3. Sn xut cn t ngun nguyn liu cha cellulose 2.3.

1 Cc ngun nguyn liu cha cellulose V nguyn tc ta c th sn xut Bio-Ethanol t bt c ngun nguyn liu no c cha cellulose. Tuy nhin ph hp tnh kinh t v iu kin Vit Nam, ta c th s dng cc ngun nguyn liu sau: rm, tru, b ma, li ng, v ng, c di Ngun nguyn liu Sn lng (triu tn/nm) S dng cho cc mc ch hin ti Sn lng cn li (triu tn/nm) Rm r 15 Nguyn liu, lm giy, nm rm, thc n gia sc 6,6 7,8 Tru 6,7 Nhin liu rn, ng gi v xy dng, cht n, t l 1,8 2,2 B ma 3,17 t l, in, ch bin giy, vn p 0,087 Li ng 3,1 Ch yu t b V ng 0,67 Thc n gia sc, t b Tuy nhin cc sn phm ny tp trung ch yu hai ng bng ln l ng bng Sng Hng v ng bng Sng Cu Long. y l vng nguyn liu l tng xy dng nh my. Nhng vic thu mua v vic chuyn ha cn gp nhiu kh khn, hiu sut cha cao. Nguyn liu cha xenlulo khc nhau c thnh phn cu to cht khng ging nhau nhng v c bn chng c cu to t 3 hp cht Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin Cellulose: Cng thc phn t (C6H10O5)n. L thnh phn cu to ch yu ca mng t bo thc vt v l hp cht chnh ca nguyn liu cha cellulose sn xut ethanol. Nguyn liu cng giu cellulose th sn xut ethanol cng t hiu qu cao. Hemicellulose: d b thy phn hn so vi cellulose. Khi thy phn n cng, hemicellulose to ra cc monosaccarit ch yu l hexose, pentose. Trong hexose c kh nng ln men to ethanol cn pentose khng c kh nng ny. Lignin: trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol t cellulose th n hon ton khng b thy phn to cc hp cht c kh nng ln men to ethanol. V vy lignin l thnh phn khng mong mun trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol t cellulose. 2.3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut cn in hnh t nguyn liu cha xenlulo V nguyn tc, qu trnh sn xut ethanol t cc ngun nguyn liu cha cellulose cng ging nh t tinh bt hay r ng. N bao gm ba bc c bn: X l nguyn liu ng ho v ln men Tinh ch sn phm (chng ct, tch nc, bc hi, tch lng rn). Thuyt minh s cng ngh: Nguyn liu t kho cha c a n nh my. Sau , nguyn liu c bm nghin nhm ph v cu trc mng t bo thc vt, to iu kin thun li qu trnh thy phn din ra tt hn, tng hiu sut qu trnh. Sau nguyn liu c a n vng tin x l. u tin n c x l bng dung dch H2SO4 long nhit cao trong thi gian ngn, gii phng hemicellulose v cc hn hp khc, to iu kin tt cho qu trnh ng ho v ln men. Lng acide d c trung ho bng dung dch Ca(OH)2 loi b kt ta CaSO4. Nguyn liu tip tc c a n giai on ng ho bng enzyme bin cellulose thnh glucose ri n cng on ln men glucose v cc ng khc thnh ethanol bng chng men Zymomonas mobils. Qu trnh ny c duy tr mt iu kin thch hp (nhit , p sut, pH, dinh dng) m bo nm men hot ng tt nht. Sau vi ngy, hu ht cellulose v xylose chuyn thnh ethanol.

