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When did Europeans first reach North America? This question
has preoccupied historians for many years, and has produced a
multitude of answers, some more plausible than others. This is an
area of history where evidence is scanty, and speculation
abounds. There are only two fixed points of fact, events that we
know happened. First, archaeological evidence and the Icelandic
sagas have established that the Norse arrived in Newfoundland
and Labrador around 1000 CE. Second, there is no dispute that
Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) sailed from Bristol to North
America in 1497. Whether other Europeans explored the region
before the Norse, or between 1000 and 1497, is unclear.

There are legends. The most famous are the story of St. Brendan's
sixth century voyage from Ireland, and the fable that a Welsh
prince, Madoc, reached America in the 12th century. More
realistically, others have argued that Portuguese voyagers sailed
to Newfoundland in the 1470s - indeed, that Joäo Corte Real was
the actual "discoverer" of America. And in Bristol, there exists a
firm belief, backed by some documentary evidence, that mariners
from that port were crossing the Atlantic before John Cabot
arrived.

All that can be said for certain is that during the 15th century, as Europeans began to look for sea routes to Asia, stimulated by dreams of the
wealth to be made trading in spices and precious metals, so the geography of the globe became known more accurately. Europe was
expanding, and a part of the process was the progressive exploration of the Atlantic Ocean. Certainly, the Portuguese were sailing further to
the west, and all along the Atlantic seaboard there was a growing interest in a direct, western route to Asia. While there is no firm evidence of
European explorers in Newfoundland and Labrador between, the Norse and John Cabot, the suggestion that Portugese and English voyagers
reached the shores of eastern North America before Cabot is broadly consistent with what we know of the times

Observations: Based upon the picture list 3 things you see

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Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with
legible handwriting!

1. Who are the two groups to have been among the first in North America.

2. What is the story of one of the legends?

3. Why does the text say that Europeans came to North America.

4. What do you think it would have been like to be on one of these sailing voyages?
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The first European country to start exploring the world in a major
way were the Portuguese. They spent much of their time
exploring the western coast of Africa. It is hard to believe that it
was so dangerous and scary for these ships, but there had never
been a European ship that had traveled all the way down the
western coast of Africa. Many people believed that the farther
south you went the more likely you were to die.

The Age of Exploration marked the beginning of Portuguese

power and wealth. At the beginning of the 1400s Portugal had a
population of one and a quarter million and an economy
dependent on maritime trade with Northern Europe. Although
Portugal was not as rich as the other European countries, it
would lead the European community in the exploration of sea
routes to the African continent, the Atlantic Islands, and to Asia
and South America over the course of the sixteenth century.
Several factors contributed to Portugal becoming the number one
European pioneer in exploration. The first was its geographical
position along the west coast of the Eureope, which allowed for
the natural development of a seafaring tradition. The second was
the evolution of a complex maritime economy in which the port
cities of Lisbon and Oporto became the commercial centers of the
country. The merchant community used these port cities as their
base of operations from which they financed the majority of the
various exploration and trading ventures.

Observations: Based upon the map list 3 things you see

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with
legible handwriting!

1. What continent did Portugal spend a large amount of time exploring?

2. True or False? Portugal was just as rich as the other European countries.

3. Why were many sailors fearful of sailing across the Length of the African Continent?

4. What do you think it would have been like to be on one of these sailing voyages?
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During the Age of Exploration, Spain was one of the most
powerful countries. The country of Spain paid for some of the
most important explorations throughout the entire age.

The four voyages of Columbus (between 1492 and 1504) served

to open the door to European exploration, colonization and
exploitation of the New World, although Columbus himself never
set foot in North America. By the time the English began active
colonization, the Spanish had already explored large portions of
North America, especially in the South and Southwest.

The Spanish explorers encountered three major civilizations in

the New World: the Incas in present-day Peru and the Mayans
and Aztecs in Mexico and Central America. The conquistadors
were truly amazed by what they found — immense wealth in
gold and silver, complex cities rivaling or surpassing those in
Europe, and remarkable artistic and scientific achievements.

Spanish conquest in the New World was driven by the three

'G's—gold (greed), glory, and god. In his drive to gather riches,
Columbus (and later conquistadors) enslaved and decimated the
local populations. The numbers of these Native Americans
plummeted, in part because of war against the colonial forces, but
also because of the introduction of diseases to which the natives
had no natural immunity. The natives contracted malaria,
smallpox and measles from the Europeans, but passed on syphilis
to the invaders in a morbid exchange.

Observations: Based upon the picture of Spanish explorers list 3 things

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Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. How many Voyages did Columbus take and why were they significant?

