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PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill
for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this PowerPoint slide, you are using it without permission.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Welcome to the class of Engineering Drawing!

This series of powerpoint presentations explain, in a most systematic way, the


theory, principles, methods and problems in Engineering Drawing.

These presentations are extracted from the book “Engineering Drawing : With
an Introduction to AutoCAD” written by Prof. Dhananjay A. Jolhe &
published by Tata McGraw Hill.

Beginners are advised to proceed sequencially through the presentations.


Advanced learner may view particular topic.

View Details
Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Engineering Drawing


Chapter 2 : Lines and lettering
Chapter 3 : Dimensioning
Chapter 4 : Geometrical Constructions
Chapter 5 : Scales
Chapter 6 : Engineering Curves
Chapter 7 : Loci of points
Chapter 8 : Theory of Projection
Chapter 9 : Multiview Orthographic Projections
Chapter 10 : Projections of Points
Chapter 11 : Projections of Lines
Chapter 12 : Auxiliary Plane Projection Method
Chapter 13 : Projections of Planes
Chapter 14 : Projections of Solids
Chapter 15 : Sections of Solids
Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008 Contd.
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Chapter 16 : Theory of Development


Chapter 17 : Intersection of Surfaces of Solids
Chapter 18 : Isometric Projection
Chapter 19 : Perspective Projection
Chapter 20 : Interpretation of the Views
Chapter 21 : Freehand Drawing
Chapter 22 : Computer Aided Drafting

The users are highly encouraged to read the details given in the chapters from
the book for better understanding.
For chapter 22 : Computer Aided Drafting the users are advised to start AutoCAD
& do the practice simultaneously on their PC.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING

The role of engineers is to design & develop the products. In their business, engineers
have to prepare drawings to convey their ideas. The graphical language used by
engineers is called as Engineering Drawing. Just as a picture speaks thousands of
words, a complete technical drawing tells everything about the geometry of the product.

To draw accurate drawings, various instruments & accessories are used. These are
explained on next slide.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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1.3 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES


1.3.1 Drawing Sheets and Papers
Drawing sheets and papers are the ‘canvases’ on which drawings are composed by
pencils or pens. Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes. Indian Standards (IS)
for drawing sheets and drawing boards as recommended by the Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) are shown in Table 1.1.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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1.3.2 Drawing Board


Drawing boards are used to support a drawing sheet or paper. They are made up of
soft wooden platens fastened together by two cross plates (battens), Fig. 1.2. The
working surface of the board is planned perfectly. A shorter edge of the board carries
a hard ebony strip fitted in a groove. This straight ebony edge, perfectly lined up with
the edge of the drawing board, provides the guide for the T-square.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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1.3.3 Mini Drafter


A mini drafter is a portable device used to draw parallel, inclined and perpendicular
lines speedily. It is mounted on a drawing board at the top left corner. A drafter
consists of a scale, a scale screw, a scale plate, steel bars, a bar plate and a clamping
mechanism, Fig. 1.3.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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1.3.4 T-Square
A T-square is a T-shaped device used to draw straight horizontal lines. It consists of a
stock and a blade joined together at right angles, Fig. 1.4.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Set-squares
Two set squares—(i) 45° set-square and (ii) 30°– 60° set-square, are the most common
drawing instruments. A protractor is usually included in a 45° set-square, Fig. 1.5(a).
The 30°– 60° set-square may include French curves in it, Fig. 1.5(b).

Protractor
Protractor is used to draw and measure the angles. It is available separately or as
merged in 45° set-square.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Roller Scale
A roller scale is a handy device used to draw parallel and inclined lines. It is a speedy
device and may be used for practice in classrooms.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Compasses
Compasses are used to draw circles or arcs. Two sizes of compasses—(i) large
compass and (ii) small spring bow compass are in common use. A large compass
consists of a needle leg and a pencil leg hinged together at upper ends, Fig. 1.7(a). The
two legs carry, respectively, a needle point and a pencil point at their lower ends. The
pencil point can be interchanged with a pen point, Fig. 1.7(b). Lengthening bar, Fig.
1.7(c), is used to draw circles of diameter greater than 150 mm. Small spring bow
compasses are of two types: bow pencil compass, Fig. 1.7(e) and Bow pen compass,
Fig. 1.7(f).

