Chapter 18

What was the relationship among

intellectual, political, economic, and social
changes in the eighteenth century?
 Intellectual
• Emergence of enlightened absolutism in
which the rulers follow the principles of
Enlightenment by introducing reforms for the
improvement of society, allowing freedom of
speech, permitting religious toleration,
improving education and ruling in accordance
with the law.
 Intellectual and Political

•Enlightenment had some impact on

the political of European states in 18th
century
•Three major rulers associated closely
with Enlightenment’s idea
• Frederick II ( 1740-1786),
king of Prussian

•Joseph II (1780-1790),
king of Austria

•Catherine II the Great

(1762-1796), ruler of Russia
Advocates of Enlightenment

Frederick II and Catherine II

put favor on or even
attempted some ideas of
Enlightenment such as:
• law code
• principles of equality of all
people
• press complete religious
toleration
• However, they were depended on
supports of the gentry class who
wanted to extend the process of
centralization for their own
benefits
 _ Abolished serfdom
_ Restricted on Catholic
Church
_ Abolised the death
penalty
_ Anounced equality of
all people

 He sought to truly radical changes base

on Enlightenment idea.
 Intellectual and Social changes
_Upper class: The impact of Enlightenment
• Childhood was more likely viewed as a phase of
human development dressing children in
comfortable clothes
• Games and toys aimed to please and teach children
_ The idea of Enlightenment argued for unfairness of
social order which based on privilege
 Intellectual and Social changes
“ Travelling was a manifestation of the Enlightenment’s
sophistication”
_People used to take a grand tour in which sons of
aristocrats completed their education by making a tour of
Eroupe’s major cites for educational purpose
_Favorite places were Paris, Florence, Venice and Rome
Agricultural Growth of
Revolution population

Trading Process of
industrialization and
urbanization

Global
economic
 Conclusion
_Althought the emergence of Enlightenment was
appreciated by rulers of European states, it had a
little impact on political and social changes in 18th
century. However, it was the premise of later
revolution in Europe
_Economic extend and social changes had mutual
interaction which lead to industrial revolution in
the future
Thanks for your attention