Kin trc my tnh

Chng 2

Biu din d liu

& s hc my tnh

9/20/2011

ThS Nguyn Tng Thnh Trng i hc Quy Nhn

Ni dung bi ging

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng 2: Biu din DL & s hc my tnh
Chng 3: B x l
Chng 4: Kin trc RISC&k thut ng dn
Chng 5: H thng nh
Chng 6: H thng vo/ra,thit b ngoi vi
Chng 7: Ngn xp v chng trnh con
2

Ni dung chng 2

Cc h m c bn
Mho v lu tr d liu trong my tnh
Biu din s nguyn
Cc php ton s hc i vi s nguyn
Biu din s thc
Biu din k t.

Cc h m c bn

H thp phn (Decimal System)

Con ngi s dng

H nh phn (Binary System)

My tnh s dng

H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal System)

Dng vit gn s nh phn

Bi tp
4

H thp phn (Decimal System)

C s 10
Dng 10 ch s: 0, 1, 2, ..., 9
Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu din
c 10n gi tr khc nhau:
00...0 = 0
99...9 = 10n 1

V d
215.37 = 2*102 + 1*101 + 5*100 + 3*10-1 + 7*10-2

Cc ch s phn nguyn:
215 : 10 = 21
21 : 10 = 2
2 : 10 = 0

d 5
d 1
d 2

Cc ch s phn thp phn:

0.37 * 10 = 3.7
0.7 * 10 = 7.0

phn nguyn = 3
phn nguyn = 7
6

H nh phn (Binary System)

C s 2
Dng 2 ch s: 0, 1
Ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary digit)
Bit l n v thng tin nh nht
Dng n ch s nh phn c th biu din c
2n gi tr khc nhau:
00...0 = 0
11...1 = 2n - 1
7

H nh phn (Binary System)

Dng tng qut ca s nh phn:

Gi s c mt s nh phn A:
A = an an-1 ... a1 a0 , a-1 a-2 ... a-m
Khi , gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:
A = an*2n + an-1*2n-1 + ... + a0*20 +
+ a-1*2-1 + a-2*2-2 + ... + a-m*2-m

V d

C s nh phn nh sau: 1011 1001.101(2)

Khi , gi tr ca chng c tnh l:
1011 1001.101(2) =
= 27 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3
= 128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125
= 185.625(10)

Chuyn i s thp phn nh phn

Chuyn i phn nguyn:

Cch 1: Chia lin tip cho 2 ri ly phn d
Cch 2: Phn tch thnh tng cc lu tha ca 2

Chuyn i phn thp phn:

Nhn phn thp phn vi 2, ly phn nguyn

10

V d chuyn i

C s h thp phn nh sau: 61.3125

Chuyn i phn nguyn: 61(10) = 111101(2)
Chuyn i phn thp phn:
0.3125 * 2 = 0.625
0.625 * 2 = 1.25
0.25 * 2 = 0.5

0.5 * 2 = 1.0

phn nguyn = 0
phn nguyn = 1
phn nguyn = 0
phn nguyn = 1

Vy: 61.3125(10) = 111101.0101(2)

11

H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal System)

C s 16
Dng 16 ch s: 0,1,..., 9, A, B, ..., F
Dng vit gn cho s nh phn: c mt
nhm 4 bit s c thay bng mt ch s
Hexa
Dng n ch s Hexa c th biu din c
16n gi tr khc nhau:
00...0 = 0
FF...F = 16n - 1
12

M ho & lu tr d liu trong my tnh

Mho d liu
Lu tr d liu

13

M ho d liu

Nguyn tc chung
Mi d liu a vo my tnh u phi c m
ho thnh s nh phn
Cc loi d liu:
D liu nhn to: do con ngi quy c
D liu t nhin: tn ti khch quan vi con ngi

Mho d liu nhn to:

