Middle Semester of Enviromental Science

Name :Ahmad Ikhsan

NIM. :101 204 175
Department/Program Study :Physics Deparment/Phisycs Education (ICP)
1. Jelaskan GRK sebagai penyebab global warming?
Jawaban:
GRK seperti CO2 (Karbon dioksida),CH4(Metan) dan N2O (Nitrous Oksida),
HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons), PFCs (Perfluorocarbons) and SF 6 (Sulphur
hexafluoride) yang berada di atmosfer dihasilkan dari berbagai kegiatan
manusia terutama yang berhubungan dengan pembakaran bahan bakar fosil
(minyak, gas, dan batubara) seperti pada pembangkitan tenaga listrik,
kendaraan bermotor, AC, komputer, memasak. Selain itu GRK juga dihasilkan
dari pembakaran dan penggundulan hutan serta aktivitas pertanian dan
peternakan. GRK yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan tersebut, seperti
karbondioksida, metana, dan nitroksida, menyebabkan meningkatnya
konsentrasi GRK di atmosfer, meningkatnya konsentrasi GRK secara global
akibat kegiatan manusia menyebabkan sinar matahari yang dipantulkan
kembali oleh permukaan bumi ke angkasa, sebagian besar terperangkap di
dalam bumi akibat terhambat oleh GRK tadi. Meningkatnya jumlah emisi GRK
di atmosfer pada akhirnya menyebabkan meningkatnya suhu rata-rata
permukaan bumi, yang kemudian dikenal dengan Pemanasan Global.
Pemanasan global menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan iklim, terjadinya
kenaikan suhu, mencairnya es di kutub, meningkatnya permukaan laut,
bergesernya garis pantai, musim kemarau yang berkepanjangan, periode
musim hujan yang semakin singkat, namun semakin tinggi intensitasnya, dan
anomaly-anomali iklim seperti El Nino – La Nina dan Indian Ocean Dipole
(IOD). Hal-hal ini kemudian akan menyebabkan tenggelamnya beberapa
pulau dan berkurangnya luas daratan, pengungsian besar-besaran, gagal
panen, krisis pangan, banjir, wabah penyakit, dan lain-lainnya
2. Bacalah dalam skema tenaga geologi (tektonik, gempa, erosi, dan
masswasting)!
Jawaban:
 Tektonik merupakan salah satu jenis tenaga endogen. Terdapat dua jenis
tektonik, yaitu epirogenesa dan orogenesa. Ada dua epirogenesa yaitu,
epirogenesa positif dan epirogenesa negatif. Sedangkan orogenesa
menghasilkan lipatan dan patahan.
  Gempa merupakan salah satu jenis tenaga endogen. Gempa terbagi atas:
berdasarkan intesitasnya yaitu, gempa macroseisme dan gempa
microseisme; berdasarkan bentuk episentrumnya, yaitu gempa linear dan
gempa sentral; berdasarkan jarak episentrumnya; berdasarkan
penyebabnya; berdasarkan kedalaman hiposentrumnya; berdasarkan
gelombang gempa, yaitu gelombang longitudinal, gelombang transversal,
dan gelombang strato.
 Erosi merupakan salah satu jenis tenaga eksogen. Erosi disebabkan oleh: air
sungai, air laut (abrasi) menyebabkan terbentuknya dataran aluvial dan
delta, angin (ablasi) menyebabkan terbentuknya bukit pasir dan tanah loss,
es (gletser) menyebabkan terbentuknya moraine.
 Masswasting merupakan salah satu jenis tenaga eksogen. Jenis-jenis
masswasting antara lain: slow flowage, contohnya soil creep, rock creep,
dan tallus creep; rapid flowage, contohnya earth flow, mud flow, dan debris
avalances; land slide, contohnya rock slide, debris slide, rock fall, slumping,
dan subsidence.
3. Tuliskan pengertian siklus geologi!
Jawaban:
Siklus geologi adalah alur pembentukan dan perombakan relif bumi secara
keseluruhan oleh tenaga geologi.
