CHNG 1 : MI TRNG TRUYN SNG TRONG

H THNG DI NG T BO.
S lan truyn sng l khi nim c bn ca h thng t bo, sng in t gim theo
khong cch v tn s c th c ti s dng. Tuy nhin, mi trng truyn sng lm
cho vic thit k h thng tr nn kh khn do vic suy gim sng in t. Nguyn nhn
l do cc vt cn t nhin nh ta nh, cy ci,nh hng nhiu do cc thit b tng
t gy ra,
1.1 H thng thng tin di ng t bo:
1.1.1 Gii thiu:
H thng thng tin di ng t bo s dng mt s lng ln cc my pht v
tuyn cng sut thp to nn cc cell hay cn gi l t bo (n v a l c bn ca h
thng thng tin v tuyn). Thay i cng sut my pht nhm thay i kch thc cell
theo phn b mt thu bao, nhu cu thu bao theo tng vng c th. Khi thu bao di
ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc, cuc m thoi ca h s c gi nguyn lin
tc, khng gin on. Tn s s dng cell ny c th c s dng li cell khc vi
khong cch xc nh gia hai cell.
Mt trong nhng vn u tin ca h thng chnh l ph b gii hn. iu
ny lm gii hn ch s ngi s dng trong cng 1 lc. Chng hn nh trong h thng
di ng ca Bell NewYork vo nhng nm 70 ch l 12 ngi s dng trong cng mt
lc. iu ny c ci thin ng k khi h thng thng tin di ng t bo c gii
thiu bi Phng th nghim Bell. Phng gii thiu v khi nim ti s dng tn s v
n c th gip ngi s dng c th di chuyn trong mt vng rng ln m khng cn
phi quan tm n kh nng rt cuc gi, mt sng,Ngoi vic pht trin mng di ng
th cc thit b dnh cho ngi dng cng c pht trin, n tr nn ngy cng nh gn,
1
tin li vi nhng tin ch c th nh ti d liu, truy cp internet, xem truyn hnh trc
tuyn,Trong nhng cng ngh ang c pht trin y phi k n vic nghin cu v
pht trin cc gii thut lin quan n vic chuyn giao (Handoff) gia cc trm gc. Vi
gii thut ph hp, n gip cho vic bo m s lin lc ca ngi s dng khng b gin
on, trnh c nhiu, gim kh nng mt cuc gi.
1.1.2 Nguyn l ca thng tin di ng
Mi thu bao di ng s dng mt knh v tuyn ring bit tm thi lin lc
vi mi cell. Mi cell c th lin lc c vi nhiu thu bao di ng ti cng mt thi
im, mi thu bao c dng mt knh v tuyn ring. Mi knh v tuyn s dng mt
cp tn s lin lc, mt tn s cho ng xung (pht i t cell), mt tn s theo chiu
ngc li cell nhn cuc gi t thu bao. Nng lng sng v tuyn suy hao theo
khong cch nn cc thu bao cn thit phi ng gn trm pht gi lin lc c lin
tc. Cu trc c bn ca mng di ng gm c h thng in thoi v dch v v tuyn.
Ngoi ra h thng thng tin di ng c th kt ni lin mng vi h thng PSTN.
1.1.3 H thng thng tin di ng t bo
Cc vn v nhiu sinh ra khi cc khi di ng s dng cng mt tn s ti cc
im gn nhau chng t rng tt c cc tn s khng th ti s dng mi cell. Vic
ti s dng ch c th trin khai cc cell c khong cch nht nh vi nhau. Cc nghin
cu pht hin ra rng, cc nh hng ca nhiu khng phi do khong cch gia cc
vng m ph thuc vo t l ca khong cch vi bn knh ph sng ca vng.
Khi nim cell (t bo) c s dng vi cc mc cng sut thp khc nhau, n
cho php cc cell (cc t bo) c th thay i vng ph sng tu theo mt , nhu cu ca
thu bao trong mt vng nht nh. Cc cell c th c thm vo tng vng tu theo s
pht trin ca thu bao trong vng . Tn s cell ny c th c ti s dng cell
khc, cc cuc in thoi vn c duy tr lin tc khi thu bao di chuyn t cell ny
2
sang cell khc. Cc trm v tuyn t bo c th lin lc vi cc thu bao di ng trong
mt khong cch mc nh trc. Nng lng sng v tuyn suy hao theo khong cch,
nn cc my u cui di ng nht thit phi nm trong vng phc v ca trm gc (Base
Station). Trong h thng thng tin di ng trc y, trm gc lin lc vi u cui di
ng s dng mt knh. Knh ny s dng mt cp tn s, tn s pht t trm gc v tn
s thu t u cui di ng ln trm gc.

