Mng cm bin khng dy l mt cng ngh mi, c cc nc c nn khoa hc pht trin nghin cu, trin khai rng ri v thu

hu c nhiu thnh tu. Tuy nhin Vit Nam, cng ngh ny ch ang c nghin cu v trin khai trong nhng lnh vc v quy m nh, song vi nhng u im v kh nng tng thch cao nn trong tng lai, cng ngh mng cm bin khng dy s c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca cuc sng.
CHNG 1:

MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

(WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS - WSNs)

2 - TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY - WSNs:

2.1. Khi nim: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) la ma n g ca m bi n khng dy bao g m khng gian phn b ca c thi t bi t tri v i ca c ca m bi n gim st cc iu kin vt cht hay mi trng. c im ca mng cm nhn khng dy l va c chc nng mng va c chc nng cm nhn. N hot ng trn nguyn l l ti mt nt mng s cm nhn thng s ca mt trng cn o, o c thng s v sau tin hnh truyn d liu qua mt trng khng dy v trm gc (nt gc), trn c s nt gc c th a ra cc lnh x l cn thit hoc truyn s liu vo my tnh. Bn thn nt gc khng nht thit phi l mt my vi tnh m cng c th c ch to vi kch thc nh, ph hp vi c th ca tng lnh vc ng dng c th.

Hnh 1.1. M hnh mng cm bin khng dy

Cc node mng thng c chc nng cm nhn: Cm ng, quan st mi trng xung quanh nh nhit , m, nh sng ... theo di hay nh v cc mc tiu c nh hoc di ng ... Cc node giao tip vi nhau v truyn d liu v trung tm mt cch gin tip. Do vy tit kim nng lng, cc sensor node thng c nhiu trng thi hot ng v trng thi ngh khc nhau. Thng thng thi gian 1 node trng thi ngh ln hn trng thi hot ng rt nhiu. Nh vy, c trng c bn nht ca mt mng cm bin khng dy chnh l gi thnh, mt node mng, phm vi hot ng, cu hnh mng (topology), lu lng d liu, nng lng tiu th v thi gian trng thi hot ng.
2.2. Cu to ca mt nt cm bin:

Nt cm bin l mt thit b in t nh, c kh nng thu thp, x l v truyn thng thng tin n cc nt khc v ra th gii bn ngoi. Cc n v cm bin (sensing units) bao gm cm bin v b chuyn i tng t-s. Da trn nhng hin tng quan st c, tn hiu tng t to ra bi sensor c chuyn sang tn hiu s bng b ADC, sau c a vo b x l. n v x l thng c kt hp vi b lu tr nh (storage unit), quyt nh cc th tc lm cho cc nt kt hp vi nhau thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Phn thu pht v tuyn kt ni cc nt vo mng. Mt trong s cc phn quan trng nht ca mt nt mng cm bin l b ngun. Cc b ngun thng c h tr bi cc b phn lc nh l t bo nng lng mt tri. Ngoi ra cng c nhng thnh phn ph khc ph thuc vo tng ng dng. Hu ht cc k thut nh tuyn v cc nhim v cm bin ca mng u yu cu c chnh xc cao v v tr. Cc b phn di ng i lc cn phi dch chuyn cc nt cm bin khi cn thit thc hin cc nhim v n nh. Tt c nhng thnh phn ny cn phi ph hp vi kch c tng module. Ngoi kch c ra cc nt cm bin cn mt s rng buc nghim ngt khc, nh l phi tiu th rt t nng lng, hot ng mt cao, c gi thnh thp, c th t hot ng, v thch bin vi s bin i ca mi trng. 2.3. c im ca mng cm bin khng dy - WSNs: Nh trn ta bit c im ca mng cm bin l bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin, cc nt cm bin c gii hn v rng buc v ti nguyn c bit l nng lng rt kht khe. Do , cu trc mng mi c c im rt khc vi cc mng truyn thng. Sau y ta s phn tch mt s c im ni bt trong mng cm bin nh sau: + Kh nng chu li (fault tolerance): Mt s cc nt cm bin c th khng hot ng na do thiu nng lng, do nhng h hng vt l hoc do nh hng ca mi trng. Kh nng chu li th hin vic mng vn hot ng bnh thng, duy tr nhng chc nng ca n ngay c khi mt s nt mng khng hot ng. + Kh nng m rng: Khi nghin cu mt hin tng, s lng cc nt cm bin c trin khai c th n hng trm nghn nt, ph thuc vo tng ng dng con s ny c th vt qu hng triu. Do cu trc mng mi phi c kh nng m rng c th lm vic vi s lng ln cc nt ny. + Gi thnh sn xut: V cc mng cm bin bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt cm bin nn chi ph ca mi nt rt quan trng trong vic iu chnh chi ph ca ton mng. Nu chi ph ca ton mng t hn vic trin khai sensor theo kiu truyn thng, nh vy mng khng c gi thnh hp l. Do vy, chi ph ca mi nt cm bin phi gi mc thp. + Rng buc v phn cng : V s lng cc nt trong mng rt nhiu nn cc nt cm bin cn phi c cc rng buc v phn cng nh sau : Kch thc phi nh, tiu th nng lng thp, c kh nng hot ng nhng ni c mt cao, chi ph sn xut thp, c kh nng t tr v hot ng khng cn c ngi kim sot, thch nghi vi mi trng. + Mi trng hot ng: Cc nt cm bin c thit lp dy c, rt gn hoc trc tip bn trong cc hin tng quan st. V th, chng thng lm vic m khng cn gim st nhng vng xa xi. Chng c th lm vic bn trong cc my mc ln, di y bin, hoc trong nhng vng nhim ha hc hoc sinh hc, gia nh hoc nhng ta nh ln. + Phng tin truyn dn: nhng mng cm bin multihop, cc nt c kt ni bng nhng phng tin khng dy. Cc ng kt ni ny c th to nn bi sng v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc nhng phng tin quang hc. thit lp s hot ng thng nht ca nhng mng ny, cc phng tin truyn dn phi c chn phi ph hp trn ton th gii. Hin ti nhiu phn cng ca cc nt cm bin da vo thit k mch RF. Nhng thit b cm bin nng lng thp dng b thu pht v tuyn 1 knh RF hot ng tn s 916MHz. Mt cch khc m cc nt trong mng giao tip vi nhau l bng hng ngoi. Thit k my thu pht v tuyn dng hng ngoi th gi thnh r v d dng hn. C hai loi hng ngoi v quang u yu cu b pht v thu nm trong phm vi nhn thy, tc l c th truyn nh sng cho nhau c.

+ Cu hnh mng cm bin (network topology): Trong mng cm bin, mt cc nt c th ln ti 20 nt/m3. Do s lng cc nt cm bin rt ln nn cn phi thit lp mt cu hnh n nh. + S tiu th nng lng (power consumption): Cc nt cm bin khng dy, c th coi l mt thit b vi in t ch c th c trang b ngun nng lng gii hn (<0,5Ah, 1.2V). Trong mt s ng dng, vic b sung ngun nng lng khng th thc hin c. V th khong thi gian sng ca cc nt cm bin ph thuc mnh vo thi gian sng ca pin. V vy, vic duy tr v qun l ngun nng lng ng mt vai tr quan trng. Do hin nay ngi ta ang tp trung nghin cu v cc gii thut v giao thc thit k ngun cho mng cm bin. Nhim v chnh ca cc nt cm bin trong trng cm bin l pht hin ra cc s kin, thc hin x l d liu cc b nhanh chng, v sau truyn d liu i. V th s tiu th nng lng c chia ra lm 3 vng: cm nhn (sensing), giao tip (communicating), v x l d liu (data processing).
I - TNG QUAN V CHUN TRUYN THNG ZIGBEE - IEEE 802.15.4

