ELECTRICAL

•FSR MAIN JOBS ARE TROUBLE

MEASUREMENTS
SHOOTING, MAINTENANCE &
COMMISSIONING.
•TO MEET THE FSR MAIN ROLE,
SKILLS IN ELECTRICAL
INSTRUMENT IS REQUIRED.
•I ALSO TRY TO TUNE THIS.
BY
LINGAMOORTHY RAMASAMY
 OBJECTIVES
 INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTRICAL
INSTRUMENTATION.
 SAFETY TIPS & BASIC SKILLS OF
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS.
 COMMON MISTAKES.
 OHM’S LAW
THE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH A
CONDUCTOR BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE OR VOLTAGE ACROSS THE TWO
POINTS, AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO
RESISTANCE.
 PARAMETERS
AC DC
 CURRENT  CURRENT
 VOLTAGE  VOLTAGE
 RESISTANCE  RESISTANCE
 PHASE SEQUENCE
 POWER FACTOR
 FREQUENCY
 VOLTAGE
 DEFINITION: THE VOLTAGE IS A ELECTRICAL
DRIVING FORCE THAT COULD DETERMINE AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT BETWEEN THOSE POINTS.
 THE VOLTAGE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS EQUAL TO
THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THOSE POINTS.

PARALLEL
 MISTAKES
 A COMMON MISTAKE IS TO LEAVE THE
TEST LEADS PLUGGED INTO THE
CURRENT INPUT JACKS AND THEN
ATTEMPT A VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT.
 THIS CAUSES A DIRECT SHORT ACROSS
THE SOURCE VOLTAGE THROUGH A LOW-
VALUE RESISTOR INSIDE THE DMM,
CALLED A CURRENT SHUNT.
BECAUSE RESITANCE
VALUE IS LOW(0.1 Ω)
 CURRENT
 DEFINITION: A FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
OR THE RATE OF FLOW OF ELECTRIC
CHARGE.

SERIES

LIKE MEASURING AMPS FOR INSTANCE. MOST DMMS

MEASURE ONLY UP TO 10 AMPS THROUGH THEIR CURRENT
JACKS, SO WHAT DO YOU DO IF YOU NEED TO MEASURE
MORE THAN 10 AMPS, MAYBE AS MUCH AS 2000 AMPS?
 CLAMP METER
 TRANSFORMER TYPE CURRENT CLAMPS
ARE LIMITED TO MEASURING AC
CURRENT ONLY.
 ANOTHER TYPE OF CLAMP IS ONE THAT
USES ACTIVE COMPONENTS TO NOT ONLY
STEP DOWN THE CURRENT, BUT OUTPUT
A VOLTAGE SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO
THE MEASURED CURRENT. ACTIVE
CLAMPS MEASURE BOTH AC AND DC
CURRENT USING A TECHNIQUE BASED ON
THE “HALL EFFECT.”
 CLAMP METER AC

HALL EFFECT: GENERATION OF AN

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL PERPENDICULAR
TO BOTH AN ELECTRIC CURRENT
FLOWING ALONG A CONDUCTING
MATERIAL AND AN EXTERNAL AC & DC
MAGNETIC FIELD APPLIED AT RIGHT
ANGLES TO THE CURRENT UPON
APPLICATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD.
 RESISTANCE
 RESISTANCE IS MEASURED IN OHMS(Ω).
RESISTANCE VALUES CAN VARY
GREATLY, FROM A FEW MILLIOHMS (MΩ)
FOR CONTACT RESISTANCE TO BILLIONS
OF OHMS FOR INSULATORS.
 MOST DMMS MEASURE DOWN TO 0.1 Ω,
AND SOME MEASURE AS HIGH AS 300 MΩ
(300,000,000 OHMS). INFINITE RESISTANCE
(OPEN CIRCUIT) IS READ AS “OL”
 RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE:TO MEASURE THE
VALUE OF RESISTANCE WHICH
IS CONNECTED.
CONTINUITY: IT IS A QUICK
GO/ NO-GO RESISTANCE TEST
THAT DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN
AN OPEN AND A CLOSED
CIRCUIT.
NOTE:RESISTANCE
NOTE: MEASUREMENTS MUST BE MADE
WITH THE CIRCUIT POWER OFF – OTHERWISE, THE
METER OR CIRCUIT COULD BE DAMAGED.
 CAN WE USE DMM FOR TESTING
INSULATION?
 INSULATION TESTING IS A BIT LIKE
PRESSURE CHECKING A PLUMBING
SYSTEM. THE INCREASED PRESSURE
MAKES THE LEAKS EASIER TO SPOT.
 THE ELECTRICAL VERSION OF PRESSURE
IS VOLTAGE. IN INSULATING TESTING WE
USE A RELATIVELY HIGH DC VOLTAGE TO
MAKE LEAKAGE CURRENT MORE
APPARENT.
 THE INSTRUMENT ARE DESIGNED TO
APPLY THE TEST VOLTAGE CONTROLLED
WAY BY LIMITING THE CURRENT TO
PREVENT DAMAGES.
 INSULATION

