Part of unhistorical data discussion Only One-Sixth The first date that usually comes to mind when we are

asked about the Philippines of very long ago is March 16, 1521. According to our memorization-oriented Social Studies teachers and a popular Cebuano singer-comedian, it was on that date that "Magellan discovered the Philippines." This was later declared to be wrong, not only in the profound way due to the point-of-view question of the Philippines not needing to be discovered by any floundering explorer fleet, but also wrong in the empirical sense: Pigafetta failed to register their fleet's passage across what we now know as the International Dateline before reaching our shores. Had not the chronicler committed this error of omission, or had this error been realized much earlier, we would have been told to memorize March 17 as the date of that "discovery>" Counting the years from March 17, 1521, we come up with a total of 472 years, or roughly half a millenium. We have also come to know about a period called pre-Spanish era, with its barangays and datus, and the maharlikas and the alipin, etcetera, etcetera. But we have no idea how long that period really was. The earliest record we have traced so far is an entry not exactly in Philippine annals but in Chinese history. Specifically, according to scholar Austin Craig, there is an entry on Chinese interaction with our ancestors in our archipelago, in the written accounts of the Chou Dynasty (722 BC) and also in the annals of the Han Dynasty (206 BC). From the earlier one of the two dates, we can compute by simple arithmetic that we have had no less than 2,715 years being spanned by all presently-known historical records of our people, or roughly three centuries. The half-millennium that has passed since we were "discovered" and conquered by foreign powers (Spanish, American, Japanese) is, therefore, roughly only one-sixth of the entire period covered by the annals. If we are to imagine the period of our written records to cover 12 hours, it appears that we had already ten hours of recorded life before the only two hours since we were "discovered" by Magellan. This realization should flow into another: we know next to nothing about the lives of our foreparents in those two millenia and a half. Our ignorance about our past is caused at least partly by the fact that the Spanish conquistadores deliberately destroyed our culture held by our foreparents at the time of the conquest. Physical manifestations of this culture were regarded as voodoo and the "work of the devil" and forcibly destroyed as a requisite to our subjugation by the Sword and the Cross. The purveyors of the spoken historical records, our rich oral traditions, were persecuted, even killed, by the spanish friar and soldier.

Up to this time, we have far from recovered from the loss of our indigenous historical "libraries." For example, it is so very gradually coming back to us that our ancestors were favorite trading partners of our fellow Asians, including Arabs, because of our well-known honesty and zeal as a people. Our foreparents' honesty was so well known far and wide that the barter system operated upon the "honor system" where our trading partners would demand neither receipts nor detailed accounting of the transactions because they trusted the Filipino (although we were not called by that name then). Present-day Filipinos may find it difficult to reconcile this honorable image of our ancestors with the not-so-comfortable self-image we are forming of ourselves. Not only were we well-known to be honest, we or rather our ancestors here, were very peaceful and orderly. The people's rights were respected along the lines of ancient tribal or communal laws. Villagers communicated in general assemblies at the village square or in chats around their own neighborhoods. Tradition was a powerful force that commanded the conduct of behavior of the community and also of those vested with public authority. For sudden necessities for community action, like the need to defend the village or to prepare for storms or to rescue some community members from harm or peril, instant mobilization was affected by the long and loud hooting sound of the tambuli, the bugle carved out of carabao horn. Elements of Democracy There were, in fact, elements of democracy, or proto-democracy, to be enjoyed by the villagers. Nationalist Renato Constantino says in The Philippines: A Past Revisited: "The village chief was the administrative leader of the community; he was not an absolute ruler. First, the scope of his authority was limited by a traditional body of customs and procedures. Second, although his position had become hereditary, it was originally attained by the exhibition of greater prowess and valor, traits useful to the community's survival ... Since the original basis for leadership was his superior personal attributes, he could be replaced if, for some reason weakened. This was a possibility especially in larger communities where there were several kinship groups, each with its own chief." For his part, Dr. Jaime Veneracion, chairman of the University of the Philippines Department of History, says we should dispel the wide misunderstanding of the word "maharlika" which does not connote nobility or royalty. The word means vassal, Veneracion says, adding that many young Filipinos of today tend to degrade the meaning of the word "timawa" to mean idle, when the word actually refers to "free man." We still have to study a lot about the past, especially about the thousands upon thousands of years that our ancestors lived in peace and harmony among themselves and with their neighbors. we actually need the knowledge to keep us from amplifying the insults heaped upon our race.

222 We had, at the arrival of the Spaniards an indigenous sense of history, but scarce regard for the past as history. Unlike the French histoire (which derives from the Greek word for inquiry whose Indo-European root, wid, had given Gothic witan(German wissen, English wit) or knowledge and Sanskrit Veda or knowledge par excellence, mystical knowledge); or unlike even the German Geschichte (fromgeschehen to happen, as in a story of history, which are the meanings of the substantive), our word for history in Tagalog does not refer to knowledge, to the search for information or to what happened in the past as such. Kasaysayan comes from saysay which means both to relate in detail, to explain, and value, worth, significance. In one sense, therefore, kasaysayan is story (like German Geschichteor another Tagalog term, salaysay, which is probably simply an extended form ofsaysay). But kasaysayan is also explanation, significance, or relevance (may saysay significant, relevant; walang saysay or walang kasaysayan, meaning irrelevant; senseless). What was then important to us was the story and its significance, in so far as this could be explained and made relevant to a particular group. Now, apart from the lack of reference to inquiry (the methodological aspect which, up to the end of the Spanish regime, was hardly heeded), that is exactly what history is all about, knowledge being actually meaning rendered understandable and relevant to a group of people. From their kasaysayan, however, our ancestors derived a different sense of history. For our ancestors had a sense of the eternal recurrence of natural and human phenomena: day and night, the seasons, seed and plant, the cycle of life and death, the passing and coming of generations, youth and age, planting and harvesting, war and peace with neighboring barangays. There would therefore be myths and legends about these recurrent events, for they had kasaysayan meaning and relevance to their lives, to be explained and recounted in detail to everyone. Our ethnic literatures and religions are replete with these explicative stories. Equally relevant to the community were the genealogies which made the elite families, descend from the gods, thus explaining their socio-political primacy. It was a practice common to the entire archipelago, closely connected with the religious ideology of the epics which, because they contained these vain genealogies, were sung precisely under the auspices of the datus and maharlikas just as later, in the lowlands, the pasyon would be chanted in the epic fashion under the periodic sponsorship of the principales, the converteddatus and maharlikas. All this had kasaysayan, was meaningful and relevant; but the implicit historical sentiment behind every myth, legend, or ritual in the ancient worldview was cyclical.