1.1. t vn : Vi s pht trin v tin b khng ngng ca cng ngh truyn thng, th truyn thng trong mng khng dy ang l mt cng ngh mi vi nhiu tnh nng ng dng trong khoa hc cng nh trong i sng. Song nhng yu cu v ti u nng lng, truyn thng... lun l nhng vn quan trng trong mng truyn thng khng dy (c bit l mng cm bin khng dy WSN). Hin nay, ngoi nhng vn trn th mng cm bin khng dy c nhng yu cu khc nh l: - D dng lp t, vn hnh, t li, kh nng tng thch cao v gi thnh thp. - rng ph ln, khng cn phi m rng thm bng thng, tc ng truyn cao, n nh. (Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii ngh n vic s dng cc bng tn cao hn, nhng cng ngh in t v ch to cha theo kp. Do ngi ta s dng mt s phng php khc nh s dng li knh tn s... nhng vn cn nhng vn pht sinh nh gy nhiu ln nhau gia cc thit b cng tn s, hoc xung t gia cc thit b...). Do ng dng Chun Zigbee vo mng cm bin khng dy s l mt gii php hiu qu gii quyt cc vn trn. 1.2. S ra i ca chun Zigbee: * Chun Zigbee (chun IEEE 802.15.4) l mt chun thuc nhm chun IEEE 802.15. Nhm chun ny ra i phc v cho chun WPAN. Chun WPAN l chun ca mng c nhn khng dy, dng iu khin d liu trong khng gian nh v truyn tin trong khong cch tng i ngn (bn knh hot ng nh hn 30m). Song chun WPAN tiu tn t nng lng, suy hao nng lng thp, vn hnh trong khng gian nh, c s h tng khng yu cu cao nhng vn lin lc hiu qu. Nhm chun WPAN (IEEE 802.15) c chia ra lm 3 loi: S phn chia ny c da vo 3 yu t l: + Tc truyn tin + Mc tiu hao nng lng + Cht lng phc v QoS - IEEE 802.15.3: (Untra Wide Band): ng dng a phng tin, cht lng phc v cao. S dng phn ln ph trao i d liu. Tn hiu cho mi bng tn thng nh v t b nhiu bi cc tn hiu khc. IEEE 802.15.3 c kh nng truyn hng trm Mbit/s trong phm vi hng trm mt. - IEEE 802.15.1: (Bluethoot): S dng trong mng in thoi t bo, my tnh c nhn b ti PDA, c QoS ph hp. Chun ny c pht trin c kh nng kt ni vi 7 thit b con, c thit k thay dy dn trong kt ni cc thit b ngoi vi. Phin bn mi nht l 2.0 + ERD c kh nng truyn 3Mbit/s trong khong 100. - IEEE 802.15.4: (Zigbee): ng dng vo mng cm bin dng iu khin, cm bin v truyn d liu. + IEEE 802.15.4 hot ng di tn 2,4GHz vi 255 thit b. Phm vi truyn khong 10m vi tc truyn 250kbps.

+ IEEE 802.15.4a hot ng di tn 868MHz, 900MHz vi 65000 thit b. Phm vi hot ng 75m vi tc truyn tin 20kbps. Ty vo tng ng dng m chun Zigbee s hot ng trn tng bng tn khc nhau (Bng tn 2,4GHz ch truyn c 10m so vi 75m ca bng tn 868MHz v 900MHz nhng tc truyn tin l 250kbps). 1.3. u im ca chun Zigbee: - p dng cho h thng iu khin, cm bin (do mng cm bin khng dy ch truyn c ti a l 250kbps di tn 2,4GHz cho nn ng dng ch yu ca mng l cm bin v iu khin, mng khng dng truyn d liu). - Tc truyn tin thp nhng chu k hot ng di. - Mng tiu hao t nng lng (ch vi 2 ngun pin AA, mt nt mng c th sng t 6 thng n 2 nm ty vo tng ng dng). Thi gian nhn gi mt gi tin ca mng khong 15msec. Cc nt mng giao tip vi nhau bng phng thc truyn tng gi tin nh. - Gi thnh thp, t li d m rng, c kh nng tng thch cao vi cc iu kin t nhin. - Tng mng ca Zigbee c mt u im ni bt l gim c s hng hc dn n gin on kt ni. (y l mng khng dy mt li tiu chun cho nn n c nhng u im ca mng mt li: Cc nt truyn ti d liu, m thanh, cu lnh vi nhau, cho php truyn thng lin tc v c kh nng t xc nh li cu hnh xung quanh ng i b che chn bng cch nhy t nt ny sang nt khc cho n khi thit lp c kt ni). 1.4. Nhng phn t c bn ca h thng Zigbee: Mng cn phi c ti thiu 2 phn t: - FFD (Full function devide): m nhn cc chc nng trong mng. FFD c kh nng hot ng nh mt: + iu phi vin ca ton mng PAN + iu phi vin ca mt mng con + Thnh vin trong mng. - RFD (reduced function devide): m nhn mt s chc nng hn ch vi cc ng dng n gin, d liu nh. 1.5. Nhng kiu thit b ca h thng Zigbee: - ZC (Zigbee Coordinator): y l 1 FFD, n l gc mng hnh cy, l thit b bc cu ti mng khc. c trng ca ZC: + Thit lp mt mng mi. + Truyn tn hiu mng. + Qun l nt mng. + Hot ng tiu biu l nhn trng thi. + Lu tr thng tin mng, kho bo mt. - ZR (Zigbee Router): y l 1 FFD, n c cc chc nng nh: + nh tuyn trung gian truyn d liu + Cho php m rng mng + Theo di, iu khin, thu thp d liu nh nt bnh thng - ZED (Zigbee End Devide): y l 1 FFD hoc 1 RFD, n khng chuyn tip d liu nhng c mt s c im nh: + Yu cu b nh, kh nng tnh ton thp nn gi thnh thp + Chc nng ch yu l thu thp d liu, theo di, iu khin 2.2.4. Cc m hnh truyn d liu. Da trn cu trc mng WPAN th ta c th phn ra lm ba kiu, ba m hnh truyn d liu: - T thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator ti thit b thng, - T thit b thng ti thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator,

