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B.Se (eey), M.Se (strathclyde) , C. Chern, FR SC(London)·

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6iil3ro: ®. S-DO

MANUDATHUVAMUM TANTRIKAMUM

essays in Tamil on Humanism and Tantrism by T. KANESAR M. So, C. Chem., . F.R.S.C.

© T. Kanesar carer Tamil Puthakalayam, Madras-600 005 f'rist edn: September, 1981

96 Pages

10 pt. letters

10.9 kg. white printing 18X 12.5 oms

box board binding

prem press, madras-600 004

TAMIL PUTHAKALAYAM 58, T. P. KoiI street

. triplicane :: madras 600 005 price R s, 5-00

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"I appeal as a human being to human beings:

Remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new paradise; if you cannot, nothing lies before you but Universal death."

-Bertrand Russell

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1. N. P . Banerjee;

"Buddhism and Marxism"

(New Delhi)

2. D. Chattopadyaya,'''Lokayata'' (New Delhi)

3. D. Chattopadyaya; "What is Dead and What is Living in Indian Philosophy" (New Delhi)

4 • Das Gupta;

5. J. Needham;

6. ,P. C. Ray;

7. D. D. Kosambi:

8. D. D. Kasambi:

"A History of Indian Philosophy" (Cambridge)

"Science and CivilizatioDin China" (Cambridge)

, 'History of Hindu

Chemistry" (Calcutta)

"The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India"

( London)

"Introduction to the Study of Indian History" (Bombay)

"Tantraraja Tantra" (Madras)

10. Ag eananda Bharatl; "rhe Tantric Tra:lition" (New York)

9. John Woodroffei

11. T. Kanesar i

"Proto-Scientific Thought of Ancient India" (Colombo)

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