1. Describe in details the historical development of Social Work Group.

Ans: The early part of history of social work group is quite untraceable and cannot be focused on the contribution of any one individual. There is no particular incident or date of its beginning. However, many authors agreed that the various Charity organization Societies prevailing at that time were the earliest. The old social agencies always had a base of philanthropy but the newly emerging ones came up with the approach of Self Help. A need was felt for mutual help and support. The labor movement that developed talked about adult education and outing such as camps for workers and their families. There were a number of youth agencies with strong participations of the youth. Another sector, which was at the base of group, was the recreation movement. It emphasized the rights of the educationally and culturally disadvantage section of the society. It promoted the setting up of playground for the children and building of primary schools, organizing educational camps for the children belonging to the needy section. The early social groups were various types of settlement houses, Jewish centre, camp fires and neighborhood centre. After First World War, social group was predominantly by the Charity Organization Societies and at that time social group was hardly developed. However there were a large number of services with democratic outlook. The beginning of social group in social work curriculum were made by Clara Kaiser who offered the first course as a part of professional social work curriculum in School of Social Work in Cleveland and her work was later taken by Grace Coyle. The integration of group work into social work practice was not easy but was developing gradually. In case the objective of rendering help to individual in need was easy to comprehend. The neighborhood approach and self help movement behind group work had little to do with individual help and coping that.

In 1920, Group Work got a lot of input from different disciplines such as education, psychology and social work. In 1936, the American Association for study of groups work was constituted. Its aim was to clarify the concept of group work, yet this confusion prevailed for a number of years. The period during the Second World War was one that made an impact on the integration of group work with the social work profession. It was the war services which brought the group workers and case workers together. Eventually the concept of Group Work and Individual Work were clear. The following year, there were many uncertainties for supporters of group work. The American Association for Study of Group Work found it very difficult to associate the group work with any specific profession. Some argued that it should include in Education. The turning point where it came to be associated with Social Work was 1946 and the person to which it can be attributed is Grace Longwell Coyle. She built up the case for integration of Group Work into professional Social Work and this process was finalized in the year 1955 when the American Association for the study of Group Work joined the newly formed National Association of Social Workers. The year 1960 saw a decline in the importance given to group work practice. However, in 1979, Group Workers from America and Canada organized the First annual conference with a aim of making practitioners aware of the benefits of Group Work. The history of Social Work Group shows how it changed from the design of a field, a movement, a goal to a Social Work method.

2. Define Social Work Research. Differentiate between qualitative and qualitative research. Ans: Social Work Research refers to research conducted by Social scientist on various matters relating to Society. It is a critical and exhaustive investigation of society and others sectors around society. It is somewhat like an exploration of something in order to gain more clarity and at times to know its advantages and disadvantages, its strength and weaknesses. It is well known that scientific research is different from other type of information gathering and is based upon certain values and principles:-(a) it has a systematic set of procedures that is to be followed, (b) it follows a special code of ethics that includes integrity and neutrality in conducting research, (c) all elements of bias have to be eliminated or controlled as far as possible, (d) it is intended for public use. The aim of scientific research is to test and validate existing theories and to generate new ideas. Scientific research in Social Work is different from other types of information gathering method in Social Work. Simply, Social Work research means the process of colleting and gathering of data from the society in order to obtain clear picture of the situations relating to society. In order to achieve the goals and objectives, the social worker or the social scientist uses various types of scientific methods and principles. The problem solving process of social work practice draws from the basis of scientific methods. The two main method of Social Work Research are qualitative research and quantitative research.

Qualitative research emphasizes understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality. Whereas, quantitative research approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases to create valid and reliable general claims. In contrast to quantitative research, qualitative research methods do not have intent to generalize the findings. However they do have a potential to be transferred to similar situations. Qualitative methods are characterized by semi or unstructured research techniques. The study situations or behaviors that mostly cannot be placed in predetermined categories. In this method, the questions are open-ended and responses are in word form. It can well be said that quantitative research methods have an advantage over the quantitative methods. They help to understand the phenomenon which is little understood and their investigation and analysis need a considerable amount of flexibility in terms of methods used. Also many investigations are of a nature in which concepts cannot be reduced to variables amenable to quantitative analysis. Also these methods are even helpful to those who have difficulty in reading and fully understanding English language. In qualitative research technique of social research, the design emerges as the study unfolds, whereas in case of quantitative research technique all aspects of the study are carefully design before social data are collected. Qualitative research data is more rich, time consuming and less able to generalize but in case of quantitative technique of Social research, quantitative data is more efficient, able to test hypothesis and lacking contextual details.

