Hi Class, Here is your Week 3 APR activity questions to complete.

Please insert your answers

after each question and highlight them to ease my grading : )

The following are from workbook Ch. 7: The Lymphatic System. Complete all exercises,
animations, self tests, and in review activities on pp. 331–337.

Lymphatic System Overview pg 331:

1. What is the lymphatic system? Is a network of vessels, lymphatic tissue and organs, and
lymphatic fluid called lymph.
2. Name the fluid involved in this system. Lymph
3. As a system, what is its function? Responds to pathogen and foreign substances.
4. Name the fluid that seeps from the blood capillaries throughout your body. Blood plasma
5. What percentage of this fluid becomes lymph? 10%
6. What are lymphatic capillaries? Microscopic vessels that are found amongst most blood
capillary networks.
7. What do they form when they converge? Lymphatic collecting vessels
8. What do these vessels form when they merge? Lymphatic trunks
9. Where do these vessels drain? Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
10. From where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph? The right upper limbs, neck,
thorax, and head.
11. Where does the right lymphatic duct empty? The right subclavian vein
12. From where does the thoracic duct receive lymph? The remaining regions of the body
13. Where does it empty? Left subclavian vein
14. Which lymphatic duct is larger, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct? Thoracic
15. Lymphatic tissues include… nodules and organs
16. What are lymphatic nodules? Collections of lymphocytes that lack connective tissue
capsule.
17. What do they contain? B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages
18. Where are clusters of lymphatic nodules associated? Walls of the gastrointestinal,
respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
19. Name the large groups of lymphatic nodules found in the walls of the nasal and oral
cavities? Tonsils
20. ____Pharyngeal___ tonsile are located I the nasopharynx. When they are inflamed, they
are known as __adenoids______.
21. Where are the palatine tonsils located? Posterolateral aspect of oral cavity. Lingual
tonsils? On root of tongue.
22. Name the lymphatic organs. Lymph node, thymus and spleen. What is their structure?
Cluster of lymphatic cells surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
23. What are lymph nodes? Small bean shaped structures located along the lymphatic
vessels. Where are prominent clusters of lymph nodes located? Axillia, inguinal, and
cervical region.
24. What are the primary functions of lymph nodes? Production of new lymphocytes,
filtration of lymph, and initiation of immune response.
25. What is the basic structure of a lymph node? An outer cortex and inner medulla
 26. Describe the passage of lymph into , through and out of the lymph node. Lypmh enters
the node through afferent lymphatic vessels and courses through channels and the exit
the node through efferent vessels.
27. Where is the thymus located? Located in the thorax, anterior and superior to the heart.
What is its function? The site for formation and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
28. When is the thymus most active? During childhood
29. What becomes of the thymus, beginning at adolescence? Replaced by fat and
connective tissue
30. Name the body’s largest lymph organ. Spleen Where is it located? Inferior to the
diaphragm on the left side of the body
31. What is its function? Filters the blood
32. How does it act like a lymph node? Production of new lymphocytes and initiating
immune response.

Do the self test to help prepare you for the quiz, but you do not have to turn your answers in.

Do the Lymphatic System – Thorax Anterior view exercise to help you review for the quiz, but
you do not have to turn your answers in.

In Review questions page 334:

1. List the areas drained by the thoracic duct.

2. Lymph nodes are _ Small bean shaped structures located along the lymphatic vessels.
_______.
3. Lymph nodes are typically found in __ ___clusters in specific regions of the body____.
4. Where are these clusters typically found? the arm pit, neck, and groin
5. Name the structure that forms the origin of the thoracic duct. Cysterna chyli

Antigen Processing Animation page 334:

1. What is an antigen? Fragment of foreign proteins

2. After antigens are produced, where are they transported? Endoplasmic recticulum
3. What molecules combine with the antigens there? Class I MHC This combination is then
transported to the _Golgi appartus_______ anf from there to the _____Plasma
membrane_______.
4. What then happens to foreign antigens? Stimulate cell destruction To self-antigens? Not
recognized and do not stimulate cell destruction
5. When an antigen originates from outside of the cell, how do the particles enter the cell?
6. What happens to the particles inside the cell? Macrophages ingest foreign particles,
foreign particles are broke down into fragments and the vessels combine.
7. The vesicle containing the foreign particles … fuses with the vessels of the Golgi
apparatus.
8. What then happens to the MHC class II/antigen complex? Transported to plasma
membrane