Hn hp sau khi ln men gi l gim chn c a n giai on tinh ch sn phm bao gm chng ct v tch nc. Sn phm l ethanol 99,5%v/v c a n b cha. Nc thi t giai on ny sau khi x l cc bc tip theo. nh gi la chn nguyn liu cho Nh my: Qua tng hp, phn tch v nh gi s b cc loi nguyn liu u vo ni trn, chng ta thy rng vic sn xut Bio-Ethanol t nng sn c tim nng rt ln nc ta. c bit sn l mt ngun nguyn liu c u th: kh nng canh tc d dng, quy hoch vng nguyn liu thun li, hm lng tinh bt cao nht (7075%kl) v h s chuyn i thp,chi ph nguyn liu u vo thp nn gi BioEthanol c kh nng cnh tranh tt hn so vi cc loi nguyn liu khc. Do , d n quyt nh chn Sn lt lm nguyn liu u vo cho nh my sn xut Bio-Ethanol nhin liu. 3. S khc nhau gia cng ngh xn xut cn thc phm v cn nhin liu 1. Mc ch s dng Cn thc phm: Ngi ta sn xut cn thc phm l pha ch thnh ru v cc loi ung c cn. Cc loi ung ny c dng trc tip cho con ngi nn trong thnh phm ca cn thc phm ch bao gm ch yu l etanol. Cc loi cn u, du fusel, andehyt, axit, este c hi cho sc kho phi cng t cng tt v khng c vt qu ngng qui nh. Ngoi ra, do phi pha long khi pha ch, nn khng bt buc phi sn xut ra cn c nng cao. Cn nhin liu: Cn nhin liu c sn xut dng lm cht t. Khi sn xut cn nhin liu ngi ta khng cn phi tch b cn tp. Tri vi cn thc phm, cn nhin liu bt buc phi tch nc trit , v nu hm lng nc c trong cn cng cao th lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh chy v nh hng n ng c thit b, ng thi khi pha cn vo xng s dn n s phn tch pha. Cng chnh v vy m khi sn xut cn nhin liu, ngi ta phi chn gii php cng ngh thch hp loi b nc trong cn, to ra cn c nng rt cao. 2. S khc nhau trong cng ngh sn xut ethanol thc phm v ethanol nhin liu S khc nhau trong cng ngh sn xut ethanol thc phm v ethanol nhin liu ch yu xy ra cng on cui: chng ct, tch nc: Cng on Ethanol thc phm Ethanol nhin liu Chng ct Phc tp hn do cn tch trit cc cht c hi cho sc khe con ngi: cn u, du fusel, adehyte Khng cn loi b cn tp Tch nc Khng cn phi tch nc nng nng ethanol Phi tch nc nng nng ethanol ln 99.8% Ngoi ra, trnh s dng ethanol nhin liu cho cc mc ch khc, cn nhin liu sau khi tch nc c bin tnh bng cch thm vo 1,96 5%v/v cht bin tnh. Khi ethanol dng lm nhin liu c gi l ethanol bin tnh. Cht bin tnh c th dng l xng khng ch, naphta.

Cc u im khi dng xng ethanol Ethanol l nhin liu c nh gi l sch hn nhiu so vi xng c ngun gc du m: - y l nhin liu c ngun gc t cy c nn c th hi phc c; - V c ngun gc sinh hc nn qu trnh sn xut v s dng (t chy) nhin liu ny khng lm tng hiu ng nh knh, khng thi ra cc kh thi c hi cho mi trng; - Bn thn xng ethanol l xng c tr s octan cao v khng phi dng n cc cht ph gia c hi tng ch tiu ny; - Xng ethanol c th c s dng tng thch trong cc ng c thit k c m khng cn phi sa i thit k ng c; - Xng ethanol c kh nng phn hy sinh hc nn khng gy c hi cho mi trng. - Chnh hm lng oxy cao trong xng ethanol gim c lng CO ng k t 25-30%, gim NO ti 20% theo nghin cu ca vin USEPA ca M. Cc phng php lm khan ethanol Thng thng, ethanol sn xut ra c nng 96% l ph bin nht, v i vi hn hp ethanol nc, im si cc i (azeotrope) nng 96% ethanol v 4% nc. Khng th to ra ethanol tinh khit hn 96%. to ra ethanol c nng hn 99%, phi tin hnh cc bin php laoij nc,hay cong i l lm khan nuuwocs. Lm khan bng cht ht nc C th