Emoticons and Pictures of faces used to show emotion.

They can also be created using

smileys punctuation. J
Reduplication of
Letters repeated to add emphasis, e.g. I’m soooooo booorrrreeed.
letters
Phonetic spelling Spelling words as they sound e.g. dun instead of done.
Acronyms and
Using the first letters of words to make up phrases, e.g. LOL, ROTFLOL.
initialisms
Words and phrases that are generally considered inappropriate in certain
Taboo language
contexts. You can come up with your own examples!
Using references to things that are happening in the media, music,
Cultural
television, fashion, sport, film, celebrity etc. e.g. ‘the 80s called – they
referencing
want their outfit back’, ‘doh!’.
Removing words to make the utterance shorter, e.g. Not seen it instead
Deletion
of I haven’t seen it.
Replacing words, or parts of words, with letters and numbers that sound
Letter/ number
the same, e.g. 2, C, U, 8. Can be extended to make whole phrases, e.g.
homophones
CUL8R.
Free from formal Language that is dictated by the formality of standard spelling,
conventions punctuation and grammar.
Abbreviation and Shortening words, e.g. uni instead of university, or haven’t instead
contraction ofhave not.
The use of phrases, constructions and presentation to recreate and
Replication of
simulate visual and auditory features of spoken language, e.g.
speech patterns
using um ... or er ... to suggest thinking time.
The online conversation takes place in real-time with immediate turn-
Synchronous
taking.
Using more words than you really need to convey an idea to add
Over-lexicalisation emphasis and stress, e.g. ‘U R never, ever, gonna believe this... not in a
million, billion years ...’.
Using features to replicate inter-personal aspects of spoken language
Replication of
and to make it seem real, e.g. using capital letters to indicate shouting,
non-verbal
using facial expressions (emoticons), simulating laughter (hahaha), use
features of suspension dots (...)/ hyphens (-) to indicate pauses etc.