D liu dng s: mho theo chun quy c
D liu k t: mho theo b mk t
14

M ho d liu

Mho v ti to tn hiu t nhin

TH V.l

B to
tn hiu

TH Ltc

TH s
ADC
MT

TH V.l

B ti to
tn hiu

TH Ltc

TH s
DAC

15

Lu tr d liu

B nh chnh c t chc theo byte

di d liu c th chim 1 hay nhiu byte
C 2 cch lu tr cc byte trong b nh
chnh:
Little-endian (u nh): byte c ngha thp hn
c lu tr v tr c a ch nh hn
Big-endian (u to): byte c ngha thp hn
c lu tr v tr c a ch ln hn
16

V d lu tr d liu 32 bit
12

34

56

78

...

a ch

...

a ch

78

12

56

X +1

34

X +1

34

X+2

56

X+2

12

X+3

78

X+3

...

...

u nh

u to

V d: Intel 80x86, Px: u nh

Motorola 680x0: u to
Power PC, Itanium: c hai loi
17

Biu din s nguyn

S nguyn khng du (unsigned integer)

S nguyn c du (signed integer)
Chuyn i di
Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD
Bi tp

18

S nguyn khng du

Nguyn tc chung
Dng n ch s nh phn th biu din c 2n s
Di biu din:
0 2n 1
V d:
n = 8 bit: di biu din: 0 28 -1, hay 0 255
n = 16 bit: di biu din: 0 216 - 1, hay 0 65535

Cch biu din

Biu din dng nh phn mt cch bnh thng
19

Cc v d

V d 1: biu din cc s nguyn khng du

sau y dng 8 bit:
A = 73

B = 138

Gii:
A = 73 = 64 + 8 + 1 = 26 + 23 + 20
73 = 0100 1001
B = 138 = 128 + 8 + 2 = 27 + 23 + 21
138 = 1000 1010
20

Cc v d

V d 2: Hy xc nh gi tr ca cc s
nguyn khng du C, D c biu din bng
8 bit nh sau:
C = 0010 1010;

D = 1010 0110

Gii:
C = 0010 1010 = 25 + 23 + 21 = 32 + 8 + 2 = 42
D = 1010 0110 = 27 + 25 + 22 + 21 =
= 128 + 32 + 4 + 2 = 166
21

S nguyn c du

Nguyn tc chung
Dng n ch s nh phn th biu din c 2n s
Di biu din:
- 2n-1 2n-1 1
V d:
n = 8 bit: di biu din: - 27 27 -1, hay -128 127
n = 16 bit: - 215 215 - 1, hay - 32768 32767

Cch biu din:

PP1: Dng du v ln (Sign-Magnitude)
PP2: Dng mb 2 (Twos complement)

22

Dng du v ln

Bit ln nht biu din du:

0: biu din s dng
1: biu din s m

Cc bit cn li biu din gi tr

V d:
+23 = 0001 0111; -23 = 1001 0111

Vn ny sinh
Cn quan tm c phn du v phn ln khi
thc hin cc php ton s hc
C n 2 cch biu din cho s 0 (+0 v -0)
23

Dng m b 2

i vi s dng: biu din dng nh phn

i vi s m: tm s b 2:
B1: i s dng tng ng nh phn
B2: tm s b 1 (o bit 1 0, 0 1)
B3: tm s b 2: s b 1 cng vi 1
S b 2 thu c chnh l cch biu din s m

c im:
Thc hin cc php ton s hc d dng
Ch c mt s biu din duy nht cho s 0
24

Cc v d

V d 1: Biu din cc s nguyn c du sau

y bng 8 bit: A = + 69; B = - 92
Gii:
A = + 69 = 0100 0101
B = - 92
Ta c: + 92 = 0101 1100
S b 1
= 1010 0011
+
1
S b 2
= 1010 0100
Vy: B = -92 = 1010 0100

25

Cc v d

V d 2: Xc nh gi tr ca cc s nguyn c
du biu din di y (dng du - ln):
C = 0110 1010;

