Helikopter 2

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lmult0 \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {PERKEMBANGAN PESAWAT HELIKOPTER}\b0 \fs30\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\pard\li3733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {Oleh : Marsma TNI (Pu}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {)Ir. Suyitmadi, M
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sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XCita}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cita untuk menciptakan
wahana terbang secara vertikal dan mengambang tanpa}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bergerak di udara (hover), mungkin telah ada
sejak manusia bermimpi untuk terbang\uc1\u8221X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
par\pard\li7213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7213\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { I}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {gor Ivanovits
Sikorsky}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
erkembangan pesawat terbang bersayap tetap, dapat dengan mudah dirunut}\par\pard
\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atau diikuti fase kemajua
nnya. Sejarah penerbangan Amerika yang mulai dirintis}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oleh Otto Lilienthal, Samuel Langley, Ch
anute, sampai kesuksesan penerbangan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
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\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Wilbur Wright pada tahun 1903, membuktikan bahwa perkembangan penerbang
an}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {pesawat sayap tetap lebih bisa dikenali secara jelas. Perkemba
ngan terbang pesawat}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {helikopter tidak begitu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {mudah untuk diikuti, termasuk keberhasilan penerbangan}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {per
tama helikopter.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Obsesi manusia untuk bisa terbang dengan wahana t
erbang vertikal, yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paling kuno diawali adanya \uc1\u8220Xmainan
\uc1\u8221X China yang disebut \uc1\u8220XChinese tops\uc1\u8221X sekitar 400}\p
ar\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sebelum Masehi. }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mainan ter}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebut terbuat
dari bulu yang diikat pada ujung tongkat. }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Jika tongkat diputar dengan kedua telapak tangan p
ada posisi ke atas, maka akan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {menghasilkan gaya angkat, sehingga jika tongkat berbulu tersebut d
ilepas akan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terbang secara vertikal.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lebih dari 2000
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tahun kemudian yaitu sekitar tahun 1483, seorang
warga negara}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Rus
ia bernama Mikhail Lomonosov mengembangkan mainan model Chinese tops}\par\pard\l
i1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan sumbu rotor ganda.
Perbedaannya terletak pada tenaga pemutarnya, yaitu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenaga telapak
tangan digantikan dengan g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ulungan pegas yang diteg
angkan. Karena}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{energi yang dilepaskan dari gulungan pegas yang tertegang cukup besar, maka mai
nan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ini dapat te
rbang mencapai ketinggian lumayan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li224
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Seorang peneliti ilmu alam berk
ewarganeraan Perancis bernama Launoy}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1
573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan asistenny}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a seorang mekanik bernama Bienvenu, menggunakan poros ganda}\par
\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk memutar poros
yang ujungnya diikat dua set bulu kalkun yang berputar saling}\par\pard\li1573\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berlawanan arah. Percobaan model}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {model tersebut semakin
menggairahkan kegiatan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {penelitian penciptaan wahana terba }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ng verti
kal.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Leonardo da Vinci yang lahir 15 April 1452, ternyata selain s
ebagai pelukis}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
rilian juga seorang penggagas penciptaan wahana terbang vertikal yang}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {mengagumkan. Meskipun gagasannya baru dituangkan dalam bentuk sketsa di}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {kanvas, namun idenya s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {angat mengihami ba
gi pengembangan penciptaan wahana}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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}}}}\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn66\margtsxn666\margbsxn413\pard
\li5413\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-453\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terbang vertikal. Dalam sketsa yang dibuat L
eonardo da Vinci menggambarkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebuah wahana pengangkut manusia te
rbang vertikal, yang disebut \uc1\u8220Xaerial screw\uc1\u8221X}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(s
ekrup udara) atau \uc1\u8220Xair gyroscope\uc1\u8221X yang dibuat pa }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {da tahun 1483. Wahana tersebut}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digambarkan sebagai permukaan dengan alur miri
ng seperti permukaan geratan pada}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {sekrup, dan agar menghasilkan permukaan yang halus, rata dan k
edap udara, maka}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{permukaan dilapis kain. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {"}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I think, if this screw instrument is }\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {well made, that means from linen starched (to}\i0
\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {block its pore
s) and is turned rapidly, then this said screw will find its female in the}\i0 \
par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {air and climb u
pwards."}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\li7680\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Leonardo da Vinci}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\s

