean inquest is to be done by a magistrate, the dead body should
not be handed over to police even upon the written instruc,tions of a magistrate.
Protocols for inquest
In cases of inquest, where the investigating officer feels that postmortem is essential to arrive
at the cause and manner of death, be forwards the dead body, duly sealed under police escort
to the authorised Medical Officer for conducting postmortem. In cases of death after natural
disease process where tlie exact nature and process is not clear, the teaching physician can
request the relative forpostmortem/nutopsy. After getting due permission from next of kin
available on the death f o d c a s e sheet, permission of Medical Superintendent or his nominee
is t o be sought. Only after this, pathologist is approached to carry postmoi~endautopsy.
Consent for autopsy taken from deceased during his lifetime is invalid.
Identification of Bodies je

Wrist Barrd: Proper ideritity wrist bands of all dead bodies including neonates in any hospital
mortualy is mandatoiy, so that no mix up occurs during handiilg over the bodies to the
relativeslauthorized per.sonire1. Such mix-ups are a great enlbarrassn~entfor the hospital
autl~orities.In fact, it may lead to legal complicationsfor the hospital. Clear instructions to all
the concerned to be issued. While packing the dead bodies in Wards before sending to
mortuary, proper identity wrist bands to be applied, where name, age, hospital registration
number, etc. are clearly mentioned as given in death certificate.
Documerrtation:-It is essential for the mortuary staff to verify and compare the name on the
wrist band before entering the case in "mortuary record book" and keeping the body in cold
storage.
Hand and footprints of neonates: Fox neonates it is advisable that in addition to wrist band
having the particulars of the child, mother's particulars should also be mentioned. In Wards, it
is necessary to take hand and foot prints on the case sheets. This is helpful in identification
in a mix up situation,
Protocols far Unclaimed Bodies
Unclaimed body to be preserved for a minimum period of 72 hours after which it could be
disposed. Normally unclaimed dead bodies are handed over to either Municipal Corporation
 or certain religious organisations to conduct the last rites.
In unidentified medico-legal cases, the responsibility of establishing identity of the
deceased is totally that of the investigating officer conducting inquest, usually in such
cases photographs and finger prints are taken, which help in identity establishment even' at
a later stage,
Clotl~ingand belongings are preserved as they also help in identification of deceased in
many situations. In medico-legal cases they are preserved by the investigating officer, while
in non-medico-legal cases they are preserved by the hospital authorities.
An unclaimed dead body can be handed over to a medical college/Anatomy Department. for
teaching purposes, under the Anbtomy Act. by the hospital authorities.
Protective clothing for staff: Mortuary staff to be provided with protective clothing like
gloves, gowns, boots, etc., while handling dead bodies, universal precautions and
mailltailling cleanliness are the two important aspects to be fpIlowed.
Medical check up of staff; In addition to universal precautions while handling dead bodies,
all the mortuary workers should be screened for pulmonary tuberculosis periodically. The
workers should be vaccinated against rabies and hepatitis B.

1.9 MONITORING - - -- . -
\

Check list of things to be verified daily and monthly and half-yearly.

Daily Check
a) Temperature checks of cold storage: Cooling system of mortuary to be checked daily so
that tenlperature is maintained and the bodies are not decomposed. .
b) To check the cleanliness and hygiene of the mortuary.
C) Coinpressor check
d) Cold storage: Thermal graph of the cold storageis-to be checked every day.
e) Gas pressure
f) Temperature
I

g) Water level

1
I
Monthly Cheek
I
I a) Oil fan motors
I b) Wiring
c) Tests for leaks
I
Half-yearly Check
l
a) Grease compressor motors
b) Replace compressor oil
In addition to the above checklist, the following points are also taken consideration.
I
Occupancy Rate
Occupancy rate of the bodies in mortuary to be noted. If the present facilities axe not
enough, hospital authorities can plan for extra facilities in the same area if there is ample
space or plan in a different location.
Maintenance of Negative Pressure
The pressure need to be monitored regularly and maintained within prescribeh limits#
Support and Utllity Services-11 Identification ofBbodies
Identification system of dead bodies is done properly or not. The wrist band on the left side
with the name, IP number etc, to be checked with the death certificate before keeping the
body in the cold storage.
Proper Record Keeping
Preventive maintenance of the equipment to be done. For this proper recording is necessary.
Check Your Progress 3

1) List the categories of staff requirement in a mortuary.