D = 1100 0011

Gii:
C = 0110 1010 = + (64 + 32 + 8 + 2) = 106
D = 1100 0011 = - 128+ 64 + 2 + 1 = - 61

26

Cc v d

V d 3: Xc nh gi tr ca cc s nguyn c
du c biu din di y (dng mb 2):
E = 0101 1110;

F = 1101 1010

Gii:
E = 0101 1110 = 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 94
F = 1101 1010 = -128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 = -38

27

Chuyn i di

i vi s dng: thm/bt s 0 pha trc:

+23 =
0001 0111
+23 = 0000 0000 0001 0111

(8 bit)
(16 bit)

i vi s m: thm/bt s 1 pha trc:

-23 =
1110 1001
-23 = 1111 1111 1110 1001

(8 bit)
(16 bit)
28

Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD

Binary Coded Decimal Code
Dng 4 bit m ha cho cc ch s thp phn t 0
n 9:
0 0000

5 0101

1 0001

6 0110

2 0010

7 0111

3 0011

8 1000

4 0100
9 1001
Cn 6 t hp khng s dng:
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111

29

Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD

V d s BCD:
35 0011 0101 BCD
61 0110 0001BCD
1087 0001 0000 1000 0111BCD
9640 1001 0110 0100 0000BCD

30

Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD

BCD khng gi (Unpacked BCD): Mi s
BCD 4-bit c lu tr trong 4 bit thp ca
mi byte.
V d: s 35 c lu tr nh sau:
0011

0101

BCD gi (packed BCD): hai s BCD c lu

tr trong 1 byte.
V d: s 35 c lu tr nh sau:
0011

0101
31

Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD

Php cng s BCD:
35 0011 0101BCD
+ 61 0110 0001BCD
96 1001 0110BCD
87 1000 0111BCD
+ 96 1001 0110BCD
183
1 0001 1101 kt qu sai
+ 0110 0110 hiu chnh
0001 1000 0011BCD kt qu ng
1
8
3
Hiu chnh: cng thm 6 nhng v tr c nh (>9)
32

Cc php ton s hc

Php cng
Php tr
Php nhn
Php chia
Bi tp

33

Php cng (addition)

Cng s nguyn khng du

Cng s nguyn c du

34

Nguyn tc

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

Tng
(Sum)
0
1
1
0

Nh
(Carry)
0
0
0
1

35

Nguyn tc

Khi cng hai s nguyn khng du n bit:

Nu khng c nh ra khi bit cao nht th tng
lun ng (Cout = 0)
Nu c nh ra ngoi (Carry out) th tng l sai
(Cout = 1), ta ni rng php cng trn nh
Trn nh ra ngoi xy ra khi tng > 2n - 1

36

V d

V d 1:
71
+
25
96

=
=

0100 0111
+
0001 1001
0110 0000 = 64 + 32 = 96 ng

V d 2:
+

251

16

267

1111 1011
0001 0000

1 0000 1011 = 8 + 2 + 1 = 11 sai

37

Nguyn tc

Khi cng hai s nguyn c du n bit, khng

quan tm n bit nh ra ngoi (Cout), kt qu
nhn c l n bit:
Nu cng hai s khc du, tng thu c lun
lun ng
Cng hai s cng du, nu tng cng du vi
cc s hng th tng ng
Cng hai s cng du, nu tng ngc du vi
cc s hng th tng sai, ta ni tng b trn
(Overflow)
38

V d

V d 1 (cng hai s khc du tng ng):

-71
+
+25
-46

=
=

1011 1001 (+71 = 0100 0111)

+
0001 1001
1101 0010 = -46 ng

V d 2 (cng hai s m tng ng):

+

-51

-16

-67

1100 1101 (+51= 0011 0011)

1111 0000 (+16 = 0001 0000)

1 1011 1101 = -67 ng

39

V d

V d 3 (cng hai s dng tng ng):

