Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared By
INDEX
PART A Software:
EXP NO: 1 DATE:
AIM: To design and simulate the output of common emitter amplifier using Multisim
software and compare the voltage gain with its theoretical value .
THEORY:
The CE amplifier consists of biasing resistors R1 and R2,
temperature stabilization resistor RE, collector load resistor Rc . The circuit
uses bypass capacitor CE to eliminate ac degeneration. The signal source is
connected to the transistor base via coupling capacitor C1, capacitor C2
couples external load resistance RL to the transistor collector.
The input signal which is to be amplified is applied to the base
emitter circuit and the amplified output signal is taken between collector &
emitter. In CE amplifier, + ve going signal i.e, a 1800 phase shift is
introduced between the output and input signals and further the output and
input signals is an amplified version of the input signal.
Characteristics of CE amplifier:
i. Large current gain Ai
ii. Large voltage gain Av
iii. Large power gain
iv. Voltage phase shift of 1800
v. Moderate input and output impedances.
Experimental procedure:
Circuit Diagram:
VCC 12V
VCC
RC
XSC1
R1 4.7kohm
68kohm CC G
2 T
A B
CB Q1 10uF
RS
8 BC107BP
5 4 6
15kohm
10uF
VS
50mV
35.36mV_rms
1
1000Hz R2 RE CE
0Deg 1kohm 47uF
10kohm
Expected graph:
Calculations:
Maximum Voltage Gain(Av max) =
Av max - 3db=
Bandwidth=f2-f1=
AIM: To design and simulate the output of Common source JFET Amplifier using
Multisim software and compare the voltage gain with its theoretical value .
THEORY:
The circuit diagram provides the basic circuit of one stage low
frequency common source amplifier, which is analogous to the CE
amplifier. Here, the source is common terminal to both input and output
side. The input voltage Vi is applied between gate and the source while the
amplified output voltage is obtained across the load resistance RL in the
output circuit.
However, the source resistance Rs is connected between
source ‘S’ and ground to provide negative feedback. The circuit conditions
are assumed to provide linear property to it.
Characteristics of CS amplifier:
i. The input impedance Zi for CS amplifier is equal to RG i.e,
gate resistance except for voltage divider configuration ( R1
║ R2) of it.
ii. By considering rd >> RD , approximation of all biased
circuits of it attains same output impedance.
iii. In all circuits, the gain is similar but with unbypassed Rs ,
voltage gain Av decreases.
Experimental procedure:
VDD
RD
XSC1
1kohm
CD G
2 T
A B
10uF
Q1
CG BFW10 6
RG
22kohm 4 3
10uF
5 VS 1
500mV
353.55mV_rms
1000Hz RS CS
0Deg
2kohm 47uF
Expected graph:
Calculations:
Av max - 3db=
Bandwidth=f2-f1=
THEORY:
As the gain provided by a single stage amplifier is
usually not sufficient to drive the load, so to achieve extra gain multi-stage
amplifier are used. In multi-stage amplifiers output of one-stage is coupled
to the input of the next stage. The coupling of one stage to another is done
with the help of some coupling devices. If it is coupled by RC then the
amplifier is called RC-coupled amplifier.
Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the
variation of gain with respective frequency. The gain of the amplifier
increases as the frequency increases from zero till it becomes maximum at
lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher cut-off frequency
and then it falls again as the frequency increases.
At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor
CC is quite high and hence very small part of signal will pass through from
one stage to the next stage.
At high frequencies the reactance of inter electrode
capacitance is very small and behaves as a short circuit. This increases the
loading effect on next stage and service to reduce the voltage gain due to
these reasons the voltage gain drops at high frequencies.
Circuit Diagram:
VCC 10V
XSC1
VCC
G
R2 R8 R10 R1 T
15.15kohm 4.8kohm 15.15kohm 4.8kohm A B
C2
C4
R5 C1 6 9
5 13.52uF Q2 11
122.4uF R6
600ohm 3 Q1
BC107BP
13.52uF BC107BP 420ohm
V1
2 10mV
7.07mV_rms 8
1000Hz R3 10
R7 R4
0Deg C3 C5
2.85kohm 7R9 1.2kohm
150uF 2.85kohm
1.2kohm 150uF
MODEL GRAPH:-
Gain (dB)
3dB
F1 f2 Frequency
(Hz)
Calculations:
Av max - 3db=
Bandwidth=f2-f1=
RESULT:-
THEORY:
The circuit of RC phase shift oscillator using a common emitter
amplifier and three sections of RC phase shift network is seen. The phase
shift in each ‘ RC’ section is Φ = tan-1 1 / ( ωCR). Here if R is made zero,
then Φ = 900.