2) .List three ways of identifying the bodies in a mortuary.

3) Describe in brief the protocols for unclaimed bodies.

...............................................................................................................................................................

4) List the things which need to be varified on managerial basis in a mortuary.

LET US SUM UP
In this unit you have learnt that a Mortuary is an important place in a hospital, which has
been neglected for a long time. It is a common experience in our hospitals to Fmd mortuaiy
located in far off isolated corner of the hospital with primitive facilities for body preservation
and autopsy performance. Instead of a pulsating enquiry centre of modern medicine, it
remains a dead house. In the concept of a modern hospital, it is recorded as an important
speciality. It is also a sensitive area in terms of public relations of the hospital. Sanctity of the
'Dead' is a universal concept and is intimately related to the cultural background of the
community. Therefore, recent trend is toremo@ the mortuary with modem facilities.

-.-
1.11 ANSWERS TO CHECKYOUR PROGRFSS
Check Your Progress 1
1) e To keep the bodies of the patients dying in the hospital, until the relatives claim them
and arrange for their disposal.
To keep the unclaimed dead bodies until their disposal is arranged by the hospital
authorities, This is done by arranging either for their burial or cremation;
3 through hospital funds, or
ii) through religious and charitable organisations. Sometimes the dead bodies may $e
handed over to Anatonly Department of Institutions requiring for teaching
purposes. +
0 To rpceive dead bodies requiring pathological postmortems pending final disposal, ,
0 To receive dead bodies brought to the hospital for medico-legal postmortem and store
in the mortuary pending further disposal.
 .'The mortuary wing of a teaching hospital is also utilised for demonstration of
autopsies to medical students.
2) i) Clean Store
ii) Instruments and equipment store
iii) Chemical store

3) Space requirement varies from hospital to hospital depending upon the workload, level
of care it provides and jurisdiction of medical autopsies. For a district hospital wit11
200-300 beds, it is expected to undertake 300 autopsies per year. As a general guideline,
committee on plan project (COPP) has recornmeiided an area of 6-8 sq, ft. per bed.
Check Your Progress 2
Room AvcrageLumen/ Sq.Ft.
Postmortem room 25
Postmortem tables and benches 150
Pathologist/Forensic specialist room 15
Body store 10
Staff change room/waiting rooms, 7-10
trolley bay, stores, corridors etc.
Value of illumination is taken a t 3 ft. above floor level.

2) Cold Chamber (refrigerator) to preserve the dead bodies and the tenlperature to be
maintained between 2°C to 5OC.
Postmortem tabIe (autopsy table): The tables are ofporcelain, fire clay or stainless steel.
Stainless steel is favoured. Up to 400 beds require two tables, each additional 200 beds
another table. A two-tabledroom needs about 40 sq. m. About 15 sq.nl. of space will be
needed for each additional table.
Doctor's,room should have a writing table, chair, telephone, file cabinet, workman's
lockers for staff working in the mortuary.
Sterilizer: A snlall sterilizer for instrumeilt sterilization.
Glass cupboard lo keep instruments.
X-ray machine: 30 MApartable X-ray machine with dark room.
Thin layer chromatography kit
Gas liquid chromatography
High pressure liquid chromatography
Speetrophotometer
Fume chamber
Weighing machine ,

Stainless steel bowl and meat cutting saw

Two large sinks with hot and cold water should be adjacent to the work place-one for
clean and .other for unclean work. A flushing service and wash basin are needed.
Check Your Progress 3

1) As a general rule two pathologists or forensic experts for 150 nutopsies/poslnlortems.

Additional one doctor for every 100 postmortems.
There is a need for five morgue attendants who can be posted round the clock. They
should be at least matriculates who can read and write in English and lbcal language.
This is important to ensure that &ong bodies are not delivered and to differentiate
between MLC and non-MLC bodies.
There should be at leait two mortuary technicians in each mortuary. At least three
' workers for cleaning and maintaining the inortuary.