+71
+
+25
+96

=
=

0100 0111
+
0001 1001
0110 0000 = +96 ng

V d 4 (cng hai s m tng sai):

+

-97

-89

-186

1001 1111 (+97= 0110 0001)

1010 0111 (+89 = 0101 1001)

1 0100 0110 = +72 sai

40

V d

V d 5 (cng hai s dng tng sai):

+87 =
0101 0111
+
+
+84 =
0101 0100
+171
1010 1011 = -85 sai
C hai v d u trn v tng nm ngoi di
biu din [ -128,+127] hoc tng qut hn
trn xy ra khi nm ngoi di biu din:
[ - ( 2n-1 ), + (2n-1 -1)]
41

Php tr (subtraction)
Ta c: Nguyn tc ly b hai ca B c B
ri cng vi A. A B = A + (-B)
Thanh ghi A

Thanh ghi B
Mch b 2

B cng n - bit

OF

42

Php nhn (Multiplication)

Nhn s nguyn khng du

Nhn s nguyn c du

43

V d
1100

1011
1100
1100
+
0000
1100
10000100

S b nhn (12)
S nhn (11)
Cc
tch
thnh
phn
Tch (132)

44

Nguyn tc thc hin php nhn

Cc tch thnh phn c tnh nh sau:

Nu bit tng ng ca s nhn bng 0 tch
thnh phn bng 0
Nu bit tng ng ca s nhn bng 1 tch
thnh phn bng s b nhn
Tch thnh phn tip theo c dch tri 1 bit so
vi tch trc

Tng cc tch thnh phn l Tch cui cng

Nhn hai s n bit, tch c di 2n bit
45

S mch nhn
S b nhn

Mn-1

. .

M0

Cng

B cng n bit

Logic iu khin
dch v cng
Dch phi

An-1

A0

Qn-1

Q0

S nhn

46

S khi thc hin php nhn

Start
C:=0; A:=0; B m:=n
M cha s b nhn
Q cha s nhn

Q0 = 1?

ng

Sai

C,A:=A+M

Dch phi C, A, Q
Dec(B m)
Sai

B m = 0?

ng

End

Tch cha
trong A,Q
47

Din gii v d (12 x 11 = 132)

C

Q (SN)

M (SBN)

0000

1011

1100

Gi tr khi to

1100

1011

1100

C, A A+M

0110

0101

1100

SHR C, A, Q

0010

0101

1100

C, A A+M

Ln th nht

Ln th hai

1001

0010

1100

SHR C, A, Q

0100

1001

1100

SHR C, A, Q

Ln th ba

0000

1001

1100

C, A A+M

1000

0100

1100

SHR C, A, Q

Ln th t
Tch cha trong A,Q
48

Nhn s nguyn c du

Khng thc hin trc tip c trong my tnh

Gii php 1:
Chuyn i thnh s dng nu cn
Thc hin nhn nh i vi s khng du
Nu hai s khc du tch l s m

Gii php 2:
Dng thut ton Booth (nhanh hn)
49

Thut ton Booth

Start
A:=0; Q-1:=0; B m:=n
M cha s b nhn
Q cha s nhn
= 10

= 01

Q0, Q-1
= 11
= 00

A := A - M

A := A + M

Dch phi A, Q, Q-1

Dec(B m)

Sai

B m = 0?

Lu : An-1 c ti to

ng

End

Tch cha
trong A,Q

50

V d 1: (-7) x 3 = -21
A

Q (SN)

Q-1

M (SBN)

0000

0011

1001

Gi tr khi to

0111

0011

1001

A A M

0011

1001

1001

SHR A, Q, Q-1

0001

1100

1001

SHR A, Q, Q-1

Ln th hai

1010
1101

1100
0110

1
0

1001
1001

A A + M
SHR A, Q, Q-1

Ln th ba

1110

1011

1001

SHR A, Q, Q-1

Ln th nht

Ln th t
Tch cha trong A,Q
51

V d 2: (-5) x (-6) = +30

A

Q (SN)