Hnh 1.1 : H thng thng tin di ng s dng cu trc t bo
1.1.4 Cu trc h thng thng tin t bo
S lng thu bao ngy cng tng ln trong khi h thng thng tin di ng trc
y khng p ng kp v s lng thu bao cng nh cht lng dch v. y l sc p
i vi cc nh cung cp dch v, bt buc h phi tm gii php mi nhm nng cao cht
lng dch v, ng thi p ng nhu cu pht trin thu bao di ng tng nhanh. Ph tn
s dnh cho thng tin di ng l c hn, do s dng hiu qu tn s trong h thng
thng tin di ng t bo l rt cn thit. Cc tham s h thng nh s lng, kch thc
cc cell, s dng li tn s, qu trnh chuyn tip cuc gi gia cc cell (handover) l
khc nhau tu theo vng a l c th, nng thn hay thnh ph.
3
Cc t bo (Cells)
Cell (t bo) l n v a l c bn ca h thng thng tin v tuyn theo m hnh t
bo. Cc vng ph sng bi cc trm c dng t bo nn ngi ta gi l h thng thng
tin theo m hnh t bo. Cc cell l cc trm gc pht sng n mt bn knh a l xung
quang v vng ph sng c dng gn ging hnh lc gic. Kch thc ph sng mi cell
thay i tu theo vng.
Nhm cc t bo (Cluster)
Cluster l mt nhm cc cell. Cc knh khng c ti s dng tn s trong mt
cluster. Hnh 4 m t mt cluster gm 7 cell.

Hnh 1.2 : Cluster gm 7 cell
Ti s dng tn s (Frequency Reuse)
Ph tn s s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng l c hn nn ngi ta phi tm
cch s dng li tn s c th tng dung lng in thoi phc v. Gii php ny c
gi l quy hoch tn s hay ti s dng tn s. Vic s dng li tn s c thc hin
bng cch cu trc li kin thc h thng thng tin di ng theo m hnh t ong. M hnh
s dng li tn s da trn vic gn cho mi cell mt nhm knh v tuyn trong mt khu
vc a l nht nh. Cc knh v tuyn ca cell khc bit hon ton vi cc knh v
tuyn ca cell ln cn vi n (cell lng ging).
4
Vng ph sng ca cell c gi l footprint (du chn). Cc footprints ny c
ng giao vi nhau nn cc nhm tn s ging nhau c th c s dng cc cell khc
nhau min sao khong cch gia cc cell ln trnh nhiu do cc tn s trng nhau
gy ra.

