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2Na(s) + 2H O(l) 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H (g)
2

T ,
OH-. .
:
.
. , .

53

T
,
.
, .
,
,
.
, (-)
. , -, .
1 , . +1.
Na0 Na+ + 1e
1: O

g/mL 20C

(C)

(C)

Li

0,53

180,5

1342

Na

11

0,97

97,8

890

19

0,86

63,6

754

Rb

37

1,53

38,9

688

Cs

55

1,88

28,5

690

,
, , , .
EPTHEI AKHEI
1. ;
2. .
3. .
. .
. , ;
4. . ;

54

TOXOI

1
2
4

2, 3

T
AKAIA KAI ANPINO OPANIMO

.


,
.

,

. , ,
, , .
O


.
,
. , , :
.
:
.

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55

3. M

.

.
,
, . E E
, .

, :
1. .
2. .
3.
.
4. .
5. .
6.
.

56

M
3.1 M
.

, .
, ,
.

.
1. , , (), .
. ;
. ;
2.
.

:
, .
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7. , .

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, , .

O
-
. ,

,
.


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.

57

M
3.2

,
, , .
1 4 , , , . .
. HCl;
. ;
. ;

HCl H+(aq) Cl-(aq).

HO
HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
2

, 1, 2
3 , 2
, 4 . , , +(aq), .
, +(aq),
Mg2+(aq), Al3+(aq) Fe+2(aq) .
, H2(g),
. , .
:
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)
, HCl H2SO4.

. ,
, ,
, .
: .
.
+(aq). :
.

58

M
3.3 H

, +(aq),
.
;

.
100 mL
, CuSO4,
, .
. ;
. 3 :
i. ;
ii. ;

, CuSO4(aq), , Cu2+(aq)
CuSO4(s) , :
CuSO4(s) Cu2+(aq) + SO24- (aq)
H2O

,
,
.
Cu2+(aq)
Fe2+(aq) :
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
H2O

(Cu) .
, - ,
Fe2+(aq).
.
.
, ,
.

;
:

59

M
.
. ,
.
, Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) ,
, Ag(s) + H+(aq) ------- , .

3.4
, , ,
. ; () , ,
, .
A 2 .X.
, ,
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.
,
, .
.
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I
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,
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.. ,
,
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, .
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Al - Cu - Mg - Mn

Fe 0,2 - 1,8% w/w

Cu - Sn

Cu - Zn

Hg - Ag - Sn - Zn

60

M
E ... X
A: ;
, , . . . O
, Khem () , .
, , ,
O A
, .
, , .
. O , , . , , , , .
. , ,
. , , , .
; , ,
; ,
. .
Rutherford 1919. , ,
.

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
Cu + Zn2+ Zn + Cu2+
.
4. ; .
5. ;
6. , , ZnSO4;
7. ;
.

TOXOI

2
3

3, 4

3, 4
3
3, 4
6

61

M
THN AYH TOY OITIMOY
.
, . O .

, ,
. ,
4 .. ,
.
.
, , , , M
M . 1800 .. 900 ..
-
. .
. O
, . O . . . O
.

, .
, E . , E .

. O 13
.. , .

1270 ..
,

62

M
. O ,
( )
( ).
,
. , :

N

. , , , .
1: I ,
.
.
2: : , . . 20 .
www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocID=45045
www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/
www.orkneyjar.com/history/

63

4. O
... . , .
, . .

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1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .

64

O
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14 .
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.
,
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, .

.
.
4: E

% w/w
kcal/kg

90%
8000-9000
-
75-90%
7000-8000

65-75%
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65%
5000-5500
.
, : , , . .

65

O
4.3
. :
,
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, .
, ,

, ,
, .
(. ), ..

4.4
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5: T
3-4 -

.

CO2
CO2

.
1,963 g/L

. , ,
, . , .

4.5

(CO32-). (CaCO3),

(Na2CO3), ( 37).
, . ,
(CaCO3),
. , T
K
(CaO, -
.
):
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

66

O
4.6

(, .).
, .
, .
,
, .
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
.
75%
25%. . () .
(bton). , , (bton arm).

E ... X

1985 , . C60
buckminster fullerene (:
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.

N

, .
.
, .. C70, . , .. C400, , , .. Rb3C60, ,
.

EPTHEI AKHEI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

;
;
;
N .
;
;
; ;
8. ;

TOXOI

1
2
2
2,4
5

5
5

67

5. To
500.000 , , ,
(SiO2). 20.000 , N , . , ,
. .

H .
. 20 , ,
. .
, :
.

, :
1. .
2. .
3. .

68

T
5.1
14 , , .

.

(SiO2)
(, o (,
) (, , , ..). ) .
( ).

5.2
, , , . , ,


.
,

K (quartz)
. ,
( ).
,
. (SiO2),
(Na2CO3), (CaCO3)
, . (K2CO3)
,
.
, (pyrex) .