Q-1

M (SBN)

0000

1010

1011

Gi tr khi to

0000

0101

1011

SHR A, Q, Q-1

Ln th nht

0101
0010

0101
1010

0
1

1011
1011

A A M
SHR A, Q, Q-1

Ln th hai

1101
1110

1010
1101

1
0

1011
1011

A A + M
SHR A, Q, Q-1

Ln th ba

0011

1101

1011

A A M

0001

1110

1011

SHR A, Q, Q-1

Ln th t
Tch cha trong A,Q
52

V d:

138 : 12 = 11, d 6
(138)

S b chia

Cc s d
thnh phn

(12)

10001010 1100
S chia
1100
1011
Thng
(11)
010101
1100
10010
1100
0110
S d
(6)

53

Thut ton thc hin php chia

B m := n
M cha s chia (n bit)
A,Q cha s b chia (2n bit)

Start

Dch tri A,Q i 1 bit

B := A
ng

M, A cng du?

A := A - M

Sai

A := A + M
A, B cng du
hoc A = Q = 0?

ng

Q0 = 1

Sai

Q0 = 0; A := B
Dec(B m)
Sai

B m = 0?

ng

End

A cha s d
Q cha thng s (M, (A,Q) cng du)
Q cha b 2 ca thng s
(M, (A,Q) khc du)
54

V d 1: 12 : 4 = 3, d 0
A

0000

1100

Khi to gi tr (s chia v b chia cng du)

0001

1000

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

1101

M = 0100 (s chia)

M cng du A A := A - M

0001

1000

A khc du sau khi tr Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

0011

0000

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

1110

M cng du A A := A - M

0011

0000

A khc du sau khi tr Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

0110

0000

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0010

M cng du A A := A - M

0010

0001

A cng du sau khi tr Q0 = 1

0100

0010

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0000
0000

M cng du A A := A M
0011

A cng du sau khi tr Q0 = 1. A cha d, Q cha thng

55

V d 2: 13 : (-4) = -3, d 1
A

0000

1101

Khi to gi tr (s chia v b chia khc du)

0001

1010

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

1101

M = 1100 (s chia)

M khc du A A := A + M

0001

1010

A khc du sau khi cng Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

0011

0100

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

1111

M khc du A A := A + M

0011

0100

A khc du sau khi cng Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

0110

1000

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0010

M khc du A A := A + M

0010

1001

A cng du sau khi cng Q0 = 1

0101

0010

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0001
0001

M khc du A A := A + M
0011

A cng du sau khi cng Q0=1. A cha d, Q cha b 2 ca thng

56

V d 3: (-11) : 3 = (-3), d (-2)

A

1111

0101

Khi to gi tr (s chia v b chia khc du)

1110

1010

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0001

M = 0011 (s chia)

M khc du A A := A + M

1110

1010

A khc du sau khi cng Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

1101

0100

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0000

M khc du A A := A + M

1101

0100

A khc du sau khi cng Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

1010

1000

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

1101

M khc du A A := A + M

1101

1001

A cng du sau khi cng Q0 = 1

1011

0010

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

1110
1110

M khc du A A := A + M
0011

A cng du sau khi cng Q0=1. A cha d, Q cha b 2 ca thng

57

V d 4: (-14) : (-6) = 2, d (-2)

A

1111

0010

Khi to gi tr (s chia v b chia cng du)

1110

0100

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0100

M = 1010 (s chia)

M cng du A A := A - M

1110

0100

A khc du sau khi tr Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

1100

1000

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0000

M cng du A A := A - M

1100

1000

A khc du sau khi tr Q0 = 0 v phc hi A

1001

0000

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

1111

M cng du A A := A + M

1111

0001

A cng du sau khi cng Q0 = 1

1110

0010

Dch tri 1 bit A, Q

0100
1110

M cng du A A := A - M
0010

A khc du sau khi cng Q0= 0. A cha d, Q cha ca thng

58

Biu din s thc

Nguyn tc chung
Chun IEEE 754/85
Bi tp

59

Nguyn tc chung

Mt s thc X c th biu din nh sau:

X = (-1)S * M * RE
Trong :

S (sign): du (0: s dng; 1: s m)

M (mantissa): phn nh tr
R (radix): c s
E (exponent): s m
60

V d

X = -1234.567 = (-1)1 * 1234567 * 10-3

S = 1; M = 1234567
R = 10; E = -3

X = 0.13579 = (-1)0 * 13579 * 10-5

S = 0; M = 13579;
R = 10; E = -5

61

Cc php ton s hc

X1 = (-1)S1 * M1 * RE1
X2 = (-1)S2 * M2 * RE2
Php nhn:
X1 * X2 = (-1)S1S2 * (M1*M2) * RE1 + E2

Php chia:
X1 / X2 = (-1)S1S2 * (M1/M2) * RE1 - E2

Php cng / tr:

X1 X2 = RE1*[(-1)S1*M1 (-1)S2 * M2*RE2 - E1]
62

Chun IEEE 754/85

C 3 dng:
Dng n (single precision): 32 bit
Dng kp (double precision): 64 bit
Dng kp m rng (double-extended precision):
80 bit

C 3 dng u c im chung: R = 2

63

Dng n: 32 bit
31

30

23 22

S (du)

E (phn m)

1 bit

8 bit

M (phn nh tr)
23 bit

Khi , 1 s thc bt k c biu din:

X = (-1)S * 1,M * 2E 127
Di gi tr biu din:
2-127 < X < 2127,
hay: 10-38 < X < 1038
64

Chuyn i IEEE 754/85 (32 bit)

Bc 1: i s thc nh phn

Bc 2: Chuyn v dng: 1,aa...a * 2b

Bc 3: Xc nh cc gi tr:
S = 0 nu s dng; S = 1 nu s m
E 127 = b E = 127 + b nh phn
M = aa...a00...0
23 bit
65

V d chuyn i

V d 1: 17,625 IEEE 754/85

B1: A = 17,625 = 10001,101
B2: A = 1,0001101 * 24
B3: Ta c:

(1,aa...a * 2b)

S = 0, v A > 0
E 127 = 4 E = 131 = 1000 0011
M = 000 1101 0000 0000 0000 0000

A = 0100 0001 1000 1101 0000 0000 0000 0000

= 41 8D 00 00H

66

V d chuyn i

V d 2: -112,3125 IEEE 754/85

B1: B = -112,3125 = -1110000,0101
B2: B = -1,1100000101 * 26
(1,aa...a * 2b)
B3: Ta c:
S = 1, v B < 0
E 127 = 6 E = 133 = 1000 0101
M = 110 0000 1010 0000 0000 0000

A = 1100 0010 1110 0000 1010 0000 0000 0000

= C2 E0 A0 00H

67

V d chuyn i

V d 3: -19 / 64 IEEE 754/85

B1: C = -19 / 64 = -19 * (1 / 64)
B2: C = -10011 * 2-6 = -1,0011 * 2-2
B3: Ta c:
S = 1, v C < 0
E 127 = -2 E = 125 = 0111 1100
M = 001 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000

A = 1011 1110 0001 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000

= BE 18 00 00H

68

V d chuyn i

V d 4: Tm gi tr s thc: C2 0D 00 00H
Gii:
Ta c: X = C2 0D 00 00H =
= 1100 0010 0000 1101 0000 0000 0000 0000
S=1X<0
E = 1000 0100 = 132 E -127 = 5
M = 000 1101 0000 0000 0000 0000
X = -1,0001101 * 25 = -100011,01 = -35,25
69

Dng kp: 64 bit

63

62

52 51

S (du)

E (phn m)