Hnh 1.3 Ti s dng tn s
Xem hnh 1.3 trn cho thy cc cell c cng ch s th s dng nhm tn s ging
nhau. Theo nh m hnh trn, s tn s sn c l 7, nhn t s dng li tn s l 1/7.
Theo , mi cell ch s dng 1/7 s knh c sn.
Cells splitting (S phn chia cc cell)
Tuy nhin, s khng thc t khi ngi ta chia nh ton b cc h thng ra cc vng
nh hn na v tng ng vi n l cc cells. Nhu cu lu lng cng nh mt thu
bao s dng gia cc vng nng thn v thnh th c s khc nhau nn i hi cu trc
mng cc vng cng khc nhau.
5
Cc nh quy hoch s dng khi nim cells splitting phn chia mt khu vc c
mt thu bao cao, lu lng ln thnh nhiu vng nh hn cung cp tt hn cc
dch v mng. V d cc thnh ph ln c phn chia thnh cc vng a l nh hn vi
cc cell c mc ph sng hp nhm cung cp cht lng dch v cng nh lu lng
s dng cao, trong khi khu vc nng thn nn s dng cc cell c vng ph sng ln,
tng ng vi n s lng cell s s dng t hn p ng cho lu lng thp v s
ngi dng vi mt thp hn.

Hnh 2.4 Qu trnh phn chia cell
Handoff (S chuyn giao)
Tr ngi cui cng trong vic pht trin mng thng tin di ng t bo l vn
pht sinh khi mt thu bao di ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc. Cc khu vc k
nhau trong h thng t bo s dng cc knh v tuyn c tn s khc nhau, khi thu bao
di ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc th cuc gi hoc b rt hoc t ng chuyn
t knh v tuyn ny sang mt knh khc thuc cell khc.
Thay v cuc gi b rt, qu trnh handoff gip cho cuc gi c lin tc. Qu
trnh handoff xy ra khi h thng thng tin di ng t ng chuyn cuc gi t knh v
6
tuyn ny sang knh v tuyn khc khi thu bao di ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell
khc lin k vi n. Trong qa trnh m thoi, hai thu bao cng chim mt knh thoi.
Khi mt thu bao di ng chuyn ng ra khi vng ph sng ca cell cho trc, tn hiu
u thu ca cell ny s gim. Khi , cell ang s dng s yu cu mt handoff (chuyn
giao) n h thng. H thng s chuyn mch cuc gi n mt cell c tn s vi cng
tn hiu thu mnh hn m khng lm gin on cuc gi hay gi cnh bo n ngi
s dng. Cuc gi s c tip tc m ngi s dng khng nhn thy qu trnh handoff
din ra.
Hnh 2.5 Qu trnh Handoff
1.2 c im ca mi trng truyn sng:
Ngi ta phn loi cc yu t nh hng n cng sut tn hiu thu thnh 3 thnh
phn. Ba thnh phn l: suy hao ng truyn, fading mc ln v fading mc nh.
7
1.2.1 Suy hao ng truyn: trong khng gian t do
2 2
2
) 4 (
) (
d
G G P
d P
r t t
r

Trong : P
r
(d) cng sut tn hiu nhn c t my pht
P
t
cng sut trung bnh
G
t
li hng tnh cc i ca anten pht
G
r
li hng tnh cc i ca anten thu
l bc sng ca sng c pht
Cng sut tn hiu thu ph thuc vo khong cch gia anten pht v thu.
M hnh phn x mt t:
Hnh 2.6: M hnh phn x mt t
Chiu di trc tip:

2
1 2
2
0 1
) ( h h d d d
direct
+
Chiu di khi c sng phn x:
2
2 1
2
0 3 2
) ( h h d d d d
reflect
+ + +
S khc nhau:
8
0
2 1
2
0
1 2
2
0
2 1
0
2
0
1 2
2
0
2 1
0
2
1 2
2
0
2
2 1
2
0
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1 1
) ( ) (
d
h h
d
h h
d
h h
d
d
h h
d
h h
d
h h d h h d d d d
direct reflect diff

]
]
]
]

'

'

,
`

.
|
+

'

'

,
`

.
| +
+
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
| +
+
+ + +
V gc pha thay i 2 tng ng vi chiu di bc sng do gc pha tng ng
vi d
diff
l
0
2 1
4 2
d
h h
d
diff

Cng sut thu khi c sng phn x:
4
0
2
2
2
1
2
0
2 1
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
4
) 4 (
2
sin 2
) 4 (
) (
d
h h G G P
d
h h
d
G G P
d
G G P
d P
r t t
r t t
r t t
r