As it is impracticable to make ‘R’ zero, in practice the value of
‘R’ is adjusted such that ‘Φ’ becomes 600. The RC ladder network produces
a total phase shift of 1800 between its input and output voltages for the given
frequency.
Thus the total phase shift from the base of the transistor around
the circuit and back to base will be exactly 00 or 3600, thereby satisfying the
Barkhausen condition for oscillation.
Experimental procedure:
Circuit Diagram:
VCC 12V
VCC
R1
R4
2.2kohm
47kohm
C6
8 XSC1
Q1 0.01uF
C4 C3 C2 G
BC107BP
T
A B
4 5 1
1nF 1nF 1nF
3
2
R2 C5
R6 R5 R3
1kohm 100uF
10kohm 10kohm 10kohm
MODEL GRAPH:-
Formula:-
Theoretical :-
R = ______K Ω
C = ______ μf
Frequency f = 1 / 2π R.C √6 =
Practical:-
RESULT:-
Thus the frequency response and gain of RC Phase shift Oscillator is
verified by using Software tools.
Theoretical frequency = --------------------
SIMULATED FREQUENCY = --------------------
THEORY:
The Wien bridge oscillator is the standard oscillator circuit for
all frequencies in the range of 10Hz to 1MHz. It is the most frequently used
type of audio oscillator as the output is free from circuit fluctuations and
ambient temperature. It is essentially a two stage amplifier with RC bridge
circuit resistances R3, L are used to stabilize the outputs amplitude. First
transistor serves as an oscillator and amplifier while the second one serves as
an inverter.
Advantages:
i. Constant output
ii. Works easily
iii. Overall gain is high.
iv. Frequently of oscillations easily changed by
potentiometer.
Disadvantages:
i. Requires two transistors and large number of
components.
ii. It cannot generate very high frequencies.
Experimental procedure:
Circuit Diagram:
MODEL GRAPH:-
Formula:-
Theoretical :-
R1 = ______K Ω , R2 = ______K Ω
C1 = ______ μf , C2 = ______ μf
Frequency f = 1/ (2R1R2C1C2) =
Practical:-
RESULT:-
Thus the frequency response and gain of Wien bridge oscillator is
verified by using Software tools.
Theoretical frequency = --------------------
SIMULATED FREQUENCY = --------------------
THEORY:
It is an amplifier in which an output current flows for the
complete AC cycle of the input signal. This condition is achieved by
locating the Q-point at the centre of the load line. Class A amplifier is
basically a CE amplifier and the output is directly coupled with load . Thus
it is called ‘Direct coupled Class A power amplifier.
In this case, in order to operate the transistor exactly in
midpoint of the load line, two separate power amplifier are used. The
resistor RB provides biasing voltage to the base emitter junction transistor
through VBB & VCC provides biasing voltage for base collector junction.
The input signal is coupled to base via input coupling capacitor
C1, it provides the loading effect between source resistance and RB. The
resistor RE acts as temperature stabilization resistor.
Experimental procedure:
Expected waveform:
Circuit Diagram:
VCC 10V
XSC1
Rb Rc
VCC
47kohm 270ohm G
T
A B
Rs C1
4 cc2
600ohm 2 3
32uF
V1 Q1 47uF
1 25mV BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL 5
17.68mV_rms R5
1000Hz 1kohm
0Deg
MODEL GRAPH:-
S.Bharath Kumar, M.Tech, Asst.Professor of ECE 26
Electronic Circuit Analysis LAB – V.I.T,,Tirupati
Gain (dB)
3dB
F1 f2 Frequency (Hz)
Calculations:
Av max - 3db=
Bandwidth=f2-f1=
THEORY:
Power amplifiers are designed using different circuit configuration
with the sole purpose of delivering maximum undistorted output power to
load. Push-pull amplifiers operating either in class-B are class-AB are
used in high power audio system with high efficiency.
In complementary-symmetry class-B power amplifier two types of
transistors, NPN and PNP are used. These transistors acts as emitter
follower with both emitters connected together.
In class-B power amplifier Q-point is located either in cut-off region
or in saturation region. So, that only 180o of the input signal is flowing in
the output.
In complementary-symmetry power amplifier, during the positive half
cycle of input signal NPN transistor conducts and during the negative
half cycle PNP transistor conducts. Since, the two transistors are
complement of each other and they are connected symmetrically so, the
name complementary symmetry has come
Experimental procedure:
Circuit Diagram:
VCC 12V
VCC
RC
XSC1
R1 4.7kohm
68kohm CC G
2 T
A B
CB Q1 10uF
RS
8 BC107BP
5 4 6
15kohm
10uF
VS
50mV
35.36mV_rms
1000Hz 1
R2 RE CE
0Deg 1kohm 47uF
10kohm
Expected graph:
Calculations:
Av max - 3db=
Bandwidth=f2-f1=
Calculations:
Bandwidth=f2-f1=
Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
Calculations:
Bandwidth=f2-f1=
Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
Calculations:
Time Period:
Frequency:
Amplitude Vp-p:
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
Calculations:
Time Period(T)=
Frequency (f) =
Amplitude Vp-p:
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
PART B Hardware:
EXP NO: DATE:
CE AMPLIFIER
AIM: 1. To construct a CE Amplifier and calculate AI, AV,RI and RO
Theoretically as well as practically.
