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An Intelligent Routing Protocol for Vehicle


safety communication in Highway
Environments
B. Ramakrishnan, Dr. R. S. Rajesh, R. S. Shaji
ABSTRACT - For rapidly changing topology and high speed mobility of the vehicles, Vehicular Adhoc Network emerges as a standard
routing protocol. An efficient Adhoc routing protocol plays a very important role in VANET application to ensure the safety of drivers and
passengers. In the earlier model routing protocols are applied to the802.11 technology based environment in which the vehicles are
moving inside the city limit and the data communication is between vehicle to vehicle via. Road Side Unit. In this paper a new VANET
model is designed for the vehicles moving outside the city without enough Road Side Units. Here the communication is purely based on
vehicle to vehicle and not from vehicle to Road Side Unit. The standard VANET routing protocols are applied to the above mentioned
VANET model and their characteristics are compared with the use of NS 2.34 version simulator and their results are presented. To
increase the performance of routing protocol, a cluster method and VANET based IEEE 802.11P technology are included in this model.
This simulation result shows the performance of reactive routing protocol and proactive routing protocol.

Index Terms – ITS, GPS, OBU, SHWM, DSDV,AODV,DSR.


——————————  ——————————

1. INTRODUCTION 2. BACKGROUND OF VANET ENVIRONMENT

T
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has been
HE In the earlier research works, the area of vehicle to vehicle
developed by using Vehicular Ad-hoc Network to communication begins from the Adhoc network mode that
improve the safety of the passengers and drivers. It further expands in to VANET in which the vehicles are
provides the Emergency and Entertainment information to the assumed to be moving in the city limit only [4]. The present
vehicles which enables a new mobile application for the work considers the vehicles moving outside the city and
benefit of the travelers [1]. The inter-vehicular communication exchanging information directly without using Road Side
field includes: vehicle to vehicle communication and vehicle to Unit. The range of 802.11 standards is nearly hundred meters,
Road Side Unit communication. Each VANET nodes includes and the vehicles within this range behave as a router to
a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, which is used to propagate the information in a multi-hop communication [5].
find the position of each vehicle in the vehicular network [2]. To transfer the message from one vehicle to another vehicle,
This information of the GPS is used by the VANET to identify the network needs an efficient protocol. The main function of
the position of other vehicles and exchanges information the routing protocol is to identify the position of each vehicle
which decreases the road accidents in the highways [2] [3]. in a VANET. This information is used for identifying the
This Vehicular Ad-hoc Network Communication requires a source and destination vehicles in a vehicular network. The
new type of routing protocols for efficient data transmission1. routing protocol can be classified according to the range of
communication. By the use of routing algorithm, a route is
This paper compares the main routing protocols and established to link source and destination vehicles. The unicast
analyzes how these protocols behave in the given highway protocol sends the information from one source vehicle to
scenario with varying traffic density and speed of the vehicles. destination vehicle, but in multicast protocols the information
                                                             is sent to a group of vehicles [6]. For reliable vehicular
 F.A. Associate Professor,Department of Computer Science, S.T Hindu College,
communication, the performance of the routing protocol used
Nagercoil-02.
 S.B. Associate Professor,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, to communicate the message is important [3]. Different
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli-12. routing protocols are suited for different VANET
 T.C. Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications,
characteristics and scenarios, but the main issue is how to
St.Xaviers catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil. select an efficient routing protocol among them. For this
purpose reactive and proactive protocols are taken into

 
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consideration and these protocols are applied to the proposed Most of the previous works on routing protocols have been
highway model scenario mentioned in this paper. The established for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks [8] [9] only a limited
characteristics of these protocols are studied using of NS 2.34 work has been done on vehicle to vehicle communication
version network simulator. inside the city. But no major attempt has been made on
vehicular communication outside the city area.
3. ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN VANETS
Algorithm1: Cluster Creation
A routing protocol plays an essential role in vehicular network
data communication. The VANET is a main component of
MANET, so the operations of these two Adhoc networks are
the same. Therefore most of the MANET routing protocols are
applicable to vehicular networks. Due to the difference in high
speed mobility of vehicles, VANET communication requires
suitable modification in the predefined routing protocols and
IEEE standards 802.11. This paper discusses the routing
protocols for VANET implemented in NS2.34 version namely
Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol. It is a
table driven protocol, while the other two, namely Dynamic
Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV) routings are on demand protocols [7][8].
DSDV is a modification of the Bellman-ford algorithm, which
can solve routing problem in VANET environment. Each node
maintains a routing table, which contains the shortest path
information to other node in the vehicular network. The
DSDV algorithm provides one route to the destination vehicle
Algorithm 2 : Service Discovery Algorithm
and chooses the shortest path according to the number of hops
to reach the destination. The DSDV is well suitable for small
scale ad-hoc network [6].

The DSR and AODV are on-demand Reactive routing, in


which network routes are only updated when a source vehicle
wants to send a message to the destination vehicle [9]. The
DSR uses source routing in which the data packet contains the
header field that includes the information about the hop-by-
hop route to the destination. It also maintains multiple routes
for each destination. The routing discovery in DSR sets up a
route from the source vehicle to the destination vehicle by
sending the Route request packet from the source vehicle. If
any one of the vehicles breaks its wireless communication then
this algorithm reconnects the route from the source to the
destination vehicle by sending Route Error Packet to the
adjacent node of the broken link. The DSR algorithm does not
locally repair a broken wireless communication link. But it is
done through Error Rectification procedure and it consumes
much more time. Thus the connection setup time is higher
than that of DSDV protocol. AODV is similar to DSR, in which
a route setup from source to destination is done by sending a This paper makes an honest attempt to present a new simple
Route request message. AODV uses a destination sequence highway model with a novel Cluster concept for improving
number to find the latest route to the destination vehicle [8]. the performance of the data communication [10]. Only a bird’s
eye view of the Cluster creation, Cluster Head Election and
4. RELATED WORK
 
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Cluster Head Switching procedure for this highway model is The high speed vehicles moving in a highway are equipped
given in the present paper because these concepts were dealt with a communication device known as On-Board Unit
elaborately by the author in paper [11]. The service discovery (OBU). By using such devices, vehicle can communicate with
for the Cluster based highway model is presented in paper each other as well as with Road Side Unit (RSU). As there is
[12]. The results of the comparative study of the standard enough member of RSU in the city limit, the moving vehicles
802.11 and 802.11P are presented in paper [13]. The paper [14] get good data communication among them. But when they
presents the relative performance of the Cluster concept. The move outside the city limit the communication is weak due to
different routing protocols are analyzed with the information lack of RSU’s. In the present work each vehicle acts as a router
obtained from the above four studies and their characteristics to communicate with other vehicles. The routing protocols
are presented. The Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 2 describes the assume that each vehicle in the VANET knows its position.
cluster creation method and service discovery procedure for Therefore each vehicle is equipped with a Global Positioning
the Simple Highway model [15]. System (GPS) device to identify the correct location of the
destination node. Moreover it is assumed that each vehicle has
5. SYSTEM MODEL an on-board navigation system and the preloaded digital
maps through which it can determine the position of its
Instead of the random movement of nodes in MANETs, the
neighboring junction. It is also assumed that each vehicle has
nodes in VANET move in predefined road. The radio range of
the knowledge about its velocity and direction of movement
VANET is in between 250 and 350 meters. Within this range
of the vehicle.
the vehicles can easily communicate with each other. The
mobility of the vehicular node is dependent on parameters The reliability of the Routing protocols is analyzed only on
like speed, direction of the vehicles and the layout of roads. It the basis of the above mentioned assumptions. It is observed
is a fact that the speed of the moving vehicle on a highway is that in the existing research work the IEEE standard used for
higher i.e. nearly 150 km/hr. Therefore the topology in data communication is 802.11. But due to the high speed
VANET changes more frequently. For this reason the IEEE vehicle movements the standard 802.11p is included in this
standard 802.11 is not well suited for vehicular environment. model [13]. To increase the efficiency of the VANET
So the amendment made on 802.11 establishes a new standard communication, a clustering concept is introduced in this
for VANET model. It is known as the wireless access in highway model. This new cluster algorithm splits the
vehicular environment (WAVE) . Another version of 802.11 is vehicular area into a number of clusters and each cluster has a
known as 802.11p [13]. The Figure 1 represents the VANET cluster head. Generally the cluster head may be RSU’s in city
system architecture for Emergency situation. environment but in the highways anyone of the vehicle with
good data driven capability acts as a Cluster head [11]. All the
Cluster heads are synchronized in a specific period of time
and it is ensured that all the cluster heads have the latest
service updates. If the vehicle crosses the Cluster boundary
then the Cluster head algorithm selects a prominent vehicle as
a new cluster head and the information of the old Cluster head
is transferred to the current one.

Whenever a new service is included, then all the Cluster


heads immediately update their database with the new
information [11]. If a node wants to search a service, it
immediately contacts its local Cluster head. If the specified
service is available then it provides details to the requested
node. If not, the discovery algorithm synchronizes all the
Cluster heads and makes a search for the requested service
[14].

Figure 1 : Emergency Broadcasting VANET Architecture


7. SIMULATION
6. PROPOSED MODEL The simulation model is based on NS 2 simulation version
2.34. This simulation results are displayed in the NAM file and
 
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the routing parameters are obtained from the trace file. To In the first case, a simulation is done with 25 nodes where
evaluate the performance of the routing protocols, some the communication takes place between the source vehicle 5
parameters have been used in the TCL file for measuring the and the destination vehicle 20. This study has been repeated
efficiency of vehicle to vehicle communication. The study of with the number of Clusters varying from 2 to 20 with
these parameters is analyzed by the NS 2 Trace file. Therefore multiples of two. Then the speed of the vehicle is assumed to
the Agent Trace ON and Route Trace ON in the TCL fie are be constant in each scenario and the communication has been
activated. tested by using the speed of the vehicle between 5 and
25m/sec.
8. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

The simulation scenario is designed according to the normal


movement of the vehicles in highways. Let us assume the
VANET area as 1400*1400 meters in highway with
bidirectional movement of vehicles. The number of vehicles in
this simulation is varying from 25 to 150. This proposed work
defines a scenario for each set of nodes. The NS2.34 highway
scenario is shown in Table 1 and the critical simulation
parameters are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.