3. (I) Briefly trace the development of social work practice in Africa. Ans: The development of Social work practice in Africa was dated back to the colonial period and was influenced by the activities of early missionaries, voluntary associations, tribal societies, traditional customs and practices, political and social realities. In that time, the remedial casework method of social work was based on Eurocentric and Anglo-American social work knowledge and values. But they were not sufficient as they suppress the values and customs of Native Africans. The present social work practice needs to assume an orientation to social development, and to commence this focus at the education level. In Africa, the development of social work starts in the year 1957 when Dutch East India Company (DEIC) and institution like Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), came ahead to distribute poor relief to indigent white farmers, whose crops failed. Again in 1860, with the discovery of minerals, the mineral mining industry employed blacks as migrant laborers in urban areas

but prohibited to bring their families. The families of black people were forced to stay away and gradually become impoverished. In order to reduce the risk of this kind of destitution, blacks particularly women residing in urban areas created their own self-help and voluntary associations. The formal social welfare system was introduced in South Africa in the 1930s as a response to poverty. In the year 1938, the first National Govt Department of Social Work was created. By 1948, the practices of inequality and unfairness in the treatment of blacks were grounded in the social welfare system. Apart from South Africa, there are also many more countries in Africa who run social work programmes. For instance South Africa, Zimbabwe, Libya, Egypt and Botswana has many institutes of social work which provide secondary and three year degree education to the student and help building proper and adequate Social Workers.

3. (II) Differentiate between Voluntary and Professional action. Ans: Voluntary action in social work means acting or done any kind of social work willingly and without constraint or expectation of reward. Charity and voluntary action, while part of historical roots of social work and social welfare across societies, is different from professional work. Many of the organized religions advocated charity as a great virtue. It is a part basic nature to come forward and provide help to persons in distress. Simply voluntary action is that action which is done by people voluntarily, out of feelings of compassion for the fellow-beings. Voluntary action is mainly characterized by:

a) the urge to help others in all possible ways-not necessarily monetarily. b) the absence of any kind expectations in return in lieu of the help given. c) a sense of social concern towards helping others in need. d) believe in the virtue of service. Professional action in social work means various actions or services offered by professionals towards the poor section of the society with scientific methods. It has been common over the years to refer to social work as a profession. In the year 1915, Dr Abraham Flexner, a known reformer of medical education, titled his speech, Is Social work a Profession? In that speech, he listed six attributes of professions. Professions: I) have intellectual operations with large individual responsibility; II) base practices on science and learning; III) use knowledge for practical and definite end; IV) posses an educationally communicable technique; V) tendency to self-organize; and VI) are altruistic in motivation. However, scholars have been debating for almost a century weather social work meets all of Flexners criteria. Simply, we can say that in voluntary action, desired persons help other fellow beings as a duty towards the society and under various aspects such as love, affection, respect and self actualization. Whereas in case of Professional action, peoples with specialized knowledge helps the needy sections with various scientific methods and techniques.

4.I) Briefly discuss the history of social work education in the US. Ans: The inception of development of social work education in US was during the late 1800s. The first step was stated with the formation of organizations such as Association for improving the

conditions of the Poor (1842) and the Charity organization Societies (1877). In the year 1898, New York Charity organization Society began offering a six week training program in social work which quickly developed into a one year program. In 1919, the Association of Training Schools for Professional Social Work Practice was established and changed to American Association of Schools of Social Work in the year 1927. IN 1932, the organization adopted a one year minimum curriculum plan on social work which becomes a two year curriculum that led to a masters degree in social work by the end of 1939. During the 1960s and 1970s, there was an expansion in the number of Social Work education program. As of 2006, according to CSWE website, there were 458 accredited BSW programs,181 masters degree program and 69 doctoral programs in colleges and universities in the US.

