Professional Documents
Culture Documents
89
SUPPLY SECTION
(1) INTRODUCTION
The power circle diagrams for sending and receiving ends of
a line are derived from the corresponding voltage phasor Increase
diagrams (Figs. 1 and 2). These phasor diagrams are usually
drawn with the reference quantities in the same direction, VArs, out
although they refer in one case to a source and in the other to
a load. The derived power circle diagrams have different Fig. 3.—Quadrant diagram, in accordance with the current
centres for the voltage circles, with a common active- and American I.E.E. sign convention for reactive power.
reactive-power axis. They can, however, use the same set of
These terms imply a quadrant diagram (see Fig. 3) in which
Correspondence on Monographs is invited for consideration with a view to current sent or received is shown on the horizontal axis and
publication.
Mr. Chard is in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bristol. sending- and receiving-end voltages appear in two diagonally
[204]
CHARD: TRANSMISSION-LINE ESTIMATIONS BY COMBINED POWER CIRCLE DIAGRAMS 205
Pr \in n^circle
n circle
O
Fig. 6.—Combined send-receive diagram.
For Er — UNIT voltage, n — Ef\\Er
For E, = UNIT voltage, n = Er\IEs
E,i and Er\ are particular values of E, and Er
at an angle /Pt to the reference axis, gives the zero of angle on Reactive / Power' [\
the transmission-angle scale. The voltage circle through F may
be taken as UNIT volts and is the Es (=Er) circle of the receiving-
end diagram. The voltage circle through G is then of radius
(UNIT x EjJE}), where Esl is the chosen or determined value
11 ft \7 6 / 5 4 3 2 loutOl
of Es, and the intermediate circle is of radius (UNIT X Esl/Er). i . Power i
A number of circles whose radii are proportional to different
values of Es and E} are drawn. Alternatively, the circle through
G may be chosen to represent UNIT voltage, in which case the
circle through F represents (UNIT X E}JEj) and the inter-
mediate circle is (UNIT X Erl/Es), where Erl is a particular value Fig. 7.—Calculating-board settings for sending-end voltage
of£"r. determination.
CHARD: TRANSMISSION-LINE ESTIMATIONS BY COMBINED POWER CIRCLE DIAGRAMS 207
active-power axes must be repositioned according to the receiving- (5) APPENDIX
end diagram. This is done by selecting a circle corresponding (5.1) Calculating-Board Estimations based on Section 3.1
to E}, which is the UNIT value times n2, The intersection of the
6— O line with this circle gives the point F. Vertically below The calculating board has three sets of circles. Black circles
F, at a distance %YE}, is the active-reactive-power origin O R . are used for voltage determination and have radii from 10 to
Setting the transmission angle 6 to 6{ gives the point N from 12-5 in power-scale units. For receiving-end determinations
which the receiving-end active power Pr and reactive power Qr the inner black circle represents UNIT voltage, and so the circles
can be read. are labelled 1-0, 1 02, 1 04, etc., up to 1-25. For sending-end
determinations the same set of black circles are used, but the
(3.2) Long-Line Calculating Board outer circle is now UNIT voltage and the remaining circles are
labelled 0-992, 0-976, 0-96, etc., down to 0-8.
Having secured the advantages of common concentric circles
Red circles are used for «2-circles in sending-end power deter-
for both sending- and receiving-end diagrams, a calculating
minations. The first red circle coincides with the inner black
board can be devised in which the active- and reactive-power
circle, and the red circles are labelled 1 0,1 02,1-04, etc., up to
scales can be positioned by engraving them on Perspex cursors
1 • 25, as are the black circles. Green circles are used for w:-circles
which can be moved horizontally and vertically respectively. A
in receiving-end power determinations. The outer green circle
third cursor, pivoted at O, is set according to the line constants
coincides with the outer black circle, and they are labelled 1-0
for the 6 ~ 0 position, and it reads transmission angles in the
to 0-8 as are the black circles when used with a sending-end
counter-clockwise direction for "send," and in the clockwise
voltage as UNIT volts. In the estimations which follow, the
direction for "receive." The only calculation involved is that
particular circles used will therefore be distinguished by a colour
of the vertical distances FO R = \YE2 and GOS = \YEl and
and a number.
the power scale in terms of unit voltage. For a given transmission
line, tables of values can be prepared for these quantities, and
the reactive-power cursor can be offset by the required amount, (5.2) Given Er, Pr and Q r , determine Es and Angle 6
according to its own scale. Examples of typical measurements Line Data: ZT= \(A/11'\ ohm.
are given in Section 5, together with Fig. 7 on which the appro-
priate calculating-board settings are shown. Yr=0 001083/ 90 mho.
Receiving-end quantities: Er = 220 kV = UNIT voltage.