Table3 : Critical parameters used in NS 2.34 VANET simulations

9. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

9.1 Analysis of Packet receiving time for various


protocols using 802.11 & 802.11p

This parameter defines the time it needs to establish the


connection for each protocol. The Packet has been transmitted
from the source vehicle 5 to the destination vehicle 20. This
Table1: Simple Highway Mobility Model -NS2.34 NAM file output scenario contains 100 nodes with the number of Clusters
varying from 2 to 20 in steps of two. The speed of each vehicle
is assumed to be 10 m/sec and the IEEE standard 802.11 is
used for this stimulation. The performance of Packet
Receiving Time for routing protocol DSDV, AODV and DSR is
shown in figure 2.

Table 2: IEEE 802.11p Parameters in TCL file

 
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Figure 4 it is observed that the routing protocol DSDV with
802.11P yields a low Packet Receiving Time than the routing
protocol DSDV with standard 802.11.

9.2 Comparison of broadcasting time for different


routing protocols using802.11&802.11p

The broadcasting time for various protocols in the proposed


simple highway model with 100 nodes is presented in figure 4.
It is observed that, the presence of DSDV protocol with
standard 802.11 is better than AODV and DSR. The DSR
protocol has high broadcasting time which is shown in figure
4 and the simulation result is found in the broadcasting time
for various protocols using 802.11P. From the Table 4 and
Figure 2 Number of cluster vs Packet receiving time (msec) using IEEE Figure 5 and Figure 6, it is clear that DSDV yields lower
802.11 broadcasting time than the other two. It is also noted that the
DSR has high value than AODV protocol.

Figure 3 Number of cluster vs Packet receiving time (msec) using IEEE


802.11p Figure 5 Number of cluster vs Broad casting time (msec) using IEEE
802.11

Figure 4 Number of cluster vs Packet receiving time (msec) using IEEE


802.11p &802.11 Figure 6 Number of cluster vs Broad casting time (msec) using IEEE
802.11p
It’s noticed that the DSDV protocol yields a low Packet
Receiving Time than AODV and DSR. The same result is
obtained when the VANET IEEE standard 802.11P is included
in this network model which is shown in Figure 3. From
 
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Table 4. cluster vs Broad casting time (msec) using IEEE 802.11


&802.11p

9.3 Analytical study of packet delay time for different


routing protocols using 802.11p
Figure 8 cluster vs Normalized routing load using IEEE 802.11p
It indicates the propagation and transfer delay between first
packet and second packet. The Packet delay times for various The Figure 8 shows the analysis of normalized routing load
routing protocols are measured and the comparative delay for various routing protocol with speed 10. A low normalized
time load is observed when DSR protocol is used and better result
is achieved for Clusters between 4 and 10.

9.5 Packet forward ratio for DSDV, DSR AND AODV


Figure 7. cluster vs Packer delay time (msec)using 802.11p protocols

Characteristic of standard 802.11 with speed 10 is noticed in


Figure 7. With Cluster 4 and 8, the delay time of the packet for
AODV is lower than other two protocols.

9.4 Performance analysis of normalized routing load


for various Routing protocols

Figure 9. Cluster vs Packet forward ratio using IEEE 802.11p

In Figure 9 it is observed that the Packet forward ratio is


higher for AODV protocol and its performance is good if the
 
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number of Cluster is below 8. When the number of Clusters Normally DSDV protocol is well suited for small scale ad-hoc
increases, the packet forward ratio decreases in the AODV network [7]. Among three routing protocols the DSDV has the
where as it increases in DSR protocol. best packet receiving time and Broad casting time. It is also
noted that the proactive routing protocol DSDV achieves
9.6 Packets delivery ratio and throughput analysis for better through put than the reactive protocols AODV and
reactive and proactive protocols DSR. From this analytical work it has been proved that, when
dealing with Packet delay time, Packet delivery ratio, Packet
From Figure 10, it is observed that the packet delivery ratio is
forward ratio and Normalized routing load the protocols that
high for DSR protocol and low performance is received in
present better response are AODV and DSR. Future research
AODV protocol. Figure 11 shows the throughput comparison
can be done in this area to create a geographical routing
of AODV, DSR and DSDV. The graph reveals that DSDV has
procedure for VANET networks in order to increase their
higher throughput than AODV and DSR. The packet through
performance.
put in a given highway scenario is low for DSR protocol.

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