1 bit

11 bit

M (phn nh tr)
52 bit

Khi , 1 s thc bt k c biu din:

X = (-1)S * 1,M * 2E 1023
Di gi tr biu din:
2-1023 < X < 21023,
hay: 10-308 < X < 10308
70

Dng kp m rng: 80 bit

79

78

64 63

S (du)

E (phn m)

1 bit

15 bit

M (phn nh tr)
64 bit

Khi , 1 s thc bt k c biu din:

X = (-1)S * 1,M * 2E 16383
Di gi tr biu din:
2-16383 < X < 216383,
hay: 10-4932 < X < 104932
71

Cc quy c c bit

E = 0, M = 0 X = 0
x000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 = 0

E = 11...1, M = 0 X =
x111 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 =

E = 11...1, M 0 X: NaN (khng phi s)

72

Cc kh nng trn s
Trn trn s m (Exponent Overflow): m dng
vt ra khi gi tr cc i ca s m dng c th. (
)
Trn di s m (Exponent Underflow): m m
vt ra khi gi tr cc i ca s m m c th
( 0).
Trn trn phn nh tr (Mantissa Overflow):
cng hai phn nh tr c cng du, kt qu b
nh ra ngoi bit cao nht.
Trn di phn nh tr (Mantissa Underflow):
Khi hiu chnh phn nh tr, cc s b mt bn
phi phn nh tr.
73

Thc hin php ton s du phy ng

X1 = M1 * RE1
X2 = M2 * RE2
Ta c
X1 * X2 = (M1* M2) * RE1+E2
X1 / X2 = (M1 / M2) * RE1-E2
X1 X2 = (M1*RE1-E2 M2) * RE2
, vi E2 E1
74

Php cng v php tr

Kim tra cc s hng c bng 0 hay

khng

Hiu chnh phn nh tr

Cng hoc tr phn nh tr

Chun ho kt qu

75

Thut ton cng/tr s du phy ng

76

Thut ton nhn s du phy ng

77

Thut ton chia s du phy ng

78

Biu din k t

B mASCII (American Standard Code for

Information Interchange)
B mUnicode

79

B m ASCII

Do ANSI (American National Standard

Institute) thit k
L b m8 bit, c th mha c 28 k t,
c mt 0016 FF16 , gm:
128 k t chun, c m0016 7F16, gm:
Cc k t iu khin: mn hnh, my tin, truyn tin.
Cc k t son tho vn bn

128 k t m rng, c m8016 FF16, gm:

Cc k t c bit, k khung, ting Php, ...
80

B m Unicode

L b m hp nht, do cc hng my tnh

hng u thit k
L b m16 bit
L b ma ngn ng
C h tr cc k t ting Vit

81

Cc k t chun
Cc k t hin th chun:
Cc ch ci Latin
Cc ch s thp phn
Cc du cu: . , : ; ...
cc du php ton: + - * / % ...
mt s k hiu thng dng: &, $,@, #
du cch
Cc m iu khin
Cc m iu khin nh dng vn bn
Cc m iu khin truyn s liu
Cc m iu khin phn tch thng tin
Cc m iu khin khc
82

83

Cc k t hin th chun

84

Cc k t hin th chun (tip)

85

Cc k t hin th chun (tip)

86

Cc m iu khin: c m 0016 1F16 v 7F16

87

Cc m iu khin (tip)

88

Cc m iu khin (tip)

89

Cc m iu khin (tip)

90

Cc k t m rng

Cc k t m rng c nh ngha
bi:
nh ch to my tnh

ngi pht trin phn mm.

V d:

B m k t m rng ca IBM

B m k t m rng ca Apple
Macintosh.

B m ting Vit TCVN3.