l-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pernyataan singkat Leonardo da Vinci
menggambarkan bahwa dia seorang visioner}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang sangat mengilhami pe
nerusnya dalam pengembangan wahana terbang vertikal.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Sketsa Sekrup Udara Leonardo d}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a Vinci
}\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sir George Cayley terkenal dengan perke
rjaannya menekuni prinsip}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {prinsip}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dasa
r terbang pada tahun 1790}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {an. Sebagai anak muda, Cayley telah berhasil}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mencip
takan beberapa model waha}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na terbang vertikal pada a
khir abad 18. Model}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {model wahana yang dibuat dilengkapi rotor yang
terbuat dari lembaran timah yang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {diputar dengan gulungan pegas yang tertegang. Karena kecinta
annya pada}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penerbangan, membuat Cayley begitu rajin merancang anta
r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a lain berupa lengan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berputar (whirl
ing}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arm) pada tahun180
4, sehingga menjadikannya sebagai ilmiawan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertama yang mencoba belajar gaya aerodinamika yang d
ihasilkan oleh sayap. Kertas}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ilmiah yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 1843, Cayley menjelaskan sec
ara ri}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nci}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rancangan wahana terbang vertikal dengan skala relatif be
sar yang disebut \uc1\u8220XAerial}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li157
3\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carriage\uc1\u8221X. Namun ap
a daya rancangan model Cayley hanya sebagai angan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {angan,}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {karena kesulitan mesin pembangkit tenaga (powerplant). Pad
a zaman tersebut,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenaga pengge}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rak ya
ng tersedia adalah mesin uap. Mesin uap merupakan mesin}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {konversi
energi jenis mesin pembakaran luar (external combustion engine), sehingga}\par\p
ard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rasio antara tenaga ya
ng dihasilkan dengan beratnya (power to weight ratio) sangat}\par\pard\li1573\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rendah. Meskipun pengemban}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {gan wahana terbang vertikal saat itu mengalami}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{kendala tenaga penggerak, namun pembuatan model wahana terbang vertikal ringan
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berukuran mini
dengan tenaga penggerak mesin uap banyak berhasil secara terbatas.}\par\pard\li1
573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada tahun 1840 Horatio Phili
ps berkewarganegar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aan Inggris, menciptakan wahana}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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8515A6BF9797915ED247FFD9}
}}}}\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn506\par
d\li5413\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-453
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terbang vertikal dengan tenaga uap yang dis
emburkan dari boiler mini ke ujung blade}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(bilah rotor). Memang model tersebut tidak mungkin dib
uat dengan skala penuh,}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {namun wahana buatan Philips merupakan wahana terbang vertikal}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { pertama yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digerakkan mesin sebagai pengganti
tenaga gulungan pegas yang banyak digunakan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebelumnya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada tahu
n 1860}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an Ponton d\uc1
\u8217XAmecourt berkewarganegaraan Perancis,}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menerbangkan beberapa model wahana terbang vertikal
mini bertenaga uap. Sejak}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {saat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { itu wahana terbang vertikal lebih
dikenal dengan nama \uc1\u8220Xhelikopter\uc1\u8221X. Helikopter}\par\pard\li
1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berasal dari bahasa Yunani,
yang merupakan gabungan dari kata sifat \uc1\u8220Xelikoeioas\uc1\u8221X}\par\pa
rd\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang berarti \uc1\u8220
Xspiral\uc1\u8221X atau \uc1\u8220Xwinding\uc1\u8221X (berputar) dan kata benda
\uc1\u8220Xpteron\uc1\u8221X yang berarti}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220Xfeathe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r\uc1\u
8221X (bulu) atau \uc1\u8220Xwing\uc1\u8221X (sayap). Sekitar tahun 1878 Enric
o warga Italia juga}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {membuat model helikopter yang terbang dengan tenaga uap. Model ini dilengka
pi}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan dua ro
tor yang saling berputar berlawanan, dan tercatat mampu terbang pada}\par\pard\l
i1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ketinggian lebih }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {dari 40 kaki selama 20 detik.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada awal abad 20
hampir semua percobaan terbang vertikal dapat dianggap}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sebagai karya cipta yang menantang, meng
ingat betapa tinggi kompleksitas aspek}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
i1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aerodimanika maupun mekanik
a struktur wahana terbang vertikal tersebut.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Disamping itu hasil p
enelitian aerodinamika oleh para ilmiawan saat itu, masih sangat}\par\pard\li157
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sedikit untuk digunakan sebagai
acuan. Berdasarkan dokumen sejarah penerbangan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terungkap bahwa kegagalan ratusan percobaan hel
ikopter disebabkan masalah tenaga}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {penggerak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, keterbatasan kendali t
erbang, dan getaran mesin yang merusak struktur. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada tanggal 1
3 Nopember 1907 seorang pembuat sepeda berwarganegara}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Perancis ber
nama Paul Cornu, menciptakan helikopter dan tercatat sebagai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {keber
hasilan terbang helikopter berawa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k pertama kali.
Peristiwa ini terjadi setelah 4}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {tahun keberhasilan penerbangan pesawat sayap tetap legendaris pe
rtama di dunia,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult

0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang dilakukan oleh Wright bersaudara di Kitty Haw
k Amerika Serikat. Struktur}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {helikopter Paul Cornu dibuat sangat sederhana, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {dengan dilengkapi dua rotor yang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terpasang pada keliling roda sepeda yang terletak pada
ujung}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ujung badan hel
ikopter. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li2013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2013\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Helikopter Paul Cornu dengan dua rotor yang ditambatkan
pada roda sepeda }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li3266\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan dipasang pada ujung}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ujung}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { badan helik
opter}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kedua rotor dip
utar oleh motor bensin bertenaga 22 HP dengan menggunakan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transmisi ban (belt transmission). Ma
sing}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {masing rotor memp
unyai 2 bilah (blade)}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {dengan aspect ratio (perbandingan antara panjang terhadap lebar bilah) ke
cil. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kedua}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rotor tersebut berputar dengan arah saling berlawanan,
dengan tujuan untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\
pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn440\pard\li5
413\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-453\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menghilangkan reaksi torsi. Helikopter Paul Cor
nu mampu terbang setinggi 1 kaki di}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {atas tanah dalam waktu 20 detik.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keberhasilan
Paul Cornu dalam menerbangkan helikopter berp}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enumpa
ng, menambah}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sem
angat para pemerhati dan perancang wahana terbang vertikal. Pada tahun 1909}\p
ar\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dengan diilhami ke
berhasilan Paul Cornu, Igor Ivanovitch Sikorsky dan Boris Yur\uc1\u8217Xev}\par
\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {secara terpisah memb
angun prototype dengan rotor ganda tanpa awak.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\pa
r\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Namu}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {n mesin terbang yang diciptakan tidak bisa diterbangkan, karena ma
salah}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {getaran dan belum tersedianya mesin penghasil tenaga pengger
ak yang cukup. Dalam}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {otobiografinya, Sikorsky menyatakan bahwa dia harus menunggu sampai}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {ditemukannya mesin penghasil gaya }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penggerak
yang lebih baik, ditemukannya bahan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {pembuat pesawat yang ringan serta pengalaman mekanik yang c
ukup. Mesin terbang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {vertikal ciptaannya yang pertama yaitu }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 bahkan tidak mampu terba
ng untuk}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengangkat beratnya sendiri, sedangkan mesin ciptaan}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kedua yaitu S2 tanpa awak