DURING THE TESTING PROCEDURE,THE HIGH DC VOLTAGE GENERATED BY

PRESSING THE TEST BUTTON WILL CAUSE A SMALL (MICRO-AMPS) CURRENT
FLOW THROUGH THE CONDUCTOR AND THE INSULATION. THE AMOUNT OF
CURRENT DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF VOLTAGE APPLIED, THE SYSTEM’S
CAPACITANCE, THE TOTAL RESISTANCE, AND THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
MATERIAL. FOR A FIXED VOLTAGE, THE HIGHER THE CURRENT, THE LOWER THE
RESISTANCE (E=IR, R=E/I).
THERMOCOUPLE
Two dissimilar thermocouple wires are connected to
the copper leads of a data acquisition device.
The circuit contains three dissimilar metal junctions:
J1, J2, and J3. This results in a Seebeck voltage
between J3 and J2 that is proportional to the
temperature between J1, and J2 and J3.
In the example copper wire which connected with J2
and J3 makes two more junctions contributing
additional voltage to the measuring device.
PHASE ROTATION INDICATOR
THIS IS MOST IMPORTANT
FOR GENERATOR & MOTORS.
BECAUSE CHANGE IN
ROTATION MAKES UNABLE TO
SYNCHRONIZE WITH UTILITY IN
GENERATOR & DAMAGE IN
CASE OF PUMPS &
COMPRESSORS.
BY CONNECTING THE L1, L2
L3 PARALLEL WITH PHASE 1, 2 &
3 RESPECTIVELY. WE WILL
MEASURE PHASE
ROTATION(CW OR CCW).
 PROCESS CALIBRATOR
 MULTIFUNCTION CALIBRATORS ARE
VERSATILE, EASY-TO-USE FIELD
CALIBRATORS. USE THEM TO TEST AND
CALIBRATE ALMOST ANYTHING.
 DUAL MEASURE/SOURCE BACKLIT
SCREENS LET YOU VIEW INPUT AND
OUTPUT SIMULTANEOUSLY
 PERFORM FAST LINEARITY TESTS WITH
AUTO-STEP AND RAMP
 MEASURE AND SOURCE FREQUENCY TO
TEST SENSORS AND FLOW TRANSMITTERS
 SOURCE/SIMULATE MA, TCS AND RTDS TO
CALIBRATE TEMPERATURE
TRANSMITTERS
 DIODE TEST
 A DIODE IS LIKE AN ELECTRONIC SWITCH. IT
CAN BE TURNED ON IF THE VOLTAGE IS OVER
A CERTAIN LEVEL, GENERALLY ABOUT 0.6 V
FOR A SILICON DIODE, AND IT ALLOWS
CURRENT TO FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION.
 WHEN CHECKING THE CONDITION OF A DIODE
OR TRANSISTOR JUNCTION, AN ANALOG VOM
NOT ONLY GIVES WIDELY VARYING READINGS
BUT CAN DRIVE CURRENTS UP TO 50 MA
THROUGH THE JUNCTION.
 SOME DMMS HAVE A DIODE TEST MODE. THIS
MODE MEASURES AND DISPLAYS THE ACTUAL
VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS A JUNCTION.
 SAFETY
 SELECT TYPE OF MEASUREMENT (V / A /
R / HZ / DIODE / TC) PROPERLY.
 SELECT RANGE &TYPE OF INSTRUMENT
REQUIREMENT.
 MAKE SURE CATEGORY OF EQUIPMENT.
 USE PROPER CONNECTING CABLES.
 OTHERS NOT COVERED
OSCILLOSCOPE
 OBJECTIVES COVERED
 INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTRICAL
INSTRUMENTATION.
 SAFETY TIPS & BASIC SKILLS OF
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS.
 COMMON MISTAKES.
THANK YOU

QUESTIONS?