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

1.2.2 Fading mc ln:

Fading mc ln c trng cho s suy hao cng sut tn hiu trung bnh hay
tn hao ng truyn do di chuyn trn 1 phm vi a l ln. Hin tng ny b nh
hng do yu t a hnh gia my pht v my thu.
Suy hao ng truyn ph thuc vo khong cch gia anten my pht v
my thu, v yu t a hnh. Fading shadow do cc yu t c nh nh cy, ta nh ,
khng nh hng n sng trong 1 khong thi gian ngn.
9
1.2.3. Fading mc nh:
c trng cho s thay i lin tc v t ngt v bin v pha ca tn
hiu. N l kt qu ca s thay i v tr nh, khong na chiu di bc sng gia
my thu v my pht.
Fading mc nh cn gi l Fading Rayleigh hay l Fading Rician ty thuc
vo cu trc tn hiu thu c.
Fading Rayleigh: Xt trng hp tn hiu truyn i l n tn vi
bin khng i. Trong knh v tuyn di ng tiu biu, gi s sng trc tip b
ngn cn v my thu di ng ch thu cc sng phn x. Khi s lng sng phn x l
ln, theo nh l gii hn trung tm, hai thnh phn vung gc ca tn hiu thu l cc
qu trnh Gausian ngu nhin khng tng quan vi gi tr trung bnh bng zero. Kt
qu l ng bao ca tn hiu thu ti bt k thi im no cng c phn b Rayleigh
v pha ca n phn b ng nht. Hm phn b xc sut c xc nh:
( )
p x
Rayleigh
e p x x f
2 /
2
) / (

0 x
Trong x l bin tn hiu
P l na mc cng sut ca ng bao tn hiu
Fading Ricean: Trong h thng theo kiu nhn thng LoS (line of sight),
nh thng tin v tinh tn hiu thu bao gm 1 sng trc tip v cc sng phn x. Sng
trc tip c bin khng i, trong khi sng phn x mang tnh ngu nhin.
Khi s lng cc sng phn x ln, cc thnh phn vung gc chng c
c trng bng qu trnh Gaussian ngu nhin c tr trung bnh bng zero v ng
bao c phn b Rayleigh. Tng tn hiu trc tip c bin l hng s vi cc tn hiu
phn x c phn b Rayleigh to thnh tn hiu phn b c ng bao Rician.
Hm phn b xc sut ca Rician:
p
p x
d
Ricean
d
e
p
xp
I
p
x
x f
2
0
2 2
) ( ) (
+

0 x
10
1.3 Mi trng truyn sng trong Microcell:
Yu t lm tng hiu sut ph khng phi l k thut a truy nhp, tng cht lng
thoi v m ha knh, iu ch, giao thc mnh, m chnh l s pht trin microcell.
Bng k thut ny chng ta c th lp li v hiu sut s dng ph tng.
Trong h thng cell truyn thng, ph b gii hn, nn ch c 1 s lng nh user
c th c phc v. tng dung lng ngi ta gim kch thc ca cell. Microcell
c thc hin trong cc vng tp trung ng ngi s dng.
Hai nguyn nhn dn n vic chia nh cell. Do s lng thu bao tng nn cn
tng dung lng v cell cng nh th s lng handoff s tng. Do cn ti u gii
thut handoff.
1.4 Kt lun:
Trong chng ny chng ta gii thiu khi nim v t bo v vic ti s dng
tn s. Tn s c ti s dng trong mt h thng t bo gia tng dung lng hn
trng hp tn s khng ti s dng. Tn s ti s dng c thit k gii hn nhiu
gia cc user dng tn s ging nhau. Nhiu c gii hn v ngn chn nu user khng
i qu xa trm phc v. l cng vic m gii thut handoff phi lm thc hin iu
ny.
11