dng cc cht ht nc nh: clorua caxi khan, vituy nhin bin php ny t hiu qu Chng ct phn on l phng php cho thm mt cu t vo hn hp ph v im si. Cu t thm thng l benzene v hn hp li c i chng ct phn on mt ln na. Benzen to ra im si hn hp cp ba ci nc v ethanol nhm loi b ethanol ra khi nc v im si hn hp cp hai vi ethanol loi b phn ln benzene. Ethaol c to ra khng cha nc. Tuy nhin, mt lng rt nh benzene vn cn li gy c h i. Nu s dng ethanol ny th pha xng th khng c vn g, nhng nu s dng cho thc phm th ph hp, nn phng php ny t c s dng. S dng ry phn t Ry phn t l vt liu c l xp, s dng hp ph chn lc nc t dung dch 96% ethanol. C th s dng zeolit dng vin hoc bt yn mch. Tuy nhin zeolit c gi tr hn do kh nng hp ph chn lc cao, li c ti sinh c. S ln s dng zeolit khng hn ch do c th ti to bng cch lm kh vi lung kh co2 nng. Ethanol tih khit sn xut theo phng php ny ng nhin khng c cha benzene. Ethanol tinh khit thu c c th c s dng lm mnh thm cc loi ru vang ( tng ru) Cc cht zeolit dng hp th nc trong ethanol c th ch to t caolanh, l ngun khong st v tn nc ta. S dng ph gia Hin nay c mt xu hng l c th s dng thanol nng thp ( ch cn trn 92%), nhng c ph gia. Ph gia c vai tr xc tin cho s ha tan gia xng v ethanol tt hn. Mt khc, ph gia ngn nga s tch pha (tch nc) v ngn nga s thm nhp ca hi nc kh quyn vo xng trong qu trnh bo qun v s dng. ph gia c tc dng tt thng l cc loi ru c phn t ln hn nh: ru isopropylic, isobutyriccng c th gi cc ph gia ny l cc dung mi trung chuyn. Tuy nhin, trong iu kin nng m nh nc ta, cn pha xng phi t nng xp x 100% mi m bo yu cu. Chnh v vy, s cha n nh cng ngh v chi

ph cao ca cc phng php lm khan cn nh hng n gi ca xng ethanol. CC CH TIU CHT LNG CA XNG ETHANOL 1. Ch tiu cht lng ethanol dng pha vo xng dng lm nhin liu pha vo xng, ethanol cn t c cc ch tiu cht lng nht nh. Trong bng a ra mc qui nh cht lng ca ethanol. Cc ch tiu ca ethanol bin tnh c xc nh theo cc phng php ASTM 1613, ASTM D 5501, ASTM E 1064hoc mt lot cc tiu chun TCVN 2. Ch tiu cht lng ca xng ethanol Sau khi tng hp c ethanol theo tiu chun qui nh, c th pha trn vi xng du m to xng sinh hc. vi nng ethanol nh hn hoc bng 10% th khng phi thayi c cu ng c. Nhng nu nng ethanol ln hn 10 % th phi thit k li ng c t trong s dng nhin liu ny. pha ch ethanol vo xng, phi tun th cc tiu chun c chun ha nh ASTM ca M hoc h thng tiu chun ca chu u. V c bn, ethanol s dng pha xng phi t cc ch tiu k thut nh trong bng 5.3. nhn b ngoi, Sn phm phi trong v sang, khng c cc cht l lng. Nhng vi phm cc tiu chun ny s gy nn nhiu tc hi cho ng c. tt Tn ch tiu Mc qui nh 1 Ethanol, %th tch >92,1 2 Methanol, %V <0,5 3 Nha tan trong dung mi, mg/100ml <5,0 4 Hm lng cc cht lm bin tnh, %V 1,964,76 5 Hm lng nc, %V <1 6 acid (acid acetic), % m <0,007 7 Hm lng cc clorit v c, ppm <40 8 Hm lng ng, mg/kg <0,1 9 pH 6,5-9 10 Hm lng lu hunh,ppm <30 Theo cc nh khoa hc, v mt nhit lng th 1,5 lt ethanol c th thay th cho 1 lt xng. Nu pha 10-15% ethanol vo xng th cng sut, hiu sut v mi mn ng c hu nh khng thay i. Cn l hp cht hu c nh du m, nn c kh nng chy tt. v vy, v nguyn tc, cn khan 99,5% hon ton c th s dng lm nhin liu cho t, xe my. Tuy nhin, do c tnh phn cc ca cn nn c th gy ra n mn kimloaij, lm hng cc chi tit cao su, nha c trong