}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hanya bisa meng
udara sebentar meski sudah dilengkapi tenaga penggerak yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cukup.
Kekecewaan Sikorsky terhadap kegagalannya menciptakan mesin terbang}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {vertikal, membuat dia menghentikan usahanya dalam menciptakan helikopter.}\fs
scalex100 {Selan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jutnya dia beralih untuk mencurahka
n kepiawaiannya dalam penciptaan pesawat}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sayap tetap (pesawat konvensional), yang ternyata lebih
berhasil. Meskipun Sikorsky}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {kurang perhatian terhadap penciptaan helikopter, namun setelah ber
imigrasi ke}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amerika Serika, i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a kembal
i melanjutkan cita }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ci
tanya dalam penciptaan mesin terbang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {vertikal.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Boris Yur\uc1\u8217Xev dari Rusia,
menciptakan helikopter dengan konfigurasi tail rotor}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang pertama kali sebagai alat untuk mengh
ilangkan reaksi torsi rotor utama (main}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rotor) pada tahun}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1912. S
elain memperkenalkan rancangan penggunaaan tail rotor,}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Boris Yur\uc1\u8217Xev juga memperkenalka
n konsep \uc1\u8220Xcyclic pitch control\uc1\u8221X yang pertama kali.}\par\pard
\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dari Rusia juga dikenal n
ama Profesor Zhukovski (Joukowski) dengan ketekunannya}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meneliti teori aerodinamika,}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { serta banyak mempublikasikan hasil penelitiannya}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
tentang pesawat sayap putar (helikopter). }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
ard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De la Cierva berhasil
membuat model helikopter yang dilengkapi mekanisme}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220Xflapping\uc1\u8221X guna mengatasi
tidak simetrisnya gaya angkat pada saat gerakan rotor}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {blade be}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rput
ar maju dan ke belakang. Kemudian Rauf Hafner pada tahun 1935,}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {me
mperkenalkan sistem kendali \uc1\u8220Xcollective}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {control\uc1\u8221X dan \uc1\u8220Xcyclic }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pitch control\uc1\u8221X}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Semangat pengembangan dan penyempurnaan penciptaan helikopter semakin}\p
ar\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meningkat, tercata
t nama }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nama seperti }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Stephan Petroczy dari Austria, Bapak dan}\par\pard\
li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anak yaitu Emile dan Henry
Berliner dari Amerika Serikat, Louis Breman dari}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Inggris, Raul P
escara dari Argentina, dan para inventor lainnya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Jika dirunut se
jak usaha penciptaan wahana terbang vertikal dimulai, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {da}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {beberapa kendala yang memperlambat laju keberhasilan pencipt
aan helikopter}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut. Kendala tersebut adalah :}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Pertama adalah minimnya pengetahuan dasar tentang aerodinamika khususnya}\par\pa
rd\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk terbang vertikal.
Pada saat awal penciptaan model helikopte}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r, besa

rnya daya}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengge
rak hanya dihitung berdasarkan perkiraan saja. Baru setelah berakhirnya abad}\p
ar\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19, teori tentang
gaya rotor diperkenalkan oleh William Rankine dan W. Proude,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sedan
gkan teori aerodinamika helikopter baru diperkenalkan secara intensif p}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ada awal}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {tahun 1920}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{an. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Kedua karena belum tersedianya mesin penghasil daya pengger
ak secara}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {memadai. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada awal eksper
imen wahana terbang vertikal, mesin konversi energi}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang dikenal baru mesin uap. Mesin uap meru
pakan external combustion engine,}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {yang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { sistemnya cukup komplek dan
relatif berat sehingga tidak cocok sebagai mesin}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\p
gwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn440\pard\li54
13\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-453\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penghasil daya penggerak wahana terbang. Baru se
telah mesin bensin (gasoline}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {engine) ditemukan pada tahun 1920}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an, maka permasalahan mesin penghasil daya}\par\pard\li
1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penggerak bisa diatasi}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Motor bensin merupakan mesin pembakaran dalam (intern
al}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combustion en
gine), selain konstruksinya lebih sederhana juga mempunyai power to}\par\pard\li
1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {weight ratio yang tinggi. Ba
hkan setelah mesin turbin gas (gas turbine engine)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ditemukan pada
tahun 1940}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an, dan di}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pergunakan sebagai daya penggerak pesawat}\par\pard\
li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertama kali pada tanggal
15 Mei 1941 oleh Sir Frank Whittle, maka teknologi}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengembangan pesawat terbang termasuk helikop
ter meningkat pesat. Helikopter}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {pertama kali uji terbang dengan menggunakan mesin gas turbi}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n terjadi pada tanggal}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15 Mei 1951. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par
\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ketiga karena strukt
ur dan mesin penggerak yang cukup berat. Pada awal}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penciptaan wahana terbang, bahan pembuat me
sin ataupun struktur yang dikenal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adalah besi tempa (cast iron) ya
ng relatif berat. Persoalan berat }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut baru t
eratasi}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pada awa
l tahun 1920}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an, sete
lah alumunium beserta paduannya digunakan secara}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luas.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\l
i2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keempat karena adanya penga
ruh anti torsi. Perputaran main rotor akan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berakibat berputarnya badan helikopter ke arah keba
likan putaran main rotor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Pada}\par\pard\li1573\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {saat awal penciptaan wahana terbang
vertikal, pengaruh ini diatasi dengan pembuatan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rotor ganda yang titik pusat putarannya sama (c
oaxial rotor). Rotor ganda dibuat}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {berputar berlawanan, atau menggunakan konfigurasi 2 rotor ya
ng saling}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs2