Pr = 1 3 0 M W I N .
(4) BIBLIOGRAPHY Qr = 42-7MVAriN.
The following selected bibliography is confined to those
references which deal with fundamental considerations relating Since the radius of the UNIT black circle is 10 power-scale
to the solution of transmission-line problems by diagrammatic £2
divisions, one division on the power scale = jj.r- — 29-5 MW.
methods. The numerous references in which such methods are
used have not been included. } = 26-6, and so the VAr cursor must be set down a
distance 26-6/29-5 = 0-9 division.
(1) THIELEMANS, P.: "Calculs, diagrammes et regulation des
lignes de transport d'energie a longue distance," Revue Procedure (see Fig. 7):
Generate de UElectricite, 1920, 8, pp. 403, 435, 475 and (a) Set the angle cursor with O RECEIVE against 77 1° on the
515; and ibid., 1921, 9, pp. 451, 599, 675, 878 and 929. /_P scale.
(2) THIELEMANS, M. L.: "Calculs et diagrammes des lignes de (b) Find the intersection of the 6 — 0 line on the angle
transport de force a longue distance," Comptes Rendus, cursor and the UNIT black circle (point F).
170, p. 1170. (c) Set the active-power cursor with O IN line passing
(3) EVANS, R. D., and SELS, H. K.: "Circle Diagrams for
through F.
Transmission Systems," Electric Journal, 1921,18, p. 530. (d) Set the reactive-power cursor with the zero line 0-9
(4) HOLLADAY, C. H.: "A Graphic Method for the Exact division below F (point O ).
R
Solution of Transmission Lines," Transactions of the (e) Scale Pr = 4-41 divisions and Qr ~ 1-45 divisions on
American I.E.E., 1922, 41, pp. 785. their respective cursors (point N).
(5) DAHL, O. G. C : "Electric Circuits: Theory and Applica- if) Read results: 6 = 20°.
tions" (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1928), Vol. 1, Chap. X. £ , = 1-23 Er= 270 kV.
(6) WOODRUFF, L. F.: "Principles of Electric Power Trans-
mission" (John Wiley, New York, 1938), Chap. VI.
(7) RISSIK, H.: "Power System Interconnection" (Pitman, (5.3) Determination of Ps and Qs under these Conditions
1940), Chap. II. The determination of Ps and Qs involves repositioning the
(8) SCHWAGER, A. C , and WANG, P. Y.: "New Transmission- watt and VAr cursors and the use of the red circle whose
Line Diagrams," Transactions of the American I.E.E., radius is 1 • 232 times the UNIT value. The power scale remains
1945, 64, p. 610. as 1 division = 29-5 MW.
(9) American I.E.E. Subcommittee: "The Sign of Reactive
Power," Electrical Engineering, 1946, 65, p. 512; and Procedure:
ibid., 1948, 67, p. 49. (g) Set the angle cursor with O SEND against 77-1° on the £P
(10) KIMBARK, E. W.: "Electrical Transmission of Power and scale.
Signals" (John Wiley, New York, 1950), p. 205. Qi) Find the intersection of the 1-23 red circle and the
(11) GOODRICH, R. D.: "A Universal Power Circle Diagram," 6 = 0 line (point G). Reset the watt cursor so that the zero
Transactions of the American I.E.E., 1951, 70, p. 2042. line passes through G.
(12) MORTLOCK, J. R., and HUMPHREY DAVIES, M. W.: "Power 0) \YEj = 40 = 40/29-5 = 1 - 3 6 divisions on the power
System Analysis" (Chapman and Hall, London, 1952), scale. Set the VAr cursor with the zero line 1-36 divisions
p. 247. below G (point Os).
208 CHARD: TRANSMISSION-LINE ESTIMATIONS BY COMBINED POWER CIRCLE DIAGRAMS
(k) Find the intersection of the 9 = 20 line and 1-23 black to Es. Thus one division on the power scale becomes E}\\2-5Z.
circle (point k). Repositioning the watt and VAr cursors and using the appro-
(m) Read results: Ps = 4-9 = 144-5 MW OUT. priate green circle gives Pr and Qr.
QS = i • 1 = 32-4 MVAr OUT. As an indication of the possible accuracy of reading, after four
separate determinations involving repositioning of the various
cursors, the receiving-end quantities were given as
(5.4) Given ESi P, and Q,, determine Eri P f , Qr and 6
As in the previous examples, this is done in two stages by the Er = 221 kV
Pr= 131 M W I N
method given in Section 3.1. The first stage, corresponding to
Section 5.1, gives ET and the angle 9, by using the outer black Qr = 41 MVAr IN
circle (radius 12-5 power scale divisions) as UNIT voltage, equal Thesefigurescompare with the initial values given in Section 5.1.