2. To Calculate f1, f2 and band width.
APPARATUS:
4 Capacitors 22 μF 2
100 μF 1
5 Function Generator 10-1MHZ 1
6 C.R.O 20MHZ 1
7 Connecting wires 10
PROCEDURE:
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
Current gain(AI)
Input Resistance(RI)
Output Resistance(RO)
CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical Values:
hie = 4KΩ
hfe =
R1=8.2KΩ R2=18KΩ
RL=4.8KΩ
Output resistance RO = ∞
Practical Values:
Freqency F = 5KHZ
Source Resistance RS= 1KΩ
Input Voltage Vi= 100mV
Source Voltage VS =
Output Voltage VO=
Output Resistance RO=
Output Current IO = VO/RO=
Input Current Ii = (VS-Vi )/ RS =
Expected graph:
Frequency Response:
1. By keeping the input voltage Vi = 100mV constant and
varying the signal frequency note down the corresponding
output voltage at each frequency. Calculate the value AV at each
frequency.
AV (Voltage gain) = VO/Vi.
3dB frequencies:
f1=
f2=
Band Width = f2 – f1 =
Result:
APPARATUS:-
1. RC phase shift Oscillator trainer Board.
2. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ( C .R. O.).
3. Digital multimeter.
4. Connecting probes and wires.
PROCEDURE:-
CALCULATIONS:-
Theoretical :-
RC = 3.3 K Ω
R = 3.9 K Ω, C = 0.047μf
K = RC / R =
Frequency f = 1/ 2π R.C √(6+4 K) =
Practical:-
Amplitude = Vpp
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
EXPECTED GRAPH:-
RESULT:-
APPARATUS:-
PROCEDURE:-
CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical :-
F = 1/(2πRC)
Where R = R1 = R2 = 10 KΩ
C = C1 = C2 = 0.01 μ f.
PRACTICAL:-
TimePeriod(T)=
Amplitude =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
EXPECTED GRAPH:-
RESULT:-
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.(1).
2. First do the experiment without feed back, i.e by replacing Re1 by
short circuit.
3. Give Vcc= 15V and adjust R2 to set the operating point VCE=8V.
4. Give a sine wave input of Vi=100Mv at a frequency of 5KHZ and
measure Vs and Vo using C.R.O.
5. Connect 10KΩ potentiometer (DRB) across the output terminal
shown with dotted lines in fig.(1) , adjust it to get Vo as half of the
open circuit voltage measured in step 4.
6. Disconnect the potentiometer (DRB) measured its value using
multimeter which is Ro.
7. Decrease the input signal frequency below 5KHZ to get an output
voltage equal to Vo/√2 and note down this frequency as ‘f1’. Again
increase the frequency above 5KHZ to get an output voltage equal
to Vo/√2 and note down this frequency as ‘f2’. Calculated the band
width as f2-f1.
8. Now connect the resistor Re1 in the circuit, repeat steps 3,4,5,6,7
by giving Vcc=15V.
9. Calculate Av, Ai, Ri, Ro for with and without feed back and
compare them.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Table (1) Comparison of parameters for with and without feed back Amplifier
current series.
Current gain(AI)
Input Resistance(RI)
Output Resistance(RO)
Frequency (f1)
Frequency (f2)
CALCULATIONS:
Source Voltage VS =
Source Voltage VS =
RESULT:
AIM: To construct voltage series regulator and to study the response of regulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4 Diode IN2807 1
5 Multimeter 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 Connecting wires 10
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit was connected as shown in figure.
2. The supply voltage was increased and the corresponding output voltage was
notedown from multimeter.
3. The readings were tabulated in the tabular column.
4. The output response was plotted on a graph sheet.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Vin(V) Vout(V)
Expected Graph:
RESULT:
4 Diode IN2807 1
5 Multimeter 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 Connecting wires 10
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit was connected as shown in figure.
2. The supply voltage was increased and the corresponding output voltage was
notedown from multimeter.
3. The readings were tabulated in the tabular column.
4. The output response was plotted on a graph sheet.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Vin(V) Vout(V)
EXPECTED GRAPH:
RESULT: