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TRAINING REPORT ON GENERATION OF THERMAL ENERGY

AT

KANTI BIJLEE UTPADAN NIGAM LIMITED

(A joint venture of NTPC Ltd. &BSEB) MUZAFFARPUR THERMAL POWER STATION, KANTI, MUZAFFARPUR, BIHAR.
DURATION : 21.06.2010 to 04.08.2010

Under the guidance of :Mr. J. Bhattacharya


DGM

Mr. S. Chandra
Sr. Manager (EM)

Mr.N. D. Nayak
Engg.(EMD)

SUBMITTED BY:Dhananjay kumar


COLLEGE :Guru Gobind Singh college of modern technology. COURSE : B.tech (ELECTRICAL ENGG.) : ( 5th Sem. )

YEAR Reg.No

: 81006109009

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report pertains to take vocational training which was undertaken under KANTI BIJLEE UTPADAN NIGAM LIMITED, KANTI, MUZAFFARPUR, BIHAR ( A joint venture of NTPC & BSEB ) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the BACHELOR IN ELECTRICAl ENGINEERING from Guru gobind singh college of modern technology,kharar . The main purpose of the training was to acquaint myself with practical experience of actual work condition in which we are required to work in future. I learnt a lot from the practical experience of the engineering & other personals under whom I was placed for training. This helped me to develop the habit of analysis critically various aspects of problem at the time of decision making.

Mr. J. Bhattacharya, Mr. S. Chandra, Mr. D. Nayak, Mr. V.k. Dubey


I would like to acknowledge to during training period who give me clear details & guidelines for the power station .

Finally; I would like to express my thanks to all of the technical & non technical persons for the co- operation & valuable guidance during my training period.

INTRODUCTION PLANT

ABOUT

THE

KBUNL (Kanti Bijlee Utpadan Nigam Limited) which was formerly known as Vaishali Power Generating Company Ltd(VPGCL) is situated in kanti which is 12 km away from main town muzaffarpur. It is totally coal fired Thermal power station. There are two units of each 110MW installed capacity.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT
NTPC has opted for joint venture(jv) with BSEB. The main feature of this jv is as follows:

KANTI BIJLEE UTPADAN NIGAM LIMITED

This jv was incorporated on with Bihar State Electricity Board, a State run Electricity Board in the State of Bihar with NTPC, engaged in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. OBJECTIVE: To take over Muzaffarpur Thermal Power station(2*110MW), a coal based power station at kanti , for carrying our restoration ,R&M and supplying power mainly to state of Bihar.

PROMOTER S EQUITY

NTPC: 51-74% BSEB: 49-26%

ABSTRACT
Any thermal power plant is converting the chemical energy of coal into electrical energy. The process involved for this conversion is based upon the modified Rankin cycle. The major components that are used to accomplish the modified Rankin cycle are:

Boiler feed pump, The steam generator water walls (evaporator), Steam generator super heaters, Steam turbine, Reheater, Condenser, Regenerative feed heaters etc.

All components of a power generating cycle are vital and critical in operation. In Modified Rankin cycle, the two most important aspects that is added are reheating & regenerative heating. By reheating we used to send the steam coming from exhaust of the turbine back to the reheater of the boiler so that its enthalpy increases and more work can be done by this steam the other purpose is to make steam dry so that no harm will be done to the blades of turbine.

In MTPS Kanti, we have three turbines in Tandem coupling namely one H.P Turbine, one I.P Turbine & one L.P Turbine coupled with the generator to which is synchronized with the grid to produce electricity at 50Hz.

In all my modesty, i wish to record here that a sincere attempt has been made for the presentation of this project report. I also trust that this study will not only prove to be of academic interest but also will be able to insight into the area of technical management.

CONTENT
S NO. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Description
An over view (NTPC) Plant introduction Schematic diagram of thermal power plant Working principle Process of generation of electricity Coal to steam Steam to mechanical Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution Single line diagram of grid Transmission Light up process Main boiler components Cooling water circuit Types of fan Types of pump Types of turbine Types of heater

18 19

Unit control desk and panels References

An Overview
NTPC
NTPC was set up in 7th November 1975, the NAVRATNA power giant today generates more than one fourth of the total power in the country, ranked 5th largest power generating utility in the world, NTPC is the second most efficient in capacity utilization among the top ten thermal generating companies according to a survey conducted by Data monitor, United Kingdom. In a short span of two decades, NTPC has earn its prime status by setting up a total generating capacity of 22,249MW, with 19.14% of Indias operating capacity, the company generates 26.7% of country electricity through its 13 coal & 7 gas based power plants spread all over the country. Today, country needs a 10% sustained growth in power generation to ensure the momentum for a 7% overall growth in the economy. Recognizing this, NTPC has committed itself to achieving the status of a 30,000MW plus company by the year 2007 and 40,000MW plus company by the year 2012 and power generating capacity addition programme of 51,000MW (including nuclear energy and nonconventional sources of energy) for the tenth plan.

NEW TECHNOLOGY
Super critical technology at NTPC Sipat project (3*600MW) to increase the efficiency of the cycle and to decrease the green house gas emission,

Closed cycle seawater cooling at Simhadri project for first time in India Introduction of IGCC (Integrated gasified combined cycle) for clean and efficient utilization of coal.

ENVIROMENT MANAGEMENT Liquid Kahalgaon.

water

treatment

plants

at

Farakka

and

Ash water recycling system at Kahalgaon and korba to reduce water requirement for ash disposal at these stations.

PLANT INTRODUCTION
Salient Features Of Boiler Plant 1. General Single drum tangential firing & reheat type (water tube) Pulverized coal (Main fuel), Heavy oil & L.D.O (for light up & flame stabilization) 06 Pressurized type Bowl Mill Balanced draught 02 (each 60% capacity) 02 (each 60% capacity) 03 (each 60% capacity, one standby) 02 Trisector regenerative 01

Type of boiler Type of fuel used No. Of Mills Type of Mills Furnace P.A Fans F.D Fans I.D Fans Air heater Types of Air Heater Electrostatic Precipitator

2. M.C.R. Value S.H. Outlet steam flow R.H. stem flow Pressure at S.H. Outlet Temp. at S.H. Outlet Pressure at R.H. Inlet Pressure at R.H Outlet Temp. at R.H. Inlet Temp. at R.H Outlet Pressure in drum Design pressure Flue gas temp. leaving Economiser Flue gas temp. leaving Air Heater Feed Water Temp. before Economizer

M.C.R 375 T/Hr 331 T/Hr 141.5 Ata 540c 37 Ata 32.9 Ata 369c 540c 148.69 Ata 158.0 kg/cm 350c 142c 235c

Parameter

Salient Features Of Turbine


1.

General Reheat 3(HP,IP &LP) 05 02 01(Variable pressure type) 03(one standby) 02(one standby) Parameter

Type Of Turbine No. Of Cylinders No. Of LP Heater No. Of HP Heater Deaerator No. Of Extraction pump No. Of BFP M.C.R. M.C.R. Value

Rated output 110MW M.S. Pressure at H.P. 130 Ata turbine inlet M.s. temp. at H.P. turbine 535c inlet

H.R.H. temp. at I.P. 535c turbine inlet Turbine speed 3000 rpm Condenser Vacuum 0.1 kg/cm(abs) No. Of Extraction 07 Quality of cooling water 15,400 m/hr Salient Features Of Generator Rating Active Output Rated Voltage Rated Current Power Factor Frequency Excitation System Field current at rated output Type of cooling system Hydrogen Pressure No. Of H cooled elements Cooling medium for H Continuous 110 MW 11000+/-5%V 7220 A 0.8 lagging 50 Hz Static type 1335 A Hydrogen Cooled 2 Ata 06 Soft water

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of thermal power plant is based on Rankin cycle. A central steam station basically works on the Rankin cycle. Steam is produced in the boiler , is expanded in the prime mover (Turbine) and is condensed in a condenser to be fed into the boiIer.

PROCESS OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY


MTPS Kanti is a Thermal Power Plant. The functioning of every Thermal power plant is based on following process:1.

Coal To Steam Steam To Mechanical power

2.

3.

Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution.

Coal To Steam
Coal and water are the primary inputs to a thermal power plant.This process of conversion of water to steam by using heat energy produced by burning of coal by producing heat takes place in boiler and its auxiliaries. Coal burns in a furnace located at the bottom part of the boiler. Feed water is supplied to the boiler drum by boiler feed pumps, where water is heated and converted into saturated steam. This is further superheated in the super heaters.

Steam To Mechanical Power


This is the most important process of a power plant. The superheated steam produced in the boiler at high pressure and temperature is feed to the turbine giving up heat energy, which is transformed into mechanical energy on turbine shaft. Thus, mechanical power is obtained from the turbine shaft.

Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution


Mechanical power produced at the shaft of the turbine is used to rotate the rotor of an electrical generator that produces electrical power. The electric power produced by the generator is boosted to a high voltage by a generator transformer to reduce transmission losses. This power at EHV i.e. 400 KV is transmitted and distributed by EHV transmission lines.

Coal To Steam
We are taking coal from coal-yard as Wagon tippler load with the help of motor on which the conveyer belt is mounted. As Wagon tippler consist of rotor & pinion. The pinion use to rotate rotor. If in case Wagon tippler not working then mechanically coal is transfer into hopper to the belt. We supply coal in coal bunker watching the load on control room connected Ammeter & Voltmeter. Feeder is used to put coal on belt. Small motors are connected to belt for support. Coal being passed through metal detector after passing through metal detector it is passed through vibrating screen where coal of 5mm

seperated from large coal ane fed to crusher then magnetic separator to remove iron particle from coal. Then fed to crusher to coal bunker.

Metal detector placed over conveyer belt

From coal bunker coal is supplied, to pulverising mill. There are six coal bunkers supplying coal to each mill and are located at top of the mills to add in gravity feeding of coal. Each bunker store coal which can be used for 12 hrs. Coal is supplied to the mill by the four barriers. With the help of primary air fan we feed coal to pulveriser mill with high pressure of air. There are five pipes connected to mill from on we feed coal to mill and from other four pipes coal dust comes out from mill after pulverising. The coal is converted into powered form in the mill. The mill is ball mill of MTPS power station. With the help of primary air coal dust is feed into ignited boiler. The coal which we are using for thermal power plant is of class c. In boiler heat of coal is used to convert water into steam. Coal produces heat of 330c and that of super heated stem is 535 c.

Steam To mechanical power


The steam which being produced in the boiler are collected in drum. This boiler drum is mounted on top of the boiler. From drum steam is passed through super heater. There are three heaters between boiler drum and high pressure turbine. boiler boiler super Super

heaters are used to remove moisture or water droplets from steam which can decrease efficiency of turbine. The stem passing through high pressure turbine again given to reheater where steam is reheated and then used on intermediate turbine from intermediate turbine steam is directly used on low pressure turbine. The steam which is being used on low pressure goes to condenser where it cools. The steam heated in reheater at 535c and fed to intermediate turbine of 20 kg/cm and then fed to low pressure. And this produces mechanical power on shaft on turbine. Where the turbine shaft is directly coupled with the alternator rotor.

Turbine

Types of turbine
1.

HP Turbine:-

HP turbine is a single flow design with eight stages of blading. Each stages compromises stationary and moving blades which are positioned into the rotor mounted on the diaphragms, directs steam into the rotor mounted on the moving blades. HP turbine is double shell construction comprising inner and outer casing. H.P steam enters the H.P turbine inner casing through inlet connection are mounted on the top and bottom outer casing. The steam exhausts through the two branches in the bottom half casing and returns to the boiler to be reheated to increase the temperature of the steam to 535c so that the efficiency increases.

2.

I.P Turbine: -

Intermediate pressure turbine is a double flow design with seven stages on blading on either side of central steam inlet. Each stage comprises stationary and moving blades which are positioned so that the stationary blades mounted on diaphragm, directs the steam into rotor mounted moving blades. The inner casing , diaphragm carrier ring and outer casing are made in halves bolted together in the horizontal centre.

3. L.P Turbine:L.P Turbine is a double flow design with six stages in each of its front and rear flow paths. Each stage consists of number of stationary blades incorporating in the diaphragm located in the casing and a set of rotating blades mounted on the rotor disc.

Power Generation, Distribution

Transmission

&

Mechanical power produced at the shaft of the turbine is used to rotate rotor. where magnetic flux produced inside the stator conductor cuts by rotor conductor an electro motive force will be induced due to Faradays law of Electromagnetic induction and produces electricity with the speed of 3000rpm and frequency of 50Hz. As generator consists of stator which consist of stator winding and rotor consisting of rotor winding. And we have three phase supply. For cooling purpose of generator we are using hydrogen which is shielded with oil.

GENERATOR

A generator consists of rotor which consists of carbon brushes. The rotor rotates at 3000rpm in case of any fault if production of plants stops then we have bearing motor which rotates shaft of turbine continuously and rotor at 65rpm. This is because if shaft doesnt rotates then due to load it may bend. As generator produces 110MW or generates 11kv output. The output of generator is step up to 220kv by using step up transformer or generating transformer. Three phase is fed to station transformer. There are two station transformer1 and 2 which is step down transformer. Here 220kv is step down to 6.6kv for internal purpose. This 6.6kv is step down to 415v for low rating motors. At generating transformer we are using lighting arrestor which protects G.T from lighting. This 220kv is given to grid substation. In grid substation we are using some protective system before distribution we have Bus isolator, SF6 breaker, Line isolator, CT, lightning arrestor. Similarly we have two unit auxiliary transformer UAT-1 and UAT-2, which will step down voltage from 11kv to 6.6kv and it will supply to unit auxiliary board 1BA, 1BB. Similarly station transformer will supply to station board 9BA, 9BB. One unit is tie with other unit because during the failure of any one of the unit other unit will able to supply.

We are using web trap which changes the frequency 50Hz to 500Hz can be used for communicate in power plant. As three phase fed to station transformer (Auto transformer) by step up we fed to switchyard where circuit breaker is closed, when terminal voltage and frequency matched with the busbar conductor.

Transmission
The KBUNL has capacity to generate 220MW of electricity but only one unit is working and the second unit is under R&M process. We are generating 90Mw out of 110MW and giving to the substation. The transmission is done through three phase, double circuit system.with the help of transformer, we are converting 11kv to 220kv and fed to substation. It is then step down to 132kv and feeded to BSEB and local areas.

Equipments used in transmission of power:1.


A. B.

Sub- Station
Control Room switchyard

Sub-Station:It is the place where power is changed, step down or step up and transmitted to other places. It consists of various protection equipments, switching circuits etc.

A substation consists of
a)

Bus isolators circuit breaker Line isolator Current transformer CVT Lightning arrestor Wave trap

b) c) d) e)
f) g)

A.

Control Room:-

It is the brain of any sub-station. All the necessary steps about the transmission, protection, charging etc. are carried out in the control room. Measuring instruments of the control room:a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
h)

Relay circuit Fault locator Switch gears Voltmeters Ammeters Power meter CRT screen Battery room

a)

Relay circuit:- A relay is a protective device that operates

during faulty condition and gives command to circuit breaker to trip circuit.

Operating principle:1.

Electromagnetic attraction Electromagnetic induction

2.

Components of electromagnetic relay:1.

Shaded pole Watt-hour meter Induction cup Single and double induction loop

2. 3. 4.

b)

Fault locator:- A simple beam relay would measure the

current seen by the relay with the voltage at the relaying point. By

comparing these two quantities the relay impedence (z=v/i) up to the point of fault.

measure

the

line

c)

Switch gear:- Switches are used in sub-station as a device

for making or breaking the electric circuit in convenient way i.e just by the simple motion of a knob or a handle to connect together or disconnect two terminals to which cables are connected. There are two types of switch gears Air switch and Oil switch.

d)

Voltmeter:- It is an instrument, which measures the voltage

along the phase. It actually measures the potential difference between the two points of the conductors.

e)

Ammeter:- It is an instrument, which measures the current

across the conductor. It is mounted on the panel board. Where staff on duty can easily watch the readings.

f)

Power meter:- These instruments are used to measure the

power in standard units i.e in MW. This instrument is also mounted on the panel board for easy watch for the operating staff.

g)

CRT screen:- It is a computer arrangement in which current

information about the transmission line is seen. The circuit diagram of switchyard and control room is stored in hard disk. It also displays the current status of the transmission line.

h)

Battery room:- This room consists of several batteries and

charges for emergency purpose. When power failure is there, then power is supplied by the battery to keep all the instrument or devices in on status.

B.

Switch yard:-

It is systematic arrangement of various components, where all the machines or equipments are connected with each other, looping, step down, step upof transmission line are done here only.

A switchyard equipments:a) Transformer

consists

of

following

b) c) d) e)

Tower Conductor Insulator Circuit breaker

Transformer:- A transformer is an electrical device which works


on the principle of mutual induction. The autotransformer used in power station. It has three windings primary, secondary and tertiary. The 220kv voltage is fed as input to primary by step down 132kv fed MTPS as input.

a)

Tower:- Tower is the an important part of transmission line.

As tower consists of guard ring. it is located at the bottom of the tower so that any unauthorised person or animal cannot climb upto the tower. We have suspension type tower called as A type tower. The peak point angle is 0 to 2. In this type conductor is suspended with an insulator.

B-type : angle lies between (2-15) C-type : angle lies between (15-30) D-type: angle lies between (30-60)

C) Conductor:- A conductor is very essential equipment which is used for transmission of power. It is generally made of aluminium. It is hanged on the tower with the help of insulators. Aluminium cost is cheap and has good conductivity.

D) Insulator:- It is made up of porcelain material which is bad conductor of electricity. For transmission purpose generally PIN-TYPE insulators are used. The capacity of each disk is 20kv.

E) Circuit breaker:- These are mechanical devices designed to


close or open contact members thus closing or opening an electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. These circuit breakers are equipped with trip coil connected to relay, design to open breaker automatically.

Connection with grid to synchronisation:1. The terminal voltage of alternator must be equal to the bus-bar voltage. 2. The running speed frequency must be equal to the bus-bar frequency. ( Ns=120f/P ) => ( f=PN/120 )

Where, f= frequency P= no. Of poles N= speed of alternator The terminal voltage of two conductor must be equal to the two bus- bar terminal to placed the external resistance to reduce the voltage drop.
3.

Light up process

MTPS Kanti has direct firing system. In this system, a controlled quantity of crushed coal is fed to each bowl mill (pulveriser) by its respective feeders and primary air is supplied from the primary air fans which drives the coal as it is being pulverized and transports the pulverized coal through the coal piping system to the coal burners. There are six pulverisers out of which four are used and two remains in standby. The raw coal feeders supply 74TPH of coal to each mill. The pulverized coal and air discharge from the coal burners is directed towards the centre of furnace to form fire ball. There are 24 tilting, tangentially fired coal burners fitted at the four corners of the boiler at elevations. The secondary air heating system supplies secondary air for combustion in the furnace around the pulverized coal burners and through auxiliary air compartments directly adjacent to the coal burner compartments. There are 12 air-atomizing ignitors per boiler, which initially ignite the coal and air mixture. Above a predictable minimum loading condition, the ignition becomes self-sustaining. Combustion is completed as the gases spiral up in the furnace.

MAIN BOILER COMPONENTS


Boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted into steam. There are two types of boilers a) b) Fire tube boiler Water tube boiler

The major accessories of a steam-generating unit are listed as follows : Furnace Economiser Boiler drum Down comers Water walls

Riser tubes Superheaters Reheaters De superheaters

Furnace:-

A boiler furnace is the first pass of the boiler in which fuel is burned and from which the combustion products pass to the super heater and second pass of boiler. The combustion process is a continuous process, which takes place in first pass of boiler and controlled by fuel input through coal feeders. It is a radiant type and water-cooled furnace and inclosure is made up of water walls. The furnace is open at the bottom to allow ash/clinkers to fall freely into the furnace bottom ash hopper.

Economiser :- The function of an economiser in a steam


generating plant is to absorb heat from flue gases and add this as sensible heat to the feed water before the feed water enters the evaporative circuit of boiler. This increases the efficiency of the boiler. The economiser is placed in the path of the flue gases leaving the boiler rear gas pass below the rear super heater. The economiser is continuous unfinned loop type and water flows in upward direction and gas flows in downward directions.

Boiler

It is a cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical ends. It contains two rows of cyclone separators, four rows of driver boxes, a perforated feed water distribution pipe, and a chemical dosing pipe. The boiler drum is located on the upper front of the boiler, it is suspended from roof steel work by two u-shaped slings. It forms a part of the water circulating system of the boiler. The drum serves mainly two functions. The first and primary one is that it separates steam from the mixture of the water and steam discharged into it and to reduce the dissolved solid contents of the steam to below the prescribed limit of 1 ppm.

drum:-

Secondly, the drum houses all equipments used for purification of steam after being separated from the water. These equipments are known as drum internals.

Down comers:- Down comer provide a passage for water from


the boiler drum to bottom ring header. From bottom ring header water goes to water walls for heat absorption and conversion into steam heating. To achive the circulation of water into water walls boiler circulation pumps are provided in down comers.

Riser tubes:- A riser is a tube through which the mixture of water


and steam pass from an upper water wall header to the steam drum.

Cooling water circuit


A large quantity of cooling water is required to condense the steam in condenser and in maintaining a low pressure in it. Cooling water may be taken from the upper side of the river and after passing through condenser ( where it is heated ). Where adequate quantity is not available water coming out from the condenser may be cooled either in cooling pound or cooling tower. The cooling tower having fans which is rotated with the help of motors. The blades of fen are set at an angle of 13 to 15. More angle of blade cause more cooling and more current drop. The motor rotates at 1400rpm.

Cooling tower

Types of fan :A fan is a device by which the air is made to flow at required velocity and pressure in a defined path imparting K.E of its impellers to air/flue gases. This pressure boost is used to create a draught in the air and flue gases system. Fans mainly perform two functions: 1. They supply air required for combustion in the furnace with required pressure and flow. 2. They evacuate the product of combustion i.e. flue gases into the atmosphere via chimney.

