TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometric functions for a Right Triangle:

Triangle ABC has a right angle (90) at C and sides of length a,b,c. The trigonometric
functions of angle A are defined as follows.
Sin A =
hypotenuse
side adjacent
c
b
CosA
hypotenuse
side opposite
c
a
,
, Tan A =
side adjacent
side opposite

Relationships among trigonometric functions:
Tan A =
SinA
ecA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A 1
cos ,
cos
1
sec ,
sin
cos
tan
1
cot ,
cos
sin

Sin
2
A + cos
2
A = 1, sec
2
A- tan
2
A = 1, cosec
2
A cot
2
A = 1
Values For Trigonometric Functions of Various Angles:
Angle A
in
degrees
Angle A
in
radians
Sin A Cos A Tan A Cot A Sec A Cosec A
0 0 0 1 0 1
30
6

2
1
2
3
3
1
3
3
2
2
45
4

2
1
2
1
1 1
2 2
60
3

2
3
2
1
3
3
1
2
3
2
90
2

1 0 t 0 t 1
180 0 -1 0 -1
270
2
3
-1 0 + -1 0
360 2 0 1 0 1
Functions of Angles in all quadrants in terms of those in quadrant I
-A
90 t A (or)
2

t A
180 t A (or)
t A
270t A (or)
2
3
t A
K(360) t A (or)
2k t A k = integer
Sin -sin A cos A sin A - cos A t sin A
cos cos A t sin A -cos A t sin A cos A
tan -tan A tcot A t tan A t cot A t tan A
Cos n = (-1)
n
=
always, 1 Cos2n n., all for 0 ,
even is n 1
odd is n 1

'

Sinn
Sin
2
n
=

'

t odd is n 1
even is n 0
1 .... ..........
2
9
sin
2
5
sin
2
sin

Sin
2
3
= Sin

2
7
Sin

2
11
= -1, cos

2
n

.
|
t even is n 1
0 odd is n

Cos 0 = cos 2 = cos 4 = = 1
Cos = cos 3 = cos 5 = . = -1
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
Sin (A t B) = sin A cos B t cos A sin B
Cos (A t B) = cos A cos B

sin A sin B
Tan (A t B) =
B A
B A
tan tan 1
tan tan
t
t
cot (A t B) =
A B
B A
cot cot
1 cot cot
t
t
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos
2
A sin
2
A = 1-2sin
2
A = 2 cos
2
A 1 ; sin
2
A =
2
2 cos 1 A
tan 2A =
A
A
2
tan 1
tan 2

; cos
2
A =
2
2 cos 1 A +
sin 3A = 3sin A 4 sin
3
A ; sin
3
A =
4
3 sin sin 3 A A
cos 3A = 4 cos
3
A 3 cos A ; cos
3
A =
4
3 cos cos 3 A A+
tan 3A =
A
A A
2
3
tan 3 1
tan tan 3

Sin A sin B =
[ ] ) cos( ) cos(
2
1
B A B A +
Cos A cos B =
[ ] ) cos( ) cos(
2
1
B A B A + +
Sin A cos B =
[ ] ) sin( ) sin(
2
1
B A B A + +
Cos A sin B =
[ ] ) sin( ) sin(
2
1
B A B A +
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS:
A Radian is that angle subtended at center of a circle by an arc equal to the radius r. Since 2
radians = 360, we have 1 radian =

180
= 57.295779, 180 = radians
DIFFERENTIATION : In the following formulas d denotes differentiation with respect
to x
1. d(k) = 0 2. d(kf(x)) = kf (x)
3. d(uv) = uv+vu 4. d(x
n
) =nx
n-1
5. d
,
`