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berdampinga }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n dengan posisi
lateral. Namun pembuatan konstruksi tersebut cukup}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {komplek diban
ding dengan hanya menggunakan sebuah rotor. Igor Sikorsky adalah}\par\pard\li1
573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {orang pertama yang berhasil m
enggunakan tail rotor, untuk menghasilkan anti torsi}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {guna mengatasi pengaruh to}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {rsi putaran main rotor.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li22
40\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kelima karena kesulitan dalam
sistem kendali. Kesulitan kendali tersebut}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antara lain adanya gaya angkat yang tidak simetris
antara bilah rotor saat berputar ke}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {depan dan saat berputar ke belakang.
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Kesulitan tersebut mulai dapa }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t diatasi se
telah}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De la Cier
va merancang system \uc1\u8220Xflapping\uc1\u8221X pada engsel pangkal rotor pad
a tahun}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1923. Ra
ncangan \uc1\u8220Xflapping\uc1\u8221X tersebut menyebabkan bilah rotor pada saa
t berputar ke}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de
pan (kecepatan udara relatif membesar), akan menghasilkan sudut serang (angl}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e of}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {attack) mengecil yang berarti mengurangi gaya angkat. Sebaliknya
pada saat berputar}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ke belakang (kecepatan udara relatif mengecil), sudut serang membesar yang be
rarti}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meningkatk
an gaya angkat. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Keenam karena masalah getaran. Getaran yang ber
lebiha }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n sebagai sumber}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kerusakan struktur. Permasalahan tersebut
dapat diatasi setelah pengetahuan tentang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sifat vibrasi dan aerodinamika helikopter diketahui d
an ditrapkan. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Usaha para pioner penemu helikopter sampai saat in
i telah menghasilkan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teknologi w}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ahana
terbang vertikal demikian canggih, yaitu pesawat helikopter yang}\par\pard\li15
73\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {berguna sebagai wahana tranpor
tasi, bahkan sebagai mesin tempur.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li157
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {Helikopter Tempur}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { }\b0 \par\p
ard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Helikopter digunakan s
ebagai mesin perang mulai Perang Dunia II. Namun}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk beberapa tahun masih }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {terbatas sebagai misi pencari dan penyelamat (search and}\par\pard\li
1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rescue), evakuasi medis, obs
ervasi dan penghubung atau komunikasi antar dua lokasi}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang berjauhan. Baru pada pertengahan t
ahun 1950}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an, helikopt
er betul}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {betul}\par\pa
rd\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digunakan sebagai wahan
a yang dipersen}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jatai untuk misi perang. Kolonel J
ay}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Vanderpool sebagai penerbang helikopter U.S. Army, melengkapi p
ersenjataan pada}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{sejumlah helikopter sehingga mampu digunakan untuk operasi penyerangan.}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Helikopter yang dipersenjatai antara lain jenis H}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {34, H}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {19 dan Pi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asecki H}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21 \uc1\u8220Xsi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc

alex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pisang terbang\uc1\u8221X, dengan senjata m
esin dan roket}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {roket k
ecil yang dicoba dalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-25