2. True or False? Columbus set foot on North America.

3. What three civilizations were encountered by the Spanish and what happened to them?

4. What diseases were exchanged between the Spanish and the Natives?
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A Conquistador was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer
who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of
the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish
colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. Notice that the
term is not used for the Portuguese explorers and conquerors of
Brazil, but only Spanish Explorers. The Conquistadors
conquered the native empires of the Aztec people and their
enemies the Incans. These once great Native empires were under
the control of Spain.

Many people at the time wanted to treat the Native Peoples that
they found in the Americas as slaves. Others however, felt that
this was evil and a horrible idea. There was a great debate.

In the summer of 1550, in Valladolid, there was a debate between

two different people. The Aristotelian scholar and humanist Juan
Gines de Sepulveda argued that Indians were natural slaves and
should be treated as such.

The great Dominican defender of Indian rights, Bartolome de Las

Casas, brought a vast collection of first-hand reporting to the
hearing – he wanted to convince everyone there how cruel the
Indians had been treated by Spanish Conquistadors. His
intelligent defence of the indigenous peoples ended with a noble
cry: 'All the world is human'. What is amazing is that the
Spanish king actually listened. Charles V ordered the conquests
to be stopped, while the issues were explored further.

Observations: Based upon the picture of Spanish cruelty list 3 things

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. Who were the Conquistadors?

2. What two great Native American populations did they bring under Spanish control?

3. What did some people want to do with the Natives that they encountered?

4. What was the great debate about? Who do you think should have won the debate?
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John Cabot was born in Genoa, Italy around 1450. His
name was actually Giovanni Caboto, but he would be
remembered by the English translation, John Cabot.

In 1476, Cabot lived in Venice, Italy, the main trading

center for the entire Mediterranean region. He worked there
as a merchant and a navigator. Horrible experiences with
Arab traders probably influenced Cabot’s decision to find a
sea route to the Far East which would allow merchants to
trade directly with Asian traders instead of the Arab traders.

In 1483, Cabot moved to Bristol, England. He believed that

Asia could be reached by sailing west. In 1493, when word
of Columbus’ reports of his successful journey to the New
World arrived, Cabot convinced King Henry VII that
England did not have to sit still while the Spaniards helped
themselves to the New World. Even though the Pope had
given Spain control of all the new lands in the New World,
King Henry VII like Cabot’s idea. He paid for Cabot to
begin an exploration of the New World because Cabot
convinced him that it was possible to reach Asia on a more
northerly route than Columbus had taken, and this route
would be even shorter! The idea that a northern route
existed started the search for the Northwest Passage to the
Indies.

Observations: Based upon the map of John Cabot’s Travels list 3 things
__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. What country was John Cabot from? What country did he eventually sail for?

2. According to the map how many major voyages did Cabot take? What continents did he reach?

3. What route was Cabot and others looking for? Which of the 3 g’s does this represent?

4. What country did the Pope say could have North America?
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The Age of Exploration started in the 1400's. The term

“Age of Exploration” refers to the timeperioid when people
from Europe explored the world from the 1400’s-1700’s.
There were many reason why people from Europe wanted
to explore the world. Europeans were desperate to get
spices from Asia. Spices were used to preserve foods and
keep them from spoiling. Spices, however, were expensive
and dangerous to get. Traders had to travel parts of the
dangerous Silk Road (a land route from Europe to Asia) to
get them. Because the Silk Road was frequently closed due
to various wars, European rulers began to pay for
explorations to find a sea route to Asia so they could get
spices more easily and for cheaper. Portugal was the first
European country that sent explorers to search for the sea
route to Asia. Prince Henry the Navigator started a school
of navigation and financed the first voyages to the west
coast of Africa. In the 1400's, however, sailors were afraid
of sea monsters and boiling hot water at the Equator, so
progress was slow. After Bartholomew Dias and his crew
made it to Africa's Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and
his crew became the first to sail around Africa and through
the Indian Ocean to India.

Observations: List three things you see in the picture

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. What is a main reason why people wanted to explore the world?

2. What was the first country to start exploring the world in a major way?

3. Why were spices important to people from Europe?

4. Who were two important people from the Age of Exploration?

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The Scientific Revolution is the name given by historians of

science to the period that roughly began with the discoveries of a
scientist named Kepler at the beginning of the 1600s and ended
when Sir Isaac Newton wrote a book called Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. Many people who
study history argue whether these events are really the beginning
and the end of the Scientific Revolution. Some claiming that the
proper start of the Scientific Revolution was the publication of De
revolutionibus orbium coel estium by Nicolaus Copernicus in
1543, while others wish to extend it into the 1700s. For the first
time ever, scientists started using the Scientific Method. The
Scientific Method is when scientists use logic and observation to
find out how the world works.

The seventeenth century and the Scientific Revolution was

a period of major scientific change. Not only were new
major ideas and people were doing new types of
experiments, but even more importantly, the way in which
scientists worked was radically changed. At the beginning
of the century, science was something people only talked
about; at its end, science was mathematical, mechanical and
empirical. Scientists used experiments (observations) and
logic to prove what was true about the world.