Cytotoxic T Cells animation page 335:

 1. When a virus infects a cell, what does it produce? Peptide fragments
2. What happens to some of these proteins? Complexed with Class I MHCs and displayed
on the surface of the cell
3. What molecule complexes with these fragments? Class I MHC
4. Where are they displayed? On surface of infected cell
5. How do the cytotoxic T cells interact with the virus-infected cells? By recognizing both
viral antigen and class I MHC
6. What substances are released by the cytotoxic T cells? cytotoxins
7. The release of these substances results in …perforation in cell membrane
8. What is the result for self-proteins? Degraded and fragments displayed on surface of cell
via I MHC
9. What then becomes fo the cytotoxic T cells? They remain intact, detach from infected
cells, then move on to other target cells

Helper T Cells animation page 335:

1. Proteins (antigens) require the cooperation of helper T cells for what purpose? To
stimulate B-cells into becoming antibody producing cells and memory cells.
2. These antigens are therefore said to be…T cell dependent
3. What does an antigen presenting cell do in the presence of the antigen? Ingested and
broken into peptide fragments
4. The antigen is then moved ___to the surface of the macrophage____ on a _Class___II
MHC______.
5. How does the helper T cell become activated? After recognition of the t helper cell
6. What is the activated T cell capable of doing? Stimulating B cells
7. The antigen reacts with an ___antibody_____ on the surface of the B cell and then
_internalized______.
8. How does the B cell interact with the activated T cell? On the activated helper t cell
9. The helper T cell produces _cytokines____, which stimulate the B cell to __proliferate
and differentiate into antibody producing plasma cell and memory cells_____.

IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity animation page 335:

1. Another name fo an allergic reaction is … hypersensitivity

2. This is mediated by …IgE
3. How does sensitization occur? Antigen makes contact with some part of the body,
antigen is taken up, processed by antigen presenting cells and presented on Class II
MHC
4. Which tissues are rich in B cells committed to IgE production? Tissue under mucous
membrane
5. IgE producing cells are more abundant in …person susceptible to allergens
6. What do the helper T cells produce, and what is the effect on B cells? T cells produce
cytokines. B cells proliferate and differentiate into IgE producing plasma cells
7. Where and how do IgE molecules attach? Via there constant regions to receptors on
nearby mast cells
 8. What are mast cells? Contain granules packed with chemicals that induce a
hypersensitivity response
9. When an antigen-sensitive person is exposed a second time to the antigen, where does
the antigen bind? IgE antibodies on mast cells
10. What is required to trigger a response? Two cell bound IgE molecules must react with a
specific antigen
11. Within seconds, what chemicals are released from the mast cells? Histamine and other
mediators of inflammatory response from granules What do they trigger? A variety of
symptoms
12. What are some of those symptoms? Pain, itching, mucus secreation

Take the self test to help you prepare for the quiz, but you do not have to turn in these answers.

Do Lymphatic system lymph node histology low and high magnification to help prepare for the
quiz, but you do not have to turn in the answers.

In Review page 337:

1. Name the inner zone of the lymph node. medulla

2. What is its function? Site for lymphocyte migration to cortex and site of antibody production by
plasma cell
3. What percent of the lymphocytes remain in the medulla while the rest leave the node via the
lymph? 10%
4. Name the location for memory B lymphocytes and plasma cell formation. Germinal center of
lymph nodule
5. Name the site of B lymphocyte localization. Primary nodule
6. Name the structure of the lymph node that forms in response to antigenic challenge. Secondary
nodule What is its function? Site of B lymphocyte proliferation and site for plasma cell
formation
7. Name the site of antibody production. Medulla What cells are responsible for this production?
Plasma cells