3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {penyerangan berbagai jenis sasaran. Namun
kendala pada saat itu adalah kecepatan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terbang helikopter yang terlalu lambat, sehingga rentan
terhadap serangan dar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Helikopter
pertama yang terlibat pertempuran adalah Bell UH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1A Hueys yang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dipersenjatai 2 buah senapan mesin kaliber 0,30 dan 16
peluncur roket kaliber 2,75.}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Helikopter tersebut dikirim ke Vietnam pada tahun 1962, guna meng
awal helikopter}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
pengangku}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t pasukan. Namun beberapa helikopter jat
uh tertembak, karena memang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {dengan kecepatan yang rendah sangat rentan terhadap serangan darat.
Selanjutnya}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in
dustri helikopter Bell melanjutkan pengembangan helikopter tempur, guna}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {memenuhi tuntutan kebutuhan U.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S. Army. Heli
kopter tempur yang dibangun,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\
sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dipersenjatai senapan mesin, peluncu
r granat, roket, dan peluru anti tank. Helikopter}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tersebut adalah AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1G HueyCobra, yang kemudian digunakan sebagai h
elikopter}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tempur
yang sangat efektif oleh U.S. Army dan }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Marine Cor
ps.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Piasecki H}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21 si \uc1\u8220Xpisang\uc1\u8221X terbang }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li3413\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {sebagai helikopter pertama yang dipersenjatai}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-306\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Menyadari kelemahan helikopter saat Perang Vietnam
yang rawan terhadap tembakan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {darat, maka pimpinan U.S. Army meminta pengembangan helikopte}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r tempur yang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mampu terbang cepat dan dilengkapi persenjataan berat guna
meningkatkan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kehandalannya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada t
ahun 1966, U.S. Army membuat kontrak dengan Lockheed}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dalam pengadaan 10 prototipe AH}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {56 Cheyenne. Cheyenne merupakan
helikopter}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tempu
r dengan pers}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enjataan lengkap dan kecepatan 253 mil
perjam atau 407 km}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perjam (dua kali lebih cepat dari helikopter t
ercepat yang ada pada saat tersebut).}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada Januari 1968, U.S. Army menandatangani kontrak pengad
aan 375 Cheyenne.}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Namun demikian proyek Cheyenne men}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {galami masalah

teknis, bahkan merangsang}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Uni Sovyet untuk mengembangkan senjata anti pesawat terbang. Terbukti
bahwa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {peluru pencari panas (heat}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seeking missile) buatan Sovyet, membuat helikopter}\fs
scalex100 {Cheyenne menjadi sasaran empuk yang sekaligus menandai berhe}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ntinya proyek}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cheyenne.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada tah
un 1972, U.S. Army kembali mengajukan proposal kebutuhan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {helikopte
r tempur dengan persenjataan berat dan berkemampuan manuver tinggi.}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Kebutuhan ini akibat ancaman tank Sovyet di Eropa maupun di Vietnam. Helik
opter}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dibutuhka
n harus mampu beroperasi di malam hari, mobilitas tinggi, dilengkapi}\par\pard\l
i1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alat sensor serta alat navi
gasi canggih. Pada saat itu dua perusahaan helikopter}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ternama yaitu Hughes Aircraft dan Bell,
masing}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {masing mengajuk
an prototipe. Baru}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {pada tahun 19}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {81, U.S. Army mengadakan kontrak p
engadaan helikopter generasi baru }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf

0\f0\charscalex100 {AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{64 Apache. Produksi pertama Apache diterima U.S. Army pada tahun 1984. }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Helikopter AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{64 Apache dilengkapi Hellfire missile sebagai penghancur tank,}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k
endaraan militer dan sasaran}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {sa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {saran keras lainnya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Persenjataan lain yang dipunyai}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apache adalah senapan mesin kaliber 30 mm dan roket Hydr
a 70 kaliber 2,75 inci.}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64 Apache m
ampu terbang \uc1\u8220Xhover\uc1\u8221X di balik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balik pepohonan atau bangunan lain,}\par\pard\li1573
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sehingga mampu menghindari ancam
an tembak}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an kendali laser. AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64 Apache}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terlibat operasi tempur pertama kali pada saat
Perang Teluk I tahun 1991. Dengan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Hellfireh, Apache berhasil melumpuhkan radar lawan sehingga p
esawat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pesawat}\par\pa
rd\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multinasional dapat men
embus pusat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pusat pert
ahanan Irak. Pada }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Perang Teluk,}\par\pard\li1573\
ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apache sangat berhasil dengan per
annya sebagai penghancur tank dan kendaraan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\p
ard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pengangkut personel.
Pada kesempatan berpatroli di lembah Euphrata, beberapa}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\s
l-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apache memergoki beberapa elemen penga
wal Republik Irak, dan berhail}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menghancurkan se}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {kitar 32 tank dan 100 kendaraan militer. Mulai saat itu seakan}\par\p
ard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terjadi pergeseran tek
nologi perang, yaitu bahwa helikopter diperhitungkan sebagai}\par\pard\li1573\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mesin perang handal yang antara lai
n sebagai penghancur tank. Karena terbukti}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\
pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kesuksesannya dalam p
erang, A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pache menjadi dagangan yang laris ibarat p
isang}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {goreng. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1813\ri0
\f0\charscalex100 {AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
64 Apache kehandalannya sebagai mesin perang terbukti saat Perang Teluk I}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i2240\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pada pasca Perang Teluk, ba
nyak negara membeli Apache yang terkenal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard
\li1573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mahal namun handal.}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Negara}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {negara tersebut antara lain Inggris, Israel, Saudi}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ara

bia, Uni Emirat Arab, Mesir, Swiss dan Belanda. Versi terakhir Apache yaitu}\p
ar\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Longbow Apache, y
ang dilengkapi radar pada posisi di atas rotor, sehingga sambil}\par\pard\li1573
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menyelinap di balik}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {balik pepoh}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {onan, Apache dapat mengamati medan perang dengan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menggunakan sensornya. }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
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ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1Z Cobra meski ti
dak sehandal Apache, namun cukup populer karena harga lebih}\par\pard\li2186\ri0
\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {murah, teknologi tidak terlalu kompl
ek, mudah dirawat dan dioperasik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2240\ri0\
sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 HueyCobra atau lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Cobra, ter
us}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {mengembangkan produksinya. Versi terakhir adalah AH}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1Z yang dilengkapi 4 bilah}\par
\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rotor (versi sebelum
nya 2 bilah rotor) dan mampu membawa berbagai jenis senjata}\par\pard\li1573\ri0
\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {termasuk Hellfire missile se}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {perti Apache. Meskipun kehandalannya tidak sama}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {dengan Apache, namun banyak negara berminat membeli AH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1Z karena berbagai}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\s
l-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alasan. Misalnya harga jauh lebih mur
ah, teknologi yang digunakan tidak terlalu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pa
rd\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {komplek serta gampang d
irawat dan dioperasikan. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erkembanga
n helikopter tempur buatan AS juga diimbangi Eropa. Uni Sovyet}\par\pard\li1573
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengembangkan helikopter tempur
Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24 Hind. Hind tid
ak semata}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mata sebagai
}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mesin tempur, n
amun juga pengangkut pasukan. Helikopter Hind dioperasikan secara}\par\pard\li15
73\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intensif pada Perang Afg}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anistan tahun 1980}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {an, namun banyak yang jatuh tertembak}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\
sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peluru kendali permukaan ke udara St
ringer buatan AS, yang dioperasikan dari atas}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {panggul para pejuang Mujahidin Afganistan. }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Helikopter Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35P yang memperkuat sistem senjata TNI AD }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {merupakan versi eksport dari Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24 Hind seri F}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li
2240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Sebagai catatan bahwa Helikopter Hind terus mengalami perkemban
gan baik}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {struktu
r, persenjataan maupun sistemnya. Untuk versi eksport digunakan kode lain,}\pa
r\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {misalnya MI}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25 sebagai versi eksport dar
i MI}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24 Hi}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {nd seri D, sedangkan Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {35 versi}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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C56918D15F014522A866E98E7B535DC967FFD9}
}}}}\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn80\margtsxn666\margbsxn506\pard
\li5413\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-453\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eksport dari Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24 Hind E. Helikopter Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35P yang baru saja masuk kekuatan}\par\pard\l
i1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tempur TNI AD, merupakan ve
rsi eksport dari Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24
Hind seri F.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Beberapa helikoper Sovyet dikembangkan dengan meniru
Apache, misalnya}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {28 Havoc }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an Ka}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50 Werewolf. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
abrik pesawat Italia yaitu Agusta}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mengembangkan A}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {109 Mangusta sebagai helikopter tempur
anti tank. Eurocopter,}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {sebagai konsorsium pabrik}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {pabrik pesawat Eropa, mengembangkan helikopter tempur}\par\pard\li1
573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {untuk keperluan mereka sendir
i yang diseb}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ut Tiger pada tahun 1988.}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Perkembangan teknologi helikopter saat ini telah menjadikan helikopter}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {sebagai wahana yang multi guna, baik untuk kepentingan militer maupun sip
il,}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {misalnya sebagai mesin perang, alat angkut personel/barang, SA
R, evakuasi medis}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an lain}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {lain. }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li15
73\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {28 Havoc dan Ka}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50 Werewolf dikembangkan Sovyet dengan meniru Apach
e }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li2240\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Helikopter angkut
yang tercatat sebagai yang terbesar saa }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t ini adala
h Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26}\par\pard\li15
73\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220XHalo\uc1\u8221X bua
tan Rusia, yang berkapasitas 4 awak pesawat dan 70 pasukan.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Band
ingkan dengan helikopter angkut militer AS yaitu CH}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {47 Chinook, yang berdaya}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {angkut lebih kecil yaitu 4 awak pesawat d
an 33 pasukan. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li35
73\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Helikopter Mi}\