4.III) Define community organization. Ans: The term "community organization covers a series of activities at the community level aimed at bringing about desired improvement in the social well being of individuals, groups and neighborhoods". According to Murray G.Ross, Community organization is a process by which a community identifies needs and takes action, and in doing so... develops co-operative attitudes and practices." The early attempts in community organization were an outcome of the serious problems i.e. problems of unemployment, poverty etc. faced by the communities. Thus grew up many organizations and social agencies to provide support to the community. Soon, it was realized that all these efforts need to be co-ordinated and streamlined so as to avoid

duplicity of work and to reduce the gap in the delivery of services to the community. The fundamental aspect of the community organizations is the principle of Co-operative spirit" which promotes the people to unite together to address a common issue.

4.IV) Enumerate the essential components of Social Action. Ans: Social action as a method of social work is very relevant to a democratic society. It is a process whereby conscious, systematic and organized efforts are made by some elites and or people themselves. That it is more close to social reform than social revolution. The essential components of Social Actions are given below: a) Although action might begin with the initiative of one or more individuals, group action is essential for its fulfillment, which begins with the awareness creation. b) Action has to be organized and given the shape of a movement. For this there is a need to share analysis with the people, organize and plan for strategies. c) Belief in social progress should form the motivation of the participants. d) The authority of the group arises out of the consent of its members. e) The force behind social action lies in group compulsion.

4.V) List out the assumptions involved in social welfare system.

Ans: In 1959, Spencer in the pioneering curriculum study suggests that several underlying assumptions should be kept in mind in relation to administration. They are: a) Administration of social agencies is the process of securing and transforming community resources human and financial into a program of community serviced. This process involves active participation of the board, executive, staff and volunteers in varying degrees. b) The agencies of social work itself has the primary responsibility for the creation and control of its own destiny and community planning bodies exercise only a secondary role. c) The executive of the agency has to be available in all phases of agencies operations. d) The executive functions within the agency combine the following: i) to participate in policy formation, ii) To delegate co-ordinate and control of the work, iii) to provide a seeing the enterprise as a whole quality. e) The social agency is a group enterprise as it involves creative use of human resources.

5. I) Distance education in Social Work. Ans: Distance education in social work is one of the main attempts to spread the consciousness of social work in each and every part of the country as well as it helps to cater the need of social workers in the country. Like distance education in general, distance education in social work has developed as the result of advances in technology. The distance education in social work has helped to globalized social work education across the nations and sharing ideas on sociology throughout the globe will help the social workers to achieve their goals and objectives.

5.II) Social movement. Ans: Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change. Social movement aims at attaining of social recognition and the assertion of rights existential interests hitherto denied to a group or category of people. In short social movements may be seen as deliberate and collective action undertaken by people without any established institutional structure, to bring changes in society thought to be desirable and essential for enabling them to lead a decent and dignified life in accordance with normative standards.

5.III) Social network. Ans: Social network means any articulated of connection in the social relations of individuals, group and other collectivities. In the term social network, network refers to social interconnection among various likeminded voluntary organizations, community based organizations and nongovernmental organizations engaged in the pursuit of similar goals or objectives, created with a view to working together in a coordinated and effective manner. Such an understanding will assist in increasing their effectiveness through their webbed existence and coordinated functioning. In social network, the interconnected organization agrees to abide by a commonly agreed code of conduct and they used to contribute fund to enable their social network to function.

5. V) Meaning of Social action. Ans: Social action is any action taken by an organized group or movement to achieve some reform or to promote a particular cause, outside the normal or formal channels of a government or political system, and aimed at gaining support from the wider public. The rise of public interest litigation and citizen action groups has given space and highlighted the need for and widening the scope for social action. Social work as a profession has its core values as social justice and equality. Thus this can be used in conjunction with the other methods of social work practice for effective goal achievement.

5. VII) Variety of roles played by a social worker. Ans: In social work, the social worker has to play various roles in order to achieving their desirable goals. Some of them are: a) Enabler: A social worker conveys hope, recognizing and managing feelings, solving problems and maintaining a focus on goals and the means of achieving them.

b) Mediator: The mediator role involves resolving arguments or conflicts micro, mezzo, or macro systems. c) Coordinator: Coordination involves bringing components together in some kind of organized manner. d) Educator: The educator role involves giving information and teaching skills to clients and other systems. e) Analyst/Evaluator: A Social worker also acts as an analyst. They can also evaluate the effectiveness of their own interventions.