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Dividers
Dividers are used to transfer lengths from one place to other. They are also used to set-
off desired distance from the scale on the paper.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Pencils/Lead Pens
The quality of drawing largely depends on the selection and use of proper grade of
pencil. The grade of a pencil is printed near its blocked end. For technical drawing,
three grades of pencils, namely, H, 2H and HB are recommended. A lead pen, Fig.
1.10, is an alternative to the pencil.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Lead Sticks
Lead sticks, Fig. 1.11, are used with compasses. HB and H grades are frequently
needed for technical drafting. The end of lead sticks must be sharpened properly
using sandpaper.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Pencil Sharpener
A pencil sharpener is a device used to mend the pencils. It conveniently removes the
wooden shell covering the lead. A common hand-held sharpener, Fig. 1.12(a), is
recommended.

Eraser
A non-dusting good quality eraser is recommended for erasing unwanted part of the
pencil drawing.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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French Curve
A French curve is a template of freeform curves made up of acrylic or celluloid, Fig.
1.14. It helps to draw a smooth curve passing through a number of non-collinear
points.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Circle Template
A transparent circle template made up of acrylic is used to draw circles of different
radii quickly. The circle templates should only be used to draw circles of diameters
smaller than 5 mm.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Lettering Set-squares
Small sized transparent \set-squares without any graduations on their edges, Fig. 1.17,
may be used for lettering purposes.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Lettering Template
Lettering template is a plastic plate on which letters are carved, Fig. 1.18. It may be
used for double stroke Gothic lettering (Section 2.3.4).

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Drawing Clips, Pins and Adhesive Tape


Drawing clips, pins and adhesive tape are used to fix drawing paper/sheet on the
drawing board. Their use is explained in Fig. 1.21.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Sheet Container
A sheet container, Fig. 1.20, may be used to store and carry drawing sheets.

Sandpaper
Sandpaper (or sandpaper block) is used to sharpen the pencil lead and lead sticks.
Fine grade wood sandpaper, should be preferred.
Paper Napkins or Handkerchief
Paper napkins or a small handkerchief may be used to clean the drawing sheet and
drawing instruments frequently.
Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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PRACTICAL LESSONS
Before the start of drawing work, the drafting table and other drawing instruments should be cleaned
properly. The user should also clean his or her hands. This helps to keep the drawing work clean.
Clamping a Drawing Sheet on Drawing Board and Setting the Drafter
Refer Fig. 1.21.
1. Place a drawing board on a table top or any other suitable surface. A specially designed drafting
table (with a drawing board as a table top) may be used. The ebony edge of the board should be on
your left-hand side.
2. Place the drawing sheet on the drawing board. The bottom and right edges of the sheet should be
approximately 1 cm each from the corresponding edges of the board.
3. Fix a drawing clip (Clip 1) at bottom right corner of the board. See INSET 1 for proper clip
placement.
4. Loosen the clamping screw of the mini drafter. Carry the drafter gently over the board and place its
claming strap over the top left corner of the board such that two of the inner faces of the strap will
mate with the corresponding faces of the top edge of the board, INSET 2. The distance of the clamp
from the left edge of the board may be 5 mm to 10 mm, INSET 3. Tighten the clamping screw
gently till the strap takes a firm grip on the board.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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5. Move the drafter scale to the centre of the sheet. Loosen the scale screw and match the 0 degree
mark on the degree scale with the mark on the scale plate, INSET 4. You must look directly from
above the 0 degree mark to avoid the parallax error. Tighten the scale screw gently.
6. Move the drafter scale near the bottom edge of the sheet. Match the edge with the horizontal scale
of the drafter. The sheet may be moved up and down pivoting about the Clip 1. Once the bottom
edge of the sheet is matched perfectly with the horizontal scale, place another clip (Clip 2) near the
bottom left corner of the sheet. (If the sheet has a printed drawing frame, then the bottom
horizontal line of the frame should be matched with the horizontal scale.) Now, move the scale to
the top edge of the sheet, sliding gently over the sheet, and place the third clip (Clip 3) near the top
right corner of the sheet. Use a drawing pin, INSET 5, or adhesive tape, INSET 6, to fix the top left
corner of the sheet. The pin should be inserted at a point approximately 1 cm each from top and left
edge of the sheet. In case of a sheet with a printed drawing frame, the pin should be placed outside
the frame.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Preparing the Pencil and Lead Sticks


