13

1. 1.

,
detA =| A|,
.
2 2 :

det A = | |=

1 2
= 1 2 1 2
1 2

3 3 ,
2 2 ..
2 :
+

11 12 13

23

23

22
12 21
+ 13 21
=
det A = | |= 21 22 23 = 11 22
32 33
31 33
31 32

31 32 33
= 12

13

13
21 23
+ 22 11
32 11
21 23
31 33
31 33

: +
() ( 1) +
.
.. 11 (1)1+1 = (+) , 32 (1) 3+ 2 = () ,
33 (1) 33 = (+) , 31 (1) 3+1 (+) , 21
(1) 2+1 = (1) .

1.2.

|A| R.
1) 2 2 .

.. | |=

1 2

2
= 2 1 = 1
= (1 2 1 2 ) = 1 2 1 2
1 2
2 1
1 2

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2)

14

.
.. | | =

1 2

1 2

= ( 2 1 )

3)
( ). ..
+3 +3 +3

1 2
| |= 1 1 =
2 2

1
2

1 1 1
= ( + 3) 1 1
2 2

1 + 2 + 3 1
4)
. ..
1

| |= 1

( 2 + 1 1 )

1 1

3 2 1
1

1 1

= ( 1) 1

2 + 1 2

+1 1
= ( 1) 1 + 1 1 = ( 1)
= ( 1)(2 6)
5
1
3
5
1

5)

. ..
7

0 0

| |= 2 0 = 7
1 2

6) 2
.
.
7)

n n , , :
=| | | | , ||=||

8)

0 .

-1, 1 = 1 =
:
1
1 = 1 1 =

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15

9) n n ( )

.
1

..

1 + x 1

3 2 + x 2
7 3 + x 3

0 = 3 2
3 7 3

x1

0 + 3 x2
3 7 x3

4
0
3

1.3. - - -1

n n ij
i
j (n-1) (n-1) ij
ij ij .
,
ij , ij = (-1)i+j ij ij
ij.
1 3 1

.. = 0 2 4

3 1 2

21, 32 21, 32.

21 2 1
:
3 1

21 =
1 2

21 :
21 =

3 1
= 6 (1) = 7
1 2

21 = (-1)2+1 21 = -7.
32 :
1 1

32 =
0 4

32 =

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1 1
= 40 = 4
0 4

32 = - 32 = 4

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... .... ... - ...

16

:
) .
) ()
.
. ||=0.

-1

0 :
1 =

1
adj

adj
. :

11

1 12
=

1n

21 n1

22 n 2

2n
nn

.
=

= .

:
11 =

21 = -

12 = -

22 =

-1 :
1 =

11

12

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21
1
=

22

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17

2
2 5
= 1 2 4 .
3 4 6

0 , :
2 5
2
2 4
1 4
1 2
= 1 2 4 =2
5
+2
=
4 6
3 6
3 4
3 4 6
= 2(12 16) 5(6 + 12) + 2(4 6) = 56 30 20 = 106

( )
11 = +

2 4
= 28
4 6

21 =

5
2
= 22
4 6

31 = +

5 2
= 24
2 4

12 =

1 4
= 6
3 6

22 = +

2 2
= 18
3 6

32 =

2 2
= 10
1 4

13 = +

1 2
= 10
3 4

23 =

2 5
= 23
3 4

33 = +

2 5
= 1
1 2

:
1 =

11 21 31
28 22 24

= 1 6 18 10 .

22
32
12
106 10 23 1

23
33
13

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... .... ... - ...