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allow
= 60 MPa, and the allowable shear
stress for the disk is
allow
= 35 MPa .
6.3 Allowable Stress
15
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Solution;
Diameter of the rod;
6.3 Allowable Stress
16
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Solution;
Thickness of the disk;
6.3 Allowable Stress
17
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Ex.(2);
6.3 Allowable Stress
18
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Solution;
6.3 Allowable Stress
19
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Solution;
6.3 Allowable Stress
20
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Solution;
6.4 Strains
21
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Strain is defined as deformation of a solid due to stress.
Direct Strain ( or Normal Strain );
The direct strain ( ), in the member in non-
dimensional form is defined as the change in length
per unit length of the member. Hence;
Strain is dimensionless.
L
A
= c
6.4 Strains
22
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Shear Strain ( );
The shear strain ( ), in the member in non-
dimensional form is defined as ratio of the
shear displacement to length of the member.
Hence;
Strain is dimensionless.
L
x
=
6.4 Strains
23
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Thermal Strain (
t
);
When the temperature of a component is increased or decreased the material
respectively expands or contracts.
Thermal Expansion, (or the increase in length) for most materials, results
from an increase in temperature. The extent of the expansion ( L ) depends
on the temperature change ( T ), the length of the part ( L
o
), and the
coefficient of thermal expansion ( ) of the material involved.
o
L T L A = A o
length initial L
e temperatur in change T
t coefficien thermal
heat to due elongation L
o
=
= A
=
= A
o
T
L
L
o
t
A =
A
= o c
6.5 Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
24
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
If the strain is "elastic" Hooke's law may be used to define;
Young's modulus is also called the modulus of elasticity or stiffness and is a
measure of how much strain occurs due to a given stress.
Because strain is dimensionless Young's modulus has the units of stress or
pressure.
[ Units: N/m
2
( Pa ), kN/m
2
( kPa ), MN/m
2
( MPa ) ]
c
o
=
Strain
Stress
= E Modulus Youngs ) (
6.5 Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
25
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
AE
P
E
E = = =
o
c c o
From Hookes Law:
From the definition of strain:
L
A
= c
Equating and solving for the deformation,
AE
PL
= A
6.5 Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
26
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Example; For the rigid beam shown in figure find the vertical movements at
points A and C.
6.5 Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
27
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
mm
AE
PL
kN P
P = M
al
al
al
al C
78 . 1
) 10 70 )( 500 (
) 10 3 )( 10 83 . 20 (
83 . 20
0 ) 5 . 2 )( 50 ( ) 6 ( 0
aluminum For
3
3 3
= A
= A
= A
=
=
H.W
29
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
For the rigid beam shown in figure find the vertical movements at points B and C.
30
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Q.1 ) A short column has a rectangular
cross section with sides in the ratio 1:2 .
Determine the minimum dimensions of the
column section if the column carries an
axial load of 800kN and the allowable
stress of the material of the column is
400N/mm
2
.
31
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Q.2 ) A steel column is hollow and circular
in cross section with an external diameter of
350 mm and an internal diameter of
300 mm. It carries a compressive axial load
of 2000 kN. Determine the direct stress in
the column.
32
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Q.3 ) A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile
load of 400 kN. Determine the outside
diameter of the tube if the stress is limited
to 120 MN/m
2
.
33
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Q.4 )
Given:
Shear strength of plate = 280 MPa
Allowable compressive stress of punch = 350 Mpa
Find; Maximum thickness of plate to punch a 65 mm
diameter hole.
34
Dr. Alaa Alsaad
University of Duhok
Q.5) Determine the minimum required
diameter of the rod and the minimum thickness
of the plate needed to support the 150 kN load.
The allowable normal stress for the rod is
allow
= 175 MPa, and the allowable shear
stress for the plate is
allow
= 115 MPa