4. Amati bentuk gambar apa yang disebut: sill, dyke, lacolith!
Jawaban:
 Sill adalah pluton (intrusi magma) yang menyusup di antara dua lapisan
batu-batu dengan arah mendatar atau horizontal.
 Dyke adalah pluton (intrusi magma) yang menerobos lapisan batu-batuan
dengan arah vertikal.
 Lacolith adalah pluton (intrusi magma) yang menerobos lapisan batu-
batuan dan membentuk menyerupai gunung.
5. What is leveling of hardnest?
Jawaban:
Leveling of hardnest merupakan tingkat kekerasan dari sebuah batuan
berdasarkan mineral penyusunnya dan sifat dari mineral penyusun batuan
tersebut.
1. Explain the greenhouse gases as the cause of global warming?
Answer:
Greenhouse gases such as CO2 (carbon dioxide), CH4 (Methane) and N2O
(Nitrous Oxide), HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons), PFCs (Perfluorocarbons) and
SF6 (Sulphur hexafluoride) in the atmosphere resulting from human
activities primarily related to fuel combustion fossil (oil, gas, and coal) as in
power generation, motor vehicles, air conditioners, computers, cooking. In
addition, GHG also generated from combustion and deforestation and
agricultural activities and livestock. GHG emissions generated from these
activities, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, leading to
increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increasing
global greenhouse gas concentrations due to human activity causing sunlight
reflected back into space by Earth's surface, mostly trapped inside the earth
due to obstructed by GRK earlier. Increasing the amount of GHG emissions in
the atmosphere eventually lead to rising average temperature of the earth's
surface, which was later known as Global Warming. Global warming causes
climate change, the rising temperatures, melting polar ice caps, rising sea
levels, shifting shoreline, the prolonged dry season, a period shorter rainy
season, but the higher the intensity, and anomaly-climate anomalies like El
Nino - La Nina and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). These then would cause
the sinking of several islands and a reduction in land area, massive
displacement, crop failure, food crisis, floods, pestilence, and others.
2. Read in the chart of geology (tectonics, earthquakes, erosion, and
masswasting)!
Answer:
 Tectonics is one type of endogenous. There are two types of tectonic, that
are epirogenesa and orogenesa. There are two epirogenesa that are,
epirogenesa positive and negative. While orogenesa produce folds and
faults.
 The earthquake is one type of endogenous. Earthquake consisting of: based
on intensity taht are, macroseisme earthquake and microseisme
earthquake; based on the form epicenter, that are linear earthquake and
central earthquake; based on the distance epicenter, based on the cause,
based on depth it hipocenter; based on seismic waves, ie longitudinal wave,
transverse wave, and strato wave.
 Erosion is one type of exogenous energy. Erosion caused by river water, sea
water (abrasion) causes the formed of alluvial plains and deltas, wind
 (ablation) causes the formed of dunes and soil loss, ice (glaciers) cause the
formed of Moraine.
 Masswasting is one type of exogenous energy. Masswasting types include:
slow flowage, for example, soil creep, rock creep, and creep tallus; rapid
flowage, for example, earth flow, mud flow, and debris avalances; land
slides, for example, rock slides, debris slides, rock fall, slumping, and
subsidence.
3. Write the understanding of geological cycle!
Answer:
Geological cycle is the formation of grooves and reliefs revamp world as a
whole by the power of geology.
4. Observe of images what ar: sill, dyke, lacolith!
Answer:
 sill is plutons (magma intrusion) which infiltrate between two layers of
stones with flat or horizontal direction.
 Dyke is plutons (magma intrusion) that break through layers of rocks in the
vertical direction.
 Lacolith is plutons (magma intrusion) that break through layers of rocks
and formed like a mountain.
5. What is leveling of hardnest?
Answer:
Leveling of hardness is the degree of hardness of a rock based on its minerals
composition and the characteristic of the its minerals that making up the
rock.