.
|
v
u
=
,
`

.
|
2
v
udv vdu
6. d(log
a
x) =
x a
e
1
.
log
1
7. d(log
e
x) =
x
1 8. d (sin x) = cos x
9. d (cos x) = -sin x 10. d(tan x) = sec
2
x
11. d(cot x) = -cosec
2
x 12. d (sec x) = sec x. tanx
13. d(cosec x) = -cosec x .cot x
14. d(sin
-1
x) =
2
1
1
x
15. d(cos
-1
x) = -
2
1
1
x
16. d(tan
-1
x ) =
2
1
1
x +
17. d(cot
-1
x) = -
2
1
1
x +
18. d(sec
-1
x) =
1
1
2
x x
19. d(cosec
-1
x) = -
1
1
2
x x
20. d (e
ax
) = ae
ax
21. d(a
x
) = a
x
(log a) 22. d(f(ax)) = af (ax)
INTEGRATION
Basic Formulas:
ln denotes log base e called as natural logarithm.
1.

vdu uv udv
, Bernoullis formula:

+ + .... " ' " '

3 2 1
v u v u v u uv udv
2. -1) (n
1
1
+
+

+
c
n
x
dx x
n
n
3.
l c x n
x
dx
+

4. c
a
e
dx e
ax
ax
+

5. ) 1 , 0 ( ,
ln
> +

a a c
a
a
dx a
x
x
6.
c
a
x
x a
dx
+
,
`

.
|

1
2 2
sin 7. c
a
x
a x a
dx
+
,
`

.
|

1
2 2
tan
1
8. c ax
a
dx ax +

cos
1
sin 9.

+ c ax
a
dx ax sin
1
cos
10.

+ c ax
a
dx ax sec ln
1
tan 11.

+ c ax
a
dx ax sin ln
1
cot
12.

+ + c ax ax
a
dx ax tan sec ln
1
sec
13.

+ + c ax ax ec
a
dx ax ec cot cos ln
1
cos
14. Definite Integral: If

+
b
a
a g b g dx x f then c x g dx x f ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) (
15.

'

a
a
a
dx x f
dx x f
odd is f(x) if 0
even is f(x) if ) ( 2
) (
0
16.

+
+
c bx b bx a
b a
e
bxdx e
ax
ax
) cos sin ( sin
2 2
17.

+ +
+
c bx b bx a
b a
e
bxdx e
ax
ax
) sin cos ( cos
2 2
18.
even is n if only
n
n
n
n
n
n
xdx xdx
n n
,
2
.....
4
5
2
3 1
cos sin
2
0
2
0

= odd is n if only
n
n
n
n
n
n
, 1 .....
4
5
2
3 1

SERIES
1. + + + + .......... .......... ..........
! 3 ! 2 ! 1
1
3 2
x x x
e
x
+ + + + ...... ..........
! 3
) (
! 2
) (
! 1
1
3 2
ax ax ax
e
ax
+ +

......... .......... ..........

! 3 ! 2 ! 1
1
3 2
x x x
e
x
2. + . .......... .......... ..........
! 5 ! 3
sin
5 3
x x
x x
+ .... .......... .......... ..........
! 4 ! 2
1 cos
4 2
x x
x
3. + + + . .......... .......... ..........
! 5 ! 3
sinh
5 3
x x
x x
+ + + ... .......... .......... ..........
! 4 ! 2
1 cosh
4 2
x x
x
Eulers Formula :

sin cos i e
i
+ ;

sin cos i e
i

Demoivres Theorem :
( )
n
i in
e e

That is (cos +isin )

n
= cos n + i sin n,
4.
2
cos ;
2
sin
ix ix ix ix
e e
x
i
e e
x

+

5.
2
cosh ;
2
sinh
x x x x
e e
x
e e
x

+

6.
2
cos ;
2
sin
iax iax iax iax
e e
ax
i
e e
ax

+

7.
2
cosh ;
2
sinh
ax ax ax ax
e e
ax
e e
ax

+

8. (1-x)
-n
= 1 + nx+ +
+ +
+
+
... ..........
3 . 2 . 1
) 2 )( 1 (
2 . 1
) 1 (
3 2
x
n n n
x
n n
(1-x)
-1
= 1+ x + x
2
+ x
3
+ .
(1-x)
-2
= 1+2x + 3x
2
+ 4x
3
+
(1-x)
-3
= 1+ 3x + 6x
2
+ 10x
3
+ .