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26 \uc1\u8220XHalo\uc1\
u8221X tercatat sebagai }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li2933\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {helikopter angkut terbesar dengan 4 crew
dan 70 troops.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsx
n12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn453\pard\li5346\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mengikuti perkembangan pesawat helikopter yang dimul
ai dari awal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pemikiran penciptaan wahana terbang vertikal sampai d
engan helikopter dan}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teknologinya saat ini, disim }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {pulkan bahwa penciptaan karya besar selalu melalui}\par\pard\li157
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proses panjang. Dalam proses
tersebut selalu diwarnai keberhasilan, namun juga}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kegagalan dan pengorbanan yang sering membuat
putus asa. Demikianlah bagian}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0
\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kecil dari sejarah helikopter. Bar
angkali jika}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { para pioner helikopter seperti Leonard
o}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {da Vinci, Bori
s Yu\uc1\u8217Xrev, dan Paul Cornu berkesempatan hidup lagi dan menyaksikan}\pa
r\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bagaimana kecanggih
an wahana terbang vertikal saat ini, maka kita semua yakin}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bahwa m
ereka akan tercengang dan kagum. Mereka mungkin }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ta
npa sadar bahwa}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {yang mereka kagumi sebenarnya adalah buah impian d
an usaha yang pernah}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dirintisnya sendiri.
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {Marsma TNI (Pu}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {) Ir. Suyitm}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {di, M.T.}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {Ketua Sekolah Ting}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {g}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {i Teknologi Adisutjipto Yogyakarta}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i { }\i0 \par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {E}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {-}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {il :}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i { }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {sytmadi@yahoo.com}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { }\i0}

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{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252

ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1626\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1626\ri0\

menggairahkan kegiatan}\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

100\i { }\i0 \par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1573\ri0\s

rtama di dunia,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kedua yaitu S2 tanpa awak

Pada saat awal penciptaan model helikopte}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r, besa

ng saling}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs2

harscalex100 {-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21 \uc1\u8220Xsi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc

ecil yang dicoba dalam}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-25

{Namun demikian proyek Cheyenne men}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {galami masalah

engadaan helikopter generasi baru }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf

scalex100 { }\par\pard\li1573\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ara

slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eksport dari Mi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Helikopter Mi}\

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