69

T
5.3
Al,
Si, H, O. H , ,
, . , ,
. ,

.
,
.
:
, , , .
, , ,
, .
,
, .
,
(MgO).

, ..

5.4

.

.
1:

(360
..)
2:


(470 ..)

, ,
.

. , .
.

, :
1. ,
, ,
2. , , ,
O
3. ,

70

T
4. ,
5. .

5.5
,
.
M
, T M 5 .
, . T
.
(Si).
O

E ... X

.
.
(-Si-O-). O . (, )
. ( )
, , , , , , .

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. ;
2. ;
3. I
.
I
II
i.
. C
ii.
. SiO2
iii.
. Na2CO3
iv.
. CaO
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;
7. ;
8. , ;

TOXOI

1
2
3

3
3
3
3
3

71

T
OI EHNIKOI INITE KAI H YMBOH TOY
THN APAH HEKTPIKH ENEPEIA
O
. 5 ,
3,5
428
.
-- (2,17 . ),
(960 . ) (370 . ).

M
1969
. () 850 MW.

-A
-.
. O - 3.700 MW-
70%
.
O 10 1 . , , ,
. O . . . ,
, .
.
1955
O . 1975 ...
Y ... : / O, 1991

72

T
1: ... Y . www.dei.gr/
2:
, . www.epa.gov/
3: , .
4: . , ...,
, .
5: .
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www.exakm.gr/dh.htm/ , www.tomi.gr/gr/energeia/
6: , .
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.
www.aget.gr, www.spitia.gr/greek/syntages/cement

: www.dei.gr

73

6. T
, , ( , NaCl) , .
17 , . , . . ,
, ,
. ,
, , , , .

, :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5.
.

74

T
6.1
17
. (F), (Cl), (Br), (I) (At). ,
, .
.
, ,
.

6.2
, , .

6.3

.
1.
(NaCl),
(KBr)
(KI).
;
2. (AgNO3).

75

T
:
, , , .
.
Y : AgNO3
H2O
AgNO3(s)
Ag+(aq) + NO3(aq)

Y : NaCl
H2O
NaCl(s)
Na+(aq) + Cl(aq)

A
AgNO3 NaCl
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s)

(AgNO3) :
. (KBr)

Ag+(aq) + Br- (aq) AgBr(s)

. (KI)

Ag+(aq)

I- (aq)

AgI(s)

6.4
: .
: , .
: DDT
.
.
: , PVC, .
, ,
, .
: NaF
, , ,
.
: (CFCs),
,
.
1987 , .
-:
.
:
, .
131I ,
125I .
: ,
, .

76

T
: .
EPTHEI AKHEI
1. . ;
. .
2. .
3. Na+(aq) Cl-(aq).
, .
4. .
;

TOXOI

1
1
2

TEIKA, HIOEPAEIA A KANOYME;

100 km.

35 km .
O , ; O ,
,
, . .
, : (O3)
.

, (CFCs), . , 100.000 ' .
: O,
,
. , :
1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5. - .

().
; 1987 , CFCs (FCs) (HCFCs).
21 .
: 2003 . . .
www.epa.gov/ozone www.ciesin.org/TG/OZ/oz-home.html www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/

77

M

,
.
18 7 , . .
1 . T
, . , . .
.
, , , Hg .
, , . ,
+(aq),
, .
,
, .
.
14 2
3 .
, , . , , ,
.
( ). ,
, , .
17 , , . . , . , , , , .

A 2:
T
O
2.
7.
T
3.
. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(l) + H2(g),
. .
4. .
M
3. 1 Zn
Cu.

78

4. ,
.
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s).
5. ,
.
6.
T
3. i-, ii-, iii-, iv-
T
3. Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s).
4. .

1. O
. ,
, ,
. ,
, . , , .
(, , , , )
.
.
; .
O



.
O
:
.


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.

, :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4.
.
5.
.
6. .
7. .
8.
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80

O
1.1

, , ;
O .
7 .

,
.
.


.

1.2

:
, . ( )
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, :

.

.

.

,
4
4
,
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,
3 2
.

.
.

81

O
1-3 (C) .
1: A

(C)

CH4

162

C2H6

88,5

C3H8

42

2: A

(C)

C2H4

102

C3H6

48

3: A

(C)

C2H2

75

C3H4

23

1.3 K
,
.

, .
.

82

, ,
.


,
.

O
;
. ;
,
.
. ;
,
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H2O ()
. T CO2 (C) .

.

CO2 .

:

: C, H, O 1 , 2 ( ).

H , .
1. .
2. ,
,
.

;
. , , . .

.
(CO) (C) .

83

O
X :

1.4

.

, , . , ,
, , ,
.
.
, :
.
. .

1.5
, , ,
, . ( ) .
: T 2 CO2. CO2 , .
:
. (, 2),
X,

84

B:
.

O
, (3)
.
. (CO) , .
. (S3, S2), SX
.