Observations: List three things you see in the picture

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. Please define the Scientific Revolution (in your own words).

2. What scientist began the Scientific Revolution?

3. How did things change during the Scientific Revolution?

4. How is the scientist in the picture (Galileo) using the scientific method?
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Copernicus was one of the great polymaths of his age. He was a mathematician, astronomer, jurist, physician,
classical scholar, governor, administrator, diplomat, economist, and soldier. During all these jobs, he treated
astronomy like a hobby. However, his formula of how the sun rather than the earth is at the center of the universe is
thought to be one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. Many people believe it was the beginning
of modern astronomy. Also, his original Polish name is Mikołaj Kopernik.
Observations: List three things you see in the picture
__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. What do you think that “Copernicus’ Revolution” refers to? (What new idea did he have?)

2. What country was Copernicus from?

3. Based upon the context, what do you think that polymath means?

4. What scientific field did Copernicus help to start?

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About 1590, two Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube,
discovered that nearby objects appeared greatly enlarged. That was the forerunner of the compound microscope and of the telescope. In
1609, Galileo, father of modern physics and astronomy, heard of these early experiments, worked out the principles of lenses, and made a
much better instrument with a focusing device.

Observations: List three things you see in the picture

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. Do we know the first person who ever made a “microscope”?

2. When were the spectacles (glasses) invented in order to help people read?

3. What did they call the earliest example of a microscope?

4. What did the Janssen’s do that was so important to the history of science?
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This were dangerous thoughts for those in power, and many enlightenment philosophers were at times in prison or were forced to go into
exile. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment also contributed to the French revolution 1789. But some regents took impression of the
ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and carried reforms through in their countries, but they kept the power for themselves. Examples of
these so called "enlightened absolutists" includes Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia and Gustav III of Sweden.

Observations: List three things you see in the picture

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. Where was the center of the enlightenment?

2. Name one leader of the enlightenment.

3. What was the most important idea of the enlightenment?

4. Name three “enlightened absolutists”

5. What do you think is happening in the picture?

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John Locke (August 29, 1632–October 28, 1704) was an

English philosopher of the late 17th century. He said that
people should use thinking to search for the truth, rather
than simply accepting the ideas of authorities (people in
power), or the ideas of superstition and other unscientific
beliefs. Locke was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1656
and a master's degree in 1658.

His idea of the purpose of the ruler was to establish order

in society, and believed that the ruler's power should be
limited. Locke believed that there should be a "contract"
or agreement between the ruler and the ruled. He believed
that the ruler should be able to stay in power as long as
they had the consent of the people that they governed.
Locke’s major teaching was that every human being had
the right to life (to be safe), liberty (to be free), and
property (to own what they make or buy).

Locke also believed that people are basically reasonable,

and would cooperate with each other. The government, in
Locke's view, was responsible for protecting the rights of
the people.

Observations: List three things you see in the picture

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible handwriting!

1. What does the picture have to do with what Locke taught?

2. According to Locke, how should people find the truth?

3. John Locke believed the power of rulers should be unlimited. True or False?

4. What was, according to Locke, the main responsibility of government?

5. Does our country always protect the 3 natural rights of John Locke?
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Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin (June 26, 1699 -
October 6, 1777) was a French hostess who played an
interesting part in French literary and artistic life.
She had people come over to her house for a party
called a “Salon”. In these parties really smart people
would discuss famous ideas of the Enligthenement.
In this way she helped to spread the ideas of the
Enlightenment.

She was born in Paris. Her father was a valet-de-

chambre and her mother was the daughter of a middle
class banker. Marie was orphaned at age seven and
raised by her grandmother, Madame Chemineau, who
educated her to the little extent that girls of her era
were educated. She married, on July 19, 1713, Pierre
Francois Geoffrin, a rich manufacturer and
lieutenant-colonel of the National Guard, who died in
A Scene from a French “Salon” 1750. It was not till Mme Geoffrin was nearly fifty
that she became known as a power in Parisian
society.

She had learned much from Mme de Tencin, and about 1748 began to gather around her a literary and artistic circle. She held
two dinners a week, on Monday for artists, and on Wednesday for her friends the Encyclopaedists (the people who made the
first Encyclopedia) and other men of letters. She received many foreigners of distinction, including David Hume and Horace
Walpole.

Observations: List three things you see in the picture

__________________ ____________________ ____________________

Based upon the reading, answer these questions in complete sentences and with legible ha dwriting!

1. What was a “Salon”?

2. How did Madame Geoffrin help to spread the Enlightenment?

3. Where was Madame Geoffrin Born?

4. How old was she when she became famous in the city of Paris?

5. How did she lead to the creation of the first Encyclopedia?