91

B m hp nht: Unicode

Do cc hng my tnh hng u thit k

B m 16-bit
B m a ngn ng
C h tr cc k t ting Vit

92

Kin trc my tnh

Ht chng 2

9/20/2011

ThS Nguyn Tng Thnh Trng i hc Quy Nhn

93

Bi tp (cc h m)

Bi 1: i cc s sau t h thp phn h

nh phn:
a) 28; b) 89;
d) 34,5; e) 55,25;

c) 294
f) 46,3125

Bi 2: i cc s sau t h nh phn h
thp phn:
a) 11001;
b) 111001
c) 10111011; d) 10001001
94

Bi tp (cc h m)

Bi 3: i cc s sau t h thp phn h

thp lc:
a) 68;

b) 29;

c) 215

Bi 4: i cc s sau t h thp lc h
thp phn:
a) AF;

b) 123;

c) 10D

95

Bi tp (biu din s nguyn)

Bi 1: Biu din cc s sau dng du v

ln (8 bit):
a) +69; b) +105; c) -28; d) -121

Bi 2: Biu din cc s sau dng du v

ln (16 bit):
a) +109; b) +105; c) -98; d) -131

Bi 3: Biu din cc s sau dng m b 2

(8 bit khng du):
a) 57; b) 48; c) 98; d) 131

96

Bi tp (biu din s nguyn)

Bi 4: Biu din cc s sau dng m b 2

(8 bit c du):
a) +57; b) +48; c) -98; d) -31

Bi 5: Biu din cc s sau dng m b 2

(16 bit khng du):
a) 157; b) 108; c) 128; d) 35

Bi 6: Biu din cc s sau dng m b 2

(16 bit c du):
a) 137; b) 119; c) -113; d) -53

97

Bi tp (biu din s nguyn)

Bi 7: C cc biu din sau (dng du v

ln), hy xc nh gi tr ca chng:
a) 0100 1011
c) 0000 0000 1001 0010;

b) 1001 1100
d) 1000 0000 0110 1100

Bi 8: C cc biu din sau (dng mb 2

khng du), hy xc nh gi tr:
a) 0100 0011
c) 0000 0000 1001 0010;

b) 1010 0100
d) 1000 0000 0010 0100
98

Bi tp (biu din s nguyn)

Bi 9: C cc biu din sau (dng mb 2

c du), hy xc nh gi tr ca chng:
a) 0100 1011
c) 0000 0000 0101 0011;

b) 1101 1100
d) 1111 1111 1110 1110

99

Bi tp (cc php ton vi s nguyn)

Bi 1: Cho bit kt qu khi thc hin trn my

tnh cc php cng sau (8 bit) v gii thch:
a) 56 + 78 (khng du); b) 121 + 40 (khng du)
c) 68 + 40 (c du) ; d) 67 + (-100) (c du)
e) 102 + 88 (c du); f) (-80) + (-62) (c du)

Bi 2: M t qu trnh nhn trn my tnh cc

s 4 bit sau y:
a) 13 * 7;
d) (-5) * 3;

b) 6 * 14; c) 15 * 14
e) 6 * (-2); f) (-7) * (-4)

100

Bi tp (cc php ton vi s nguyn)

Bi 3: M t qu trnh chia trn my tnh cc

s sau y:
a) 13 : 5;
b) 10 : (-4)
c) (-11) : 6; d) (-14) : (-5)

101

Bi tp (biu din s thc)

Bi 1: Biu din cc s sau theo chun IEEE

754/85 32 bit:
a) 78,25;
d) -133/128

b) -23,625;
e) 20,15

c) 50,3125

Bi 2: C cc biu din theo chun IEEE

754/85 sau, xc nh gi tr ca chng:
a) 41 8D 00 00H;
c) 3E A0 00 00H;

b) C2 96 20 00H
d) BC 91 00 00H
102

Bi tp (biu din s thc)

Bi 3: C cc biu din theo chun IEEE

754/85 sau, xc nh gi tr ca chng:
a) 10 00 00 00H;
c) FF 80 00 00H;

b) 7F 80 00 00H
d) 7F 80 00 10H

103