- Gia cc thit b cng loi. Nhng nhn chung th mi c ch truyn u ph thuc vo vic l kiu mng c h tr vic pht thng tin thng bo beacon hay khng. Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu trong mt mng khng h tr vic pht beacon, khi th n ch n gin l truyn khung d liu ti thit b iu phi bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi gian. Thit b iu phi Coordinator tr li bng khung Ack nh hnh v.

Hnh 1.5. Lin lc trong mng khng h tr beacon

Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu ti thit b iu phi trong mng c h tr beacon. Lc u n s ch bo hiu beacon ca mng. Khi thit b nhn c bo hiu beacon, n s s dng tn hiu ny ng b cc siu khung. ng thi, n cng pht d liu s dng phng php CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian v kt thc qu trnh truyn tin bng khung tin xc nhn Ack.

Hnh 1.6. Lin lc trong mng c h tr beacon

Cc ng dng truyn d liu c iu khin hon ton bi cc thit b trong mng PAN hn l c iu khin bi thit b iu phi mng. Chnh kh nng ny cung cp tnh nng bo ton nng lng trong mng ZigBee. Khi thit b iu phi mun truyn d liu n mt thit b khc trong loi mng c h tr pht beacon, khi n s ch th trong thng tin bo hiu beacon l ang truyn d liu. Cc thit b trong mng lun lun lng nghe cc thng tin bo hiu beacon mt cch nh k, khi pht hin ra c d liu lin quan ti n ang c truyn, n s pht lnh yu cu d liu ny, cng vic ny s dng slotted CSMA-CA. Cng vic ny c m t bng hnh 3 , trong hnh ny th khung tin Ack ca thit b iu phi cho bit rng gi tin c truyn thnh cng, vic truyn gi tin s dng k thut gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA, khung Ack thit b thng tr li l nhn gi tin thnh cng. Vo lc nhn khung tin Ack t thit b thng th bn tin s c xa khi danh sch bn tin trong thng tin bo hiu beacon.

Hnh 1.7. Kt ni trong mng h tr beacon

Trong trng hp mng khng h tr pht beacon (hnh4) hit b iu phi mun truyn d liu ti cc thit b khc, n s phi lu tr d liu cho thit b lin quan c th yu cu v tip xc vi d liu . Thit b c th tip xc c vi d liu lin quan n n bng cch pht i lnh yu cu d liu ti thit b iu phi, s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi CSMA-CA. Nu d liu ang c truyn, th thit b iu phi s pht khung tin bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA, nu d liu khng c truyn th thit b iu phi s pht i khung tin khng c ni dung ch ra rng d liu khng c pht.

Hnh 1.8. Kt ni trong mng khng h tr beacon

Ni chung trong mng mt li, tt c cc thit b u bnh ng v c kh nng kt ni n bt k thit b no trong mng min l thit b nm trong bn knh ph sng ca n. C hai cch thc hin vic kt ni. Cch th nht l nt trong mng lin tc lng nghe v pht d liu ca n i bng cch s dng thut tan khng gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA. Cch th hai l cc nt t ng b vi cc nt khc c th tit kim c nng lng.
IV- MT S SN PHM S DNG CNG NGH ZIGBEE

a/ Microchip: (khong 12$) b/ XBee: (khong 30$) c/ C2420: (khong 19 - 25$)