There should be X-ray technicians to take X-rays in case ofnledico-legal cases. To

maintain records, a record assistant may be posted.
 Support and Utility Services-11 2) i) Wrist Band
ii) Documentation
iii) Hand and foot prints of neonates
3) Unclaimed body to be preserved for a minimlrm period of 72 hours after which it could be
disposed. Normally unclaimed dead bodies are handed over to either Municipal
Corporation or certain religious organisations to conduct the last rites.
In unidentified medico-legal cases, the responsibility of establishing identity of the
deceased is totally that of the investigating officer coildutting inquest, usually i11 such
cases photographs and finger prints are taken, which help in identity establisl~menteven
at a later stage.

Clothing and belongings are preserved as tliey also help in identification of deceased in
many situations. In medico-legal cases they are presel-ved by the investigati~lgofficer,
while in non-medico-legal cases they are preserved by the hospital authorities.

An unclaimed dead body can be handed over to a medical collegelAnatomy Department

for teaching purposes, under the Anatomy Act. by the hospital authorities.
4) Daily Check

a) TempelVafure checks of cold storage: Cooling system of mortuary to be checked daily so

that temperature is maintained and the bodies are not decomposed.
b) To check the cleanliness and hygiene of the mortuary.
c) Compressor check
d) Cold storage: Thermal graph of the cold storage is to be checked every clay.
e) Gas pressure
f) Temperature
g) Water level
Monthly Check
a) Oil fan motors
b) Wirin~
c) Tests for leaks
Half-yearlyCheck
a) Grease compressor motors
b) Replace compwssor oil
In addition to the above checklist, the following points are also taken into consideration.
9 Occupa~icyrate:
9 Identification of bodies:
0 Proper record keeping:
I
-
1 12 FURTHER READINGS
John R Mc Gibony, 1969, Principles o f Ho,s~~i~al
Aclnrinistratiort.
H.M.C. Macaulay and R.Llewelyn Davies, 1966, Hospital Planning and A~lrnini.strntiun.
Ervin Futsep, Moder~zHospirnl, 1979.
Bhardwaj.D.N., Putlire Planning of Mortuaries in Delhi, Journal of Hospital Association,
July 1992
Kenneth L.M.C. doy, Pathology and Morgue Sel-vices, Modem Concept of Hospitnl
Adnlinistcation
S h a k Gupta,
~ Pla~tningand Designing of'MorfutuayComplex for. a District Hospital, JFMT
Vol. W, No. 3 and 4.
Hospitalutility Services, 1996, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare.

14
 UNIT 2
AMBULANCE SERVICES

Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Patient Transportation System - General
2.3 Development ofArnbulance Services
2.4 . Aim and Objective of Ambulance Services and Defii~itionof Ambulailce
2.5 Role and Function of Ambulalice Services
2.6 Transportation of Patients, Staff and Visitors
2.7 Classificatioi~and Types of Ambulances
2.7.1 Surface Alnbulane
2.7.2 Helicopter A~nbulancc
2.7.3 Flying Ambulance (Ambulance Ail.craft)
2.7.4 AmbulanccTrains
2.7.5 Centralised Accident and Traumn Services
2.8 Design, Staffing Pattern and Equipment of an Anlbulance
2.8.1 Design
2.8.2 Scalc of Authorisation of Alnbulance
2.8.3 Staffing Pattern of Ambulance
2.8.4 Equipping ofAmbulances
2,9 Administration of Ambulance Services: Policies and Procedures
2.10 Ambulance Services Department
2.10.1 Physical Facilities
2.10.2 Training of Staff
2.10.3 Communication Systeni in Ambulances
2,11 Ainbulance and Emergency Care Services of Developed Countries
2.1 1.1 France
2.1 1,2 Soviet System of Emergency Transportation
2.1 1.3 Japan
2.1 1,4 Israel
2.1 1.5 Australia
2.1 1 .G United Kingdom
2.1 1.7 West Germany
2.12 State of Ambulance Services in the Country
2.1 2.1 Report of thc Health Survcy and Planning Committee, 1961 (Mudaliar Comniittee)
2.1 2.2 Report of the Hospital Review Committee on Delhi Hospital, 1968(K.N.Rao
Cornmittee)
2.123 Primary Health Carc and lntcgration ofAmbylance Services
2.13 Let Us Sum Up
1.14 Answers to Check Your Progress

2.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you should be able to: C

@ describe the patient transportatian system in general and its development;

enumerate the authorisation of an ambulance, its design, staffing pattern and essential
equipment of an ambulance;