1.6
, , , .
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:
1. .

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O .
.
2. . ,
.
3.
.

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.

85

O
 , .
 ( ), .
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.

E ... X

,
( ,
),
.

. .

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.
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: ;
, .
.
:
1. .
2. , .
Y :
1. . , .
2. O - .
3. .
http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/abcs.html
http://www.clean-air.org/fuelcellfaq.htm
http://www.geocities.com/thesciencefiles/hydrogen/power.html

86

O
TOXOI

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. . O X;
. ;
. A ,
; N .
i. CH3CH2OH, ii. CH2=CHCH3, iii. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3,
iv. CH3CH2NH2, v. CO2.
2. :
. ;
. ;
3. .
CH3 CH3

CH2=CH2

CHCH

CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3CH=CH2

CH3CCH

3, 4

CH4
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.
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. N
.
. N 1, 2, 3 (. 82), .
4. . T ;
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i. ,
ii. CO,
iii. .
. N ,
.
5. . ;
. , , .
N , .
. ;
6. .
;
. ;

5, 6

7, 8

87

2. - -
20 , , , . ,
.

, . ,
Mendeleev, ,
, ,
, .
20 .

, :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .

88

- -
2.1 ;

. .
;
. ,
.
1s 34.000.000J, 1s 55J!!!
,
, .

2.2
.
.
, . , . , ().





. T A,
I, I, B, P .
(CH4) , (C2H6), (C3H8)
(C4H10).
.
, .

2.3


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89

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, .
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,
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.
4: T

(, )

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30 - 180

10 - 15

180 - 230

230 - 310

,
,
,

310 - 400

20 - 50

300 - 600

> 20

600

500

12 - 20

5-12
. . .
. , .
.

90

- -
2.4

(CH4). :


.
,

To
P.
P ,
. K , .
,
.
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2.5
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. .

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91

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. . . T ,
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2.8 ;
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PVC, Teflon, ,
.
.

92

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.
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.

2.10

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1970
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93

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94

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5.

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1.
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3.
4.
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http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/,
http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. . A , ;
. T ; N .
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;
.
; N .
2. . A ;
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. N .
3. T ; N
.
4. . T
;
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, .
. T ; N
.
. N

.

TOXOI

1, 2, 3

1, 2, 4
5

6, 7, 8

95

3. H
103, 15.

. , , .
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96

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H
-

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,
0,8 g/mL

C2H5OH.

78,4 C

.

3.3
. , , .

97

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.

3.4

H ( )
1. 20mL 1
(95 %v/v).
2. (1).
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;
2
, ,

.
4. 3
.
;
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CO2
H2O :
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) + Q

3.5
.
.
%v/v
. , 11% vol 11 mL
100 mL .

M

1. 250 mL 2/3 .
2. , .
;
.

98

H

H .
:
N. A,
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3.6
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EPTHEI AKHEI
1. T ; N
.
2. N :

TOXOI

T ..... ..... .
3. ;
4. N
. A + ................ ................ ................ +

2
2

CH3CH2OH (I) + ....O2(g) ........................ + ........................

5. , 300 mL 12 1L 5
; N .

2, 5

99

4. Y--


.

,

. , ,
,
.
. . .

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1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
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100

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, .
;


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H ,
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. .

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:
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6:

/g

(4 kcal/g)

(4 kcal/g)

(9 kcal/g)

kcal
1kcal = 4,184 kJ

4.2 Y
(C12H22O11) , . , ,
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101

Y--
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+ ,
2/1 . .
:
,
C6H12O6. , , .
,
.
.

:

6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

, , .
, , .
75-110 mg/100mL, ( ).
, :
1. ,
, ,
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C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + 2
+ +
7: X

102

Y--
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. , . H
.
2. ,
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, (C6H10O5)v.
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103

Y--
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.
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(Fe)
(C), (O),
(P)
(H), (N)
(S), (P), (Fe), (Cu), (Mg), (Zn)
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.
(-COOH)
2.

, . . 20 , 10 . , , , , , , .
:

8: A

, ,

,
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, - .

104

Y--
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.
. ,

() . .


9:

. , :

..
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, 1 g

9 kcal, 1 g
..
4 kcal,
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. .

4.5

.
,
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105

Y--

:
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200 . 110
93
.

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106

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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/
O , , . E
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.

PIMO EBI, T , EIKOTO AINA, EKOEI KATANITH

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. H . N .
2. . ;
. N .
3. ;
4. ;
5. . ;
. ;
. N .
6. ;
7. 100 mL () 3,2 g , 4,6 g
3,5 g . ,
; 200 mL.
8. N I II III
I
II
III

E

9. T ;
10. . T ;
. ;
11. N .

TOXOI

2
3
5

4
4,5

4
6
7
7

107

M
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B
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M E K , O
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. K

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N 1129 15/21 M 1946 (EK 1946, 108, A).

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