A penknife may be used to remove the wooden shell from the unlettered end of the
pencil. Initially, around 35 mm length of shell should be removed to uncover
approximately 10 mm length of lead, Fig. 1.22(a). The lead end should then be
sharpened to a conical tip using a sandpaper. The sharp conical tip should be
converted to a rounded tip. The lead sticks to be used in compasses may be sharpened
using sandpaper in a similar way.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Preparing the Compass


Loosen the screw of the pencil point of the compass. Insert a lead stick of appropriate
length and prepared with tip as explained below. Adjust the needle and lead so that
the needle tip extends slightly more than the lead tip.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Working with Pencil


The pencil should be gripped at an approximate distance of 35 mm from the lead tip,
Fig.1.25. The pencil is usually held inclined at about 60° with the paper. The slope of
the pencil should be in the direction of the stroke of the line. For horizontal lines, the
pencil should slope up toward the right-hand side. For vertical lines, it should slope up
toward the user. The pencil may be rotated slightly while drawing a line to ensure the
uniformity in line thickness.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Working with Set-squares


The set-squares, in combination with T-square, can be conveniently used to draw
lines inclined at 15°, 30°, 45° and so on. The positions of the set-squares are shown in
Fig. 1.26.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Drawing Margins and Title Block


Sufficient margins should be kept on all the sides of the drawing sheet. The margin
widths at the four sides of A2 size (trimmed) sheet are shown in Fig. 1.27. A thick
drawing frame should be drawn after fixing the margin width. Often, a longer frame
line, say the bottom line, is drawn parallel to the corresponding edge of the sheet.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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The title block is located at the bottom right corner of the frame attached to the frame
lines, Fig. 1.27. It typically includes information like, name of the organization, name
of the designer or draftsman, drawing title, scale of the drawing, etc. The projection
method symbol is also included in the title block.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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TIPS FOR GOOD QUALITY DRAWING


1. Sharpen the tip of the pencil from time to time by using a penknife and sandpaper.
2. Sharpen the lead tip inserted in the compass frequently by sandpaper.
3. Use a proper grade of the pencil and/or lead, i.e., H, 2H or HB as the case may be.
4. Avoid frequent use of eraser.
5. Complete a line, circle or arc in one stroke only. Avoid overdrawing.
6. Maintain constant hand pressure while drawing a particular line, circle or arc.
7. Check frequently the 0 setting of the drafter scale.
8. Don’t use a drafter to draw measured inclinations. Use a protractor for this purpose.
9. While moving the drafter scale from one point to another, care should be taken that it does not rub
with the drawing sheet.
10. Use a bow compass to draw smaller circles or arcs. A circle template should only be used to draw
circles or arcs having a diameter less than 5 mm.
11. Draw smooth curves (e.g., engineering curves, loci of points, sections of solids, development,
curves of intersection, etc.,) initially very lightly by freehand and then use the French curve to
make them sufficiently thick and uniform.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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12. Use a paper napkin or clean handkerchief to clean away the rubbed particles from drawing sheet.
13. Avoid the contact of drawing instruments with drawing sheet except during their actual use.
14. Your drawing sheet gets stained by dirt on the drawing instruments, drawing board and your hands.
Keep all these always clean.
15. Protect your drawing sheet from all external factors which may spoil or make it dirty.
16. Before placing the drawing sheet inside the container, roll it properly and place a rubber-band over
it.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008

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