P.A fan:The primary air fan supplies heated air to the coal mills known as primary air, to give dry and pulverized coal to the furnace for efficient combustion. There are two P.A fans per boiler. The fan impeller is a double inlet, centrifugal wheel with backward curved plate blades.

F.D fan:The forced draught fan system is provided to supply secondary air required for pulverized coal combustion in the furnace, air for fuel oil combustion and over fire air to minimize NOX production. The F.D fan system comprises of two single stage axial flow, constant speed, and auto variable pitch fans per boiler. These fans provide pressurized atomospheric air to the boiler for combustion.

I.D fan:The induced draught fan system comprises of three centrifugal double inlet fans per boiler, two operating and one standby. Each fan unit consist of a backward curved plate bladed impeller, which is driven by an electric motor through a variable speed hydraulic coupling. The I.D fan serves the purpose of evacuating the products of combustion or the flue gases in the atmosphere via chimney.

Types of pump :1.Condensate Extraction pump (CEP):The function of condensate extraction pumps is to pump out the condensate to the deaerator through, L.P heaters. The steam from the L.P cylinders exhausts into the condenser shells where it is

constrained to flow across the water tubes, through which cooling water is circulated.

2.Air extraction pump (AEP):The function of air extraction pump is to raise and maintain the vacuum conditions in the turbine main condensers, and to remove air and other non-condensable gases vented to the condensers from the various parts of the turbine and feedweater heating system.

3.Boiler feed pump (BFP):Boiler feed pump is the most critical component of a power plant. It is a rotary machine, which is coupled to a motor through variable speed coupling or turbo coupling. Under normal conditions two 50% boiler feed water pump sets are run in parallel to undertake the complete load of feeding the boiler, while the third 50% pump set is on standby duty.

Types of turbine
1. HP Turbine:HP turbine is a single flow design with eight stages of blading. Each stages compromises stationary and moving blades which are positioned into the rotor mounted on the diaphragms, directs steam into the rotor mounted on the moving blades. HP turbine is double shell construction comprising inner and outer casing. H.P steam enters the H.P turbine inner casing through inlet connection are mounted on the top and bottom outer casing. The steam exhausts through the two branches in the bottom half casing and returns to the boiler to be reheated to increase the temperature of the steam to 535c so that the efficiency increases.

I.P Turbine:Intermediate pressure turbine is a double flow design with seven stages on blading on either side of central steam inlet. Each stage

comprises stationary and moving blades which are positioned so that the stationary blades mounted on diaphragm, directs the steam into rotor mounted moving blades. The inner casing , diaphragm carrier ring and outer casing are made in halves bolted together in the horizontal centre.

3. L.P Turbine:-

L.P Turbine is a double flow design with six stages in each of its front and rear flow paths. Each stage consists of number of stationary blades incorporating in the diaphragm located in the casing and a set of rotating blades mounted on the rotor disc.

Types of heater
1.

High pressure heater (HPH):-In the water cycle

temperature of feed water from BFP is increased to approx, 130c by heating it in HP heater. As the heating of feed water in HP heater is done by the extra steam coming out of the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) hence, it is named as High Pressure Heater (HPH). the water cycle, temperature of condensate from CEP is raised to approx. 80c by heating it in LP heater is done by the extra steam coming out of the low pressure turbine(LPT) hence, it is known as low pressure heater.
2.

Low

pressure

heater(LPH):-In

Unit control desk and panel


The operation of each unit is envisaged from the central unit control room. It is located in the control bay at 9.0m TG floor. It is adequately illuminated and is centrally air conditioned. For operation convenience, the control room front wall has complete glass panelling for TG hall view and the two double doors for entry from TG hall. The control board has a special profile with three sloping surfaces for mounting a large facias, instruments and controls. The automatic control station and drive control switches and indications are located on the first sloping surface. The process indicators/recorders and

ammeters are mounted on the second sloping surface and the alarm annunciation window facias are mounted on the top i.e. third sloping surface. The unit control board are arranged in logical operating sequence from the left to right starting with a) air and flue gas, b) fuel oil, c) ball mills, d) steam & feed water, e) regenerative system, f) turbine and g) generator

References:Modern power station practice-volume-b, volume-c.

Power plant engg. By P.K NAG

Control & instrumentation volume 1

Operation and maintenance manual (MTPS)volume 2.

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